1
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Gong J, Kim DM, Freeman MR, Kim H, Ellis L, Smith B, Theodorescu D, Posadas E, Figlin R, Bhowmick N, Freedland SJ. Genetic and biological drivers of prostate cancer disparities in Black men. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:274-289. [PMID: 37964070 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Black men with prostate cancer have historically had worse outcomes than white men with prostate cancer. The causes of this disparity in outcomes are multi-factorial, but a potential basis is that prostate cancers in Black men are biologically distinct from prostate cancers in white men. Evidence suggests that genetic and ancestral factors, molecular pathways involving androgen and non-androgen receptor signalling, inflammation, epigenetics, the tumour microenvironment and tumour metabolism are contributing factors to the racial disparities observed. Key genetic and molecular pathways linked to prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness have potential clinical relevance. Describing biological drivers of prostate cancer disparities could inform efforts to improve outcomes for Black men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel M Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyung Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bethany Smith
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin Posadas
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Figlin
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil Bhowmick
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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2
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Inoue C, Miki Y, Suzuki T. New Perspectives on Sex Steroid Hormones Signaling in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3620. [PMID: 37509283 PMCID: PMC10377312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of sex hormones, especially estrogen, in the pathogenesis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has attracted attention due to its high incidence among young adults and nonsmokers, especially those who are female. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) reside in the cancer stroma and influence cancer growth, invasion, metastasis, and acquisition of drug resistance through interactions with cancer cells and other microenvironmental components. Hormone-mediated cell-cell interactions are classic cell-cell interactions and well-known phenomena in breast cancer and prostate cancer CAFs. In cancers of other organs, including NSCLC, the effects of CAFs on hormone-receptor expression and hormone production in cancer tissues have been reported; however, there are few such studies. Many more studies have been performed on breast and prostate cancers. Recent advances in technology, particularly single-cell analysis techniques, have led to significant advances in the classification and function of CAFs. However, the importance of sex hormones in cell-cell interactions of CAFs in NSCLC remains unclear. This review summarizes reports on CAFs in NSCLC and sex hormones in cancer and immune cells surrounding CAFs. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects of sex-hormone research involving CAFs in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Inoue
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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3
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Hahn AW, Siddiqui BA, Leo J, Dondossola E, Basham KJ, Miranti CK, Frigo DE. Cancer Cell-Extrinsic Roles for the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad078. [PMID: 37192413 PMCID: PMC10413433 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Given the central role of the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer cell biology, AR-targeted therapies have been the backbone of prostate cancer treatment for over 50 years. New data indicate that AR is expressed in additional cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, targeting AR for the treatment of prostate cancer has established side effects such as bone complications and an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disease, indicating broader roles for AR. With the advent of novel technologies, such as single-cell approaches and advances in preclinical modeling, AR has been identified to have clinically significant functions in other cell types. In this mini-review, we describe new cancer cell-extrinsic roles for AR within the tumor microenvironment as well as systemic effects that collectively impact prostate cancer progression and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hahn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bilal A Siddiqui
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Javier Leo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eleonora Dondossola
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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4
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Sailer V, von Amsberg G, Duensing S, Kirfel J, Lieb V, Metzger E, Offermann A, Pantel K, Schuele R, Taubert H, Wach S, Perner S, Werner S, Aigner A. Experimental in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models in prostate cancer research. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:158-178. [PMID: 36451039 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy has a central role in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, often causing initial tumour remission before increasing independence from signal transduction mechanisms of the androgen receptor and then eventual disease progression. Novel treatment approaches are urgently needed, but only a fraction of promising drug candidates from the laboratory will eventually reach clinical approval, highlighting the demand for critical assessment of current preclinical models. Such models include standard, genetically modified and patient-derived cell lines, spheroid and organoid culture models, scaffold and hydrogel cultures, tissue slices, tumour xenograft models, patient-derived xenograft and circulating tumour cell eXplant models as well as transgenic and knockout mouse models. These models need to account for inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity, the acquisition of primary or secondary resistance, the interaction of tumour cells with their microenvironment, which make crucial contributions to tumour progression and resistance, as well as the effects of the 3D tissue network on drug penetration, bioavailability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sailer
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Cancer Center Hamburg Eppendorf and Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumour Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Verena Lieb
- Research Division Molecular Urology, Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric Metzger
- Department of Urology, Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Offermann
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute for Tumour Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Clinics Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel-Nachwuchszentrum HaTRiCs4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schuele
- Department of Urology, Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Research Division Molecular Urology, Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Research Division Molecular Urology, Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefan Werner
- Institute for Tumour Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Clinics Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel-Nachwuchszentrum HaTRiCs4, University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany.
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5
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Owen JS, Clayton A, Pearson HB. Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Heterogeneity, Activation and Function: Implications for Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 13:67. [PMID: 36671452 PMCID: PMC9856041 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous remodeling of the tumor microenvironment (TME) during prostate tumorigenesis is emerging as a critical event that facilitates cancer growth, progression and drug-resistance. Recent advances have identified extensive communication networks that enable tumor-stroma cross-talk, and emphasized the functional importance of diverse, heterogeneous stromal fibroblast populations during malignant growth. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a vital component of the TME, which mediate key oncogenic events including angiogenesis, immunosuppression, metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance, thus presenting an attractive therapeutic target. Nevertheless, how fibroblast heterogeneity, recruitment, cell-of-origin and differential functions contribute to prostate cancer remains to be fully delineated. Developing our molecular understanding of these processes is fundamental to developing new therapies and biomarkers that can ultimately improve clinical outcomes. In this review, we explore the current challenges surrounding fibroblast identification, discuss new mechanistic insights into fibroblast functions during normal prostate tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis, and illustrate the diverse nature of fibroblast recruitment and CAF generation. We also highlight the promise of CAF-targeted therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S. Owen
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Tissue Microenvironment Group, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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6
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Liver Microenvironment Response to Prostate Cancer Metastasis and Hormonal Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246189. [PMID: 36551674 PMCID: PMC9777323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer-associated deaths arise from disease progression and metastasis. Metastasis to the liver is associated with the worst clinical outcomes for prostate cancer patients, and these metastatic tumors can be particularly resistant to the currently widely used chemotherapy and hormonal therapies, such as anti-androgens which block androgen synthesis or directly target the androgen receptor. The incidence of liver metastases is reportedly increasing, with a potential correlation with use of anti-androgen therapies. A key player in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic response is the microenvironment of the tumor(s). This is a dynamic and adaptive collection of cells and proteins, which impart signals and stimuli that can alter biological processes within prostate cancer cells. Investigation in the prostate primary site has demonstrated that cells of the microenvironment are also responsive to hormones and hormonal therapies. In this review, we collate information about what happens when cancer moves to the liver: the types of prostate cancer cells that metastasize there, the response of resident mesenchymal cells of the liver, and how the interactions between the cancer cells and the microenvironment may be altered by hormonal therapy.
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7
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Marklund M, Schultz N, Friedrich S, Berglund E, Tarish F, Tanoglidi A, Liu Y, Bergenstråhle L, Erickson A, Helleday T, Lamb AD, Sonnhammer E, Lundeberg J. Spatio-temporal analysis of prostate tumors in situ suggests pre-existence of treatment-resistant clones. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5475. [PMID: 36115838 PMCID: PMC9482614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer remain poorly understood, with intratumoral heterogeneity a likely contributing factor. To examine the temporal aspects of resistance, we analyze tumor heterogeneity in needle biopsies collected before and after treatment with androgen deprivation therapy. By doing so, we are able to couple clinical responsiveness and morphological information such as Gleason score to transcriptome-wide data. Our data-driven analysis of transcriptomes identifies several distinct intratumoral cell populations, characterized by their unique gene expression profiles. Certain cell populations present before treatment exhibit gene expression profiles that match those of resistant tumor cell clusters, present after treatment. We confirm that these clusters are resistant by the localization of active androgen receptors to the nuclei in cancer cells post-treatment. Our data also demonstrates that most stromal cells adjacent to resistant clusters do not express the androgen receptor, and we identify differentially expressed genes for these cells. Altogether, this study shows the potential to increase the power in predicting resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Marklund
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Niklas Schultz
- Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Friedrich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Science for Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emelie Berglund
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Firas Tarish
- Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Tanoglidi
- Department of Pathology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, Athens, Greece
| | - Yao Liu
- Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Bergenstråhle
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Andrew Erickson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Division of Translational Medicine & Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erik Sonnhammer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Science for Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.
