1
|
Brembach TC, Sabat R, Witte K, Schwerdtle T, Wolk K. Molecular and functional changes in neutrophilic granulocytes induced by nicotine: a systematic review and critical evaluation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281685. [PMID: 38077313 PMCID: PMC10702484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over 1.1 billion people smoke worldwide. The alkaloid nicotine is a prominent and addictive component of tobacco. In addition to tumors and cardiovascular disorders, tobacco consumption is associated with a variety of chronic-inflammatory diseases. Although neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophils) play a role in the pathogenesis of many of these diseases, the impact of nicotine on neutrophils has not been systematically reviewed so far. Objectives The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the direct influence of nicotine on human neutrophil functions, specifically on cell death/damage, apoptosis, chemotaxis, general motility, adhesion molecule expression, eicosanoid synthesis, cytokine/chemokine expression, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), net antimicrobial activity, and enzyme release. Material and methods This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed in the databases NCBI Pubmed® and Web of Science™ in February 2023. Inclusion criteria comprised English written research articles, showing in vitro studies on the direct impact of nicotine on specified human neutrophil functions. Results Of the 532 originally identified articles, data from 34 articles were finally compiled after several evaluation steps. The considered studies highly varied in methodological aspects. While at high concentrations (>3 mmol/l) nicotine started to be cytotoxic to neutrophils, concentrations typically achieved in blood of smokers (in the nmol/l range) applied for long exposure times (24-72h) supported the survival of neutrophils. Smoking-relevant nicotine concentrations also increased the chemotaxis of neutrophils towards several chemoattractants, elevated their production of elastase, lipocalin-2, CXCL8, leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2, and reduced their integrin expression. Moreover, while nicotine impaired the neutrophil phagocytotic and anti-microbial activity, a range of studies demonstrated increased NET formation. However, conflicting effects were found on ROS generation, selectin expression and release of β-glucuronidase and myeloperoxidase. Conclusion Nicotine seems to support the presence in the tissue and the inflammatory and selected tissue-damaging activity of neutrophils and reduces their antimicrobial functions, suggesting a direct contribution of nicotine to the pathogenesis of chronic-inflammatory diseases via influencing the neutrophil biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa-Charlotte Brembach
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Witte
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu J, Jing Z, Shen D, Yang M, Liu K, Xiang K, Zhou C, Gong X, Deng Y, Li Y, Yang S. Quercetin promotes autophagy to alleviate cigarette smoke-related periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:1082-1095. [PMID: 37533377 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cigarette smoking has been reported as an independent risk factor for periodontitis. Tobacco toxins affect periodontal tissue not only locally but also systemically, leading to the deterioration and recurrence of periodontitis. However, the mechanism of cigarette smoke-related periodontitis (CSRP) is unclear and thus lacks targeted treatment strategies. Quercetin, a plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoid, has been reported to have therapeutic effects on periodontitis due to its documented antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of quercetin on CSRP and elucidated the underlying mechanism. METHODS The cigarette smoke-related ligature-induced periodontitis mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and silk ligation of bilateral maxillary second molars. Quercetin was adopted by gavage as a therapeutic strategy. Micro-computed tomography was used to evaluate the alveolar bone resorption. Immunohistochemistry detected the oxidative stress and autophagy markers in vivo. Cell viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8, and oxidative stress levels were tested by 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate probe and lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde assay kit. Alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining were used to determine osteogenic differentiation. Network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking, and western blot were utilized to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. RESULTS Alveolar bone resorption was exacerbated and oxidative stress products were accumulated during CSE exposure in vivo. Oxidative stress damage induced by CSE caused inhibition of osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Quercetin effectively protected the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) and periodontal tissue by upregulating the expression of Beclin-1 thus to promote autophagy and reduce oxidative stress damage. CONCLUSION Our results established a role of oxidative stress damage and autophagy dysfunction in the mechanism of CSE-induced destruction of periodontal tissue and hPDLCs, and provided a potential application value of quercetin to ameliorate CSRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Yu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Jing
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Danfeng Shen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingcong Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kehao Liu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Xiang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongjing Zhou
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuerui Gong
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangjia Deng
