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Cerqueira Dos Santos S, Araújo Torquato C, de Alexandria Santos D, Orsato A, Leite K, Serpeloni JM, Losi-Guembarovski R, Romão Pereira E, Dyna AL, Lopes Barboza MG, Fernandes Arakawa MH, Pires Bitencourt JA, da Cruz Silva S, da Silva Sá GC, Dias Rodrigues P, Quintella CM, Faccin-Galhardi LC. Production and characterization of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in the Amazon region, and potential antiviral, antitumor, and antimicrobial activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4629. [PMID: 38472312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants encompass structurally and chemically diverse molecules with surface active properties, and a broad industrial deployment, including pharmaceuticals. The interest is growing mainly for the low toxicity, biodegradability, and production from renewable sources. In this work, the optimized biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BM02, isolated from the soil of a mining area in the Brazilian Amazon region was assessed, in addition to its antiviral, antitumor, and antimicrobial activities. The optimal conditions for biosurfactant production were determined using a factorial design, which showed the best yield (2.28 mg/mL) at 25 °C, pH 5, and 1% glycerol. The biosurfactant obtained was characterized as a mixture of rhamnolipids with virucidal properties against Herpes Simplex Virus, Coronavirus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus, in addition to antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium), at 50 µg/mL. The antitumor activity of BS (12.5 µg/mL) was also demonstrated, with potential selectivity in reducing the proliferation of breast tumor cells, after 1 min of exposure. These results demonstrate the importance of studying the interconnection between cultivation conditions and properties of industrially important compounds, such as rhamnolipid-type biosurfactant from P. aeruginosa BM02, a promising and sustainable alternative in the development of new antiviral, antitumor, and antimicrobial prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidnei Cerqueira Dos Santos
- Biology College, Federal University of Southern and Southeast Pará (Unifesspa), Marabá, PA, 68500-000, Brazil.
| | - Chayenna Araújo Torquato
- Biology College, Federal University of Southern and Southeast Pará (Unifesspa), Marabá, PA, 68500-000, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Orsato
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Karoline Leite
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mara Serpeloni
- Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | - Erica Romão Pereira
- Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Dyna
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sebastião da Cruz Silva
- Chemistry College, Federal University of Southern and Southeast Pará (Unifesspa), Marabá, PA, 68500-000, Brazil
| | - Giulian César da Silva Sá
- Biology College, Federal University of Southern and Southeast Pará (Unifesspa), Marabá, PA, 68500-000, Brazil
| | - Pamela Dias Rodrigues
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Quintella
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
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Kim HR, Kim IH. 7,10-Dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic Acid Displays a Fungicidal Activity against Malassezia furfur. J Oleo Sci 2024; 73:215-218. [PMID: 38233114 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial conversion of some natural unsaturated fatty acids can produce polyhydroxy fatty acids, giving them new properties, such as higher viscosity and reactivity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been intensively studied to produce a novel 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) from oleic acid and natural vegetable oils containing oleic acid. Recently, the antibacterial activities of DOD against food-borne pathogenic bacteria were reported; however, the action of such antibacterial properties against eucaryotic cells remains poorly known. In this study, we determined the antifungal activities of DOD against Malassezia furfur KCCM 12679 quantitatively and qualitatively. The antifungal activity of DOD against M. furfur KCCM 12679 was approximately five times higher than that of ketoconazole, a commercial antifungal agent. The MIC 90 value of DOD against M. furfur KCCM 12679 was 50 µg/mL. In addition, we confirmed that the antifungal property of DOD was exerted through fungicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Ryul Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University
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Blomme AK, Ackerman TL, Jones CK, Gebhardt JT, Woodworth JC, Paulk CB, Pogranichniy RM. Isolation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from feed ingredients and complete feed, with subsequent RT-qPCR analysis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:464-469. [PMID: 37431822 PMCID: PMC10467466 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231185080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We used virus isolation (VI) to determine tissue culture infectivity and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to determine the stability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV) strain P129 in solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM), dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), complete swine feed (FEED), or medium (DMEM) at 4°C, 23°C, or 37°C for up to 3 d. Samples of each treatment were taken at regular intervals and processed. Supernatant was titrated and used to inoculate confluent MARC-145 cells to determine infectivity. RNA was extracted from each supernatant sample and tested by RT-qPCR to determine any change in detectable virus RNA across