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Rafiq S, Jeppesen PB. Insulin Resistance Is Inversely Associated with the Status of Vitamin D in Both Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Populations. Nutrients 2021; 13:1742. [PMID: 34063822 PMCID: PMC8224049 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has been implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. We designed this study to provide evidence that insulin resistance is dependent on the concentration of vitamin D in the body. Forty observational studies of both type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy subjects were included in this meta-analysis. Related articles were searched from Embase, PubMed, and Medline through January 2021. Filters for search were used to obtain more focused results. We used Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3 for the construction of forest plots. RevMan software version 5.3 was used to build the risk of bias tables and summary plots. The observational studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis showed an inverse relationship of insulin resistance with the status of vitamin D both in non-diabetic (r = -0.188; 95% CI = -0.141 to -0.234; p = 0.000) and diabetic (r = -0.255; 95% CI = -0.392 to -0.107, p = 0.001) populations. From the meta-analysis we concluded that hypovitaminosis D is related to increased levels of insulin resistance in both type 2 diabetes patients and the healthy population all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Rafiq
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
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Maghbooli Z, Omidifar A, Varzandi T, Salehnezhad T, Sahraian MA. Reduction in circulating vitamin D binding protein in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:168. [PMID: 33879066 PMCID: PMC8056586 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we aimed to determine the risk association between vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) polymorphism in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in a MS biobank and the difference in VDBP serum levels in MS patients who were recently diagnosed. Method The current case-control study was performed on 296 MS patients and 313 controls. Thereafter, two common missense VDBP polymorphisms, named rs7041and rs4588, were evaluated in all the participants. Serum levels of vitamin D and vitamin D binding protein were assessed in 77 MS patients who were diagnosed since one year ago and in 67 healthy people who were matched in terms of age and sex. Result The frequency distributions of VDBP genotypes and alleles of SNP rs7041 and rs4588 were observed to be similar in both the MS and control groups (p > 0.05). The VDBP haplotypes, as Gc2/Gc2, Gc1/Gc1, and Gc1/Gc2, were found to be similar in the MS and control groups (p > 0.05). In subgroup analysis, circulating VDBP was lower in MS patients (Ln-VDBP (μgr/ml): 3.64 ± 0.91 vs. 5.31 ± 0.77, p = 0.0001) even after adjusting for vitamin D levels, body mass index, and taking vitamin D supplement. There was no significant association between VDBP haplotypes and vitamin D levels in the two groups. Conclusion The present study suggested an association between lower levels of circulating VDBP and multiple sclerosis in newly diagnosed patients. However, the VDBP causative role in the development of MS is still unclear, so it needs more studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02200-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Maghbooli
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Omidifar
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tarlan Varzandi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Salehnezhad
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu H, He Y, Beck J, da Silva Teixeira S, Harrison K, Xu Y, Sisley S. Defining vitamin D receptor expression in the brain using a novel VDR Cre mouse. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2362-2375. [PMID: 33368246 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D action has been linked to several diseases regulated by the brain including obesity, diabetes, autism, and Parkinson's. However, the location of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the brain is not clear due to conflicting reports. We found that two antibodies previously published as specific in peripheral tissues are not specific in the brain. We thus created a new knockin mouse with cre recombinase expression under the control of the endogenous VDR promoter (VDRCre ). We demonstrated that the cre activity in the VDRCre mouse brain (as reported by a cre-dependent tdTomato expression) is highly overlapping with endogenous VDR mRNAs. These VDR-expressing cells were enriched in multiple brain regions including the cortex, amygdala, caudate putamen, and hypothalamus among others. In the hypothalamus, VDR partially colocalized with vasopressin, oxytocin, estrogen receptor-α, and β-endorphin to various degrees. We further functionally validated our model by demonstrating that the endogenous VDR agonist 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D activated all tested tdTomato+ neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus but had no effect on neurons without tdTomato fluorescence. Thus, we have generated a new mouse tool that allows us to visualize VDR-expressing cells and to characterize their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jessie Beck
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Silvania da Silva Teixeira
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Keisha Harrison
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie Sisley
