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Zoghbi AW, Lieberman JA, Girgis RR. The neurobiology of duration of untreated psychosis: a comprehensive review. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:168-190. [PMID: 35931757 PMCID: PMC10979514 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is defined as the time from the onset of psychotic symptoms until the first treatment. Studies have shown that longer DUP is associated with poorer response rates to antipsychotic medications and impaired cognition, yet the neurobiologic correlates of DUP are poorly understood. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that untreated psychosis may be neurotoxic. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of studies that have examined the neurobiology of DUP. Specifically, we included studies that evaluated DUP using a range of neurobiologic and imaging techniques and identified 83 articles that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 27 out of the total 83 studies (32.5%) reported a significant neurobiological correlate with DUP. These results provide evidence against the notion of psychosis as structurally or functionally neurotoxic on a global scale and suggest that specific regions of the brain, such as temporal regions, may be more vulnerable to the effects of DUP. It is also possible that current methodologies lack the resolution needed to more accurately examine the effects of DUP on the brain, such as effects on synaptic density. Newer methodologies, such as MR scanners with stronger magnets, PET imaging with newer ligands capable of measuring subcellular structures (e.g., the PET ligand [11C]UCB-J) may be better able to capture these limited neuropathologic processes. Lastly, to ensure robust and replicable results, future studies of DUP should be adequately powered and specifically designed to test for the effects of DUP on localized brain structure and function with careful attention paid to potential confounds and methodological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Zoghbi
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Office of Mental Health, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ragy R Girgis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Office of Mental Health, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Smith BJ, Brandão-Teles C, Zuccoli GS, Reis-de-Oliveira G, Fioramonte M, Saia-Cereda VM, Martins-de-Souza D. Protein Succinylation and Malonylation as Potential Biomarkers in Schizophrenia. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091408. [PMID: 36143193 PMCID: PMC9500613 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two protein post-translational modifications, lysine succinylation and malonylation, are implicated in protein regulation, glycolysis, and energy metabolism. The precursors of these modifications, succinyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, are key players in central metabolic processes. Both modification profiles have been proven to be responsive to metabolic stimuli, such as hypoxia. As mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation are implicated in schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses, these modification profiles have the potential to reveal yet another layer of protein regulation and can furthermore represent targets for biomarkers that are indicative of disease as well as its progression and treatment. In this work, data from shotgun mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics were compiled and analyzed to probe the succinylome and malonylome of postmortem brain tissue from patients with schizophrenia against controls and the human oligodendrocyte precursor cell line MO3.13 with the dizocilpine chemical model for schizophrenia, three antipsychotics, and co-treatments. Several changes in the succinylome and malonylome were seen in these comparisons, revealing these modifications to be a largely under-studied yet important form of protein regulation with broad potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Joseph Smith
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Correspondence: (B.J.S.); (D.M.-d.-S.); Tel.: +55-(19)-3521-6129 (D.M.-d.-S.)
| | - Caroline Brandão-Teles
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Giuliana S. Zuccoli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Reis-de-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fioramonte
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Verônica M. Saia-Cereda
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Institute of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo 04501-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (B.J.S.); (D.M.-d.-S.); Tel.: +55-(19)-3521-6129 (D.M.-d.-S.)