matrix type, temperature, and time. An interaction (p = 0.028) was observed for matrix × temperature × hour for live virus detected by VI. At 4°C, the concentration of infectious virus was greatest in DMEM, intermediate in SBM, and lowest in DDGS and FEED. DMEM also had the greatest concentration of infectious PRRSV at 23°C over time; a higher infectious virus concentration was maintained in SBM for longer than in DDGS or FEED. At 37°C, a greater concentration of infectious virus was sustained in DMEM than in the feedstuffs, with concentrations decreasing until 48 h post-inoculation. Only matrix type influenced the quantity of viral RNA detected by RT-qPCR (p = 0.032). More viral RNA was detected in the virus control than in DDGS; SBM and FEED were intermediate. By VI, we found that infectious virus could be harbored in SBM, DDGS, and FEED for a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Blomme
- Departments of Grain Science and Industry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Tate L. Ackerman
- College of Agriculture; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Cassandra K. Jones
- Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jordan T. Gebhardt
- College of Agriculture; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jason C. Woodworth
- Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chad B. Paulk
- Departments of Grain Science and Industry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Roman M. Pogranichniy
- College of Agriculture; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Chianese A, Gravina C, Morone MV, Ambrosino A, Formato M, Palma F, Foglia F, Nastri BM, Zannella C, Esposito A, De Filippis A, Piccolella S, Galdiero M, Pacifico S. Lavandula austroapennina: Assessment of the Antiviral Activity of Lipophilic Extracts from Its Organs. Viruses 2023; 15:1648. [PMID: 37631991 PMCID: PMC10457779 DOI: 10.3390/v15081648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In a framework aimed at the recovery and enhancement of medicinal plants endemic to the territory of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, Lavandula austroapennina N.G. Passal., Tundis and Upson has aroused interest. An insight into the chemical composition of the corolla, calyx, leaf, stem, and root organs was carried out following ultrasound-assisted maceration in n-hexane. The obtained lipophilic extracts were explored using ultra-high-performance chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS). The extracts from the different organs varied in their relative content of fatty acids, ursanes, and oleanane-type triterpenes. In particular, the oleanolic acid content appeared to increase in the order of corolla < leaf < stem. An MTT assay was performed to verify the possible cytotoxicity of the organ extracts of L. austroapennina at a concentration ranging from 12.5 to 400 µg/mL on the Vero CCL-81 cell line. Antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), alpha human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), and poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) was evaluated via a plaque reduction assay in the same cellular model. All the extracts did not show cytotoxic effects after 2 and 24 h exposure times, and the antiviral efficacy was particularly important for the stem extract, capable of completely inhibiting the tested viruses at low doses. The antiviral activity in a non-enveloped virus PV-1 allowed the assertion that the extracts from the organs of L. austroapennina, and especially the stem extract, interfered directly with the viral envelope. This study underlines how much knowledge of a territory's medicinal plant heritage is a harbinger of promising discoveries in the health field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.M.); (A.A.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (B.M.N.); (C.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Claudia Gravina
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.G.); (M.F.); (A.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Morone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.M.); (A.A.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (B.M.N.); (C.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Annalisa Ambrosino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.M.); (A.A.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (B.M.N.); (C.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Marialuisa Formato
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.G.); (M.F.); (A.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesca Palma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.M.); (A.A.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (B.M.N.); (C.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Francesco Foglia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.M.); (A.A.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (B.M.N.); (C.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Bianca Maria Nastri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.M.); (A.A.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (B.M.N.); (C.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.M.); (A.A.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (B.M.N.); (C.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Assunta Esposito
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.G.); (M.F.); (A.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.M.); (A.A.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (B.M.N.); (C.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Simona Piccolella
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.G.); (M.F.); (A.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.M.); (A.A.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (B.M.N.); (C.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (C.G.); (M.F.); (A.E.); (S.P.)
