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Prihatna C, Yan Q. Exopolysaccharide is required by Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN to confer drought-stress tolerance in pea. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1442001. [PMID: 39184028 PMCID: PMC11341992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1442001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN is a plant symbiotic bacterium that can colonize a broad spectrum of plant hosts and frequently shows beneficial effects on plant growth. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is known to be important in plant-bacteria interactions. Previously, we reported that EPS is required for PsJN to survive from drought stress and colonize in pea (Pisum sativum) under drought condition. However, whether EPS is necessary for PsJN to promote plant growth remains unknown. In this work, a comparative study was conducted between the wild-type PsJN and its ∆bceQ mutant that lacks EPS to investigate the role of EPS in PsJN to confer drought-stress tolerance on pea plant. Our results showed that wild type PsJN, but not the ∆bceQ mutant, promoted pea seed germination and seedlings growth under drought stress. Pea plants inoculated with the wild type PsJN had a higher level of drought tolerance, as shown by a better vegetative growth and enhanced nodule formation, than plants inoculated with the ∆bceQ mutant. Moreover, EPS plays a role in the plant colonization under drought stress, because the ∆bceQ mutant was unable to colonize pea seeds and roots as effectively as the wild type PsJN. Further, expression of the EPS biosynthesis genes in the bceOVN operon of the wild type PsJN was induced by the presence of glucose. Overall, this study demonstrated that PsJN can promote pea plant growth under drought conditions and EPS is required for PsJN to confer beneficial effects to host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Yan
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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2
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Yao X, Ren J, Fang L, Sun K, He W. The role and mechanism of Bacillus megaterium strain A14 in inhibiting the cadmium uptake by peanut plants in acidic red soil. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae120. [PMID: 38794879 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study explores the potential of cadmium (Cd)-resistant bacteria, specifically Bacillus megaterium A14, to decrease Cd accumulation in peanuts, a crop susceptible to metal uptake from contaminated soils, by understanding the bacterium's impact on plant Cd absorption mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Through pot experiments, we observed that A14 inoculation significantly increased peanut biomass under Cd stress conditions, primarily by immobilizing the metal and reducing its bioavailability. The bacterium effectively changed the distribution of Cd, with a notable 46.53% reduction in the exchangeable fraction, which in turn limited the expression of genes related to Cd transport in peanuts. Additionally, A14 enhanced the plant's antioxidant response, improving its tolerance to stress. Microbial analysis through 16S sequencing demonstrated that A14 inoculation altered the peanut rhizosphere, particularly by increasing populations of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, which play crucial roles in soil remediation from heavy metals. CONCLUSION The A14 strain effectively counters Cd toxicity in peanuts, promoting growth through soil Cd sequestration, root barrier biofilm formation, antioxidant system enhancement, suppression of Cd transport genes, and facilitation of Cd-remediating microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingyu Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lirong Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei He
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Zhao C, Onyino J, Gao X. Current Advances in the Functional Diversity and Mechanisms Underlying Endophyte-Plant Interactions. Microorganisms 2024; 12:779. [PMID: 38674723 PMCID: PMC11052469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant phenotype is a complex entity largely controlled by the genotype and various environmental factors. Importantly, co-evolution has allowed plants to coexist with the biotic factors in their surroundings. Recently, plant endophytes as an external plant phenotype, forming part of the complex plethora of the plant microbial assemblage, have gained immense attention from plant scientists. Functionally, endophytes impact the plant in many ways, including increasing nutrient availability, enhancing the ability of plants to cope with both abiotic and biotic stress, and enhancing the accumulation of important plant secondary metabolites. The current state of research has been devoted to evaluating the phenotypic impacts of endophytes on host plants, including their direct influence on plant metabolite accumulation and stress response. However, there is a knowledge gap in how genetic factors influence the interaction of endophytes with host plants, pathogens, and other plant microbial communities, eventually controlling the extended microbial plant phenotype. This review will summarize how host genetic factors can impact the abundance and functional diversity of the endophytic microbial community, how endophytes influence host gene expression, and the host-endophyte-pathogen disease triangle. This information will provide novel insights into how breeders could specifically target the plant-endophyte extended phenotype for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (J.O.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Johnmark Onyino
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (J.O.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (J.O.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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4
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Aroney STN, Pini F, Kessler C, Poole PS, Sánchez-Cañizares C. The motility and chemosensory systems of Rhizobium leguminosarum, their role in symbiosis, and link to PTS Ntr regulation. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16570. [PMID: 38216524 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Motility and chemotaxis are crucial processes for soil bacteria and plant-microbe interactions. This applies to the symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum, where motility is driven by flagella rotation controlled by two chemotaxis systems, Che1 and Che2. The Che1 cluster is particularly important in free-living motility prior to the establishment of the symbiosis, with a che1 mutant delayed in nodulation and reduced in nodulation competitiveness. The Che2 system alters bacteroid development and nodule maturation. In this work, we also identified 27 putative chemoreceptors encoded in the R. leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 genome and characterized its motility in different growth conditions. We describe a metabolism-based taxis system in rhizobia that acts at high concentrations of dicarboxylates to halt motility independent of chemotaxis. Finally, we show how PTSNtr influences cell motility, with PTSNtr mutants exhibiting reduced swimming in different media. Motility is restored by the active forms of the PTSNtr output regulatory proteins, unphosphorylated ManX and phosphorylated PtsN. Overall, this work shows how rhizobia typify soil bacteria by having a high number of chemoreceptors and highlights the importance of the motility and chemotaxis mechanisms in a free-living cell in the rhizosphere, and at different stages of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Celia Kessler
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Sandhu AK, Brown MR, Subramanian S, Brözel VS. Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 displays plasticity in the attachment phenotype when grown in different soybean root exudate compounds. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1190396. [PMID: 37275139 PMCID: PMC10233038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1190396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, a symbiotic nitrogen fixer for soybean, forms nodules after developing a symbiotic association with the root. For this association, bacteria need to move toward and attach to the root. These steps are mediated by the surface and phenotypic cell properties of bacteria and secreted root exudate compounds. Immense work has been carried out on nodule formation and nitrogen fixation, but little is known about the phenotype of these microorganisms under the influence of different root exudate chemical compounds (RECCs) or how this phenotype impacts the root attachment ability. Methods To address this knowledge gap, we studied the impact of 12 different RECCs, one commonly used carbon source, and soil-extracted solubilized organic matter (SESOM) on attachment and attachment-related properties of B. diazoefficiens USDA110. We measured motility-related properties (swimming, swarming, chemotaxis, and flagellar expression), attachment-related properties (surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and attachment to cellulose and soybean roots), and surface polysaccharide properties (colony morphology, exopolysaccharide quantification, lectin binding profile, and lipopolysaccharide profiling). Results and discussion We found that USDA 110 displays a high degree of surface phenotypic plasticity when grown on the various individual RECCs. Some of the RECCs played specific roles in modulating the motility and root attachment processes. Serine increased cell surface hydrophobicity and root and cellulose attachment, with no EPS formed. Gluconate and lactate increased EPS production and biofilm formation, while decreasing hydrophobicity and root attachment, and raffinose and gentisate promoted motility and chemotaxis. The results also indicated that the biofilm formation trait on hydrophilic surfaces (polystyrene) cannot be related to the attachment ability of Bradyrhizobium to the soybean root. Among the tested phenotypic properties, bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity was the one with a significant impact on root attachment ability. We conclude that USDA 110 displays surface plasticity properties and attachment phenotype determined by individual RECCs from the soybean. Conclusions made based on its behavior in standard carbon sources, such as arabinose or mannitol, do not hold for its behavior in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armaan Kaur Sandhu
- Departments of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - McKenzie Rae Brown
- Departments of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Senthil Subramanian
- Departments of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Volker S. Brözel
- Departments of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Staudinger C, Dissanayake BM, Duncan O, Millar AH. The wheat secreted root proteome: Implications for phosphorus mobilisation and biotic interactions. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104450. [PMID: 34890868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Root secreted acid phosphatases and organic anions are widely perceived as major players of plant phosphorus (P) mobilisation from the rhizosphere under P limiting growth conditions. Previous research indicated that other mechanisms play a role, especially in species with fine roots, such as wheat. In this study we characterised the plant-derived extracellular proteome of wheat roots by profiling root tip mucilage, soluble root secreted and root tip proteomes. Extracellular acid phosphatases and enzymes of the central carbon metabolism were targeted using selected reaction monitoring. More than 140 proteins with extracellular localisation prediction were identified in mucilage. P starvation induced proteins predicted to be localised to the apoplast which are related to cell wall modification and defence in both, root tip and soluble root-secreted proteomes. Glycolytic enzymes were strongly increased in abundance by P limitation in root tips, as were PEPC and plastidial MDH. Soluble acid phosphatases were not identified in extracellular protein samples. Our results indicate that root tip mucilage contains proteins with the functional potential to actively shape their immediate environment by modification of plant structural components and biotic interactions. Wheat acid phosphatases appear to play a minor role in P mobilisation beyond the immediate root surface. SIGNIFICANCE: Phosphorus (P) is a plant growth limiting nutrient in many agricultural situations and the development of phosphorus efficient crops is of paramount importance for future agricultural management practices. As P is relatively immobile in soils, processes occurring at the root-soil interface, the rhizosphere, are suspected to play a key role in plant-induced P mobilisation. According to the current view, the secretion of extracellular acid phosphatases and organic anions enhances P mobilisation within several millimetres beyond the root surface, either directly or indirectly through the selection and appropriate soil microbes. However, the mechanisms of P mobilisation in species with fine roots, such as wheat, and the role of other secreted root proteins are poorly understood. Here, we carried out the profiling of wheat root tip mucilage, soluble root secreted and root tip proteomes. We analysed proteome changes in response to P starvation. We found that proteins with a predicted localisation to the apoplast made up a major proportion of stress-responsive proteins. Acid phosphatases were not identified within extracellular protein samples, which were enriched in proteins with predicted extracellular localisation. The absence of extracellular APases was further validated by multiple reaction monitoring. Our data indicates that wheat acid phosphatases play a minor role in P mobilisation beyond the immediate root surface and provides a resource for breeding strategies and further investigations of the functional roles of root tip-released proteins in the rhizosphere under P limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Staudinger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia; The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU-Vienna, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Rhizosphere Ecology and Biogeochemistry Group, Austria.