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Ifhar LS, Ene HM, Ben-Shachar D. Impaired heme metabolism in schizophrenia-derived cell lines and in a rat model of the disorder: Possible involvement of mitochondrial complex I. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:577-589. [PMID: 30948194 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating data point to heme involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders. Heme plays a role in major cellular processes such as signal transduction, protein complex assembly and regulation of transcription and translation. Its synthesis involves the mitochondria, which dysfunction, specifically that of the complex I (Co-I) of the electron transport chain is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Here we aimed to demonstrate that deficits in Co-I affect heme metabolism. We show a significant decrease in heme levels in Co-I deficient SZ-derived EBV transformed lymphocytes (lymphoblastoid cell lines - LCLs) as compared to healthy subjects-derived cells (n = 9/cohort). Moreover, protein levels assessed by immunoblotting and mRNA levels assessed by qRT-PCR of heme catabolic enzyme, heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and protein levels of heme downstream target phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2-alpha (Peif2a/eif2a) were significantly elevated in SZ-derived cells. In contrast, protein and mRNA levels of heme synthesis rate limiting enzyme aminolevulinic acid synthase-1 (ALAS1) were unchanged in SZ derived LCLs. In addition, inhibition of Co-I by rotenone in healthy subjects-derived LCLs (n = 4/cohort) exhibited an initial increase followed by a later decrease in heme levels. These findings were associated with opposite changes in heme's downstream target and HO-1 level, similar to our findings in SZ-derived cells. We also show a brain region specific pattern of impairment in Co-I subunits and in HO-1 and PeIF2α/eIF2α in the Poly-IC rat model of SZ (n = 6/cohort). Our results provide evidence for a link between CoI and heme metabolism both in-vitro and in-vivo suggesting its contribution to SZ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Ifhar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, POB 9649, Haifa 31096 Israel
| | - Hila M Ene
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, POB 9649, Haifa 31096 Israel
| | - Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, POB 9649, Haifa 31096 Israel.
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Yuksel C, Tegin C, O'Connor L, Du F, Ahat E, Cohen BM, Ongur D. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 68:157-66. [PMID: 26228415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P MRS) allows in vivo quantification of phosphorus metabolites that are considered to be related to membrane turnover and energy metabolism. In schizophrenia (SZ), (31)P MRS studies found several abnormalities in different brain regions suggesting that alterations in these pathways may be contributing to the pathophysiology. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the (31)P MRS studies in SZ published to date by taking patient characteristics, medication status and brain regions into account. Publications written in English were searched on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/, by using the keywords 'phosphomonoester', 'phosphodiester', 'ATP', 'phosphocreatine', 'phosphocholine', 'phosphoethanolamine','glycerophosphocholine', 'glycerophosphoethanolamine', 'pH', 'schizophrenia', and 'MRS'. Studies that measured (31)P metabolites in SZ patients were included. This search identified 52 studies. Reduced PME and elevated PDE reported in earlier studies were not replicated in several subsequent studies. One relatively consistent pattern was a decrease in PDE in chronic patients in the subcortical structures. There were no consistent patterns for the comparison of energy related phosphorus metabolites between patients and controls. Also, no consistent pattern emerged in studies seeking relationship between (31)P metabolites and antipsychotic use and other clinical variables. Despite emerging patterns, methodological heterogeneities and shortcomings in this literature likely obscure consistent patterns among studies. We conclude with recommendations to improve study designs and (31)P MRS methods in future studies. We also stress the significance of probing into the dynamic changes in energy metabolism, as this approach reveals abnormalities that are not visible to steady-state measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagri Yuksel
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Cuneyt Tegin
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychiatry, 323 E. Chestnut Street, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | | | - Fei Du
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ezgi Ahat
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine. Kocamustafapaşa Cad. No:53, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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Anderson KK, Rodrigues M, Mann K, Voineskos A, Mulsant BH, George TP, McKenzie KJ. Minimal evidence that untreated psychosis damages brain structures: a systematic review. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:222-33. [PMID: 25649287 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with poor outcomes in first-episode psychosis (FEP); however, it is unclear whether this is due to the effects of psychosis on brain structure. We systematically reviewed the literature on the association between the length of untreated psychosis and brain structure in first-episode psychosis. METHODS We searched three electronic databases and conducted forward and backward citation searching to identify relevant papers. Studies were included if they: (1) included patients with a psychotic disorder who were treatment naïve or minimally treated; and (2) had correlated measures of DUP or duration of untreated illness (DUI) with structural measures. RESULTS We identified 48 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Forty-three examined the correlation between DUP and brain structure, and 19 examined the correlation between DUI and brain structure. There was evidence of significant associations in brain regions considered important in psychosis; however, the proportion of significant associations was low and the findings were inconsistent across studies. The majority of included studies were not primarily designed to examine whether DUP/DUI is correlated with brain structure, and there were methodological limitations in many studies that prevent drawing a strong conclusion. CONCLUSION To date, there is minimal evidence of an association between untreated psychosis and brain structure in FEP. Although the body of literature is substantial, there are few hypothesis-driven studies with a primary objective to answer this question. Future studies should be specifically designed to examine whether untreated psychosis has a deleterious effect on brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Anderson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Myanca Rodrigues
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Kamalpreet Mann
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Aristotle Voineskos
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Tony P George
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Kwame J McKenzie
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Zampieri E, Bellani M, Crespo-Facorro B, Brambilla P. Basal ganglia anatomy and schizophrenia: the role of antipsychotic treatment. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2014; 23:333-6. [PMID: 25335548 PMCID: PMC7192164 DOI: 10.1017/s204579601400064x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive enlargement of basal ganglia volume has been observed in schizophrenia individuals, potentially being sustained by chronic administration of antipsychotic drugs. Here we briefly summarise the state of the art of the role of antipsychotic in leading to increased basal ganglia in schizophrenia, particularly focusing on the caudate nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Zampieri
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, Inter-University Center for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - M. Bellani
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, Inter-University Center for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - B. Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Brambilla
- Department of Experimental Clinical Medicine, ICBN, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- IRCCS ‘E. Medea’Scientific Institute, UDGEE, Udine, Italy
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Weber-Fahr W, Englisch S, Esser A, Tunc-Skarka N, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ende G, Zink M. Altered phospholipid metabolism in schizophrenia: a phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:365-73. [PMID: 24045051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid (PL) metabolism is investigated by in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Inconsistent alterations of phosphocholine (PC), phosphoethanolamine (PE), glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) have been described in schizophrenia, which might be overcome by specific editing techniques. The selective refocused insensitive nuclei-enhanced polarization transfer (RINEPT) technique was applied in a cross-sectional study involving 11 schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients (SZP) on stable antipsychotic monotherapy and 15 matched control subjects. Metabolite signals were found to be modulated by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) content and gray matter/brain matter ratio. Corrected metabolite concentrations of PC, GPC and PE differed between patients and controls in both subcortical and cortical regions, whereas antipsychotic medication exerted only small effects. Significant correlations were found between the severity of clinical symptoms and the assessed signals. In particular, psychotic symptoms correlated with PC levels in the cerebral cortex, depression with PC levels in the cerebellum and executive functioning with GPC in the insular and temporal cortices. In conclusion, after controlling for age and tissue composition, this investigation revealed alterations of metabolite levels in SZP and correlations with clinical properties. RINEPT 31P MRS should also be applied to at-risk-mental-state patients as well as drug-naïve and chronically treated schizophrenic patients in order to enhance the understanding of longitudinal alterations of PL metabolism in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Torres US, Portela-Oliveira E, Borgwardt S, Busatto GF. Structural brain changes associated with antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia as revealed by voxel-based morphometric MRI: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:342. [PMID: 24359128 PMCID: PMC3878502 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of multiple studies on the association between antipsychotic use and structural brain changes in schizophrenia have been assessed only in qualitative literature reviews to date. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies on this association to quantitatively synthesize the findings of these studies. METHODS A systematic computerized literature search was carried out through MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS and PsycINFO databases aiming to identify all VBM studies addressing this question and meeting predetermined inclusion criteria. All studies reporting coordinates representing foci of structural brain changes associated with antipsychotic use were meta-analyzed by using the activation likelihood estimation technique, currently the most sophisticated and best-validated tool for voxel-wise meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. RESULTS Ten studies (five cross-sectional and five longitudinal) met the inclusion criteria and comprised a total of 548 individuals (298 patients on antipsychotic drugs and 250 controls). Depending on the methodologies of the selected studies, the control groups included healthy subjects, drug-free patients, or the same patients evaluated repeatedly in longitudinal comparisons (i.e., serving as their own controls). A total of 102 foci associated with structural alterations were retrieved. The meta-analysis revealed seven clusters of areas with consistent structural brain changes in patients on antipsychotics compared to controls. The seven clusters included four areas of relative volumetric decrease in the left lateral temporal cortex [Brodmann area (BA) 20], left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44), superior frontal gyrus extending to the left middle frontal gyrus (BA 6), and right rectal gyrus (BA 11), and three areas of relative volumetric increase in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA 24), left ventral anterior cingulate cortex (BA 24) and right putamen. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify the specific brain regions where possible associations between antipsychotic drug usage and structural brain changes in schizophrenia patients are more consistently reported. Additional longitudinal VBM studies including larger and more homogeneous samples of schizophrenia patients may be needed to further disentangle such alterations from those possibly linked to the intrinsic pathological progressive process in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysses S Torres
- Post-Graduate Program in Radiology, Institute of Radiology (INRAD), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Portela-Oliveira
- Department of Radiology, Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Post-Graduate Program in Radiology, Institute of Radiology (INRAD), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Laboratory of Neuroimaging in Psychiatry (LIM-21), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Centro de Medicina Nuclear, 3º andar, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires Campos, s/n, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Differences in subcortical structures in young adolescents at familial risk for schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 2012; 204:68-74. [PMID: 23146250 PMCID: PMC3518556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been associated with reduced volumes of subcortical structures on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the relation of these reductions to familial risk for the disorder is unclear. We investigated the effect of familial risk for schizophrenia on regional subcortical volumes during adolescence, a period marked by steep maturational changes in brain structure and the emergence of psychotic symptoms. A group of 26 non-help-seeking, first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and 43 matched healthy comparisons, between 9 and 18 years of age, underwent MRI scanning and were rated for the presence of prodromal symptoms. Five subcortical regions-of-interest were tested for group differences and group by age interactions, as well as correlations with low-level prodromal symptoms in the familial risk group. Relative to comparisons, familial risk subjects demonstrated greater positive volume-age relationships in hippocampus, putamen, and globus pallidus. These results suggest that relatives of individuals with schizophrenia exhibit structural abnormalities in the subcortex as early as pre-adolescence, which may reflect altered neurodevelopment of these regions.
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Narayanaswamy JC, Venkatasubramanian G, Gangadhar BN. Neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia: an overview of research from Asia. Int Rev Psychiatry 2012; 24:405-16. [PMID: 23057977 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2012.704872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia help clarify the neural substrates underlying the pathogenesis of this neuropsychiatric disorder. Contemporary brain imaging in schizophrenia is predominated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based research approaches. This review focuses on the various imaging studies from India and their relevance to the understanding of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. The existing studies are predominantly comprised of structural MRI reports involving region-of-interest and voxel-based morphometry approaches, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and single-photon emission computed tomography/positron emission tomography (SPECT/PET) studies. Most of these studies are significant in that they have evaluated antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients--a relatively difficult population to obtain in contemporary research. Findings of these studies offer robust support to the existence of significant brain abnormalities at very early stages of the disorder. In addition, theoretically relevant relationships between these brain abnormalities and developmental aberrations suggest possible neurodevelopmental basis for these brain deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Tibbo PG, Bernier D, Hanstock CC, Seres P, Lakusta B, Purdon SE. 3-T proton magnetic spectroscopy in unmedicated first episode psychosis: a focus on creatine. Magn Reson Med 2012; 69:613-20. [PMID: 22511463 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Different lines of evidence suggest an abnormal cerebral energy metabolism as being critical to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, it is unknown as to whether levels of creatine (Cr) would be involved in these anomalies. The study involved 33 unmedicated first episode psychosis patients and 41 healthy controls. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H-MRS) was performed at 3 T using a long TE (TE/TM/TR of 240/27/3000 ms) such that within the total phosphocreatine (PCr) plus Cr signal (tCr(240)), mainly Cr was detectable. The target region was an 18 cm(3) prefrontal volume. A negative association was found between age of patients and tCr(240) levels referenced to internal water, with 20% of the variance in tCr(240) accounted for by Age. A secondary finding revealed 16% reduction of tCr(240) levels in patients, solely when comparing participants older than the median age of patients. No association existed between tCr(240) levels and clinical variables. These findings support previous data reporting abnormalities in brain creatine kinase isoenzymes involved with the maintenance of energy pools in schizophrenia. The implications of using a long TE are discussed in terms of the relative proportions of Cr and PCr within the tCr(240) signal, and of potential group differences in T(2) times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Tibbo
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Caudate nucleus volume in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis: a cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2010; 182:223-30. [PMID: 20488675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether volumetric abnormalities of the caudate nuclei predate the onset of psychotic illness. Caudate nuclei volume (CNVs), excluding the tail, were measured using region-of-interest (ROI) tracing of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans acquired on a 1.5T scanner. Subjects included 39 individuals deemed at ultra-high risk of psychosis who converted to psychosis (UHR-P) after initial MRI scanning; 39 matched individuals at ultra-high risk who did not convert to psychosis (UHR-NP); and 39 matched healthy controls. All subjects were neuroleptic-naïve. After adjusting CNVs for intracranial volume (ICV), univariate analyses of variance and repeated measures analyses of variance were undertaken to examine the relationship of CNVs to psychosis transition and to family history of psychosis. Pearson's correlations were used to investigate the relationship of psychopathological scores to CNVs. CNVs did not differ significantly between UHR individuals and healthy controls, and there was no significant difference between converters and non-converters to psychosis. In the UHR group, presence of family history of psychosis was not related to CNVs. There was no correlation between CNVs and either positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Significant associations were found between larger CNV and increased errors on a spatial working memory task but better verbal fluency performance. These data suggest that the caudate is macroscopically normal prior to illness onset, while the relationship to tasks of executive function may implicate the caudate together with its connections to prefrontal regions. Future research should examine changes longitudinally together with analysis of shape to assess subregions of the caudate that connect with prefrontal cortex.
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Ben-Shachar D. The interplay between mitochondrial complex I, dopamine and Sp1 in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 116:1383-96. [PMID: 19784753 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is currently believed to result from variations in multiple genes, each contributing a subtle effect, which combines with each other and with environmental stimuli to impact both early and late brain development. At present, schizophrenia clinical heterogeneity as well as the difficulties in relating cognitive, emotional and behavioral functions to brain substrates hinders the identification of a disease-specific anatomical, physiological, molecular or genetic abnormality. Mitochondria play a pivotal role in many essential processes, such as energy production, intracellular calcium buffering, transmission of neurotransmitters, apoptosis and ROS production, all either leading to cell death or playing a role in synaptic plasticity. These processes have been well established as underlying altered neuronal activity and thereby abnormal neuronal circuitry and plasticity, ultimately affecting behavioral outcomes. The present article reviews evidence supporting a dysfunction of mitochondria in schizophrenia, including mitochondrial hypoplasia, impairments in the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) as well as altered mitochondrial-related gene expression. Abnormalities in mitochondrial complex I, which plays a major role in controlling OXPHOS activity, are discussed. Among them are schizophrenia specific as well as disease-state-specific alterations in complex I activity in the peripheral tissue, which can be modulated by DA. In addition, CNS and peripheral abnormalities in the expression of three of complex I subunits, associated with parallel alterations in their transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (Sp1) are reviewed. Finally, this review discusses the question of disease specificity of mitochondrial pathologies and suggests that mitochondria dysfunction could cause or arise from anomalities in processes involved in brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel.