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhou Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Richards GA, Theron AJ, van den Bout I, Anderson R, Feldman C, van Zyl Smit R, Chang JW, Tintinger GR. Comparison of the effects of electronic cigarette vapours and tobacco smoke extracts on human neutrophils in vitro. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00502-2022. [PMID: 37228295 PMCID: PMC10204819 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00502-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are electronic aerosol delivery systems composed of nicotine and various chemicals, which are widely used to facilitate smoking cessation. Although ECs are considered safer than cigarettes, they do, however, contain chemical toxicants, some of which may interact with cells of the host's innate immune system of which neutrophils constitute a key component. Methods The current study was designed to compare the effects of aqueous EC aerosol extracts (ECEs; with or without nicotine) with those of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on neutrophil and platelet reactivity in vitro. Neutrophil reactivity is characterised by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation (elastase release) and the release of extracellular DNA (neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation: NETosis), which were measured using chemiluminescence, spectrophotometric and microscopic procedures, respectively. Platelet reactivity was measured according to the magnitude of upregulated expression of the adhesion molecule CD62P on activated cells using a flow cytometric procedure. Results Exposure of neutrophils to either ECEs or CSE caused a significant inhibition of ROS generation and elastase release by N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (1 µM)-activated neutrophils. Pre-treatment of neutrophils with CSE also resulted in a marked attenuation of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (6.25 nM)-mediated release of extracellular DNA, which was unaffected by the ECEs. Similarly, CSE, but not the ECEs, inhibited the expression of CD62P by platelets activated with ADP (100 µM). Conclusions These observations suggest that ECE aerosols may inhibit some of the immuno-protective activities of neutrophils such as ROS production and elastase release by activated cells, the effect of which was not enhanced by inclusion of nicotine. The inhibitory effects of CSE were significantly more pronounced than those of ECEs, especially so for suppression of NET formation and platelet activation. If operative in vivo, these harmful immunosuppressive effects of ECEs may compromise intrinsic pulmonary antimicrobial defence mechanisms, albeit less so than cigarette smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy A. Richards
- Division of Critical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Annette J. Theron
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Iman van den Bout
- Centre of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard van Zyl Smit
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ju-Wei Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gregory R. Tintinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Azab E, Attia A, Yaghmoor W, Aldahlawi S, Youssef AR. The Impact of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Serum Levels of Dickkopf-Related Protein-1 in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Periodontitis: A Prospective Comparative Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2022; 14:191-198. [PMID: 35789574 PMCID: PMC9250341 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s362801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients and Methods Results Conclusion
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Azab
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Ehab Azab, Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Prince Sultan Road, Makkah, 21421, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 12 527 0000, Email
| | - Alaa Attia
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wael Yaghmoor
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Aldahlawi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Rahman Youssef
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kakade P, Zope SA, Suragimath G, Varma S, Kale A, Mashalkar V. Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy (NSPT) on Salivary Glutathione Reductase (GR) in Smokers And Periodontitis Subjects. ANNALS OF DENTAL SPECIALTY 2022. [DOI: 10.51847/wzghl73bwk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
6
|
Cheng X, Zhou X, Liu C, Xu X. Oral Osteomicrobiology: The Role of Oral Microbiota in Alveolar Bone Homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:751503. [PMID: 34869060 PMCID: PMC8635720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.751503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteomicrobiology is a new research field in which the aim is to explore the role of microbiota in bone homeostasis. The alveolar bone is that part of the maxilla and mandible that supports the teeth. It is now evident that naturally occurring alveolar bone loss is considerably stunted in germ-free mice compared with specific-pathogen-free mice. Recently, the roles of oral microbiota in modulating host defense systems and alveolar bone homeostasis have attracted increasing attention. Moreover, the mechanistic understanding of oral microbiota in mediating alveolar bone remodeling processes is undergoing rapid progress due to the advancement in technology. In this review, to provide insight into the role of oral microbiota in alveolar bone homeostasis, we introduced the term “oral osteomicrobiology.” We discussed regulation of alveolar bone development and bone loss by oral microbiota under physiological and pathological conditions. We also focused on the signaling pathways involved in oral osteomicrobiology and discussed the bridging role of osteoimmunity and influencing factors in this process. Finally, the critical techniques for osteomicrobiological investigations were introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingqun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rahate PS, Kolte RA, Kolte AP, Lathiya VN, Gupta M, Chari S. Evaluation of stress, serum and salivary ghrelin and cortisol levels in smokers and non-smokers with stage iii periodontitis - A cross-sectional study. J Periodontol 2021; 93:1131-1140. [PMID: 34859428 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to investigate the serum and salivary ghrelin and cortisol levels in smokers and non-smokers with Stage III Periodontitis. METHODS The present study comprised of a total of 90 systemically healthy patients categorized in three groups: Group I- Periodontally healthy patients; Group II- Non-smokers with Stage III Periodontitis and Group III- Smokers with Stage III periodontitis. Clinical parameters of Probing pocket depth (PPD), Clinical attachment levels (CAL), Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI) and Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI)were recorded and biochemical parameters of serum and salivary ghrelin and cortisol levels were analyzed via Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Stress levels were assessed using Zung's self-rating depression scale. RESULTS Serum and salivary ghrelin values were found to be higher in Group II (620.25 ± 260.86 pg/ml, 892.40 ± 271.65 pg/ml respectively) as compared to Group III. Similarly, salivary as well as serum cortisol levels were higher in Group III (20.78 ± 9.23 pg/ml, 399.37 ±189.21 pg/ml respectively) as compared to Group II (16.36 ± 8.88 pg/ml, 320.68 ± 107.01 pg/ml respectively). In Group III, a direct correlation was observed between stress, serum and salivary cortisol levels while an inverse correlation was found between stress, serum and salivary ghrelin levels. Group III showed a greater number of depressed patients followed by Group II and I. CONCLUSION As per the results smokers with Stage III Periodontitis exhibit an elevated stress and cortisol levels, lower serum and salivary ghrelin levels as compared to the non-smokers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S Rahate