| | - Bhagya M Dissanayake
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Owen Duncan
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia
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Pseudomonas mediated nutritional and growth promotional activities for sustainable food security. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100084. [PMID: 34917993 PMCID: PMC8645841 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent and non-fluorescent species of Pseudomonas are important for plant growth promotion, phytopathogenic control and plant disease management. Pseudomonas belong to Pseudomonadaceae family (10 groups on the basis of rRNA-DNA hybridization) classified into 6-subgroups of rRNA gene homology and RFLP. Pseudomonas species produce antagonistic mechanism such as ISR and compounds like cell wall degradation enzymes, and antibiotics to maintain a mutualistic relationship with the associated plant. Pseudomonas sp. synthesize auxins having properties similar to phytohormones like IAA, which act as signaling molecules for regulating plant growth.
Numerous microbial communities show synergistic and antagonistic interactions among themselves, resulting in benefit and harm to either or both the associated members. The association holds accountability for nutrients recycling and energy drift, resulting in the availability of macronutrients unavailable and insoluble forms of rhizospheric nutrients, crucial for vital processes in plants, e.g., act as co-factors of various phyto-enzyme and redox mediators. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are known to enhance plant growth by increasing these macronutrients availability during their plant root colonization. In comparison to any other genera, Pseudomonas is the most favored bioinoculant due to its significant properties in both plant growth and phytopathogen control during its synergistic association with the host plant. These properties include siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, phenazines, antibiotics, and induced systemic resistance carried out by various Pseudomonas species like Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas syringae. The association of Pseudomonas with crop plants procures several secretory and electron-based feedback mechanisms in order to regulate the plant growth and phytopathogen control activities through the secretion of several phytohormones (auxins, gibberellins, Indole-3-acetic acid), secondary metabolites (flavonoids) and enzymes (aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase). Ecologically significant applications of Pseudomonas in biocontrol and bioaugmentation are crucial for maintaining food security.
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Sierra Cacho D, Zamorano Sánchez DS, Xiqui-Vázquez ML, Viruega Góngora VI, Ramírez-Mata A, Baca BE. CdgC, a Cyclic-di-GMP Diguanylate Cyclase of Azospirillum baldaniorum Is Involved in Internalization to Wheat Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748393. [PMID: 34745182 PMCID: PMC8564387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Azospirillum baldaniorum is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) capable of fixing nitrogen, the synthesis of several phytohormones including indole-acetic acid, and induction of plant defenses against phytopathogens. To establish a successful and prolonged bacteria-plant interaction, A. baldaniorum can form biofilms, bacterial communities embedded in a self-made matrix formed by extracellular polymeric substances which provide favorable conditions for survival. A key modulator of biofilm formation is the second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic-dimeric-GMP (c-di-GMP), which is synthesized by diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and degraded by specific phosphodiesterases. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of a previously uncharacterized diguanylate cyclase designated CdgC, to biofilm formation and bacterial-plant interaction dynamics. We showed that CdgC is capable of altering c-di-GMP levels in a heterologous host, strongly supporting its function as a DGC. The deletion of cdgC resulted in alterations in the three-dimensional structure of biofilms in a nitrogen-source dependent manner. CdgC was required for optimal colonization of wheat roots. Since we also observed that CdgC played an important role in exopolysaccharide production, we propose that this signaling protein activates a physiological response that results in the strong attachment of bacteria to the roots, ultimately contributing to an optimal bacterium-plant interaction. Our results demonstrate that the ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP is a key factor in promoting plant colonization by the PGPR A. baldaniorum by allowing proficient internalization in wheat roots. Understanding the molecular basis of PGPR-plant interactions will enable the design of better biotechnological strategies of agro-industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sierra Cacho
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Mexico
| | - David S. Zamorano Sánchez
- Programa de Biología de Sistemas y Biología Sintética, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Maria Luisa Xiqui-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Víctor Iván Viruega Góngora
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alberto Ramírez-Mata
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Beatriz E. Baca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Mexico
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Mendoza-Suárez M, Andersen SU, Poole PS, Sánchez-Cañizares C. Competition, Nodule Occupancy, and Persistence of Inoculant Strains: Key Factors in the Rhizobium-Legume Symbioses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690567. [PMID: 34489993 PMCID: PMC8416774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium-legume symbioses represents an environmentally friendly and inexpensive alternative to the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers in legume crops. Rhizobial inoculants, applied frequently as biofertilizers, play an important role in sustainable agriculture. However, inoculants often fail to compete for nodule occupancy against native rhizobia with inferior nitrogen-fixing abilities, resulting in low yields. Strains with excellent performance under controlled conditions are typically selected as inoculants, but the rates of nodule occupancy compared to native strains are rarely investigated. Lack of persistence in the field after agricultural cycles, usually due to the transfer of symbiotic genes from the inoculant strain to naturalized populations, also limits the suitability of commercial inoculants. When rhizobial inoculants are based on native strains with a high nitrogen fixation ability, they often have superior performance in the field due to their genetic adaptations to the local environment. Therefore, knowledge from laboratory studies assessing competition and understanding how diverse strains of rhizobia behave, together with assays done under field conditions, may allow us to exploit the effectiveness of native populations selected as elite strains and to breed specific host cultivar-rhizobial strain combinations. Here, we review current knowledge at the molecular level on competition for nodulation and the advances in molecular tools for assessing competitiveness. We then describe ongoing approaches for inoculant development based on native strains and emphasize future perspectives and applications using a multidisciplinary approach to ensure optimal performance of both symbiotic partners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stig U. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Philip S. Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Knights HE, Jorrin B, Haskett TL, Poole PS. Deciphering bacterial mechanisms of root colonization. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:428-444. [PMID: 33538402 PMCID: PMC8651005 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of the rhizosphere is critical for the establishment of plant-bacteria interactions that represent a key determinant of plant health and productivity. Plants influence bacterial colonization primarily through modulating the composition of their root exudates and mounting an innate immune response. The outcome is a horizontal filtering of bacteria from the surrounding soil, resulting in a gradient of reduced bacterial diversity coupled with a higher degree of bacterial specialization towards the root. Bacteria-bacteria interactions (BBIs) are also prevalent in the rhizosphere, influencing bacterial persistence and root colonization through metabolic exchanges, secretion of antimicrobial compounds and other processes. Traditionally, bacterial colonization has been examined under sterile laboratory conditions that mitigate the influence of BBIs. Using simplified synthetic bacterial communities combined with microfluidic imaging platforms and transposon mutagenesis screening approaches, we are now able to begin unravelling the molecular mechanisms at play during the early stages of root colonization. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding bacterial root colonization and identifies key tools for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Jorrin
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | | | - Philip S. Poole
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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11
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Matthews A, Majeed A, Barraclough TG, Raymond B. Function is a better predictor of plant rhizosphere community membership than 16S phylogeny. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6089-6103. [PMID: 34190398 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobacterial communities are important for plant health but we still have limited understanding of how they are constructed or how they can be manipulated. High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing provides good information on taxonomic composition but remains an unreliable proxy for phenotypes. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that experimentally observed functional traits would be better predictors of community membership than phylogenetic origin. To test this hypothesis, we sampled communities on four plant species grown in two soil types and characterized 593 bacterial isolates in terms of antibiotic susceptibility, carbon metabolism, resource use and plant growth-promoting traits. In support of our hypothesis we found that three of the four plant species had phylogenetically diverse, but functionally constrained communities. Notably, communities did not grow best on complex media mimicking their host of origin but were distinguished by variation in overall growth characteristics (copiotrophy/oligotrophy) and antibiotic susceptibility. These data, combined with variation in phylogenetic structure, suggest that different classes of traits (antagonistic competition or resource-based) are more important in different communities. This culture-based approach supports and complements the findings of a previous high-throughput 16S rRNA analysis of this experiment and provides functional insights into the patterns observed with culture-independent methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Matthews
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Afshan Majeed
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | | | - Ben Raymond
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
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12
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Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051050. [PMID: 33946779 PMCID: PMC8146911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular infection thread initiated in a root hair cell is a unique structure associated with Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It is characterized by inverted tip growth of the plant cell wall, resulting in a tunnel that allows invasion of host cells by bacteria during the formation of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule. Regulation of the plant-microbial interface is essential for infection thread growth. This involves targeted deposition of the cell wall and extracellular matrix and tight control of cell wall remodeling. This review describes the potential role of different actors such as transcription factors, receptors, and enzymes in the rearrangement of the plant-microbial interface and control of polar infection thread growth. It also focuses on the composition of the main polymers of the infection thread wall and matrix and the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the development of the infection thread. Mutant analysis has helped to gain insight into the development of host defense reactions. The available data raise many new questions about the structure, function, and development of infection threads.