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P Gurgel W, Correa A, C Santos C, O Santos A, D Saraiva G, T C Freire P, E S Nogueira C, G C Moreira S, F de Sousa F. Elucidating the phase transitions of decanoic-acid crystal by XRD, Raman, group theory and Gibbs energy analyses combined with DFT calculations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 287:122068. [PMID: 36379089 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This research reports a series of phase transitions in the decanoic-acid (DA) crystal under low-temperature conditions, which were elucidated by XRD, Raman scattering and DFT calculations in a dimer of DA in the C form (monoclinic structure). The first phase change was noticed within the 210-190 K interval duly characterized as a transition of second-order type, as indicated by Gibbs energy behavior, suggesting that the monoclinic structure (P21/c) of the crystal is not changed. The second change was observed nearly 110-90 K, whose transition is first-order type occurring from the C form to an A form (triclinic), possibly belonging to the P1 space group. This new polymorphic phase was duly predicted through DFT calculations. According to Gibbs energy behavior, the third phase change (∼30-10 K) is proposed to be a transition from the A form to a new polymorphic phase that probably is a first-order transition, likely associated with a change from the P1 space group to P-1. Furthermore, group theory and wavenumber vs temperature plots' analyses corroborated the phase transitions undergone by DA crystal. In addition, anharmonicity effects in several Raman bands' behavior were noticed during the cooling. A correct assignment for the Raman and IR modes via DFT calculations at room-temperature conditions is also provided herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walldiney P Gurgel
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Adriano Correa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP 65080-805 São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Clenilton C Santos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP 65080-805 São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Adenilson O Santos
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CCSST, CEP 65900-410 Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Gilberto D Saraiva
- Faculdade de Educação Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, CEP 63900-000 Quixadá, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paulo T C Freire
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP 60455-760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Carlos E S Nogueira
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Regional do Cariri, CEP 63010-970 Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Sanclayton G C Moreira
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Francisco F de Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Su B, Wang Y, Jian S, Tang H, Deng H, Zhu L, Zhao X, Liu J, Cheng H, Zhang L, Hu Y, Xu Z. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of monolaurin against Seneca Valley virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:980187. [PMID: 36777661 PMCID: PMC9911909 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.980187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Surveillance of the Seneca Valley virus (SVV) shows a disproportionately higher incidence on Chinese pig farms. Currently, there are no vaccines or drugs to treat SVV infection effectively and effective treatment options are urgently needed. Methods In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the following medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or triglycerides (MCTs) against SVV: caprylic acid, caprylic monoglyceride, capric monoglyceride, and monolaurin. Results In vitro experiments showed that monolaurin inhibited viral replication by up to 80%, while in vivo studies showed that monolaurin reduced clinical manifestations, viral load, and organ damage in SVV-infected piglets. Monolaurin significantly reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines and promoted the release of interferon-γ, which enhanced the viral clearance activity of this type of MCFA. Discussion Therefore, monolaurin is a potentially effective candidate for the treatment of SVV infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanqiu Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Innovation Center of Guangdong Nuacid Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Innovation Center of Guangdong Nuacid Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China
| | - Huangzuo Cheng
- Innovation Center of Guangdong Nuacid Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Youjun Hu
- Innovation Center of Guangdong Nuacid Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China,*Correspondence: Youjun Hu ✉
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Zhiwen Xu ✉
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Yang L, Zhao Z, Luo D, Liang M, Zhang Q. Global Metabolomics of Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Explore Metabolic Adaptation to Fresh Water in Insects. INSECTS 2022; 13:823. [PMID: 36135524 PMCID: PMC9503472 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic insects are well-adapted to freshwater environments, but metabolic mechanisms of such adaptations, particularly to primary environmental factors (e.g., hypoxia, water pressure, dark light, and abundant microbes), are poorly known. Most firefly species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are terrestrial, but the larvae of a few species are aquatic. We generated 24 global metabolomic profiles of larvae and adults of Aquatica leii (freshwater) and Lychnuris praetexta (terrestrial) to identify freshwater adaptation-related metabolites (AARMs). We identified 110 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) in A. leii (adults vs. aquatic larvae) and 183 DAMs in L. praetexta (adults vs. terrestrial larvae). Furthermore, 100 DAMs specific to aquatic A. leii larvae were screened as AARMs via interspecific comparisons (A. leii vs. L. praetexta), which were primarily involved in antioxidant activity, immune response, energy production and metabolism, and chitin biosynthesis. They were assigned to six categories/superclasses (e.g., lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compound). Finally, ten metabolic pathways shared between KEGG terms specific to aquatic fireflies and enriched by AARMs were screened as aquatic adaptation-related pathways (AARPs). These AARPs were primarily involved in energy metabolism, xenobiotic biodegradation, protection of oxidative/immune damage, oxidative stress response, and sense function (e.g., glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, and taste transduction), and certain aspects of morphology (e.g., steroid hormone biosynthesis). These results provide evidence suggesting that abundance changes in metabolomes contribute to freshwater adaptation of fireflies. The metabolites identified here may be vital targets for future work to determine the mechanism of freshwater adaptation in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zishun Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- YEN, Chuxiong People’s Hospital, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - Mingzhong Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Ocean College, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Mudgil P. Antimicrobial Tear Lipids in the Ocular Surface Defense. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:866900. [PMID: 35433501 PMCID: PMC9008483 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.866900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of antimicrobial lipids as effectors of innate host defense is an emerging field. There is limited knowledge on the antimicrobial role of lipids in the ocular environment. Tears act as first line of defense to protect the ocular surface from infections. Antimicrobial effects of tear lipids have been demonstrated using meibomian lipids that are the source of majority of lipids in tears. This article describes the knowledge available on the antimicrobial role of tear lipids at the ocular surface and the antimicrobial potential of various lipid classes present in tears that can contribute to antimicrobial protection of the eye. Like other mucosal secretions, tears contain many proteins and lipids with known antimicrobial effects. The antimicrobial defense of tears is far stronger than can be demonstrated by the effects of individual compounds many of which are present in low concentrations but synergistic and additive interactions between them provide substantial antimicrobial protection to the ocular surface. It is inferred that antimicrobial lipids play important role in innate defense of tears, and cooperative interactions between various antimicrobial lipids and proteins in tears provide a potent host defense mechanism that is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens and renders self-sterilizing properties to tears for keeping the microbial load low at the ocular surface.