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8
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Liu Y, Wang J, Horton C, Yu C, Knudsen B, Stefanson J, Hu K, Stefanson O, Green J, Guo C, Xie Q, Wang ZA. Stromal AR inhibits prostate tumor progression by restraining secretory luminal epithelial cells. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110848. [PMID: 35613593 PMCID: PMC9175887 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in both the prostate epithelium and the prostate stroma and plays diverse roles in prostate physiology. Although low expression of stromal AR is clinically associated with advanced cancer stage and worse outcome, whether stromal AR inhibits or promotes prostate cancer progression remains controversial. Here, we specifically delete AR in smooth muscle cells of the adult mouse prostate under two tumorigenic conditions, namely, the Hi-Myc genetic model and the T + E2 hormonal carcinogenesis model. Histology analyses show that stromal AR deletion exacerbates tumor progression phenotypes in both models. Furthermore, single-cell analyses of the tumor samples reveal that secretory luminal cells are the cell population particularly affected by stromal AR deletion, as they transition to a cellular state of potentiated PI3K-mTORC1 activities. Our results suggest that stromal AR normally inhibits prostate cancer progression by restraining secretory luminal cells and imply possible unintended negative effects of androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueli Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Sequencing Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Corrigan Horton
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Chuan Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Beatrice Knudsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joshua Stefanson
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ofir Stefanson
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Jonathan Green
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Charlene Guo
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zhu A Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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9
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Leach DA, Fernandes RC, Bevan CL. Cellular specificity of androgen receptor, coregulators, and pioneer factors in prostate cancer. ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 2:R112-R131. [PMID: 37435460 PMCID: PMC10259329 DOI: 10.1530/eo-22-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Androgen signalling, through the transcription factor androgen receptor (AR), is vital to all stages of prostate development and most prostate cancer progression. AR signalling controls differentiation, morphogenesis, and function of the prostate. It also drives proliferation and survival in prostate cancer cells as the tumour progresses; given this importance, it is the main therapeutic target for disseminated disease. AR is also essential in the surrounding stroma, for the embryonic development of the prostate and controlling epithelial glandular development. Stromal AR is also important in cancer initiation, regulating paracrine factors that excite cancer cell proliferation, but lower stromal AR expression correlates with shorter time to progression/worse outcomes. The profile of AR target genes is different between benign and cancerous epithelial cells, between castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells and treatment-naïve cancer cells, between metastatic and primary cancer cells, and between epithelial cells and fibroblasts. This is also true of AR DNA-binding profiles. Potentially regulating the cellular specificity of AR binding and action are pioneer factors and coregulators, which control and influence the ability of AR to bind to chromatin and regulate gene expression. The expression of these factors differs between benign and cancerous cells, as well as throughout disease progression. The expression profile is also different between fibroblast and mesenchymal cell types. The functional importance of coregulators and pioneer factors in androgen signalling makes them attractive therapeutic targets, but given the contextual expression of these factors, it is essential to understand their roles in different cancerous and cell-lineage states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Rayzel C Fernandes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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10
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Tang Q, Cheng B, Dai R, Wang R. The Role of Androgen Receptor in Cross Talk Between Stromal Cells and Prostate Cancer Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:729498. [PMID: 34692685 PMCID: PMC8526848 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.729498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) lists as the second most lethal cancer for men in western countries, and androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in its initiation and progression, which prompts the development of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as the standard treatment. Prostate tumor microenvironment, consisting of stromal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), has dynamic interactions with PCa epithelial cells and affects their growth and invasiveness. Studies have shown that both genomic and non-genomic AR signaling pathways are involved in the biological regulation of PCa epithelial cells. In addition, AR signaling in prostate stroma is also involved in PCa carcinogenesis and progression. Loss of AR in PCa stroma is clinically observed as PCa progresses to advanced stage. Especially, downregulation of AR in stromal fibroblasts dysregulates the expression levels of ECM proteins, thus creating a suitable environment for PCa cells to metastasize. Importantly, ADT treatment enhances this reciprocal interaction and predisposes stromal cells to promote cell invasion of PCa cells. During this process, AR in PCa epithelium actively responds to various stimuli derived from the surrounding stromal cells and undergoes enhanced degradation while elevating the expression of certain genes such as MMP9 responsible for cell invasion. AR reduction in epithelial cells also accelerates these cells to differentiate into cancer stem-like cells and neuroendocrine cells, which are AR-negative PCa cells and inherently resistant to ADT treatments. Overall, understanding of the cross talk between tumor microenvironment and PCa at the molecular level may assist the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this disease. This review will provide a snapshot of AR's action when the interaction of stromal cells and PCa cells occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyao Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rongyang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ronghao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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11
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Dovey ZS, Nair SS, Chakravarty D, Tewari AK. Racial disparity in prostate cancer in the African American population with actionable ideas and novel immunotherapies. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1340. [PMID: 33599076 PMCID: PMC8551995 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans (AAs) in the United States are known to have a higher incidence and mortality for Prostate Cancer (PCa). The drivers of this epidemiological disparity are multifactorial, including socioeconomic factors leading to lifestyle and dietary issues, healthcare access problems, and potentially tumor biology. RECENT FINDINGS Although recent evidence suggests once access is equal, AA men have equal outcomes to Caucasian American (CA) men, differences in PCa incidence remain, and there is much to do to reverse disparities in mortality across the USA. A deeper understanding of these issues, both at the clinical and molecular level, can facilitate improved outcomes in the AA population. This review first discusses PCa oncogenesis in the context of its diverse hallmarks before benchmarking key molecular and genomic differences for PCa in AA men that have emerged in the recent literature. Studies have emphasized the importance of tumor microenvironment that contributes to both the unequal cancer burden and differences in clinical outcome between the races. Management of comorbidities like obesity, hypertension, and diabetes will provide an essential means of reducing prostate cancer incidence in AA men. Although requiring further AA specific research, several new treatment strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors used in combination PARP inhibitors and other emerging vaccines, including Sipuleucel-T, have demonstrated some proven efficacy. CONCLUSION Genomic profiling to integrate clinical and genomic data for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment will allow physicians to plan a "Precision Medicine" approach to AA men. There is a pressing need for further research for risk stratification, which may allow early identification of AA men with higher risk disease based on their unique clinical, genomic, and immunological profiles, which can then be mapped to appropriate clinical trials. Treatment options are outlined, with a concise description of recent work in AA specific populations, detailing several targeted therapies, including immunotherapy. Also, a summary of current clinical trials involving AA men is presented, and it is important that policies are adopted to ensure that AA men are actively recruited. Although it is encouraging that many of these explore the lifestyle and educational initiatives and therapeutic interventions, there is much still work to be done to reduce incidence and mortality in AA men and equalize current racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Dovey
- The Department of UrologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sujit S. Nair
- The Department of UrologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Dimple Chakravarty
- The Department of UrologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ashutosh K. Tewari
- The Department of UrologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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12
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Mahadik N, Bhattacharya D, Padmanabhan A, Sakhare K, Narayan KP, Banerjee R. Targeting steroid hormone receptors for anti-cancer therapy-A review on small molecules and nanotherapeutic approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 14:e1755. [PMID: 34541822 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) among nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) are steroid ligand-dependent transcription factors that play important roles in the regulation of transcription of genes promoted via hormone responsive elements in our genome. Aberrant expression patterns and context-specific regulation of these receptors in cancer, have been routinely reported by multiple research groups. These gave an window of opportunity to target those receptors in the context of developing novel, targeted anticancer therapeutics. Besides the development of a plethora of SHR-targeting synthetic ligands and the availability of their natural, hormonal ligands, development of many SHR-targeted, anticancer nano-delivery systems and theranostics, especially based on small molecules, have been reported. It is intriguing to realize that these cytoplasmic receptors have become a hot target for cancer selective delivery. This is in spite of the fact that these receptors do not fall in the category of conventional, targetable cell surface bound or transmembrane receptors that enjoy over-expression status. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is one such exciting SHR that in spite of it being expressed ubiquitously in all cells, we discovered it to behave differently in cancer cells, thus making it a truly druggable target for treating cancer. This review selectively accumulates the knowledge generated in the field of SHR-targeting as a major focus for cancer treatment with various anticancer small molecules and nanotherapeutics on progesterone receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, and androgen receptor while selectively emphasizing on GR and estrogen receptor. This review also briefly highlights lipid-modification strategy to convert ligands into SHR-targeted cancer nanotherapeutics. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Mahadik
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Dwaipayan Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Akshaya Padmanabhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kalyani Sakhare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kumar Pranav Narayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajkumar Banerjee
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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13
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Jahan N, Jones C, Rahman RL. Androgen receptor expression in breast cancer: Implications on prognosis and treatment, a brief review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111324. [PMID: 34000352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70%-85% of breast cancers express androgen receptors (ARs). The role of AR in breast cancer pathogenesis is currently in exploration. Both androgens and anti-androgens have demonstrated variable inhibitory and stimulatory effects in AR-positive breast cancer depending on estrogen receptor and HER2 co-expression. Androgen signaling pathways interact with other critical cellular pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, and estrogen signaling pathways. Therapeutic exploitation of AR has been the crux of management of prostate cancer for decades. In recent years there has been increasing interest in AR as a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer. There have been many early phase clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of various AR-targeted agents in breast cancer. Some of these studies have shown promising clinical benefits. Studies of biomarkers to identify the patients likely to benefit from AR-targeted therapies are currently in progress. Besides, AR expression may be an important prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer, which needs to be defined better in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jahan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA.