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Oleńska E, Małek W, Kotowska U, Wydrych J, Polińska W, Swiecicka I, Thijs S, Vangronsveld J. Exopolysaccharide Carbohydrate Structure and Biofilm Formation by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii Strains Inhabiting Nodules of Trifoliumrepens Growing on an Old Zn-Pb-Cd-Polluted Waste Heap Area. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062808. [PMID: 33802057 PMCID: PMC7998805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals polluting the 100-year-old waste heap in Bolesław (Poland) are acting as a natural selection factor and may contribute to adaptations of organisms living in this area, including Trifolium repens and its root nodule microsymbionts—rhizobia. Exopolysaccharides (EPS), exuded extracellularly and associated with bacterial cell walls, possess variable structures depending on environmental conditions; they can bind metals and are involved in biofilm formation. In order to examine the effects of long-term exposure to metal pollution on EPS structure and biofilm formation of rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains originating from the waste heap area and a non-polluted reference site were investigated for the characteristics of the sugar fraction of their EPS using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry and also for biofilm formation and structural characteristics using confocal laser scanning microscopy under control conditions as well as when exposed to toxic concentrations of zinc, lead, and cadmium. Significant differences in EPS structure, biofilm thickness, and ratio of living/dead bacteria in the biofilm were found between strains originating from the waste heap and from the reference site, both without exposure to metals and under metal exposure. Received results indicate that studied rhizobia can be assumed as potentially useful in remediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Oleńska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, 1J Ciołkowski, 15-245 Białystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-8-5738-8366
| | - Wanda Małek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Urszula Kotowska
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Analytic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, 1K Ciołkowski, 15-245 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Weronika Polińska
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Białystok, 1K Ciołkowski, 15-245 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Izabela Swiecicka
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, 1J Ciołkowski, 15-245 Białystok, Poland;
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, 1J Ciołkowski, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Sofie Thijs
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (S.T.); (J.V.)
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (S.T.); (J.V.)
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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14
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Haque MM, Mosharaf MK, Khatun M, Haque MA, Biswas MS, Islam MS, Islam MM, Shozib HB, Miah MMU, Molla AH, Siddiquee MA. Biofilm Producing Rhizobacteria With Multiple Plant Growth-Promoting Traits Promote Growth of Tomato Under Water-Deficit Stress. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:542053. [PMID: 33324354 PMCID: PMC7727330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.542053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) not only enhance plant growth but also control phytopathogens and mitigate abiotic stresses, including water-deficit stress. In this study, 21 (26.9%) rhizobacterial strains isolated from drought-prone ecosystems of Bangladesh were able to form air–liquid (AL) biofilms in the glass test tubes containing salt-optimized broth plus glycerol (SOBG) medium. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Pseudomonas chlororaphis (ESR3 and ESR15), P. azotoformans ESR4, P. poae ESR6, P. fluorescens (ESR7 and ESR25), P. gessardii ESR9, P. cedrina (ESR12, ESR16, and ESR23), P. veronii (ESR13 and ESR21), P. parafulva ESB18, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ESR20, Bacillus cereus (ESD3, ESD21, and ESB22), B. horikoshii ESD16, B. aryabhattai ESB6, B. megaterium ESB9, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus ESD8 were identified. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed that the biofilm matrices contain proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids. Congo red binding results indicated that these bacteria produced curli fimbriae and nanocellulose-rich polysaccharides. Expression of nanocellulose was also confirmed by Calcofluor binding assays and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro studies revealed that all these rhizobacterial strains expressed multiple plant growth-promoting traits including N2 fixation, production of indole-3-acetic acid, solubilization of nutrients (P, K, and Zn), and production of ammonia, siderophores, ACC deaminase, catalases, lipases, cellulases, and proteases. Several bacteria were also tolerant to multifarious stresses such as drought, high temperature, extreme pH, and salinity. Among these rhizobacteria, P. cedrina ESR12, P. chlororaphis ESR15, and B. cereus ESD3 impeded the growth of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ATCC 33913, while P. chlororaphis ESR15 and B. cereus ESD21 prevented the progression of Ralstonia solanacearum ATCC® 11696TM. In a pot experiment, tomato plants inoculated with P. azotoformans ESR4, P. poae ESR6, P. gessardii ESR9, P. cedrina ESR12, P. chlororaphis ESR15, S. maltophilia ESR20, P. veronii ESR21, and B. aryabhattai ESB6 exhibited an increased plant growth compared to the non-inoculated plants under water deficit-stressed conditions. Accordingly, the bacterial-treated plants showed a higher antioxidant defense system and a fewer tissue damages than non-inoculated plants under water-limiting conditions. Therefore, biofilm-producing PGPR can be utilized as plant growth promoters, suppressors of plant pathogens, and alleviators of water-deficit stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Manjurul Haque
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khaled Mosharaf
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Moriom Khatun
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Amdadul Haque
- Department of Agro-Processing, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sanaullah Biswas
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Mynul Islam
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Habibul Bari Shozib
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Main Uddin Miah
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Abul Hossain Molla
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Ali Siddiquee
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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Abstract
Plant pathogens are a critical component of the microbiome that exist as populations undergoing ecological and evolutionary processes within their host. Many aspects of virulence rely on social interactions mediated through multiple forms of public goods, including quorum-sensing signals, exoenzymes, and effectors. Virulence and disease progression involve life-history decisions that have social implications with large effects on both host and microbe fitness, such as the timing of key transitions. Considering the molecular basis of sequential stages of plant-pathogen interactions highlights many opportunities for pathogens to cheat, and there is evidence for ample variation in virulence. Case studies reveal systems where cheating has been demonstrated and others where it is likely occurring. Harnessing the social interactions of pathogens, along with leveraging novel sensing and -omics technologies to understand microbial fitness in the field, will enable us to better manage plant microbiomes in the interest of plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren L Friesen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA;
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16
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Papik J, Folkmanova M, Polivkova-Majorova M, Suman J, Uhlik O. The invisible life inside plants: Deciphering the riddles of endophytic bacterial diversity. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107614. [PMID: 32858117 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria often promote plant growth and protect their host plant against pathogens, herbivores, and abiotic stresses including drought, increased salinity or pollution. Current agricultural practices are being challenged in terms of climate change and the ever-increasing demand for food. Therefore, the rational exploitation of bacterial endophytes to increase the productivity and resistance of crops appears to be very promising. However, the efficient and larger-scale use of bacterial endophytes for more effective and sustainable agriculture is hindered by very little knowledge on molecular aspects of plant-endophyte interactions and mechanisms driving bacterial communities in planta. In addition, since most of the information on bacterial endophytes has been obtained through culture-dependent techniques, endophytic bacterial diversity and its full biotechnological potential still remain highly unexplored. In this study, we discuss the diversity and role of endophytic populations as well as complex interactions that the endophytes have with the plant and vice versa, including the interactions leading to plant colonization. A description of biotic and abiotic factors influencing endophytic bacterial communities is provided, along with a summary of different methodologies suitable for determining the diversity of bacterial endophytes, mechanisms governing the assembly and structure of bacterial communities in the endosphere, and potential biotechnological applications of endophytes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Papik
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Folkmanova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Polivkova-Majorova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jachym Suman
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Uhlik
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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17