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
It has been 20 years since we first proposed vitamin D as a "possible" neurosteroid.( 1 ) Our work over the last two decades, particularly results from our cellular and animal models, has confirmed the numerous ways in which vitamin D differentiates the developing brain. As a result, vitamin D can now confidently take its place among all other steroids known to regulate brain development.( 2 ) Others have concentrated on the possible neuroprotective functions of vitamin D in adult brains. Here these data are integrated, and possible mechanisms outlined for the various roles vitamin D appears to play in both developing and mature brains and how such actions shape behavior. There is now also good evidence linking gestational and/or neonatal vitamin D deficiency with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism, and adult vitamin D deficiency with certain degenerative conditions. In this mini-review, the focus is on what we have learned over these past 20 years regarding the genomic and nongenomic actions of vitamin D in shaping brain development, neurophysiology, and behavior in animal models. © 2020 The Author. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Walter Eyles
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research The Park Centre for Mental Health Wacol Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
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Calcitriol, but not FGF23, increases in CSF and serum of MS patients. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 328:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Alam U, Nelson AJ, Cuthbertson DJ, Malik RA. An update on vitamin D and B deficiency in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic neuropathy: a narrative review. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is highly prevalent and affects up to 50% of patients with diabetes. Painful neuropathic symptoms may occur in a third of patients with diabetes and is a major cause of sleep disturbance, morbidity and poor quality of life. Effective treatment of DPN remains a major challenge as current therapeutic options have a number of undesirable side effects and only provide a partial response to neuropathic pain. Furthermore, there are a lack of treatments that modulate the natural history of DPN. A growing body of evidence suggests that vitamin B and vitamin D may have analgesic effects and neuroprotective benefits in DPN. This narrative review explores the role of these vitamins in DPN. Given their limited side effects, further mechanistic studies and good quality randomized controlled trials of their putative analgesic ability are required to define the role of vitamin B and D in DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uazman Alam
- Department of Eye & Vision Sciences, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research & the Pain Research Institute, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool & Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University NHS Hospital Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, United Kingdom
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Gastroenterology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9MT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Nelson
- Department of Eye & Vision Sciences, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research & the Pain Research Institute, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool & Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Cuthbertson
- Department of Eye & Vision Sciences, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research & the Pain Research Institute, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool & Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Weill Cornell Medicine – Qatar, Qatar Foundation – Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9MT, United Kingdom
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom
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Emanuelsson I, Wikvall K, Friman T, Norlin M. Vitamin D Analogues Tacalcitol and Calcipotriol Inhibit Proliferation and Migration of T98G Human Glioblastoma Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:130-136. [PMID: 29575677 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) acts as a steroid hormone and binds to the vitamin D receptor. This receptor is expressed in most cell types including cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Vitamin D has several functions in the body including effects on brain development, neuroprotection and immunological regulation. It has been shown that vitamin D has antiproliferative activities in different cancer cell lines. Tacalcitol and calcipotriol are synthetic analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with reduced effect on calcium metabolism. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of tacalcitol and calcipotriol on cell viability, proliferation and migration in the human glioblastoma cell line T98G. Glioblastoma is the most lethal type of primary tumours in the CNS. Both analogues decreased cell viability and/or growth, dose-dependently, in concentrations between 1 nM and 10 μM. Manual counting indicated suppressive effects by the vitamin D analogues on proliferation. Treatment with tacalcitol strongly suppressed thymidine incorporation, indicating that the vitamin D analogues mainly inhibit proliferation. Also, effects on cell migration were measured with wound-healing assay. Both calcipotriol and tacalcitol reduced the migration rate of T98G cells compared to vehicle-treated cells. However, they had no effect on caspase-3 and -7 activities, suggesting that their mechanism of action does not involve induction of apoptosis. The current results indicate that the vitamin D analogues tacalcitol and calcipotriol strongly reduce proliferation and migration of human glioblastoma T98G cells, suggesting a potential role for this type of compounds in treatment of brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Emanuelsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Wikvall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Friman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Norlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Martin C, Yates Z, Veysey M, King K, Niblett S, Lucock M. Vitamin D-related Nutrigenetics and Cognitive Decline in an Elderly Population. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Alam U, Arul-Devah V, Javed S, Malik RA. Vitamin D and Diabetic Complications: True or False Prophet? Diabetes Ther 2016; 7:11-26. [PMID: 26971351 PMCID: PMC4801816 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-016-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a condition of increasing prevalence worldwide. Vitamin D has an established role in calcium and bone metabolism; however, more recently associations with vitamin D deficiency and risk of developing diabetes, diabetes complications, and cardiovascular disease have all been acknowledged. The vitamin D receptor is ubiquitously expressed, and experimental, in vitro, and in vivo studies strongly suggest a role in regulating the transcription of multiple genes beyond calcium homeostasis. These include antiproliferative, immunomodulatory, angiogenic, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and neurotrophic factor expression. Observational studies report a strong association between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders; however, there remains a paucity of large long-term randomized clinical trials showing a benefit with treatment. An increasing body of literature suggests a possible pathogenetic role of vitamin D in the long-term complications of diabetes and vitamin D deficiency may also exacerbate symptoms of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It remains unknown if supplementation of vitamin D to normal or non-deficient levels alters pathogenetic processes related to diabetic microvascular complications. With the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with diabetes and putative mechanisms linking vitamin D deficiency to diabetic complications, there is a compelling argument for undertaking large well-designed randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uazman Alam
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Vilashini Arul-Devah
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Saad Javed
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Vitamin D deficiency and its role in neurological conditions: A review. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:109-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Stumpf WE. Whole-body and microscopic autoradiography to determine tissue distribution of biopharmaceuticals -- target discoveries with receptor micro-autoradiography engendered new concepts and therapies for vitamin D. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1086-97. [PMID: 23391491 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Information about the distribution of biopharmaceuticals is basic for understanding their actions. Tissue and cellular localization is a key to function. Autoradiography with radiolabeled compounds has provided valuable information with both low resolution whole-body macro-autoradiography and high resolution microscopic autoradiography (micro-autoradiography). Whole-body macro-autoradiography is a uniform and expedient single method approach, providing convenient dose- and time-related overviews with data similar to those obtained with conventional bioassays - and therefore widely used. However, whole-body macro-autoradiography, like common bioassays, has limitations. High specificity-low capacity sites of binding and deposition frequently remain unrecognized. Lack of cellular resolution can cause false negatives and provide misleading results (e.g., false blood-brain barrier). For micro-autoradiography, different methods are advertised in the literature. Most of them are, however, unsuited for drug localization because of inadequate resolution and frequent artifacts. Most drugs interact with their receptors non-covalently by weak electrostatic forces. Therefore, translocation and loss can occur during tissue preparation. This has complicated the use of micro-autoradiography. Receptor micro-autoradiography has overcome these complications and is a method of choice. It has been validated through several diffusible compounds with known localization, extensively applied. It has contributed numerous discoveries, followed by new concepts and therapies. Pictorial evidence in this review indicates that cellular information is essential, a 'sine qua non' for meaningful drug distribution studies. High resolution cellular microscopic information obtained from autoradiography requires tissue dissection and the necessary precautions for preserving pristine in vivo drug deposition. Receptor micro-autoradiography fulfils these requirements. It reveals crucial information at the subcellular level that cannot currently be obtained with any other type of autoradiography or spectrometric imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter E Stumpf
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2612 Damascus Church Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA.