| | - Catherine Jones
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th) St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA
| | - Rakhshanda Layeequr Rahman
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4(th)St, Lubbock, Tx, 79430, USA
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14
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Ben-Salem S, Venkadakrishnan VB, Heemers HV. Novel insights in cell cycle dysregulation during prostate cancer progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:R141-R155. [PMID: 33830069 PMCID: PMC8496945 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Western men. These deaths occur because metastatic CaP acquires resistance to available treatments. The novel and functionally diverse treatment options that have been introduced in the clinic over the past decade each eventually induce resistance for which the molecular basis is diverse. Both initiation and progression of CaP have been associated with enhanced cell proliferation and cell cycle dysregulation. A better understanding of the specific pro-proliferative molecular shifts that control cell division and proliferation during CaP progression may ultimately overcome treatment resistance. Here, we examine literature for support of this possibility. We start by reviewing recently renewed insights in prostate cell types and their proliferative and oncogenic potential. We then provide an overview of the basic knowledge on the molecular machinery in charge of cell cycle progression and its regulation by well-recognized drivers of CaP progression such as androgen receptor and retinoblastoma protein. In this respect, we pay particular attention to interactions and reciprocal interplay between cell cycle regulators and androgen receptor. Somatic alterations that impact the cell cycle-associated and -regulated genes encoding p53, PTEN and MYC during progression from treatment-naïve, to castration-recurrent, and in some cases, neuroendocrine CaP are discussed. We considered also non-genomic events that impact cell cycle determinants, including transcriptional, epigenetic and micro-environmental switches that occur during CaP progression. Finally, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of cell cycle regulators and address challenges and limitations in the approaches modulating their action for CaP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Ben-Salem
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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15
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Zhang R, Zong J, Peng Y, Shi J, Du X, Liu H, Shen Y, Cao J, Jia B, Liu F, Zhang J. GPR30 knockdown weakens the capacity of CAF in promoting prostate cancer cell invasion via reducing macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1173-1191. [PMID: 33938030 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can promote the development and metastasis of prostate cancer partly by mediating tumor-associated inflammation. An increasing amount of studies have focused on the functional interactions between CAFs and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We previously reported that G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) was highly expressed in prostate CAFs and plays a crucial role in prostate stromal cell activation. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of GPR30 expression in prostate CAFs affecting the interaction between CAFs and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) need further elucidation. Here, we found that, compared with CAF-shControl, CAF-shGPR30 inhibited macrophage migration through transwell migration assays, which should be attributed to the decreased expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). In addition, macrophages treated with a culture medium of CAF-shGPR30 exhibited attenuated M2 polarization with downregulated M2-like markers expression. Moreover, macrophages stimulated with a culture medium of CAF-shGPR30 were less efficient in promoting activation of fibroblast cells and invasion of PCa cells. Finally, cocultured CAF-shGPR30 and macrophages suppressed PCa cell invasion compared to cocultured CAF-shControl and macrophages by decreasing interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion, and this effect could be abrogated with rescue expression of IL-6. Our results pinpoint the function of GPR30 in prostate CAFs on regulating the CAF-TAM interaction in the TME and provide new insights into PCa therapies via regulating TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfei Peng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiandang Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Shanghai First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongmei Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiasong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bona Jia
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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16
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Current Status and Future Perspectives of Androgen Receptor Inhibition Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040492. [PMID: 33805919 PMCID: PMC8064397 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is one of the main components in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), and treatment strategies are mostly directed toward manipulation of the AR pathway. In the metastatic setting, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the foundation of treatment in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC). However, treatment response is short-lived, and the majority of patients ultimately progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Surmountable data from clinical trials have shown that the maintenance of AR signaling in the castration environment is accountable for disease progression. Study results indicate multiple factors and survival pathways involved in PCa. Based on these findings, the alternative molecular pathways involved in PCa progression can be manipulated to improve current regimens and develop novel treatment modalities in the management of CRPC. In this review, the interaction between AR signaling and other molecular pathways involved in tumor pathogenesis and its clinical implications in metastasis and advanced disease will be discussed, along with a thorough overview of current and ongoing novel treatments for AR signaling inhibition.
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17
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Linares J, Marín-Jiménez JA, Badia-Ramentol J, Calon A. Determinants and Functions of CAFs Secretome During Cancer Progression and Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:621070. [PMID: 33553157 PMCID: PMC7862334 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.621070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence are indicating that cancer development and malignant progression are not exclusively epithelial cancer cell-autonomous processes but may also depend on crosstalk with the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are abundantly represented in the TME and are continuously interacting with cancer cells. CAFs are regulating key mechanisms during progression to metastasis and response to treatment by enhancing cancer cells survival and aggressiveness. The latest advances in CAFs biology are pointing to CAFs-secreted factors as druggable targets and companion tools for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Especially, extensive research conducted in the recent years has underscored the potential of several cytokines as actionable biomarkers that are currently evaluated in the clinical setting. In this review, we explore the current understanding of CAFs secretome determinants and functions to discuss their clinical implication in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenniffer Linares
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan A. Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) - L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Badia-Ramentol
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Calon
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Özdemir BC. Androgen Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1270:169-183. [PMID: 33123999 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-47189-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The key function of mesenchymal/stromal androgen receptor (AR) signaling for prostate development has been well documented by tissue recombination experiments. Some studies have addressed the expression and function of AR in stromal cells in prostate cancer, yet our understanding of the role of stromal AR in other tissues beyond prostate is still insufficient.Genomic analysis has revealed that cellular responses to androgens differ between epithelial and stromal cells. AR in stromal cells seems not to act via classical AR transcription factors such as FOXA1 but rather depends on the JUN/AP1 complex. Stromal AR appears to have tumor-promoting and tumor-protective functions depending on tumor stage. Loss of AR signaling in fibroblasts has been detected already in premalignant lesions in the skin and prostate and has been associated with tumor induction in xenografts of skin cancer and aggressive disease features and poor patient prognosis in prostate cancer. Moreover, AR expression is found on virtually all tissue-infiltrating immune cells and plays critical roles in immune cell function. These findings suggest a potential deleterious impact of current androgen deprivation therapies which inhibit both epithelial and stromal AR, highlighting the need to develop tissue-specific AR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna C Özdemir
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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19
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Aurilio G, Cimadamore A, Mazzucchelli R, Lopez-Beltran A, Verri E, Scarpelli M, Massari F, Cheng L, Santoni M, Montironi R. Androgen Receptor Signaling Pathway in Prostate Cancer: From Genetics to Clinical Applications. Cells 2020; 9:E2653. [PMID: 33321757 PMCID: PMC7763510 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 80-90% of prostate cancer (PCa) cases are dependent on androgens at initial diagnosis; hence, androgen ablation therapy directed toward a reduction in serum androgens and the inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) is generally the first therapy adopted. However, the patient's response to androgen ablation therapy is variable, and 20-30% of PCa cases become castration resistant (CRPCa). Several mechanisms can guide treatment resistance to anti-AR molecules. In this regard, AR-dependent and -independent resistance mechanisms can be distinguished within the AR pathway. In this article, we investigate the multitude of AR signaling aspects, encompassing the biological structure of AR, current AR-targeted therapies, mechanisms driving resistance to AR, and AR crosstalk with other pathways, in an attempt to provide a comprehensive review for the PCa research community. We also summarize the new anti-AR drugs approved in non-metastatic castration-resistant PCa, in the castration-sensitive setting, and combination therapies with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Aurilio
- Medical Oncology Division of Urogenital and Head and Neck Tumours, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (E.V.)
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Elena Verri
- Medical Oncology Division of Urogenital and Head and Neck Tumours, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (E.V.)
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Massari
- Division of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.); (M.S.)