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Zolti A, Green SJ, Sela N, Hadar Y, Minz D. The microbiome as a biosensor: functional profiles elucidate hidden stress in hosts. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:71. [PMID: 32438915 PMCID: PMC7243336 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial communities are highly responsive to environmental cues, and both their structure and activity can be altered in response to changing conditions. We hypothesized that host-associated microbial communities, particularly those colonizing host surfaces, can serve as in situ sensors to reveal environmental conditions experienced by both microorganisms and the host. For a proof-of-concept, we studied a model plant-soil system and employed a non-deterministic gene-centric approach. A holistic analysis was performed using plants of two species and irrigation with water of low quality to induce host stress. Our analyses examined the genetic potential (DNA) and gene expression patterns (RNA) of plant-associated microbial communities, as well as transcriptional profiling of host plants. RESULTS Transcriptional analysis of plants irrigated with treated wastewater revealed significant enrichment of general stress-associated root transcripts relative to plants irrigated with fresh water. Metagenomic analysis of root-associated microbial communities in treated wastewater-irrigated plants, however, revealed enrichment of more specific stress-associated genes relating to high levels of salt, high pH and lower levels of oxygen. Meta-analysis of these differentially abundant genes obtained from other metagenome studies, provided evidence of the link between environmental factors such as pH and oxygen and these genes. Analysis of microbial transcriptional response demonstrated that enriched gene content was actively expressed, which implies contemporary response to elevated levels of pH and salt. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate here that microbial profiling can elucidate stress signals that cannot be observed even through interrogation of host transcriptome, leading to an alternate mechanism for evaluating in situ conditions experienced by host organisms. This study is a proof-of-concept for the use of microbial communities as microsensors, with great potential for interrogation of a wide range of host systems. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avihai Zolti
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization–Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Noa Sela
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization–Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dror Minz
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization–Volcani Center, 7528809 Rishon Lezion, Israel
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18
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Özdemir Koçak F. Identification of Streptomyces strains isolated from Humulus lupulus rhizosphere and determination of plant growth promotion potential of selected strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 43:391-403. [PMID: 31892814 PMCID: PMC6911257 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1906-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study it was aimed to obtain novel strains of actinomycetes that have the ability to promote plant growth. For this, seven soil samples from the rhizosphere of Humulus lupulus (Pazaryeri, Bilecik) were used and potential isolates were obtained. 16S rRNA genes of 30 isolates were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Eighteen isolates were found to be closely related to Streptomycetes spp. and they were tested for their proteolytic activity, cellulase activity, phosphate solubility, IAA production, biofilm formation, and growth in nitrogen-limited medium. Two isolates, HCI 12 and HCI 36, were selected according to the results of these tests and their effects on growth of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) were determined. Results indicated that the HCI 12 and HCI 36 strains caused a significant increase in root and shoot lengths, dry/fresh weights, and vigor index values compared to the control. The change in macromolecular structure including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids of tomato plants with HCI 12 and HCI 36 inoculation was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results obtained from FTIR analysis were used in principal component analysis to evaluate changes in amide, carbohydrate, and lipid ratios of plant leaves due to microorganism application. Inoculation with the HCI 12 and HCI 36 strains caused a significant increase in the total carbohydrate and lipid ratio of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Özdemir Koçak
- Department of Nursing, School of Health, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik Turkey.,Biotechnology Application and Research Center, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik Turkey
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19
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Salwan R, Sharma V. Molecular and biotechnological aspects of secondary metabolites in actinobacteria. Microbiol Res 2020; 231:126374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Chaudhry V, Patil PB. Evolutionary insights into adaptation of Staphylococcus haemolyticus to human and non-human niches. Genomics 2019; 112:2052-2062. [PMID: 31785311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a well-known member of human skin microbiome and an emerging opportunistic human pathogen. Presently, evolutionary studies are limited to human isolates even though it is reported from plants with beneficial properties and in environmental settings. In the present study, we report isolation of novel S. haemolyticus strains from surface sterilized rice seeds and compare their genome to other isolates from diverse niches available in public domain. The study showed expanding nature of pan-genome and revealed set of genes with putative functions related to its adaptability. This is seen by presence of type II lanthipeptide cluster in rice isolates, metal homeostasis genes in an isolate from copper coin and gene encoding methicillin resistance in human isolates. The present study on differential genome dynamics and role of horizontal gene transfers has provided novel insights into capability for ecological diversification of a bacterium of significance to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasvi Chaudhry
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector - 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector - 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India.
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21
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Shingare RP, Thawale PR, Raghunathan K, Mishra A, Kumar S. Constructed wetland for wastewater reuse: Role and efficiency in removing enteric pathogens. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:444-461. [PMID: 31200179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water stress has become a perennial concern in most of the developing countries due to rapid urbanization and population growth. As the growing population requires more fresh water and better ways for wastewater disposal, the demand for wastewater reclamation has increased drastically in recent years. Wastewater, either raw or treated, is being widely used for agricultural irrigation in developing countries, which cause a serious threat to human health mainly because of its pathogenic content. One of the alternative methods to treat wastewater and make it reusable for agricultural irrigation is to implement constructed wetland (CW); a sustainable and cost-effective technology that is applicable for the elimination of both pollutants and pathogens from wastewater. Despite its wide application, the role of macrophytes that form an integral part of CW and specific mechanisms involved in pathogen removal by them is still barely understood due to complexities involved and influencing factors. This has, therefore, attracted various scientific studies to reveal further functional mechanisms involved in vegetated CW to increase its proficiencies. This review paper illustrates the comparative studies of different CW and their pathogen removal efficiencies with major emphasis on macrophytes involved and factors influencing related mechanism. Further, the paper also covers detailed information on the enteric pathogens present in wastewater and the associated health risks involved in its reuse. The ultimate objective is to further clarify the role of CW in enteric pathogen removal and its efficiency for wastewater purification in perspective with safe reuse in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita P Shingare
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
| | | | - Karthik Raghunathan
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Apurva Mishra
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Technology Development Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
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22
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Pathways of DNA Transfer to Plants from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Related Bacterial Species. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:231-251. [PMID: 31226020 PMCID: PMC6717549 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation of host plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related species represents a unique model for natural horizontal gene transfer. Almost five decades of studying the molecular interactions between Agrobacterium and its host cells have yielded countless fundamental insights into bacterial and plant biology, even though several steps of the DNA transfer process remain poorly understood. Agrobacterium spp. may utilize different pathways for transferring DNA, which likely reflects the very wide host range of Agrobacterium. Furthermore, closely related bacterial species, such as rhizobia, are able to transfer DNA to host plant cells when they are provided with Agrobacterium DNA transfer machinery and T-DNA. Homologs of Agrobacterium virulence genes are found in many bacterial genomes, but only one non-Agrobacterium bacterial strain, Rhizobium etli CFN42, harbors a complete set of virulence genes and can mediate plant genetic transformation when carrying a T-DNA-containing plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA;
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA;
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23
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Global transcriptome analysis uncovers the gene co-expression regulation network and key genes involved in grain development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:853-866. [PMID: 31115762 PMCID: PMC6797667 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wheat grain development is a robust biological process that largely determines grain quality and yield. In this study, we investigated the grain transcriptome of winter wheat cv. Xiaoyan-6 at four developmental stages (5, 10, 15, and 20 days post-anthesis), using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We identified 427 grain-specific transcription factors (TFs) and 1653 differentially expressed TFs during grain development as well as a grain co-expression regulation network (GrainNet) of the TFs and their predicted co-expressed genes. Our study identified ten putative key TFs and the predicted regulatory genes of these TFs in wheat grain development of Xiaoyan-6. The analysis was given a firm basis through the study of additional wheat tissues, including root, stem, leaf, flag leaf, grain, spikes (from wheat plants at booting or heading stages) to provide a dataset of 92,478 high-confidence protein-coding genes that were mostly evenly distributed among subgenomes, but unevenly distributed across each of the chromosomes or each of the seven homeologous groups. Within this larger framework of the transcriptomes, we identified 4659 grain-specific genes (SEGs) and 26,500 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) throughout grain development stages tested. The SEGs identified mainly associate with regulation and signaling-related biological processes, while the DEGs mainly involve in cellular component organization or biogenesis and nutrient reservoir activity during grain development of Xiaoyan-6. This study establishes new targets for modifying genes related to grain development and yield, to fine-tune expression in different varieties and environments.