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Raghavan PR. Metadichol®: A Novel Nanolipid Formulation That Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and a Multitude of Pathological Viruses In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1558860. [PMID: 35039793 PMCID: PMC8760534 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1558860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing outbreaks of new pathogenic viruses have promoted the exploration of novel alternatives to time-consuming vaccines. Thus, it is necessary to develop a universal approach to halt the spread of new and unknown viruses as they are discovered. One such promising approach is to target lipid membranes, which are common to all viruses and bacteria. The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has reaffirmed the importance of interactions between the virus envelope and the host cell plasma membrane as a critical mechanism of infection. Metadichol®, a nanolipid emulsion of long-chain alcohols, has been demonstrated as a strong candidate that inhibits the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2. Naturally derived substances, such as long-chain saturated lipid alcohols, reduce viral infectivity, including that of coronaviruses (such as SARS-CoV-2) by modifying their lipid-dependent attachment mechanism to human host cells. The receptor ACE2 mediates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells, whereas the serine protease TMPRSS2 primes the viral S protein. In this study, Metadichol® was found to be 270 times more potent an inhibitor of TMPRSS2 (EC50 = 96 ng/mL) than camostat mesylate (EC50 = 26000 ng/mL). Additionally, it inhibits ACE with an EC50 of 71 ng/mL, but it is a very weak inhibitor of ACE2 at an EC50 of 31 μg/mL. Furthermore, the live viral assay performed in Caco-2 cells revealed that Metadichol® inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication at an EC90 of 0.16 μg/mL. Moreover, Metadichol® had an EC90 of 0.00037 μM, making it 2081 and 3371 times more potent than remdesivir (EC50 = 0.77 μM) and chloroquine (EC50 = 1.14 μM), respectively.
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Kim JH, Didi-Cohen S, Khozin-Goldberg I, Zilberg D. Translating the diatom-grazer defense mechanism to antiparasitic treatment for monogenean infection in guppies. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Leclercq L, Tessier J, Nardello-Rataj V, Schmitzer AR. Highly Active, Entirely Biobased Antimicrobial Pickering Emulsions. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2223-2230. [PMID: 33735940 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present the development of surfactant-free, silica-free and fully biobased oil-in-water antimicrobial Pickering emulsions, based on the self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin and phytoantimicrobial oils (terpinen-4-ol or carvacrol). Undecylenic acid (UA), derived from castor oil, can be used as bio-based drug to treat fungal infection, but is less effective than petroleum-based drugs as azole derivatives. To maximize its antifungal potential, we have incorporated UA in fully biobased Pickering emulsions. These emulsions are effective against fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The carvacrol emulsion charged with UA is +390 % and +165 % more potent against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), compared to UA and azole-based commercial formulations. Moreover, this emulsion is up to +480 % more efficient that UA ointment against C. albicans. Finally, remarkable eradication of E. coli and MRSA biofilms was obtained with this environmental-friendly emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Leclercq
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, 59000, Lille, France.,Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C3J7, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Tessier
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C3J7, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Nardello-Rataj
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Andreea-Ruxandra Schmitzer
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C3J7, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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12
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Fletcher NF, Meredith LW, Tidswell EL, Bryden SR, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Chaudhry Y, Shannon-Lowe C, Folan MA, Lefteri DA, Pingen M, Bailey D, McKimmie CS, Baird AW. A novel antiviral formulation inhibits a range of enveloped viruses. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1090-1102. [PMID: 32692647 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Some free fatty acids derived from milk and vegetable oils are known to have potent antiviral and antibacterial properties. However, therapeutic applications of short- to medium-chain fatty acids are limited by physical characteristics such as immiscibility in aqueous solutions. We evaluated a novel proprietary formulation based on an emulsion of short-chain caprylic acid, ViroSAL, for its ability to inhibit a range of viral infections in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, ViroSAL inhibited the enveloped viruses Epstein-Barr, measles, herpes simplex, Zika and orf parapoxvirus, together with Ebola, Lassa, vesicular stomatitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) pseudoviruses, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Evaluation of the components of ViroSAL revealed that caprylic acid was the main antiviral component; however, the ViroSAL formulation significantly inhibited viral entry compared with caprylic acid alone. In vivo, ViroSAL significantly inhibited Zika and Semliki Forest virus replication in mice following the inoculation of these viruses into mosquito bite sites. In agreement with studies investigating other free fatty acids, ViroSAL had no effect on norovirus, a non-enveloped virus, indicating that its mechanism of action may be surfactant disruption of the viral envelope. We have identified a novel antiviral formulation that is of great interest for the prevention and/or treatment of a broad range of enveloped viruses, particularly those of the skin and mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F Fletcher
- Institute of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Luke W Meredith
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Emma L Tidswell
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Steven R Bryden
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel Gonçalves-Carneiro
- Present address: Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael A Folan