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Alam U, Asghar O, Malik RA. Are vitamin D and B deficiency relevant to the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic neuropathy? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uazman Alam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Omar Asghar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
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Gutwinski S, Löscher A, Mahler L, Kalbitzer J, Heinz A, Bermpohl F. Understanding left-handedness. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 108:849-53. [PMID: 22259638 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2011.0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human cerebrum is asymmetrical, consisting of two hemispheres with differing functions. Recent epidemiological and neurobiological research has shed new light on the development of the cerebral lateralization of motor processes, including handedness. In this article, we present these findings from a medical perspective. METHOD We selectively searched the PubMed online database for articles including the terms "handedness," "left handedness," "right handedness," and "cerebral lateralization." Highly ranked and commonly cited articles were included in our analysis. RESULTS The emergence of handedness has been explained by physiological and pathological models. Handedness arose early in evolution and has probably been constitutive for the development of higher cognitive functions. For instance, handedness may have provided the basis for the development of speech and fine motor skills, both of which have played a critical role in the evolution of mankind. The disadvantages of certain types of handedness are discussed, as some cases seem to be associated with disease. CONCLUSION The consideration of handedness from the epidemiological, neurobiological, and medical points of view provides insight into cerebral lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gutwinski
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Grosse Hamburger Str. 5–11, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Stein DG, Cekic MM. Progesterone and vitamin d hormone as a biologic treatment of traumatic brain injury in the aged. PM R 2011; 3:S100-10. [PMID: 21703565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that traumatic brain injury is a highly variable and complex systemic disorder that is refractory to therapies that target individual mechanisms. It is even more complex in elderly persons, in whom frailty, previous comorbidities, altered metabolism, and a long history of medication use are likely to complicate the secondary effects of brain trauma. Progesterone, one of the few neuroprotective agents that has shown promise for the treatment of acute brain injury, is now in national and international phase 3 multicenter trials. New findings show that vitamin D hormone (VDH) and VDH deficiency in the aging process (and across the developmental spectrum) may interact with progesterone and treatment for traumatic brain injury. In this article we review the use of progesterone and VDH as biologics-based therapies along with recent studies demonstrating that the combination of progesterone and VDH may promote better functional outcomes than either treatment independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 B Clifton Road NE, Suite 5100, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Lehmann DJ, Refsum H, Warden DR, Medway C, Wilcock GK, Smith AD. The vitamin D receptor gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:79-82. [PMID: 21911036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D may have a role in brain function. Low levels have been frequently associated with cognitive decline and may contribute to diseases of the nervous system. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is widely expressed in human brain. Vitamin D appears to be neuroprotective and may regulate inflammation in the brain. We examined two VDR polymorphisms, Apa1 and Taq1. We used DNA from 255 Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and 260 cognitively screened elderly controls from the longitudinal cohort of the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA). The presence of each of the linked alleles, Apa1 T and Taq1 G, was associated with the risk of AD, particularly in people <75 years old: odds ratios ≥3.0 and p≤0.005. We also found preliminary evidence of interactions associated with AD between these polymorphisms and two other genes involved in the regulation of inflammation, interleukin-10 (IL10) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH): synergy factors ≥3.4, uncorrected p<0.05. These associations are biologically plausible and are consistent with a role for vitamin D in AD. Nevertheless, we consider this to be a hypothesis-generating study, which needs to be replicated in a larger dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway; University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Donald R Warden
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Christopher Medway
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Gordon K Wilcock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 4, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - A David Smith
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
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Smolders J, Moen SM, Damoiseaux J, Huitinga I, Holmøy T. Vitamin D in the healthy and inflamed central nervous system: access and function. J Neurol Sci 2011; 311:37-43. [PMID: 21862439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High exposure to vitamin D may protect against development and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), possibly through the immunomodulatory properties of its biologically active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. So far, most studies on the possible mechanisms for vitamin D involvement in MS have focused on immune modulation outside the central nervous system (CNS). However, vitamin D may also interfere with the pathophysiology of MS within the CNS. In this review, the potential presence and functions of vitamin D in the inflamed and healthy CNS are explored. We discuss that vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein (DBP), the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and enzymes needed for metabolism (CYP27B1) are present in the CNS. Both VDR and CYP27B1 are expressed on a variety of cells, including neurons, glial cells, and invading lymphocytes. Additionally, vitamin D has been postulated to play a modulating role in several key-processes in MS pathophysiology, including inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, and remyelination. We conclude that a local role of vitamin D in the inflamed CNS is likely and potentially relevant to MS. Future studies should further characterize the impact of vitamin D on the local disease process of MS in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Smolders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, and School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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