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24
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Little RH, Woodcock SD, Campilongo R, Fung RKY, Heal R, Humphries L, Pacheco-Moreno A, Paulusch S, Stigliano E, Vikeli E, Ward D, Malone JG. Differential Regulation of Genes for Cyclic-di-GMP Metabolism Orchestrates Adaptive Changes During Rhizosphere Colonization by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1089. [PMID: 31156596 PMCID: PMC6531821 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonas genus are highly successful colonizers of the plant rhizosphere. The ability of different Pseudomonas species to live either commensal lifestyles or to act as agents of plant-growth promotion or disease is reflected in a large, highly flexible accessory genome. Nevertheless, adaptation to the plant environment involves a commonality of phenotypic outputs such as changes to motility, coupled with synthesis of nutrient uptake systems, stress-response molecules and adherence factors including exopolysaccharides. Cyclic-di-GMP (cdG) is a highly important second messenger involved in the integration of environmental signals with appropriate adaptive responses and is known to play a central role in mediating effective rhizosphere colonization. In this study, we examined the transcription of multiple, reportedly plant-upregulated cdG metabolism genes during colonization of the wheat rhizosphere by the plant-growth-promoting strain P. fluorescens SBW25. While transcription of the tested genes generally increased in the rhizosphere environment, we additionally observed a tightly orchestrated response to environmental cues, with a distinct transcriptional pattern seen for each gene throughout the colonization process. Extensive phenotypical analysis of deletion and overexpression strains was then conducted and used to propose cellular functions for individual cdG signaling genes. Finally, in-depth genetic analysis of an important rhizosphere colonization regulator revealed a link between cdG control of growth, motility and stress response, and the carbon sources available in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Little
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Woodcock
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rosaria Campilongo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena K Y Fung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Heal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Libby Humphries
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Pacheco-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Egidio Stigliano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Vikeli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Danny Ward
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob G Malone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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25
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Tovi N, Frenk S, Hadar Y, Minz D. Host Specificity and Spatial Distribution Preference of Three Pseudomonas Isolates. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3263. [PMID: 30687261 PMCID: PMC6335278 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hosts recruit and maintain a distinct root-associated microbiota based on host and bacterium traits. However, past studies disregarded microbial strain-host specificity and spatial micro-heterogeneity of the root compartment. Using genetic manipulation, confocal laser scanning microscopy, real-time quantitative PCR, and genome sequencing we characterized the colonization patterns of three Pseudomonas spp. isolates native to wheat roots, on the micro-scale. Namely, isolates P. fluorescens NT0133, P. stutzeri NT124, and P. stutzeri NT128. All three isolates preferentially colonized wheat over cucumber roots that served as control for host specificity. Furthermore, not only had the isolates strong host specificity but each isolate had a distinct spatial distribution on the root, all within a few millimeters. Isolate P. stutzeri-NT0124 preferentially colonized root tips, whereas P. fluorescens-NT0133 showed a preference for zones distant from the tip. In contrast, isolate P. stutzeri-NT0128 had no preference for a specific niche on the root. While all isolates maintained genetic potential for motility and biofilm formation their phenotype varied significantly and corresponded to their niche preference. These results demonstrate the importance of spatial colonization patterns, governed by both niche and bacterial characteristics which will have great importance in future attempts to manipulate the plant microbiome by constructing synthetic microbial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesli Tovi
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization–Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sammy Frenk
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dror Minz
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization–Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Wheatley RM, Poole PS. Mechanisms of bacterial attachment to roots. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:448-461. [PMID: 29672765 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The attachment of bacteria to roots constitutes the first physical step in many plant-microbe interactions. These interactions exert both positive and negative influences on agricultural systems depending on whether a growth-promoting, symbiotic or pathogenic relationship transpires. A common biphasic mechanism of root attachment exists across agriculturally important microbial species, including Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and Salmonella. Attachment studies have revealed how plant-microbe interactions develop, and how to manipulate these relationships for agricultural benefit. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing plant-microbe root attachment and draw together a common biphasic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Wheatley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Philip S Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Sorroche F, Bogino P, Russo DM, Zorreguieta A, Nievas F, Morales GM, Hirsch AM, Giordano W. Cell Autoaggregation, Biofilm Formation, and Plant Attachment in a Sinorhizobium meliloti lpsB Mutant. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1075-1082. [PMID: 30136892 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-18-0004-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial surface molecules are crucial for the establishment of a successful rhizobia-legume symbiosis, and, in most bacteria, are also critical for adherence properties, surface colonization, and as a barrier for defense. Rhizobial mutants defective in the production of exopolysaccharides (EPSs), lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), or capsular polysaccharides are usually affected in symbiosis with their plant hosts. In the present study, we evaluated the role of the combined effects of LPS and EPS II in cell-to-cell and cell-to-surface interactions in Sinorhizobium meliloti by studying planktonic cell autoaggregation, biofilm formation, and symbiosis with the host plant Medicago sativa. The lpsB mutant, which has a defective core portion of LPS, exhibited a reduction in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces as well as altered biofilm architecture compared with the wild-type Rm8530 strain. Atomic force microscopy and confocal laser microscopy revealed an increase in polar cell-to-cell interactions in the lpsB mutant, which might account for the biofilm deficiency. However, a certain level of biofilm development was observed in the lpsB strain compared with the EPS II-defective mutant strains. Autoaggregation experiments carried out with LPS and EPS mutant strains showed that both polysaccharides have an impact on the cell-to-cell adhesive interactions of planktonic bacteria. Although the lpsB mutation and the loss of EPS II production strongly stimulated early attachment to alfalfa roots, the number of nodules induced in M. sativa was not increased. Taken together, this work demonstrates that S. meliloti interactions with biotic and abiotic surfaces depend on the interplay between LPS and EPS II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sorroche
- 1 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Bogino
- 1 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela M Russo
- 2 Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Fiorela Nievas
- 1 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo M Morales
- 3 Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina; and
| | - Ann M Hirsch
- 4 Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, U.S.A
| | - Walter Giordano
- 1 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Naseem H, Ahsan M, Shahid MA, Khan N. Exopolysaccharides producing rhizobacteria and their role in plant growth and drought tolerance. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:1009-1022. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Naseem
- Department of Plant Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry; Allama Iqbal Open University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Shahid
- Horticultural Science Department; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Plant Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
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Koskella B, Taylor TB. Multifaceted Impacts of Bacteriophages in the Plant Microbiome. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:361-380. [PMID: 29958076 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated bacteria face multiple selection pressures within their environments and have evolved countless adaptations that both depend on and shape bacterial phenotype and their interaction with plant hosts. Explaining bacterial adaptation and evolution therefore requires considering each of these forces independently as well as their interactions. In this review, we examine how bacteriophage viruses (phages) can alter the ecology and evolution of plant-associated bacterial populations and communities. This includes influencing a bacterial population's response to both abiotic and biotic selection pressures and altering ecological interactions within the microbiome and between the bacteria and host plant. We outline specific ways in which phages can alter bacterial phenotype and discuss when and how this might impact plant-microbe interactions, including for plant pathogens. Finally, we highlight key open questions in phage-bacteria-plant research and offer suggestions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Tiffany B Taylor
- The Milner Centre for Evolution and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom;
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Harke MJ, Frischkorn KR, Haley ST, Aylward FO, Zehr JP, Dyhrman ST. Periodic and coordinated gene expression between a diazotroph and its diatom host. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:118-131. [PMID: 30116042 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the surface ocean, light fuels photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton, playing a critical role in ecosystem processes including carbon export to the deep sea. In oligotrophic oceans, diatom-diazotroph associations (DDAs) play a keystone role in ecosystem function because diazotrophs can provide otherwise scarce biologically available nitrogen to the diatom host, fueling growth and subsequent carbon sequestration. Despite their importance, relatively little is known about the nature of these associations in situ. Here we used metatranscriptomic sequencing of surface samples from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) to reconstruct patterns of gene expression for the diazotrophic symbiont Richelia and we examined how these patterns were integrated with those of the diatom host over day-night transitions. Richelia exhibited significant diel signals for genes related to photosynthesis, N2 fixation, and resource acquisition, among other processes. N2 fixation genes were significantly co-expressed with host nitrogen uptake and metabolism, as well as potential genes involved in carbon transport, which may underpin the exchange of nitrogen and carbon within this association. Patterns of expression suggested cell division was integrated between the host and symbiont across the diel cycle. Collectively these data suggest that symbiont-host physiological ecology is strongly interconnected in the NPSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Harke
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Kyle R Frischkorn
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheean T Haley
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Frank O Aylward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Sonya T Dyhrman
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA. .,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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31
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Jayapal M, Jagadeesan H, Shanmugam M, Danisha J P, Murugesan S. Sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment using plant microbe integrated system for degradation of azo dyes and their aromatic amines by-products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 354:231-243. [PMID: 29754041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of unused dyes and dye degradation intermediates in the textile industry wastewaters is the major challenge in its treatment. A wide range of treatments including various physicochemical processes are used for this wastewater. Incomplete dye degradation results in hazardous colorless aromatic amine intermediates that are teratogenic in nature. A synergistic plant-microbe system operated in a sequential anaerobic-aerobic mode was evaluated for the complete degradation of a model azo dye methyl red under laboratory conditions. The degradation of methyl red and its break down products 2-aminobenzoic acid and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine were analysed by HPLC, FTIR and GC-MS. The vetiver-microbe system had shown enhanced dye degradation. The dye decolourization percentage achieved for integrated plant-microbe treatment system (T) after anaerobic condition was 53.5 ± 6.2% and aerobic condition was 92 ± 3.4%. The removal efficiency of the intermediates 2-ABA and DMPD was found to be 89.79% in the integrated plant-microbe treatment system. The plant-microbe system was most effective in the removal of toxic aromatic amine as seen by lesser phytotoxicity for seed germination and teratogenicity in case of zebrafish development in the treated water.