- Westgate Biomedical Ltd, Lough Eske, Donegal Town, Co. Donegal, Ireland.,Institute of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniella A Lefteri
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marieke Pingen
- Present address: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.,Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Clive S McKimmie
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alan W Baird
- Institute of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Fischer CL. Antimicrobial Activity of Host-Derived Lipids. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E75. [PMID: 32054068 PMCID: PMC7168235 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-derived lipids are increasingly recognized as antimicrobial molecules that function in innate immune activities along with antimicrobial peptides. Sphingoid bases and fatty acids found on the skin, in saliva and other body fluids, and on all mucosal surfaces, including oral mucosa, exhibit antimicrobial activity against a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and reduce inflammation in animal models. Multiple studies demonstrate that the antimicrobial activity of lipids is both specific and selective. There are indications that the site of action of antimicrobial fatty acids is the bacterial membrane, while the long-chain bases may inhibit cell wall synthesis as well as interacting with bacterial membranes. Research in this area, although still sporadic, has slowly increased in the last few decades; however, we still have much to learn about antimicrobial lipid mechanisms of activity and their potential use in novel drugs or topical treatments. One important potential benefit for the use of innate antimicrobial lipids (AMLs) as antimicrobial agents is the decreased likelihood side effects with treatment. Multiple studies report that endogenous AML treatments do not induce damage to cells or tissues, often decrease inflammation, and are active against biofilms. The present review summarizes the history of antimicrobial lipids from the skin surface, including both fatty acids and sphingoid bases, in multiple human body systems and summarizes their relative activity against various microorganisms. The range of antibacterial activities of lipids present at the skin surface and in saliva is presented. Some observations relevant to mechanisms of actions are discussed, but are largely still unknown. Multiple recent studies examine the therapeutic and prophylactic uses of AMLs. Although these lipids have been repeatedly demonstrated to act as innate effector molecules, they are not yet widely accepted as such. These compiled data further support fatty acid and sphingoid base inclusion as innate effector molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Fischer
- Biology Department, Waldorf University, Forest City, IA 50436, USA
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14
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Chen KY, Kim IH, Hou CT, Watanabe Y, Kim HR. Monoacylglycerol of 7,10-Dihydroxy-8( E)-octadecenoic Acid Enhances Antibacterial Activities against Food-Borne Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8191-8196. [PMID: 31282662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of free fatty acids into monoacylglycerol gives rise to new structural properties, particularly amphipathic property. Therefore, monoacylglycerols are widely used in pharmaceutical and food industries and are also reported to facilitate better absorption into the human body. A functional fatty acid when transformed into a monoacylglycerol will possibly conserve both the original functionality and amphipathic property. The compound 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) was generated from oleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 and was known to contain antimicrobial activities against a broad range of food-borne and plant pathogenic bacteria. Here, we attempted to convert DOD into its monoacylglycerol form using lipase for producing an amphipathic antibacterial agent. Consequently, the monoacylglycerol of DOD (DOD-MAG) was successfully produced by coincubating DOD, glycerol, and lipase at 30 °C. The maximum conversion yield reached 70% after 12 h of incubation. Antibacterial activity of DOD-MAG was enhanced by 8 times from the original activity of DOD against food-borne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - In Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School , Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Ching T Hou
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit , National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA , Peoria , Illinois 61604 , United States
| | - Yomi Watanabe
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology , Osaka , Japan
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15
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Serum fatty acids and progression from dengue fever to dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:787-796. [PMID: 30105961 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PUFA might modulate inflammatory responses involved in the development of severe dengue. We aimed to examine whether serum PUFA concentrations in patients diagnosed with dengue fever (DF) were related to the risk of progression to dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). A secondary aim was to assess correlations between fatty acids (FA) and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with DF. We conducted a prospective case-control study nested within a cohort of patients who were diagnosed with DF and followed during the acute episode. We compared the distribution of individual FA (% of total FA) at onset of fever between 109 cases who progressed to DHF/DSS and 235 DF non-progressing controls using unconditional logistic regression. We estimated correlations between baseline FA and cytokine concentrations and compared FA concentrations between the acute episode and >1 year post-convalescence in a subgroup. DHA was positively related to progression to DHF/DSS (multivariable adjusted OR (AOR) for DHA in quintile 5 v. 1=5·34, 95 % CI 2·03, 14·1; P trend=0·007). Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) was inversely associated with progression (AOR for quintile 5 v. 1=0·30, 95 % CI 0·13, 0·69; P trend=0·007). Pentadecanoic acid concentrations were inversely related to DHF/DSS. Correlations of PUFA with cytokines at baseline were low. PUFA were lower during the acute episode than in a disease-free period. In conclusion, serum DHA in patients with DF predicts higher odds of progression to DHF/DSS whereas DGLA and pentadecanoic acid predict lower odds.