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20
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Ion Channel Profiling in Prostate Cancer: Toward Cell Population-Specific Screening. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:39-56. [PMID: 32737754 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last three decades, a growing number of studies have implicated ion channels in all essential processes of prostate carcinogenesis, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis. The changes in the expression of individual ion channels show a specific profile, making these proteins promising clinical biomarkers that may enable better molecular subtyping of the disease and lead to more rapid and accurate clinical decision-making. Expression profiles and channel function are mainly based on the tumoral tissue itself, in this case, the epithelial cancer cell population. To date, little data on the ion channel profile of the cancerous prostate stroma are available, even though tumor interactions with the microenvironment are crucial in carcinogenesis and each distinct population plays a specific role in tumor progression. In this review, we describe ion channel expression profiles specific for the distinct cell population of the tumor microenvironment (stromal, endothelial, neuronal, and neuroendocrine cell populations) and the technical approaches used for efficient separation and screening of these cell populations.
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21
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Chauhan G, Mehta A, Gupta S. Stromal-AR influences the growth of epithelial cells in the development of benign prostate hyperplasia. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 471:129-142. [PMID: 32504365 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of epithelial-AR signaling is identified as the major cause of hyperproliferation of the cells during benign and malignant prostate conditions. However, the contribution of stromal-AR is also precarious due to its secretory actions that contribute to the progression of benign and malignant tumors. The present study was aimed to understand the influence of stromal-AR mediated actions on epithelial cells during BPH condition. The secretome (conditioned media-CM) was collected from AR agonist (testosterone-propionate-TP) and antagonist (Nilutamide-Nil) treated BPH patient-derived stromal cells and exposed to BPH epithelial cells. Epithelial cells exhibited increased cell proliferation with the treatment of CM derived from TP-treated stromal cells (TP-CM) but did not support the clonogenic growth of BPH epithelial cells. However, CM derived from Nil-treated stromal cells (Nil-CM) depicted delayed and aggressive BPH epithelial cell proliferation with increased clonogenicity of BPH epithelial cells. Further, decreased AR levels with increased cMyc transcripts and pAkt levels also validated the clonogenic transformation under the paracrine influence of inhibition of stromal-AR. Moreover, the CM of stromal-AR activation imparted positive regulation of basal/progenitor pool through LGR4, β-Catenin, and ΔNP63α expression. Hence, the present study highlighted the restricted disease progression and retains the basal/progenitor state of BPH epithelial cells through the activation of stromal-AR. On the contrary, AR-independent aggressive BPH epithelial cell growth due to paracrine action of loss stromal-AR directs us to reform AR pertaining treatment regimes for better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Avani Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Sarita Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
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22
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Woods-Burnham L, Stiel L, Martinez SR, Sanchez-Hernandez ES, Ruckle HC, Almaguel FG, Stern MC, Roberts LR, Williams DR, Montgomery S, Casiano CA. Psychosocial Stress, Glucocorticoid Signaling, and Prostate Cancer Health Disparities in African American Men. CANCER HEALTH DISPARITIES 2020; 4:https://companyofscientists.com/index.php/chd/article/view/169/188. [PMID: 35252767 PMCID: PMC8896511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of racial disparities in prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality that disproportionately affect African American (AA) men have provided important insights into the psychosocial, socioeconomic, environmental, and molecular contributors. There is, however, limited mechanistic knowledge of how the interplay between these determinants influences prostate tumor aggressiveness in AA men and other men of African ancestry. Growing evidence indicates that chronic psychosocial stress in AA populations leads to sustained glucocorticoid signaling through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), with negative physiological and pathological consequences. Compelling evidence indicates that treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with anti-androgen therapy activates GR signaling. This enhanced GR signaling bypasses androgen receptor (AR) signaling and transcriptionally activates both AR-target genes and GR-target genes, resulting in increased prostate tumor resistance to anti-androgen therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Given its enhanced signaling in AA men, GR-together with specific genetic drivers-may promote CRPC progression and exacerbate tumor aggressiveness in this population, potentially contributing to PCa mortality disparities. Ongoing and future CRPC clinical trials that combine standard of care therapies with GR modulators should assess racial differences in therapy response and clinical outcomes in order to improve PCa health disparities that continue to exist for AA men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Woods-Burnham
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Laura Stiel
- Loma Linda University School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Shannalee R. Martinez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn S. Sanchez-Hernandez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Herbert C. Ruckle
- Department of Surgical Urology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Frankis G. Almaguel
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C. Stern
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Urology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lisa R. Roberts
- Loma Linda University School of Nursing, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - David R. Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University School of Public Health
| | - Susanne Montgomery
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A. Casiano
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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23
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Che H, Liu Y, Zhang M, Meng J, Feng X, Zhou J, Liang C. Integrated Analysis Revealed Prognostic Factors for Prostate Cancer Patients. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:9991-10007. [PMID: 31876269 PMCID: PMC6944160 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the major causes of cancer-induced death among males. Here, we applied integrated bioinformatics analysis to identify key prognostic factors for PCa patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The gene expression data were obtained from the UCSC Xena website. We calculated the differentially expressed genes between PCa tissues and normal controls. Pathway enrichment analyses found cell cycle-related pathways might play crucial roles during PCa tumorigenesis. The genes were assigned into 22 modules established via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). RESULTS The results indicated that the purple and red modules were obviously linked to the Gleason score, pathological N, pathological T, recurrence, and recurrence-free survival (RFS). In addition, Kaplan-Meier curve analysis found 8 modules were markedly correlated with RFS, serving as prognostic markers for PCa patients. Then, the hub genes in the most 2 critical modules (purple and red) were visualized by Cytoscape software. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the above findings that cell cycle-related pathways might play vital roles during PCa initiation and progression. Lastly, we randomly chose the PILRß (also termed PILRB) in the red module for clinical validation. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) results showed that PILRß was significantly increased in the high-risk PCa population compared with low-/middle-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS We used integrated bioinformatics approaches to identify hub genes that can serve as prognosis markers and potential treatment targets for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Che
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland).,Urology Institute of Shenzhen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jialin Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xingliang Feng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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24
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Chun JN, Cho M, Park S, So I, Jeon JH. The conflicting role of E2F1 in prostate cancer: A matter of cell context or interpretational flexibility? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1873:188336. [PMID: 31870703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F1 plays a crucial role in mediating multiple cancer hallmark capabilities that regulate cell cycle, survival, apoptosis, metabolism, and metastasis. Aberrant activation of E2F1 is closely associated with a poor clinical outcome in various human cancers. However, E2F1 has conflictingly been reported to exert tumor suppressive activity, raising a question as to the nature of its substantive role in the control of cell fate. In this review, we summarize deregulated E2F1 activity and its role in prostate cancer. We highlight the recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism by which E2F1 regulates the development and progression of prostate cancer, providing insight into how cell context or data interpretation shapes the role of E2F1 in prostate cancer. This review will aid in translating biomedical knowledge into therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Nyeo Chun
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Cho
- Undergraduate Research Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonbum Park
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Xu H, Sun Y, You B, Huang CP, Ye D, Chang C. Androgen receptor reverses the oncometabolite R-2-hydroxyglutarate-induced prostate cancer cell invasion via suppressing the circRNA-51217/miRNA-646/TGFβ1/p-Smad2/3 signaling. Cancer Lett 2019; 472:151-164. [PMID: 31846689 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
IDH1 (Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) mutation occurring at codon 132 (R132) in prostate cancer (PCa) is considered as a classifier for a subgroup of PCas with accumulation of oncometabolite R-2HG (R-2-hydroxyglutarate). Here we found that adding R-2HG or the mutant IDH1 R132H could promote PCa cell invasion in androgen receptor (AR)-negative PC3 cells or suppressing the AR in AR-positive C4-2 cells. Mechanism dissection revealed that R-2HG could increase circRNA-51217 expression to sponge miRNA-646, which might then lead to increase TGFβ1 expression and thus induce TGFβ1/p-Smad2/3 signaling to increase PCa cell invasion. AR can suppress this R-2HG/circRNA-51217/miRNA-646/TGFβ1/p-Smad2/3 signaling-increased PCa cell invasion via repressing TGFβ1 transcription and inhibiting circRNA-51217 expression through regulating ADAR2 expression. Preclinical studies with an in vivo xenograft mouse model also revealed that PCa cells with the IDH1 R132H mutation have more invasive metastasis. This study demonstrates that IDH1 R132H mutation with increased oncometabolite R-2HG in PCa cells may play important roles to increase PCa cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA, 14646
| | - Yin Sun
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA, 14646
| | - Bosen You
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA, 14646
| | - Chi-Ping Huang
- Sex Hormone Research Center and Department of Urology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA, 14646; Sex Hormone Research Center and Department of Urology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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26
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Abstract