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Starr EP, Shi S, Blazewicz SJ, Probst AJ, Herman DJ, Firestone MK, Banfield JF. Stable isotope informed genome-resolved metagenomics reveals that Saccharibacteria utilize microbially-processed plant-derived carbon. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:122. [PMID: 29970182 PMCID: PMC6031116 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transformation of plant photosynthate into soil organic carbon and its recycling to CO2 by soil microorganisms is one of the central components of the terrestrial carbon cycle. There are currently large knowledge gaps related to which soil-associated microorganisms take up plant carbon in the rhizosphere and the fate of that carbon. RESULTS We conducted an experiment in which common wild oats (Avena fatua) were grown in a 13CO2 atmosphere and the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil was sampled for genomic analyses. Density gradient centrifugation of DNA extracted from soil samples enabled distinction of microbes that did and did not incorporate the 13C into their DNA. A 1.45-Mbp genome of a Saccharibacteria (TM7) was identified and, despite the microbial complexity of rhizosphere soil, curated to completion. The genome lacks many biosynthetic pathways, including genes required to synthesize DNA de novo. Rather, it requires externally derived nucleotides for DNA and RNA synthesis. Given this, we conclude that rhizosphere-associated Saccharibacteria recycle DNA from bacteria that live off plant exudates and/or phage that acquired 13C because they preyed upon these bacteria and/or directly from the labeled plant DNA. Isotopic labeling indicates that the population was replicating during the 6-week period of plant growth. Interestingly, the genome is ~ 30% larger than other complete Saccharibacteria genomes from non-soil environments, largely due to more genes for complex carbon utilization and amino acid metabolism. Given the ability to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch, and 1,3-β-glucan, we predict that this Saccharibacteria generates energy by fermentation of soil necromass and plant root exudates to acetate and lactate. The genome also encodes a linear electron transport chain featuring a terminal oxidase, suggesting that this Saccharibacteria may respire aerobically. The genome encodes a hydrolase that could breakdown salicylic acid, a plant defense signaling molecule, and genes to interconvert a variety of isoprenoids, including the plant hormone zeatin. CONCLUSIONS Rhizosphere Saccharibacteria likely depend on other bacteria for basic cellular building blocks. We propose that isotopically labeled CO2 is incorporated into plant-derived carbon and then into the DNA of rhizosphere organisms capable of nucleotide synthesis, and the nucleotides are recycled into Saccharibacterial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Starr
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Shengjing Shi
- Lincoln Science Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Steven J. Blazewicz
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 94550 USA
| | | | - Donald J. Herman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94704 USA
| | - Mary K. Firestone
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94704 USA
| | - Jillian F. Banfield
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94704 USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Lu H, Lema A S, Planas-Marquès M, Alonso-Díaz A, Valls M, Coll NS. Type III Secretion-Dependent and -Independent Phenotypes Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in Arabidopsis Roots. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:175-184. [PMID: 28840786 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-17-0109-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The causal agent of bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum, is a soilborne pathogen that invades plants through their roots, traversing many tissue layers until it reaches the xylem, where it multiplies and causes plant collapse. The effects of R. solanacearum infection are devastating, and no effective approach to fight the disease is so far available. The early steps of infection, essential for colonization, as well as the early plant defense responses remain mostly unknown. Here, we have set up a simple, in vitro Arabidopsis thaliana-R. solanacearum pathosystem that has allowed us to identify three clear root phenotypes specifically associated to the early stages of infection: root-growth inhibition, root-hair formation, and root-tip cell death. Using this method, we have been able to differentiate, on Arabidopsis plants, the phenotypes caused by mutants in the key bacterial virulence regulators hrpB and hrpG, which remained indistinguishable using the classical soil-drench inoculation pathogenicity assays. In addition, we have revealed the previously unknown involvement of auxins in the root rearrangements caused by R. solanacearum infection. Our system provides an easy-to-use, high-throughput tool to study R. solanacearum aggressiveness. Furthermore, the observed phenotypes may allow the identification of bacterial virulence determinants and could even be used to screen for novel forms of early plant resistance to bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Lu
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Saul Lema A
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Alejandro Alonso-Díaz
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Marc Valls
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
- 2 Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- 1 Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; and
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Tamošiūnė I, Stanienė G, Haimi P, Stanys V, Rugienius R, Baniulis D. Endophytic Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp. Modulate Apple Shoot Growth, Cellular Redox Balance, and Protein Expression Under in Vitro Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:889. [PMID: 30002666 PMCID: PMC6032008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between host plants and endophytic microorganisms play an important role in plant responses to pathogens and environmental stresses and have potential applications for plant stress management under in vitro conditions. We assessed the effect of endophytic bacteria on the growth and proliferation of domestic apple cv. Gala shoots in vitro. Further, a model apple cell suspension system was used to examine molecular events and protein expression patterns at an early stage of plant-endophyte interaction. Among the seven strains used in the study, Bacillus spp. strains Da_1, Da_4, and Da_5 and the Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Ga_1 promoted shoot growth and auxiliary shoot proliferation. In contrast, Bacillus sp. strain Oa_4, P. fluorescens strain Ga_3 and P. orientalis strain G_12 inhibited shoot development. In the cell suspension, the effects of the association between endophytic bacteria and plant cells were specific to each strain. Modulation of the cellular redox balance was monitored in the apple cells using a 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) probe, and strain-specific effects were observed that correlated with the in vitro shoot development results. Proteomic analysis revealed differences in protein expressions in apple cells co-cultivated with different Bacillus spp. strains that had contrasting effects on cellular redox balance and shoot development. The Bacillus sp. strain Da_4, which enhanced shoot development and oxidation of H2DCFDA, induced differential expression of proteins that are mainly involved in the defense response and regulation of oxidative stress. Meanwhile, treatment with Bacillus sp. strain Oa_4 led to strong upregulation of PLAT1, HSC70-1 and several other proteins involved in protein metabolism and cell development. Taken together, the results suggest that different cell signaling and response events at the early stage of the plant-endophyte interaction may be important for strain-dependent regulation of cellular redox balance and development of shoot phenotype.
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35
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36
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Kandel SL, Joubert PM, Doty SL. Bacterial Endophyte Colonization and Distribution within Plants. Microorganisms 2017; 5:E77. [PMID: 29186821 PMCID: PMC5748586 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant endosphere contains a diverse group of microbial communities. There is general consensus that these microbial communities make significant contributions to plant health. Both recently adopted genomic approaches and classical microbiology techniques continue to develop the science of plant-microbe interactions. Endophytes are microbial symbionts residing within the plant for the majority of their life cycle without any detrimental impact to the host plant. The use of these natural symbionts offers an opportunity to maximize crop productivity while reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture. Endophytes promote plant growth through nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, nutrient acquisition, and by conferring tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Colonization by endophytes is crucial for providing these benefits to the host plant. Endophytic colonization refers to the entry, growth and multiplication of endophyte populations within the host plant. Lately, plant microbiome research has gained considerable attention but the mechanism allowing plants to recruit endophytes is largely unknown. This review summarizes currently available knowledge about endophytic colonization by bacteria in various plant species, and specifically discusses the colonization of maize plants by Populus endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon L. Doty
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA; (S.L.K.); (P.M.J.)