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16
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Kawakami LM, Yoon BK, Jackman JA, Knoll W, Weiss PS, Cho NJ. Understanding How Sterols Regulate Membrane Remodeling in Supported Lipid Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14756-14765. [PMID: 29182278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The addition of single-chain lipid amphiphiles such as antimicrobial fatty acids and monoglycerides to confined, two-dimensional phospholipid bilayers can trigger the formation of three-dimensional membrane morphologies as a passive means to regulate stress. To date, relevant experimental studies have been conducted using pure phospholipid compositions, and extending such insights to more complex, biologically relevant lipid compositions that include phospholipids and sterols is warranted because sterols are important biological mediators of membrane stress relaxation. Herein, using the quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D) technique, we investigated membrane remodeling behaviors triggered by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), lauric acid (LA), and glycerol monolaurate (GML) to supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) composed of phospholipid and cholesterol mixtures. The SLB platforms were prepared by the solvent-assisted lipid bilayer method in order to form cholesterol-rich SLBs with tunable cholesterol fractions (0-52 mol %). The addition of SDS or LA to fabricated SLBs induced tubule formation, and the extent of membrane remodeling was greater in SLBs with higher cholesterol fractions. In marked contrast, GML addition led to bud formation, and the extent of membrane remodeling was lower in SLBs with higher cholesterol fractions. To explain these empirical observations, we discuss how cholesterol influences the elastic (stiffness) and viscous (stress relaxation) properties of phospholipid/cholesterol lipid bilayers as well as how the membrane translocation properties of single-chain lipid amphiphiles affect the corresponding membrane morphological responses. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that single-chain lipid amphiphiles induce highly specific membrane morphological responses across both simplified and complex model membranes, and cholesterol can promote or inhibit membrane remodeling by a variety of molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kawakami
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joshua A Jackman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
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17
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Eberhardt I, Gioria VV, Micheloud GA, Claus JD. Reduction of the infectivity of baculovirus stocks frozen at ultra-low temperature in serum-free media: The role of lipid emulsions. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1559-1569. [PMID: 27568921 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The infectivity of stocks of baculoviruses produced in serum-free media is sensitive to freezing at ultra-low temperatures. The objective of this work was to elucidate the causes of such sensitivity, using as a model the freezing of stocks of Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV), a baculovirus widely employed as biological insecticide. Titers of supernatants of cell cultures infected with AgMNPV in four different serum-free media supplemented with lipid emulsions were reduced by 50 to 90% after six months freezing. By using a full factorial experiment, freezing and lipid emulsion, as well as the interaction between them, were identified as the main factors reducing the viral titer. The virucidal effect of the lipid emulsion was reproduced by one of their components, the surfactant Polysorbate 80. Damaged viral envelopes were observed by transmission electron microscopy in most particles frozen in a medium supplemented with lipid emulsion or Polysorbate 80. Additionally, Polysorbate 80 also affected the infectivity of AgMNPV stocks that were incubated at 27°C. The identification of the roles played by the lipid emulsion and Polysorbate 80 is not only a contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the inactivation of baculovirus stocks produced in serum-free media during storage at ultra-low temperature, but is also an input for the rational development of new procedures aimed at improving both the preservation of baculovirus stocks and the composition of culture media for the production of baculovirus-based bioproducts in insect cells. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1559-1569, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Eberhardt
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, República Argentina
| | - Verónica Viviana Gioria
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, República Argentina
| | - Gabriela Analía Micheloud
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, República Argentina
| | - Juan Daniel Claus
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, República Argentina
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18
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Hauerlandová I, Lorencová E, Buňka F, Navrátil J, Janečková K, Buňková L. The influence of fat and monoacylglycerols on growth of spore-forming bacteria in processed cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 182-183:37-43. [PMID: 24859188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly undesirable microbial contaminants of processed cheese are endospore-forming bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium. Survival of Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Clostridium butyricum and C. sporogenes was examined in model processed cheese samples supplemented with monoacylglycerols. In processed cheese samples, monoacylglycerols of undecanoic, undecenoic, lauric and adamantane-1-carboxylic acid at concentration of 0.15% w/w prevented the growth and multiplication of both Bacillus species throughout the storage period. The two species of Clostridium were less affected by monoacylglycerols in processed cheese samples and only partial inhibition was observed. The effect of milk fat content on microbial survival in processed cheese was also evaluated. The growth of Bacillus sp. was affected by the fat level of processed cheese while population levels of Clostridium sp. did not differ in processed cheese samples with 30, 40 and 50% fat in dry matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hauerlandová
- Department of Fat, Tenside and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T. G. Masaryka 275, 76272 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Lorencová
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T. G. Masaryka 275, 76272 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - František Buňka
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T. G. Masaryka 275, 76272 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Navrátil
- Department of Fat, Tenside and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T. G. Masaryka 275, 76272 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Janečková
- Department of Fat, Tenside and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T. G. Masaryka 275, 76272 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Leona Buňková
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T. G. Masaryka 275, 76272 Zlín, Czech Republic.