Cancers are not composed merely of cancer cells alone; instead, they are complex 'ecosystems' comprising many different cell types and noncellular factors. The tumour stroma is a critical component of the tumour microenvironment, where it has crucial roles in tumour initiation, progression, and metastasis. Most anticancer therapies target cancer cells specifically, but the tumour stroma can promote the resistance of cancer cells to such therapies, eventually resulting in fatal disease. Therefore, novel treatment strategies should combine anticancer and antistromal agents. Herein, we provide an overview of the advances in understanding the complex cancer cell-tumour stroma interactions and discuss how this knowledge can result in more effective therapeutic strategies, which might ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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27
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McAllister MJ, Underwood MA, Leung HY, Edwards J. A review on the interactions between the tumor microenvironment and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Transl Res 2019; 206:91-106. [PMID: 30528321 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer growth is controlled by androgen receptor signaling via both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent pathways. Furthermore, the prostate is an immune competent organ with inflammatory changes both within the systemic and local environment contributing to the reprogramming of the prostatic epithelium with consistently elevated lymphocyte infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines being found in prostate cancer. The crosstalk between the tumor microenvironment and androgen receptor signaling is complex with both protumorigenic and antitumorigenic roles observed. However, despite an increase in immune checkpoint inhibitors and inflammatory signaling blockades available for a range of cancer types, we are yet to see substantial progress in the treatment of prostate cancer. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the tumor microenvironment and its impact on androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly J McAllister
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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28
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Cheng HS, Lee JXT, Wahli W, Tan NS. Exploiting vulnerabilities of cancer by targeting nuclear receptors of stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:51. [PMID: 30925918 PMCID: PMC6441226 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex and dynamic cellular community comprising the tumor epithelium and various tumor-supporting cells such as immune cells, fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, adipose cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes. The interplay between the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells represents a key contributor to immune evasiveness, physiological hardiness and the local and systemic invasiveness of malignant cells. Nuclear receptors are master regulators of physiological processes and are known to play pro-/anti-oncogenic activities in tumor cells. However, the actions of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells have not been widely studied. Given the excellent druggability and extensive regulatory effects of nuclear receptors, understanding their biological functionality in the tumor microenvironment is of utmost importance. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize recent evidence about the roles of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells and their implications for malignant processes such as tumor proliferation, evasion of immune surveillance, angiogenesis, chemotherapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Based on findings derived mostly from cell culture studies and a few in vivo animal cancer models, the functions of VDR, PPARs, AR, ER and GR in tumor-supporting cells are relatively well-characterized. Evidence for other receptors, such as RARβ, RORγ, and FXR, is limited yet promising. Hence, the nuclear receptor signature in the tumor microenvironment may harbor prognostic value. The clinical prospects of a tumor microenvironment-oriented cancer therapy exploiting the nuclear receptors in different tumor-supporting cells are also encouraging. The major challenge, however, lies in the ability to develop a highly specific drug delivery system to facilitate precision medicine in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Jeannie Xue Ting Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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29
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Zhu S, Jiang L, Wang L, Wang L, Zhang C, Ma Y, Huang T. Identification of key genes and specific pathways potentially involved in androgen-independent, mitoxantrone-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:419-430. [PMID: 30655694 PMCID: PMC6322516 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s179467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to mitoxantrone (MTX), an anthracenedione antineoplastic agent used in advanced and metastatic androgen-refractory prostate cancer (PCa), seriously limits therapeutic success. Methods Xenografts from two human PCa cell lines (VCaP and CWR22) were established in male severe combined immunodeficiency mice, and MTX was administered, with or without concurrent castration, three times a week until tumors relapsed. Microarray technology was used to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in androgen-independent, MTX-resistant PCa xenografts. Gene expression profiles of MTX-treatment xenografts and their respective parental cell lines were performed using an Agilent whole human genome oligonucleotide microarray and analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Results A total of 636 genes were differentially expressed (fold change ≥1.5; P<0.05) in MTX-resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) xenografts. Of these, 18 were selected to be validated and showed that most of these genes exhibited a transcriptional profile similar to that seen in the microarray (Pearson’s r=0.87). Western blotting conducted with a subset of genes deregulated in MTX-resistant CRPC tumors was shown through network analysis to be involved in androgen synthesis, drug efflux, ATP synthesis, and vascularization. Conclusion The present data provide insight into the genetic alterations underlying MTX resistance in androgen-independent PCa and highlight potential targets to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Chemoprevention, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Chemoprevention, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, .,Department of Basic Medicine, School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liuyan Wang
- Department of Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lingli Wang
- Department of Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Chemoprevention, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Chemoprevention, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,
| | - Yu Ma
- Department of Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Chemoprevention, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,
| | - Tao Huang
- Oncological Surgery, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,
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30
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Nash C, Boufaied N, Mills IG, Franco OE, Hayward SW, Thomson AA. Genome-wide analysis of AR binding and comparison with transcript expression in primary human fetal prostate fibroblasts and cancer associated fibroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:1-14. [PMID: 28483704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor, and key regulator of prostate development and cancer, which has discrete functions in stromal versus epithelial cells. AR expressed in mesenchyme is necessary and sufficient for prostate development while loss of stromal AR is predictive of prostate cancer progression. Many studies have characterized genome-wide binding of AR in prostate tumour cells but none have used primary mesenchyme or stroma. We applied ChIPseq to identify genomic AR binding sites in primary human fetal prostate fibroblasts and patient derived cancer associated fibroblasts, as well as the WPMY1 cell line overexpressing AR. We identified AR binding sites that were specific to fetal prostate fibroblasts (7534), cancer fibroblasts (629), WPMY1-AR (2561) as well as those common among all (783). Primary fibroblasts had a distinct AR binding profile versus prostate cancer cell lines and tissue, and showed a localisation to gene promoter binding sites 1 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site, as well as non-classical AR binding sequence motifs. We used RNAseq to define transcribed genes associated with AR binding sites and derived cistromes for embryonic and cancer fibroblasts as well as a cistrome common to both. These were compared to several in vivo ChIPseq and transcript expression datasets; which identified subsets of AR targets that were expressed in vivo and regulated by androgens. This analysis enabled us to deconvolute stromal AR targets active in stroma within tumour samples. Taken together, our data suggest that the AR shows significantly different genomic binding site locations in primary prostate fibroblasts compared to that observed in tumour cells. Validation of our AR binding site data with transcript expression in vitro and in vivo suggests that the AR target genes we have identified in primary fibroblasts may contribute to clinically significant and biologically important AR-regulated changes in prostate tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nash
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nadia Boufaied
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ian G Mills
- Movember/Prostate Cancer UK Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Axel A Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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31
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Cioni B, Zwart W, Bergman AM. Androgen receptor moonlighting in the prostate cancer microenvironment. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R331-R349. [PMID: 29618577 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is vital for the normal development of the prostate and is critically involved in prostate cancer (PCa). AR is not only found in epithelial prostate cells but is also expressed in various cells in the PCa-associated stroma, which constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the TME, AR is expressed in fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. AR expression in the TME was shown to be decreased in higher-grade and metastatic PCa, suggesting that stromal AR plays a protective role against PCa progression. With that, the functionality of AR in stromal cells appears to deviate from the receptor's classical function as described in PCa cells. However, the biological action of AR in these cells and its effect on cancer progression remains to be fully understood. Here, we systematically review the pathological, genomic and biological literature on AR actions in various subsets of prostate stromal cells and aim to better understand the consequences of AR signaling in the TME in relation to PCa development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cioni
- Division of OncogenomicsThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Zwart
- Division of OncogenomicsThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A M Bergman
- Division of OncogenomicsThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Medical OncologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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32
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Ye F, Zhang W, Ye X, Jin J, Lv Z, Luo C. Identification of Selective, Cell Active Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 through Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Biological Assays. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:1066-1073. [PMID: 29672052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a type II PRMT enzyme, is reported as an important therapeutic target in leukemia and lymphoma. In the present study, based on the combination of virtual screening and biochemical validations, we discovered a series of small-molecule inhibitors targeting PRMT5. Among those, DC_Y134 exhibited the most potent activity with IC50 value of 1.7 μM and displayed good selectivity against other methyltransferases. Further treatment with DC_Y134 inhibited the proliferation of several hematological malignancy cell lines by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Western blot assays indicated that DC_Y134 reduced the cellular symmetrically dimethylated levels. In addition, we analyzed the binding mode of DC_Y134 through molecular docking, which revealed that DC_Y134 occupies the binding site of substrate arginine and explained the selectivity of this inhibitor. Taken together, compound DC_Y134 could be used to elucidate the biological roles of PRMT5 and serve as a lead compound for treatment of hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Weiyao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Jia Jin