- Department of Periodontics & Implant Dentistry, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Rajashri A Kolte
- Department of Periodontics & Implant Dentistry, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Abhay P Kolte
- Department of Periodontics & Implant Dentistry, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Vrushali N Lathiya
- Department of Periodontics & Implant Dentistry, VSPM Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Madhur Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Suresh Chari
- Department of Biochemistry, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Science, Nagpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Serov D, Tikhonova I, Safronova V, Astashev M. Calcium activity in response to nAChR ligands in murine bone marrow granulocytes with different Gr-1 expression. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1533-1545. [PMID: 33739565 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMNs) are the largest proportion of leukocytes in adult human blood that perform numerous functions, including phagocytosis, degranulation, generation of reactive oxygen species, and NETosis. Excessive neutrophil activity associates with hyperinflammation and tissue damage during pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, and coronavirus disease 2019. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can modulate immune cells, including neutrophils, functions, therefore, nAChR ligands are considered as the potent agents for therapy of inflammation. Earlier it was shown, that about 30% of PMNs from the acute inflammatory site responded to nicotine by calcium spikes. In this study, we studied the generation of calcium spikes in murine granulocytes with different maturity level (evaluated by Gr-1 expression) isolated from bone marrow in response to ligands of nAChRs in control and under chronic nicotine consumption. It was found that nearly 20%-25% cells in the granulocyte population responded to nicotine or selective antagonists of different type of nAChRs (α-cobratoxin, GIC, and Vc1.1). We demonstrated that in the control group Ca2+ -mobilizing activity was regulated through α7 and α9α10 nAChRs in immature granulocytes (Gr-1int ), whereas in mature granulocytes (Gr-1hi ) it was regulated through α7, α3β2, and α9-contained nAChRs. Sensitivity of PMNs to nicotine depended on their maturity level after chronic nicotine consumption. Gr-1int cells responded to nicotine through α7 and α9-contained nAChRs, while Gr-1hi did not respond to nicotine. Thus, calcium response to nAChR ligands in bone marrow PMNs depends on their maturity level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Serov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Irina Tikhonova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valentina Safronova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Maksim Astashev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Silva H. Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease-The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:441. [PMID: 34067557 PMCID: PMC8156280 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful for the vasculature by causing microvascular dysfunction, which is known to negatively affect periodontal disease. To the author's knowledge this paper is the first comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which tobacco use affects oral microcirculation and impacts the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. In healthy subjects, acute nicotine administration or tobacco use (smoking/smokeless forms) increases the blood flow in the oral mucosa due to local irritation and increased blood pressure, which overcome neural- and endocrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Chronic tobacco smokers display an increased gingival microvascular density, which is attributed to an increased capillary recruitment, however, these microcirculatory units show higher tortuosity and lower caliber. These morphological changes, together with the repetitive vasoconstrictive insults, contribute to lower gingival perfusion in chronic smokers and do not completely regress upon smoking cessation. In periodontal disease there is considerable gingival inflammation and angiogenesis in non-smokers which, in chronic smokers, are considerably suppressed, in part due to local immune suppression and oxidative stress. Tobacco exposure, irrespective of the form of use, causes long-term microvascular dysfunction that increases the risk of complications due to the natural disease course or secondary therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Silva
- Informetrics Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Halder N, Lal G. Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660342. [PMID: 33936095 PMCID: PMC8082108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory, multifactorial diseases where the major triggering factors for disease onset are bacteria and their toxins, but the major part of tissue destruction occurs as a result of host response towards the periodontal microbiome. Periodontal microbiome consists of a wide range of microorganisms including obligate and facultative anaerobes. In health, there is a dynamic balance between the host, environment, and the microbiome. Environmental factors, mainly tobacco smoking and psychological stress, disrupt the symbiotic relationship. Tobacco smoke and its components alter the bacterial surface and functions such as growth. Psychological stressors and stress hormones may affect the outcome of an infection by changing the virulence factors and/or host response. This review aims to provide currently available data on the effects of the major environmental factors on the periodontal microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jasper AE, Sapey E, Thickett D, Scott A. Comment on "E-cigarette use increases susceptibility to bacterial infection by impairment of human neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and NET formation". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C704-C705. [PMID: 32150453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00554.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Jasper