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19
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Sassaki GL, Rattmann YD, Santana-Filho AP, Riter DS, Iagher F, Trindade ES, da Silva MD, Santos ARS, de Souza LM, Iacomini M, Gorin PAJ. Galactofuranosyl glycosides: immunomodulatory effects on macrophages and in vivo enhancement of lethality on sepsis. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:29-37. [PMID: 23756126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Galactofuranoside derivatives were synthesised by the classic Fischer glycosydation method, and their immune modulation properties were studied in vitro and in vivo. NMR spectroscopic and ESI-MS analyses confirmed the purity and authenticity of all derivatives. Their phagocyte capacities were tested in resident macrophages. Methyl β-galactofuranoside (GFB-Me) and n-octyl β-galactofuranoside (GFB-O) had an immune stimulant effect at 25μmolml(-1) with an enhancement of 35.12%±0.06 SD and 17.49%±0.11 SD, respectively, but Methyl α-galactofuranoside (GFA-Me) and n-octyl α-galactofuranoside (GFA-O) gave a low immune response. Methyl α-galactofuranoside 5,6-O-isopropylidene (GFA-IP) and Methyl β-galactofuranoside 5,6-O-isopropylidene (GFB-IP) had negative values relative to the control group of minus 4.96%±0.10 SD and -40.72%±0.07 SD, respectively. Furthermore, GFB-Me and GFB-Me-IP were evaluated in vivo on the lethality induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Cytokine levels and iNOS expression were determined and correlated to mortality data. The results showed that the free HO-5 and HO-6 and the β-configuration are essential for the induction of phagocytic activity by the galactofuranosyl units. The methyl β-galactofuranosides also enhanced lethality during sepsis, increasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme L Sassaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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20
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Thormar H, Hilmarsson H. Glycerol monocaprate (monocaprin) reduces contamination by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis on hard surfaces. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Monoglyceride esters of fatty acids occur naturally and encompass a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Monocaprylate is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) and can function both as an emulsifier and as a preservative in food. However, knowledge about its mode of action is lacking. The aim of this study was therefore to elucidate the mechanism behind monocaprylate's antimicrobial effect. The cause of cell death in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii was investigated by examining monocaprylate's effect on cell structure, membrane integrity, and its interaction with model membranes. Changes in cell structure were visible by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and propidium iodide staining showed membrane disruption, indicating the membrane as a site of action. This indication was confirmed by measuring calcein leakage from membrane vesicles exposed to monocaprylate. AFM imaging of supported lipid bilayers visualized the integration of monocaprylate into the liquid disordered, and not the solid ordered, phase of the membrane. The integration of monocaprylate was confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance measurements, showing an abrupt increase in mass and hydration of the membrane after exposure to monocaprylate above a threshold concentration. We hypothesize that monocaprylate destabilizes membranes by increasing membrane fluidity and the number of phase boundary defects. The sensitivity of cells to monocaprylate will therefore depend on the lipid composition, fluidity, and curvature of the membrane.