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Krohn-Molt I, Alawi M, Förstner KU, Wiegandt A, Burkhardt L, Indenbirken D, Thieß M, Grundhoff A, Kehr J, Tholey A, Streit WR. Insights into Microalga and Bacteria Interactions of Selected Phycosphere Biofilms Using Metagenomic, Transcriptomic, and Proteomic Approaches. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1941. [PMID: 29067007 PMCID: PMC5641341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalga are of high relevance for the global carbon cycling and it is well-known that they are associated with a microbiota. However, it remains unclear, if the associated microbiota, often found in phycosphere biofilms, is specific for the microalga strains and which role individual bacterial taxa play. Here we provide experimental evidence that Chlorella saccharophila, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Micrasterias crux-melitensis, maintained in strain collections, are associated with unique and specific microbial populations. Deep metagenome sequencing, binning approaches, secretome analyses in combination with RNA-Seq data implied fundamental differences in the gene expression profiles of the microbiota associated with the different microalga. Our metatranscriptome analyses indicates that the transcriptionally most active bacteria with respect to key genes commonly involved in plant–microbe interactions in the Chlorella (Trebouxiophyceae) and Scenedesmus (Chlorophyceae) strains belong to the phylum of the α-Proteobacteria. In contrast, in the Micrasterias (Zygnematophyceae) phycosphere biofilm bacteria affiliated with the phylum of the Bacteroidetes showed the highest gene expression rates. We furthermore show that effector molecules known from plant–microbe interactions as inducers for the innate immunity are already of relevance at this evolutionary early plant-microbiome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Krohn-Molt
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alena Wiegandt
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lia Burkhardt
- Virus Genomics, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Virus Genomics, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Thieß
- Molecular Plant Genetics, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Virus Genomics, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kehr
- Molecular Plant Genetics, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Streit
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Pérez-Mendoza D, Bertinetti D, Lorenz R, Gallegos MT, Herberg FW, Sanjuán J. A novel c-di-GMP binding domain in glycosyltransferase BgsA is responsible for the synthesis of a mixed-linkage β-glucan. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8997. [PMID: 28827694 PMCID: PMC5567048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BgsA is the glycosyltransferase (GT) involved in the synthesis of a linear mixed-linkage β-glucan (MLG), a recently described exopolysaccharide activated by c-di-GMP in Sinorhizobium meliloti and other Rhizobiales. Although BgsA displays sequence and structural homology with bacterial cellulose synthases (CS), it does not contain any predictable c-di-GMP binding domain. In this work we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of BgsA (C-BgsA) binds c-di-GMP with both high affinity (KD = 0.23 μM) and specificity. C-BgsA is structurally different to the otherwise equivalent cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of CS, and does not contain PilZ motifs for c-di-GMP recognition. A combination of random and site-directed mutagenesis with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) allowed identification of the C-BgsA residues which are important not only for c-di-GMP binding, but also for BgsA GT activity. The results suggest that the C-BgsA domain is important for both, c-di-GMP binding and GT activity of BgsA. In contrast to bacterial CS where c-di-GMP has been proposed as a derepressor of GT activity, we hypothesize that the C-terminal domain of BgsA plays an active role in BgsA GT activity upon binding c-di-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany. .,Dpto. Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos. Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Robin Lorenz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.,Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - María-Trinidad Gallegos
- Dpto. Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos. Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Juan Sanjuán
- Dpto. Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos. Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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39
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Petrovicheva A, Joyner J, Muth TR. Quantification of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 attachment to Arabidopsis thaliana roots. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4082725. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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40
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Alufasi R, Gere J, Chakauya E, Lebea P, Parawira W, Chingwaru W. Mechanisms of pathogen removal by macrophytes in constructed wetlands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2017.1325940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richwell Alufasi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Jephris Gere
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Ereck Chakauya
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phiyani Lebea
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wilson Parawira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Walter Chingwaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
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Sheridan C, Depuydt P, De Ro M, Petit C, Van Gysegem E, Delaere P, Dixon M, Stasiak M, Aciksöz SB, Frossard E, Paradiso R, De Pascale S, Ventorino V, De Meyer T, Sas B, Geelen D. Microbial Community Dynamics and Response to Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms in the Rhizosphere of Four Common Food Crops Cultivated in Hydroponics. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:378-393. [PMID: 27645138 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) of the plant root zone microbiome have received limited attention in hydroponic cultivation systems. In the framework of a project aimed at the development of a biological life support system for manned missions in space, we investigated the effects of PGPMs on four common food crops (durum and bread wheat, potato and soybean) cultivated in recirculating hydroponic systems for a whole life cycle. Each crop was inoculated with a commercial PGPM mixture and the composition of the microbial communities associated with their root rhizosphere, rhizoplane/endosphere and with the recirculating nutrient solution was characterised through 16S- and ITS-targeted Illumina MiSeq sequencing. PGPM addition was shown to induce changes in the composition of these communities, though these changes varied both between crops and over time. Microbial communities of PGPM-treated plants were shown to be more stable over time. Though additional development is required, this study highlights the potential benefits that PGPMs may confer to plants grown in hydroponic systems, particularly when cultivated in extreme environments such as space.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sheridan
- In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Depuydt
- In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M De Ro
- In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Petit
- In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Van Gysegem
- In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Delaere
- In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Dixon
- Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, NIG 2W1, Canada
| | - M Stasiak
- Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, NIG 2W1, Canada
| | - S B Aciksöz
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Frossard
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Paradiso
- Division of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Via Università, 100 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - S De Pascale
- Division of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Via Università, 100 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - V Ventorino
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Via Università, 100 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - T De Meyer
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Sas
- Department of Food Quality and Food Safety, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Geelen
- In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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42
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Sarkar A, Marszalkowska M, Schäfer M, Pees T, Klingenberg H, Macht F, Reinhold-Hurek B. Global expression analysis of the response to microaerobiosis reveals an important cue for endophytic establishment of Azoarcus sp. BH72. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:198-217. [PMID: 27727497 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endophyte Azoarcus sp. BH72, fixing nitrogen microaerobically, encounters low O2 tensions in flooded roots. Therefore, its transcriptome upon shift to microaerobiosis was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarrays. A total of 8.7% of the protein-coding genes were significantly modulated. Aerobic conditions induced expression of genes involved in oxidative stress protection, while under microaerobiosis, 233 genes were upregulated, encoding hypothetical proteins, transcriptional regulators, and proteins involved in energy metabolism, among them a cbb3 -type terminal oxidase contributing to but not essential for N2 fixation. A newly established sensitive transcriptional reporter system using tdTomato allowed to visualize even relatively low bacterial gene expression in association with roots. Beyond metabolic changes, low oxygen concentrations seemed to prime transcription for plant colonization: Several genes known to be required for endophytic rice interaction were induced, and novel bacterial colonization factors were identified, such as azo1653. The cargo of the type V autotransporter Azo1653 had similarities to the attachment factor pertactin. Although for short term swarming-dependent colonization, it conferred a competitive disadvantage, it contributed to endophytic long-term establishment inside roots. Proteins sharing such opposing roles in the colonization process appear to occur more generally, as we demonstrated a very similar phenotype for another attachment protein, Azo1684. This suggests distinct cellular strategies for endophyte establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sarkar
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Marta Marszalkowska
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Tobias Pees
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Hannah Klingenberg
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Franziska Macht
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Barbara Reinhold-Hurek
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, Bremen, 28334, Germany
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Ahmad I, Rouf SF, Sun L, Cimdins A, Shafeeq S, Le Guyon S, Schottkowski M, Rhen M, Römling U. BcsZ inhibits biofilm phenotypes and promotes virulence by blocking cellulose production in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:177. [PMID: 27756305 PMCID: PMC5070118 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellulose, a 1,4 beta-glucan polysaccharide, is produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria. Although the production of cellulose has a high biological, ecological and economical impact, regulatory mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis are mostly unknown. Family eight cellulases are regularly associated with cellulose biosynthesis operons in bacteria; however, their function is poorly characterized. In this study, we analysed the role of the cellulase BcsZ encoded by the bcsABZC cellulose biosynthesis operon of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in biofilm related behavior. We also investigated the involvement of BcsZ in pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium including a murine typhoid fever infection model. Result In S. Typhimurium, cellulase BcsZ with a putative periplasmic location negatively regulates cellulose biosynthesis. Moreover, as assessed with a non-polar mutant, BcsZ affects cellulose-associated phenotypes such as the rdar biofilm morphotype, cell clumping, biofilm formation, pellicle formation and flagella-dependent motility. Strikingly, although upregulation of cellulose biosynthesis was not observed on agar plate medium at 37 °C, BcsZ is required for efficient pathogen-host interaction. Key virulence phenotypes of S. Typhimurium such as invasion of epithelial cells and proliferation in macrophages were positively regulated by BcsZ. Further on, a bcsZ mutant was outcompeted by the wild type in organ colonization in the murine typhoid fever infection model. Selected phenotypes were relieved upon deletion of the cellulose synthase BcsA and/or the central biofilm activator CsgD. Conclusion Although the protein scaffold has an additional physiological role, our findings indicate that the catalytic activity of BcsZ effectively downregulates CsgD activated cellulose biosynthesis. Repression of cellulose production by BcsZ subsequently enables Salmonella to efficiently colonize the host. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0576-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Syed Fazle Rouf
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Cimdins
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sulman Shafeeq
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soazig Le Guyon
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Schottkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rhen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Vozza NF, Abdian PL, Russo DM, Mongiardini EJ, Lodeiro AR, Molin S, Zorreguieta A. A Rhizobium leguminosarum CHDL- (Cadherin-Like-) Lectin Participates in Assembly and Remodeling of the Biofilm Matrix. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1608. [PMID: 27790205 PMCID: PMC5061743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural environments most bacteria live in multicellular structures called biofilms. These cell aggregates are enclosed in a self-produced polymeric extracellular matrix, which protects the cells, provides mechanical stability and mediates cellular cohesion and adhesion to surfaces. Although important advances were made in the identification of the genetic and extracellular factors required for biofilm formation, the mechanisms leading to biofilm matrix assembly, and the roles of extracellular proteins in these processes are still poorly understood. The symbiont Rhizobium leguminosarum requires the synthesis of the acidic exopolysaccharide and the PrsDE secretion system to develop a mature biofilm. PrsDE is responsible for the secretion of the Rap family of proteins that share one or two Ra/CHDL (cadherin-like-) domains. RapA2 is a calcium-dependent lectin with a cadherin-like β sheet structure that specifically recognizes the exopolysaccharide, either as a capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or in its released form [extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)]. In this study, using gain and loss of function approaches combined with phenotypic and microscopic studies we demonstrated that RapA lectins are involved in biofilm matrix development and cellular cohesion. While the absence of any RapA protein increased the compactness of bacterial aggregates, high levels of RapA1 expanded distances between cells and favored the production of a dense matrix network. Whereas endogenous RapA(s) are predominantly located at one bacterial pole, we found that under overproduction conditions, RapA1 surrounded the cell in a way that was reminiscent of the capsule. Accordingly, polysaccharide analyses showed that the RapA lectins promote CPS formation at the expense of lower EPS production. Besides, polysaccharide analysis suggests that RapA modulates the EPS size profile. Collectively, these results show that the interaction of RapA lectins with the polysaccharide is involved in rhizobial biofilm matrix assembly and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás F. Vozza
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Daniela M. Russo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elías J. Mongiardini
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Technológico COINCET La PlataLa Plata, Argentina
| | - Aníbal R. Lodeiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico Technológico COINCET La PlataLa Plata, Argentina
| | - Søren Molin
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of DenmarkLyngby, Denmark
| | - Angeles Zorreguieta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
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45
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Tan MSF, White AP, Rahman S, Dykes GA. Role of Fimbriae, Flagella and Cellulose on the Attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 to Plant Cell Wall Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158311. [PMID: 27355584 PMCID: PMC4927157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of foodborne disease caused by Salmonella are frequently associated with the consumption of minimally processed produce. Bacterial cell surface components are known to be important for the attachment of bacterial pathogens to fresh produce. The role of these extracellular structures in Salmonella attachment to plant cell walls has not been investigated in detail. We investigated the role of flagella, fimbriae and cellulose on the attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and a range of isogenic deletion mutants (ΔfliC fljB, ΔbcsA, ΔcsgA, ΔcsgA bcsA and ΔcsgD) to bacterial cellulose (BC)-based plant cell wall models [BC-Pectin (BCP), BC-Xyloglucan (BCX) and BC-Pectin-Xyloglucan (BCPX)] after growth at different temperatures (28°C and 37°C). We found that all three cell surface components were produced at 28°C but only the flagella was produced at 37°C. Flagella appeared to be most important for attachment (reduction of up to 1.5 log CFU/cm2) although both cellulose and fimbriae also aided in attachment. The csgD deletion mutant, which lacks both cellulose and fimbriae, showed significantly higher attachment as compared to wild type cells at 37°C. This may be due to the increased expression of flagella-related genes which are also indirectly regulated by the csgD gene. Our study suggests that bacterial attachment to plant cell walls is a complex process involving many factors. Although flagella, cellulose and fimbriae all aid in attachment, these structures are not the only mechanism as no strain was completely defective in its attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gary A. Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
During the first step of biofilm formation, initial attachment is dictated by physicochemical and electrostatic interactions between the surface and the bacterial envelope. Depending on the nature of these interactions, attachment can be transient or permanent. To achieve irreversible attachment, bacterial cells have developed a series of surface adhesins promoting specific or nonspecific adhesion under various environmental conditions. This article reviews the recent advances in our understanding of the secretion, assembly, and regulation of the bacterial adhesins during biofilm formation, with a particular emphasis on the fimbrial, nonfimbrial, and discrete polysaccharide adhesins in Gram-negative bacteria.