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Chua SE, Deng Y, Chen EYH, Law CW, Chiu CPY, Cheung C, Wong JCH, Lienenkaëmper N, Cheung V, Suckling J, McAlonan GM. Early striatal hypertrophy in first-episode psychosis within 3 weeks of initiating antipsychotic drug treatment. Psychol Med 2009; 39:793-800. [PMID: 18713487 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291708004212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We and others have reported that patients experiencing their first episode of psychosis already have significant structural brain abnormalities. Antipsychotics seem to reverse subcortical volume deficits after months of treatment. However, the early impact of medication on brain morphology is not known. METHOD Forty-eight individuals in their first episode of psychosis underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scanning. Twenty-six were antipsychotic naive and 22 were newly treated with antipsychotic medication for a median period of 3 weeks. In each group, 80% of subjects received a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The two groups were balanced for age, sex, handedness, ethnicity, height, years of education, paternal socio-economic status (SES) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score. Group differences in whole-brain grey matter were compared voxel by voxel, using Brain Activation and Morphological Mapping (BAMM) software. We also conducted testing of group differences with region-of-interest (ROI) measurements of the caudate nucleus. RESULTS Relative to the untreated group, those receiving antipsychotic medication for 3-4 weeks had significantly greater grey-matter volumes in the bilateral caudate and cingulate gyri, extending to the left medial frontal gyrus. ROI analysis confirmed that, in treated patients, the right and left caudate nuclei were significantly larger by 10% (p<0.039, two-tailed) and 9% (p<0.048, two-tailed) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Early striatal grey-matter enlargement may occur within the first 3-4 weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Possible reasons for putative striatal hypertrophy and its implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Chua
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, S.A.R. China
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Amygdala Volume and Verbal Memory Performance in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Cogn Behav Neurol 2009; 22:28-37. [DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e318192cc67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ben-Shachar D, Karry R. Neuroanatomical pattern of mitochondrial complex I pathology varies between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3676. [PMID: 18989376 PMCID: PMC2579333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction was reported in schizophrenia, bipolar disorderand major depression. The present study investigated whether mitochondrial complex I abnormalities show disease-specific characteristics. Methodology/Principal Findings mRNA and protein levels of complex I subunits NDUFV1, NDUFV2 and NADUFS1, were assessed in striatal and lateral cerebellar hemisphere postmortem specimens and analyzed together with our previous data from prefrontal and parieto-occipital cortices specimens of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression and healthy subjects. A disease-specific anatomical pattern in complex I subunits alterations was found. Schizophrenia-specific reductions were observed in the prefrontal cortex and in the striatum. The depressed group showed consistent reductions in all three subunits in the cerebellum. The bipolar group, however, showed increased expression in the parieto-occipital cortex, similar to those observed in schizophrenia, and reductions in the cerebellum, yet less consistent than the depressed group. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that the neuroanatomical pattern of complex I pathology parallels the diversity and similarities in clinical symptoms of these mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry Rambam Medical Center and B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Konrad A, Winterer G. Disturbed structural connectivity in schizophrenia primary factor in pathology or epiphenomenon? Schizophr Bull 2008; 34:72-92. [PMID: 17485733 PMCID: PMC2632386 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indirect evidence for disturbed structural connectivity of subcortical fiber tracts in schizophrenia has been obtained from functional neuroimaging and electrophysiologic studies. During the past few years, new structural imaging methods have become available. Diffusion tensor imaging and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) have been used to investigate directly whether fiber tract abnormalities are indeed present in schizophrenia. To date, findings are inconsistent that may express problems related to methodological issues and sample size. Also, pathological processes detectable with these new techniques are not yet well understood. Nevertheless, with growing evidence of disturbed structural connectivity, myelination has been in the focus of postmortem investigations. Several studies have shown a significant reduction of oligodendroglial cells and ultrastructural alterations of myelin sheats in schizophrenia. There is also growing evidence for abnormal expression of myelin-related genes in schizophrenia: Neuregulin (NRG1) is important for oligodendrocyte development and function, and altered expression of erbB3, one of the NRG1 receptors, has been shown in schizophrenia patients. This is consistent with recent genetic studies suggesting that NRG1 may contribute to the genetic risk for schizophrenia. In conclusion, there is increasing evidence from multiple sides that structural connectivity might be pathologically changed in schizophrenia illness. Up to the present, however, it has not been possible to decide whether alterations of structural connectivity are intrinsically linked to the primary risk factors for schizophrenia or to secondary downstream effects (ie, degeneration of fibers secondarily caused by cortical neuronal dysfunction)-an issue that needs to be clarified by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Venkatasubramanian G. Schizophrenia is a disorder of aberrant neurodevelopment: A synthesis of evidence from clinical and structural, functional and neurochemical brain imaging studies. Indian J Psychiatry 2007; 49:244-9. [PMID: 20680135 PMCID: PMC2910346 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.37663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore - 560 029, Karnataka, India
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