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22
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Hilmarsson H, Traustason BS, Kristmundsdóttir T, Thormar H. Virucidal activities of medium- and long-chain fatty alcohols and lipids against respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 2: comparison at different pH levels. Arch Virol 2007; 152:2225-36. [PMID: 17891329 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that some lipids and fatty alcohols have microbicidal activities against a broad variety of pathogens. In this study, virucidal activities of fatty acids, monoglycerides and fatty alcohols were tested against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) at different concentrations, times and pH levels. The most active compounds were mixed with milk products and fruit juices and the mixtures tested for virucidal effects. The aim was to determine which compounds are the most active against these respiratory viruses and could possibly be used in pharmaceutical formulations or as additives to milk products or juice. Several compounds caused a significant inactivation of virus, and there was generally a good agreement between the activities against RSV and parainfluenza virus. By changing the pH from 7 to 4.2, the virucidal activities of some of the compounds were greatly increased, i.e., they inactivated virus in a shorter time and at lower concentrations. The most active compound tested was 1-monoglyceride of capric acid, monocaprin, which also showed activity against influenza A virus and significant virucidal activities after addition to milk products and fruit juices, even at a concentration as low as 0.06-0.12%. The significant virucidal activities of fatty alcohols and lipids on RSV and parainfluenza virus demonstrated in this in vitro study raise the question of the feasibility of using such compounds as ingredients in pharmaceutical dosage forms against respiratory infections caused by these viruses, and possibly other paramyxo- and myxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hilmarsson
- Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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23
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Thormar H, Hilmarsson H. The role of microbicidal lipids in host defense against pathogens and their potential as therapeutic agents. Chem Phys Lipids 2007; 150:1-11. [PMID: 17686469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.06.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipids such as fatty alcohols, free fatty acids and monoglycerides of fatty acids are known to be potent antimicrobial/microbicidal agents in vitro and to kill enveloped viruses, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi on contact. For over half a century several studies have tried to answer the question of whether or not lipids play a role in the natural host defense against pathogens. A comprehensive review is given of these studies, particularly concerning infections in skin and in mucosal membranes of the respiratory tract, and of the role of lipids in the antimicrobial activity of breast milk. Based on studies of the microbicidal activities of lipids, both in vitro and in vivo, the possibility of using such lipids as active ingredients in prophylactic and therapeutic dosage forms is considered and examples are given of studies of such pharmaceutical dosage forms in experimental animal models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halldor Thormar
- Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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24
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Hilmarsson H, Larusson LV, Thormar H. Virucidal effect of lipids on visna virus, a lentivirus related to HIV. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1217-24. [PMID: 16388394 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural lipids and fatty alcohols show virucidal activities against enveloped viruses. A virucidal profile of these compounds against visna virus (VV), a lentivirus related to HIV, or against other viruses of the genus Lentivirus has not been established before and could help elucidate how lipids inactivate enveloped viruses and assist in the development of virucidal drugs. The activity profile for VV may not exactly reflect the profile for HIV or for the lentivirus subgroup in general, but the results for VV are in agreement with earlier studies, which have shown that lipids become generally more virucidal at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hilmarsson
- Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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25
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Thormar H, Hilmarsson H, Bergsson G. Stable concentrated emulsions of the 1-monoglyceride of capric acid (monocaprin) with microbicidal activities against the food-borne bacteria Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:522-6. [PMID: 16391087 PMCID: PMC1352223 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.1.522-526.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 11 fatty acids and monoglycerides tested against Campylobacter jejuni, the 1-monoglyceride of capric acid (monocaprin) was the most active in killing the bacterium. Various monocaprin-in-water emulsions were prepared which were stable after storage at room temperature for many months and which retained their microbicidal activity. A procedure was developed to manufacture up to 500 ml of 200 mM preconcentrated emulsions of monocaprin in tap water. The concentrates were clear and remained stable for at least 12 months. They were active against C. jejuni upon 160- to 200-fold dilution in tap water and caused a >6- to 7-log(10) reduction in viable bacterial count in 1 min at room temperature. The addition of 0.8% Tween 40 to the concentrates as an emulsifying agent did not change the microbicidal activity. Emulsions of monocaprin killed a variety of Campylobacter isolates from humans and poultry and also killed strains of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari, indicating a broad anticampylobacter activity. Emulsions of 1.25 mM monocaprin in citrate-lactate buffer at pH 4 to 5 caused a >6- to 7-log(10) reduction in viable bacterial counts of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in 10 min. C. jejuni was also more susceptible to monocaprin emulsions at low pH. The addition of 5 and 10 mM monocaprin emulsions to Campylobacter-spiked chicken feed significantly reduced the bacterial contamination. These results are discussed in view of the possible utilization of monocaprin emulsions in controlling the spread of food-borne bacteria from poultry to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halldor Thormar
- Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Mori I, Nishiyama Y. Herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus: why do these human alphaherpesviruses behave so differently from one another? Rev Med Virol 2005; 15:393-406. [PMID: 16173110 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Herpesviridae family of viruses are classified into the alpha, beta and gamma subfamilies. The alpha subfamily is estimated to have diverged from the beta and gamma subfamilies 200-220 million years ago. The ancestors of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), two ubiquitous and clinically important human pathogens, appeared 70-80 million years ago. As these viruses coevolved with their specific primate hosts, genetic rearrangements led to the development of the contemporary alphaherpesviruses and their distinct complement of genes. Here the distinct features of HSV and VZV are discussed in terms of their transmissibility, clinical picture, tissue tropism, establishment of latency/reactivation and immune evasion, which can, at least in part, be explained by differences in their genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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