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
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33
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Palethorpe HM, Leach DA, Need EF, Drew PA, Smith E. Myofibroblast androgen receptor expression determines cell survival in co-cultures of myofibroblasts and prostate cancer cells in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19100-19114. [PMID: 29721186 PMCID: PMC5922380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts express androgen receptor (AR) in the normal prostate and during prostate cancer development. We have reported that loss of AR expression in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts is a poor prognostic indicator. Here we report outcomes of direct and indirect co-cultures of immortalised AR-positive (PShTert-AR) or AR-negative (PShTert) myofibroblasts with prostate cancer cells. In the initial co-cultures the AR-negative PC3 cell line was used so AR expression and signalling were restricted to the myofibroblasts. In both direct and indirect co-culture with PShTert-AR myofibroblasts, paracrine signalling to the PC3 cells slowed proliferation and induced apoptosis. In contrast, PC3 cells proliferated with PShTert myofibroblasts irrespective of the co-culture method. In direct co-culture PC3 cells induced apoptosis in and destroyed PShTerts by direct signalling. Similar results were seen in direct co-cultures with AR-negative DU145 and AR-positive LNCaP and C4-2B prostate cancer cell lines. The AR ligand 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibited the proliferation of the PShTert-AR myofibroblasts, thereby reducing the extent of their inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth. These results suggest loss of stromal AR would favour prostate cancer cell growth in vivo, providing an explanation for the clinical observation that reduced stromal AR is associated with a poorer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Palethorpe
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | - Damien A Leach
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor F Need
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | - Paul A Drew
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Discipline of Surgical Specialities, The University of Adelaide, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia.,Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
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34
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Guddati AK. Current and potential targets for drug design in the androgen receptor pathway for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:489-496. [PMID: 29621897 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1455662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Modulating the androgen axis by different agents has been one of the most successful therapeutic interventions in the field of prostate cancer therapy. Newer agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide have been widely adapted and have contributed to an increase in the overall survival of prostate cancer patients. However, most of these patients will develop resistance to these agents and will need chemotherapy. Areas covered: In this review, this author discusses current agents which modulate the androgen axis, the mechanisms of resistance to these agents and investigative agents which are designed to bypass these mechanisms of resistance. Potential targets in the androgen axis and related biochemical pathways are, furthermore, identified. Expert opinion: Understanding the mechanism of resistance to these agents is crucial in developing third generation anti-androgen agents which can potentially contribute to the longevity of prostate cancer patients to a greater extent. Besides developing more potent agents, it is also important to formulate new strategies to resensitize patients to current anti-androgen agents by carefully sequencing chemotherapy regimens and abrogating genetic changes which are known to cause resistance to anti-androgens. Combinatorial approach with immunotherapy offers prospects which may yield better results and need to be thoroughly explored.
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35
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Abstract
Interactions between tumor cells and fibroblasts play a pivotal role in cancer development and progression. Indeed, the paracrine communication between these two cell types is known to have physiological effects that alter carcinogenic and metastatic potential. An often overlooked player in these interactions is the involvement of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The network of ECM proteins secreted from fibroblasts is reportedly altered with cancer initiation and progression, and in several cases has been associated with patient outcome. The androgen receptor (AR) is one such example and has been shown to be a dynamic and inducible regulator of ECM production. Contemporary assessment of dynamic multicellular interactions leading to cancer initiation and progression necessitates 3D in vitro modeling to better mimic the in vivo environment. In the current chapter, we describe some simple approaches to generate 3D models of fibroblast-produced ECM, how hormone manipulation of fibroblasts can lead to production of different ECMs, and how these ECM models can be used to test processes implicated in cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- Divisions of Medicine and Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Grant Buchanan
- Divisions of Medicine and Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Canberra Teaching Hospital, Canberra, Australia
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36
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Karakas C, Wang C, Deng F, Huang H, Wang D, Lee P. Molecular mechanisms involving prostate cancer racial disparity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2017; 5:34-48. [PMID: 29181436 PMCID: PMC5698597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. The African (AA) descent has greater incidence and mortality rates of PCa as compared to Caucasian (CA) men. While socioeconomic differences across racial groups contribute to disparity in PCa, increasing evidence points that genetic and molecular alterations play important roles in racial disparities associated with PCa. In this review, we focus on genetic and molecular influences that contribute to racial disparity between AA and CA men including: androgen and estrogen receptor signaling pathways, growth factors, apoptotic proteins, genetic, genomic and epigenetic alterations. Future translational studies will identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers for AA PCa and assist in the development of new targeted-therapies specifically for AA men with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Karakas
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Cassie Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Fangming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Hongying Huang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Dongwen Wang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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37
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Lo UG, Lee CF, Lee MS, Hsieh JT. The Role and Mechanism of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102079. [PMID: 28973968 PMCID: PMC5666761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer (PCa), similar to many other cancers, distant organ metastasis symbolizes the beginning of the end disease, which eventually leads to cancer death. Many mechanisms have been identified in this process that can be rationalized into targeted therapy. Among them, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is originally characterized as a critical step for cell trans-differentiation during embryo development and now recognized in promoting cancer cells invasiveness because of high mobility and migratory abilities of mesenchymal cells once converted from carcinoma cells. Nevertheless, the underlying pathways leading to EMT appear to be very diverse in different cancer types, which certainly represent a challenge for developing effective intervention. In this article, we have carefully reviewed the key factors involved in EMT of PCa with clinical correlation in hope to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategy that is expected to reduce the disease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- U-Ging Lo
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Cheng-Fan Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Filipovski V, Kubelka-Sabit K, Jasar D, Janevska V. Androgen Receptor Expression in Epithelial and Stromal Cells of Prostatic Carcinoma and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:608-612. [PMID: 28932300 PMCID: PMC5591589 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic carcinoma (PCa) derives from prostatic epithelial cells. However stromal microenvironment, associated with malignant epithelium, also plays a role in prostatic carcinogenesis. Alterations in prostatic stromal cells contribute to the loss of growth control in epithelial cells that lead to progression of PCa. AIM To analyse the differences between Androgen Receptor (AR) expression in both epithelial and stromal cells in PCa and the surrounding benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and to compare the results with tumour grade. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples from 70 cases of radical prostatectomy specimens were used. The expression and intensity of the signal for AR was analysed in the epithelial and stromal cells of PCa and BPH, and the data was quantified using histological score (H-score). RESULTS AR showed significantly lower expression in both epithelial and stromal cells of PCa compared to BPH. In PCa a significant positive correlation of AR expression was found between stromal and epithelial cells of PCa. AR expression showed a correlation between the stromal cells of PCa and tumour grade. CONCLUSION AR expression is reduced in epithelial and stromal cells of PCa. Expression of AR in stromal cells of PCa significantly correlates with tumour grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Filipovski
- Acibadem Sistina, Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Katerina Kubelka-Sabit
- Acibadem Sistina, Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Dzengis Jasar
- Acibadem Sistina, Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Vesna Janevska
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Kong GM, Yu M, Gu Z, Chen Z, Xu RM, O'Bryant D, Wang Z. Selective small-chemical inhibitors of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 with anti-lung cancer activity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181601. [PMID: 28806746 PMCID: PMC5555576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) plays critical roles in a wide variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis. By screening a library of small chemical compounds, we identified eight compounds that selectively inhibit the PRMT5 enzymatic activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.1 to 6 μM. Molecular docking simulation and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that identified compounds target the substrate-binding site in PRMT5. Treatment of lung cancer cells with identified inhibitors led to inhibition of the symmetrical arginine methylation of SmD3 and histones and the cellular proliferation. Oral administration of the inhibitor demonstrated antitumor activity in a lung tumor xenograft model. Thus, identified PRMT5-specific small-molecule inhibitors would help elucidate the biological roles of PRMT5 and serve as lead compounds for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Mei Kong
- Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhongping Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Deon O'Bryant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Liao CP, Chen LY, Luethy A, Kim Y, Kani K, MacLeod AR, Gross ME. Androgen receptor in cancer-associated fibroblasts influences stemness in cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:157-170. [PMID: 28264911 PMCID: PMC5453797 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) regulation pathways are essential for supporting the growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. Recently, sub-populations of prostate cancer cells have been identified with stem cell features and are associated with the emergence of treatment-resistant prostate cancer. Here, we explored the function of AR in prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) relative to growth and stem cell-associated characteristics. CAFs were isolated from the murine cPten-/-L prostate cancer model and cultured with human prostate cancer epithelial (hPCa) cells. A murine-specific AR antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) was used to suppress the expression of AR in the CAF cells. CAFs express low, but significant levels of AR relative to fibroblasts derived from non-malignant tissue. CAFs promoted growth and colony formation of hPCa cells, which was attenuated by the suppression of AR expression. Surprisingly, AR-depleted CAFs promoted increased stem cell marker expression in hPCa cells. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were increased in AR-depleted CAF cells and exhibited similar effects on stem cell marker expression as seen in the CAF co-culture systems. Clinically, elevated IFN-γ expression was found to correlate with histologic grade in primary prostate cancer samples. In summary, AR and androgen-dependent signaling are active in CAFs and exert significant effects on prostate cancer cells. IFN-γ and M-CSF are AR-regulated factors secreted by CAF cells, which promote the expression of stem cell markers in prostate cancer epithelial cells. Understanding how CAFs and other constituents of stromal tissue react to anti-cancer therapies may provide insight into the development and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Peng Liao
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative MedicineKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leng-Ying Chen
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative MedicineKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrea Luethy
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative MedicineKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc.Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Kian Kani
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative MedicineKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Mitchell E Gross
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative MedicineKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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41
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Leach DA, Trotta AP, Need EF, Risbridger GP, Taylor RA, Buchanan G. The prognostic value of stromal FK506-binding protein 1 and androgen receptor in prostate cancer outcome. Prostate 2017; 77:185-195. [PMID: 27718274 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving our ability to predict cancer progression and response to conservative or radical intent therapy is critical if we are to prevent under or over treatment of individual patients. Whereas the majority of solid tumors now have a range of molecular and/or immunological markers to help define prognosis and treatment options, prostate cancer still relies mainly on histological grading and clinical parameters. We have recently reported that androgen receptor (AR) expression in stroma inversely associates with prostate cancer-specific survival, and that stromal AR reduces metastasis. For this paper, we tested the hypothesis that the AR-regulated gene FKBP51 could be used as a marker of AR activity to better predict outcome. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry on a cohort of 64 patient-matched benign and malignant prostate tissues, we assessed patient outcome by FKBP51 and AR levels. Immunoblot and RT-qPCR were used to demonstrate androgen regulation of FKBP51 in primary and primary human prostatic fibroblasts and fibroblast cell-lines. RESULTS As predicted by FKBP51 level, high AR activity in cancer stroma was associated with longer median survival (1,306 days) compared with high AR alone (699 days), whereas those with low AR and/or low FKBP51 did poorly (384 and 338 days, respectively). Survival could not be predicted on the basis cancer epithelial AR levels or activity, and was not associated with immunoreactivity in patient matched benign tissues. CONCLUSION FKBP51 improves the ability of stromal AR to predict prostate cancer-specific mortality. By adding additional immunological assessment, similar to what is already in place in a number of other cancers, we could better serve patients with prostate cancer in prognosis and informed treatment choices. Prostate 77:185-195, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, and Divisions of Medicine and Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew P Trotta
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, and Divisions of Medicine and Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eleanor F Need
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, and Divisions of Medicine and Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant Buchanan
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, and Divisions of Medicine and Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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42
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Leach DA, Buchanan G. Stromal Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Development and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9010010. [PMID: 28117763 PMCID: PMC5295781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer development and progression is the result of complex interactions between epithelia cells and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, in a series of dynamic process amenable to regulation by hormones. Whilst androgen action through the androgen receptor (AR) is a well-established component of prostate cancer biology, it has been becoming increasingly apparent that changes in AR signalling in the surrounding stroma can dramatically influence tumour cell behavior. This is reflected in the consistent finding of a strong association between stromal AR expression and patient outcomes. In this review, we explore the relationship between AR signalling in fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and prostate cancer cells in the primary site, and detail the known functions, actions, and mechanisms of fibroblast AR signaling. We conclude with an evidence-based summary of how androgen action in stroma dramatically influences disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Grant Buchanan
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Canberra Teaching Hospital, Canberra 2605, Australia.
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43
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Leach DA, Panagopoulos V, Nash C, Bevan C, Thomson AA, Selth LA, Buchanan G. Cell-lineage specificity and role of AP-1 in the prostate fibroblast androgen receptor cistrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:261-272. [PMID: 27634452 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signalling in fibroblasts is important in prostate development and carcinogenesis, and is inversely related to prostate cancer mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms of AR action in fibroblasts and other non-epithelial cell types are largely unknown. The genome-wide DNA binding profile of AR in human prostate fibroblasts was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq), and found to be common to other fibroblast lines but disparate from AR cistromes of prostate cancer cells and tissue. Although AR binding sites specific to fibroblasts were less well conserved evolutionarily than those shared with cancer epithelia, they were likewise correlated with androgen regulation of fibroblast gene expression. Whereas FOXA1 is the key pioneer factor of AR in cancer epithelia, our data indicated that AP-1 likely plays a more important role in the AR cistrome in fibroblasts. The specificity of AP-1 and FOXA1 to binding in these cells is demonstrated using immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Importantly, we find the fibroblast cistrome is represented in whole tissue/in vivo ChIP-seq studies at both genomic and resulting protein levels, highlighting the importance of the stroma in whole tissue -omic studies. This is the first nuclear receptor ChIP-seq study in prostatic fibroblasts, and provides novel insight into the action of fibroblast AR in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilios Panagopoulos
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claire Nash
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Charlotte Bevan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Axel A Thomson
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Freemasons Foundation Centre for Mens' Health, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Grant Buchanan
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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44
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Palethorpe HM, Drew PA, Smith E. Androgen Signaling in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines In Vitro. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:3402-3414. [PMID: 29052817 PMCID: PMC5694516 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We showed previously that nuclear localization of the androgen receptor (AR) and expression of the androgen-responsive gene FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5) in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) tissues were associated with decreased patient survival, suggesting a role for androgens in this cancer. AIM To investigate the effect of the AR ligand 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on AR-expressing EAC cell lines in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS In tissue resection specimens from EAC patients, FKBP5 expression was positively associated with proliferation as measured by Ki-67 expression. We stably transduced AR into three AR-negative EAC cell lines, OE33, JH-EsoAd1, and OE19, to investigate androgen signaling in vitro. In the AR-expressing cell lines, 10 nM DHT, the concentration typically used to study AR signaling, induced changes in the expression of androgen-responsive genes and inhibited proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and senescence. At lower DHT concentrations near the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), the AR-expressing cell lines proliferated and there were changes in the expression of androgen-responsive genes. In direct co-culture with cancer-associated fibroblast-like PShTert myofibroblasts, 10 nM DHT induced changes in the expression of androgen-responsive genes but did not inhibit proliferation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that EAC cell lines respond to androgen in vitro. Proliferation together with the expression of androgen-responsive genes was dependent on the concentration of DHT, or the presence of a permissive microenvironment, consistent with observations in the tissues. These findings are consistent with a role for androgen signaling in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Palethorpe
- 0000 0004 1936 7304grid.1010.0Solid Cancer Regulation Group, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville South, SA 5011 Australia
| | - Paul A. Drew
- 0000 0004 1936 7304grid.1010.0Solid Cancer Regulation Group, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville South, SA 5011 Australia ,0000 0004 0367 2697grid.1014.4School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001 Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- 0000 0004 1936 7304grid.1010.0Solid Cancer Regulation Group, Discipline of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville South, SA 5011 Australia ,0000 0004 0486 659Xgrid.278859.9Department of Medical Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville South, SA 5011 Australia
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45
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Wu X, Deng F, Li Y, Daniels G, Du X, Ren Q, Wang J, Wang LH, Yang Y, Zhang V, Zhang D, Ye F, Melamed J, Monaco ME, Lee P. ACSL4 promotes prostate cancer growth, invasion and hormonal resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44849-63. [PMID: 26636648 PMCID: PMC4792596 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in fatty acid metabolism have been demonstrated to promote the growth and survival of a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we examine the expression and function of the fatty acid activating enzyme, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4), in PCa. Ectopic expression of ACSL4 in ACSL4-negative PCa cells increases proliferation, migration and invasion, while ablation of ACSL4 in PCa cells expressing endogenous ACSL4 reduces cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The cell proliferative effects were observed both in vitro, as well as in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of human PCa tissue samples indicated ACSL4 expression is increased in malignant cells compared with adjacent benign epithelial cells, and particularly increased in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) when compared with hormone naive PCa. In cell lines co-expressing both ACSL4 and AR, proliferation was independent of exogenous androgens, suggesting that ACSL4 expression may lead to CRPC. In support for this hypothesis, ectopic ACSL4 expression induced resistance to treatment with Casodex, via decrease in apoptosis. Our studies further indicate that ACSL4 upregulates distinct pathway proteins including p-AKT, LSD1 and β-catenin. These results suggest ACSL4 could serve as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fangming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Daniels