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47
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Carvalho TLG, Ballesteros HGF, Thiebaut F, Ferreira PCG, Hemerly AS. Nice to meet you: genetic, epigenetic and metabolic controls of plant perception of beneficial associative and endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in non-leguminous plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:561-74. [PMID: 26821805 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of rhizosphere diazotrophic bacteria are able to establish beneficial associations with plants, being able to associate to root surfaces or even endophytically colonize plant tissues. In common, both associative and endophytic types of colonization can result in beneficial outcomes to the plant leading to plant growth promotion, as well as increase in tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. An intriguing question in such associations is how plant cell surface perceives signals from other living organisms, thus sorting pathogens from beneficial ones, to transduce this information and activate proper responses that will finally culminate in plant adaptations to optimize their growth rates. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of genetic and epigenetic controls of plant-bacteria signaling and recognition during beneficial associations with associative and endophytic diazotrophic bacteria. Finally, we propose that "soil-rhizosphere-rhizoplane-endophytes-plant" could be considered as a single coordinated unit with dynamic components that integrate the plant with the environment to generate adaptive responses in plants to improve growth. The homeostasis of the whole system should recruit different levels of regulation, and recognition between the parties in a given environment might be one of the crucial factors coordinating these adaptive plant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L G Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - H G F Ballesteros
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - F Thiebaut
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - P C G Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - A S Hemerly
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil.
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Adaptive Remodeling of the Bacterial Proteome by Specific Ribosomal Modification Regulates Pseudomonas Infection and Niche Colonisation. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005837. [PMID: 26845436 PMCID: PMC4741518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional control of protein abundance is a highly important, underexplored regulatory process by which organisms respond to their environments. Here we describe an important and previously unidentified regulatory pathway involving the ribosomal modification protein RimK, its regulator proteins RimA and RimB, and the widespread bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (cdG). Disruption of rimK affects motility and surface attachment in pathogenic and commensal Pseudomonas species, with rimK deletion significantly compromising rhizosphere colonisation by the commensal soil bacterium P. fluorescens, and plant infection by the pathogens P. syringae and P. aeruginosa. RimK functions as an ATP-dependent glutamyl ligase, adding glutamate residues to the C-terminus of ribosomal protein RpsF and inducing specific effects on both ribosome protein complement and function. Deletion of rimK in P. fluorescens leads to markedly reduced levels of multiple ribosomal proteins, and also of the key translational regulator Hfq. In turn, reduced Hfq levels induce specific downstream proteomic changes, with significant increases in multiple ABC transporters, stress response proteins and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases seen for both ΔrimK and Δhfq mutants. The activity of RimK is itself controlled by interactions with RimA, RimB and cdG. We propose that control of RimK activity represents a novel regulatory mechanism that dynamically influences interactions between bacteria and their hosts; translating environmental pressures into dynamic ribosomal changes, and consequently to an adaptive remodeling of the bacterial proteome. Post-transcriptional control of protein abundance is a significant and underexplored regulatory process by which organisms respond to environmental change. We have discovered an important new mechanism for this control in bacteria, based on the covalent modification of a small ribosomal protein by the widespread enzyme RimK. Here we show that the activity of RimK has specific effects on the levels of ribosomal proteins in the cell, which in turn affects the abundance of the important translational regulator Hfq. RimK is itself controlled by binding to the small regulatory proteins RimA and RimB and the widespread signalling molecule cyclic-di-GMP. Deletion of rimK compromises motility, virulence and plant colonisation/infection in several different Pseudomonas species. We propose that changes in intracellular RimK activity enable Pseudomonas to respond to environmental pressures by changing the nature of their ribosomes, leading in turn to an adaptive phenotypic response to their surroundings. This promotes motility and virulence during the initial stages of plant contact, and phenotypes including attachment, metabolite transport and stress control during long-term environmental adaptation.
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49
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de Souza R, Ambrosini A, Passaglia LM. Plant growth-promoting bacteria as inoculants in agricultural soils. Genet Mol Biol 2015; 38:401-19. [PMID: 26537605 PMCID: PMC4763327 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-475738420150053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant health, productivity and soil fertility. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are bacteria that can enhance plant growth and protect plants from disease and abiotic stresses through a wide variety of mechanisms; those that establish close associations with plants, such as the endophytes, could be more successful in plant growth promotion. Several important bacterial characteristics, such as biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, ACC deaminase activity, and production of siderophores and phytohormones, can be assessed as plant growth promotion (PGP) traits. Bacterial inoculants can contribute to increase agronomic efficiency by reducing production costs and environmental pollution, once the use of chemical fertilizers can be reduced or eliminated if the inoculants are efficient. For bacterial inoculants to obtain success in improving plant growth and productivity, several processes involved can influence the efficiency of inoculation, as for example the exudation by plant roots, the bacterial colonization in the roots, and soil health. This review presents an overview of the importance of soil-plant-microbe interactions to the development of efficient inoculants, once PGPB are extensively studied microorganisms, representing a very diverse group of easily accessible beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocheli de Souza
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ambrosini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciane M.P. Passaglia
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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50
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Gnasekaran P, Subramaniam S. Mapping of the Interaction Between Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Vanda Kasem's Delight Orchid Protocorm-Like Bodies. Indian J Microbiol 2015; 55:285-91. [PMID: 26063938 PMCID: PMC4456499 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-015-0519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical contact between A. tumefaciens and the target plant cell walls is essential to transfer and integrate the transgene to introduce a novel trait. Chemotaxis response and attachment of Agrobacterium towards Vanda Kasem's Delight (VKD) protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) were studied to analyse the interaction between Agrobacterium and PLB during the transformation event. The study shows that initially A. tumefaciens reversibly attached to PLB surface via polar and lateral mode of adherence followed by the irreversible attachment which involved the production of cellulosic fibril by A. tumefaciens. Cellulosic fibril allows formation of biofilm at the tip of trichome. Contrarily, attachment mutant Escherichia coli strain DH5α was significantly deficient in the attachment process. Spectrophotometric GUS assay showed the mean value of attachment by A. tumefaciens was 8.72 % compared to the negative control E. coli strain DH5α that produced 0.16 %. A. tumefaciens swarmed with sharper and brighter edge when severe wounding was applied to the PLBs producing the highest swarming ratio of 1.46 demonstrating the positive effect of the plant exudates on bacterial movement. The study shows that VKD's PLBs are the suitable explants for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation since the bacteria expressed higher competency rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavallekoodi Gnasekaran
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Minden Heights, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sreeramanan Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Minden Heights, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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