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinxin Du
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qinghu Ren
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ling Hang Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valerio Zhang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie E Monaco
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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46
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Di Zazzo E, Galasso G, Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Di Santi A, Cernera G, Rossi V, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B, Sinisi AA, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. Prostate cancer stem cells: the role of androgen and estrogen receptors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:193-208. [PMID: 26506594 PMCID: PMC4807992 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men, and androgen deprivation therapy still represents the primary treatment for prostate cancer patients. This approach, however, frequently fails and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is almost untreatable. Cancer cells are characterized by a hierarchical organization, and stem/progenitor cells are endowed with tumor-initiating activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that prostate cancer stem cells lack the androgen receptor and are, indeed, resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. In contrast, these cells express classical (α and/or β) and novel (GPR30) estrogen receptors, which may represent new putative targets in prostate cancer treatment. In the present review, we discuss the still-debated mechanisms, both genomic and non-genomic, by which androgen and estradiol receptors (classical and novel) mediate the hormonal control of prostate cell stemness, transformation, and the continued growth of prostate cancer. Recent preclinical and clinical findings obtained using new androgen receptor antagonists, anti-estrogens, or compounds such as enhancers of androgen receptor degradation and peptides inhibiting non-genomic androgen functions are also presented. These new drugs will likely lead to significant advances in prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Santi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Agostino Sinisi
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Diseases, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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47
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Leach DA, Powell SM, Bevan CL. WOMEN IN CANCER THEMATIC REVIEW: New roles for nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T85-T108. [PMID: 27645052 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has, for decades, been treated by inhibiting androgen signalling. This is effective in the majority of patients, but inevitably resistance develops and patients progress to life-threatening metastatic disease - hence the quest for new effective therapies for 'castrate-resistant' prostate cancer (CRPC). Studies into what pathways can drive tumour recurrence under these conditions has identified several other nuclear receptor signalling pathways as potential drivers or modulators of CRPC.The nuclear receptors constitute a large (48 members) superfamily of transcription factors sharing a common modular functional structure. Many of them are activated by the binding of small lipophilic molecules, making them potentially druggable. Even those for which no ligand exists or has yet been identified may be tractable to activity modulation by small molecules. Moreover, genomic studies have shown that in models of CRPC, other nuclear receptors can potentially drive similar transcriptional responses to the androgen receptor, while analysis of expression and sequencing databases shows disproportionately high mutation and copy number variation rates among the superfamily. Hence, the nuclear receptor superfamily is of intense interest in the drive to understand how prostate cancer recurs and how we may best treat such recurrent disease. This review aims to provide a snapshot of the current knowledge of the roles of different nuclear receptors in prostate cancer - a rapidly evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- Division of CancerImperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial, College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Sue M Powell
- Division of CancerImperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial, College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Division of CancerImperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial, College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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48
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Sheng X, Wang Z. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 regulates multiple signaling pathways to promote lung cancer cell proliferation. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:567. [PMID: 27480244 PMCID: PMC4970276 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) catalyzes the formation of symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residues in proteins. WD repeat domain 77 (WDR77), also known as p44, MEP50, or WD45, forms a stoichiometric complex with PRMT5. The PRMT5/p44 complex is required for cellular proliferation of lung and prostate epithelial cells during earlier stages of development and is re-activated during prostate and lung tumorigenesis. The molecular mechanisms by which PRMT5 and p44 promote cellular proliferation are unknown. METHODS Expression of PRMT5 and p44 in lung and prostate cancer cells was silenced and their target genes were identified. The regulation of target genes was validated in various cancer cells during lung development and tumorigenesis. Altered expression of target genes was achieved by ectopic cDNA expression and shRNA-mediated silencing. RESULTS PRMT5 and p44 regulate expression of a specific set of genes encoding growth and anti-growth factors, including receptor tyrosine kinases and antiproliferative proteins. Genes whose expression was suppressed by PRMT5 and p44 encoded anti-growth factors and inhibited cell growth when ectopically expressed. In contrast, genes whose expression was enhanced by PRMT5 and p44 encoded growth factors and increased cell growth when expressed. Altered expression of target genes is associated with re-activation of PRMT5 and p44 during lung tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide the molecular basis by which PRMT5 and p44 regulate cell growth and lay a foundation for further investigation of their role in lung tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Sheng
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 2012013 China
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- The Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Drive, S.W, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA
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49
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Leach DA, Need EF, Toivanen R, Trotta AP, Palethorpe HM, Palenthorpe HM, Tamblyn DJ, Kopsaftis T, England GM, Smith E, Drew PA, Pinnock CB, Lee P, Holst J, Risbridger GP, Chopra S, DeFranco DB, Taylor RA, Buchanan G. Stromal androgen receptor regulates the composition of the microenvironment to influence prostate cancer outcome. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16135-50. [PMID: 25965833 PMCID: PMC4599261 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling in stromal cells is important in prostate cancer, yet the mechanisms underpinning stromal AR contribution to disease development and progression remain unclear. Using patient-matched benign and malignant prostate samples, we show a significant association between low AR levels in cancer associated stroma and increased prostate cancer-related death at one, three and five years post-diganosis, and in tissue recombination models with primary prostate cancer cells that low stromal AR decreases castration-induced apoptosis. AR-regulation was found to be different in primary human fibroblasts isolated from adjacent to cancerous and non-cancerous prostate epithelia, and to represent altered activation of myofibroblast pathways involved in cell cycle, adhesion, migration, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Without AR signaling, the fibroblast-derived ECM loses the capacity to promote attachment of both myofibroblasts and cancer cells, is less able to prevent cell-matrix disruption, and is less likely to impede cancer cell invasion. AR signaling in prostate cancer stroma appears therefore to alter patient outcome by maintaining an ECM microenvironment inhibitory to cancer cell invasion. This paper provides comprehensive insight into AR signaling in the non-epithelial prostate microenvironment, and a resource from which the prognostic and therapeutic implications of stromal AR levels can be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eleanor F Need
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Roxanne Toivanen
- Department of Anatomy and Development, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew P Trotta
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Helen M Palethorpe
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Helen M Palenthorpe
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Tina Kopsaftis
- Urology Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, SA, Australia
| | - Georgina M England
- Department of Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology at Flinders Medical Centre, SA, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul A Drew
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology and Urology, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Laboratory, Centenary Institute, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Development, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Samarth Chopra
- Urology Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, SA, Australia.,Department of Urology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney and Garvan Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Donald B DeFranco
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Anatomy and Development, Monash University, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant Buchanan
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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50
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Wu JP, Huang WB, Zhou H, Xu LW, Zhao JH, Zhu JG, Su JH, Sun HB. Intensity of stromal changes is associated with tumor relapse in clinically advanced prostate cancer after castration therapy. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:710-4. [PMID: 24875819 PMCID: PMC4215666 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.129131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive stromal changes in prostate cancer (PCa) are likely involved in the emergence of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). This study was designed to investigate stromal changes in patients with clinically advanced PCa and analyze their prognostic significance. Prostate needle biopsies obtained from 148 patients before castration therapy were analyzed by Masson trichrome staining and immunohistochemical analysis of vimentin and desmin. Reactive stroma grading was inversely correlated with Gleason score. Stroma grade (Masson stain 82.8% vs 45.6%, P < 0.001) and vimentin expression (P = 0.005) were significantly higher, and desmin expression (P = 0.004) significantly lower, in reactive stroma of tumors with a Gleason score of 6–7 than in adjacent peritumoral tissue. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant association between reactive stroma grade in tumors and the occurrence of CRPC in patients with a Gleason score of 6–7 (P = 0.009). Furthermore, patients with higher vimentin or lower desmin expression had a shorter disease-free period. In multivariate analysis, only vimentin expression was a significant predictor of tumor relapse (hazard ratio 1.78, 95% confidence interval 1.12–10.26, P = 0.012). These findings indicate that the intensity of reactive stroma is associated with castration responsiveness, especially in patients with a lower Gleason score where the abundant stroma component is most frequently found. High expression of vimentin in tumor stroma was independently associated with poor outcomes in patients with Gleason scores of 6–7, and may serve as a new prognostic marker in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong-Bin Sun
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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