- Birmingham Acute Care Research (BACR) group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research (BACR) group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Thickett
- Birmingham Acute Care Research (BACR) group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Scott
- Birmingham Acute Care Research (BACR) group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang Y, Zhou X, Cheng L, Li M. The Impact of Smoking on Subgingival Microflora: From Periodontal Health to Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:66. [PMID: 32063898 PMCID: PMC7000377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most common diseases of the oral cavity affecting up to 90% of the worldwide population. Smoking has been identified as a major risk factor in the development and progression of periodontal disease. It is essential to assess the influence of smoking on subgingival microflora that is the principal etiological factor of the disease to clarify the contribution of smoking to periodontal disease. Therefore, this article reviews the current research findings regarding the impact of smoking on subgingival microflora and discusses several potential mechanisms. Cultivation-based and targeted molecular approaches yield controversial results in determining the presence or absence of smoking-induced differences in the prevalence or levels of certain periodontal pathogens, such as the “red complex.” However, substantial changes in the subgingival microflora of smokers, regardless of their periodontal condition (clinical health, gingivitis, or periodontitis), have been demonstrated in recent microbiome studies. Available literature suggests that smoking facilitates early acquisition and colonization of periodontal pathogens, resulting in an “at-risk-for-harm” subgingival microbial community in the healthy periodontium. In periodontal diseases, the subgingival microflora in smokers is characterized by a pathogen-enriched community with lower resilience compared to that in non-smokers, which increases the difficulty of treatment. Biological changes in key pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, together with the ineffective host immune response for clearance, might contribute to alterations in the subgingival microflora in smokers. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary to provide solid evidence for the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Armitage GC. A brief history of periodontics in the United States of America: Pioneers and thought-leaders of the past, and current challenges. Periodontol 2000 2019; 82:12-25. [PMID: 31850629 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes historical events in periodontology in the United States over the past 200 years. The contributions of some of the key thought-leaders of the past are highlighted. Throughout the 20th century, the evolution of thought, leading to the views currently held regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal diseases, was significantly influenced by: (1) major changes in health-care education; (2) the emergence of periodontics as a specialty of dentistry; (3) the publication of peer-reviewed journals with an emphasis on periodontology; (4) formation of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); and (5) expansion of periodontal research programs by the NIDCR. The two major future challenges facing periodontal research are development of a better understanding of the ecological complexities of host-microbial interactions in periodontal health and disease, and identification of the relevant mechanisms involved in the predictable regeneration of damaged periodontal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Armitage
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Corriden R, Moshensky A, Bojanowski CM, Meier A, Chien J, Nelson RK, Crotty Alexander LE. E-cigarette use increases susceptibility to bacterial infection by impairment of human neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and NET formation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C205-C214. [PMID: 31664858 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00045.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes are portrayed as safer relative to conventional tobacco. However, burgeoning evidence suggests that E-cigarettes may adversely affect host defenses. However, the precise mechanisms by which E-cigarette vapor alters innate immune cell function have not been fully elucidated. We determined the effects of E-cigarette exposure on the function and responses to infectious challenge of the most abundant innate immune cell, the neutrophil, using isolated human neutrophils and a mouse model of gram-negative infection. Our results revealed that human neutrophils exposed to E-cigarette vapor had 4.2-fold reductions in chemotaxis toward the bacterial cell-well component f-Met-Leu-Phe (P < 0.001). F-actin polarization and membrane fluidity were also adversely affected by E-cigarette vapor exposure. E-cigarette-exposed human neutrophils exhibited a 48% reduction in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS; P < 0.001). Given the central role of ROS in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production, NET production was quantified, and E-cigarette vapor exposure was found to reduce NETosis by 3.5-fold (P < 0.01); formulations with and without nicotine containing propylene glycol exhibiting significant suppressive effects. However, noncanonical NETosis was unaffected. In addition, exposure to E-cigarette vapor lowered the rate of phagocytosis of bacterial bioparticles by 47% (P < 0.05). In our physiological mouse model of chronic E-cigarette exposure and sepsis, E-cigarette vapor inhalation led to reduced neutrophil migration in infected spaces and a higher burden of Pseudomonas. These findings provide evidence that E-cigarette use adversely impacts the innate immune system and may place E-cigarette users at higher risk for dysregulated inflammatory responses and invasive bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corriden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander Moshensky
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Christine M Bojanowski
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Angela Meier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason Chien
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ryan K Nelson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Khowal S, Wajid S. Role of Smoking-Mediated molecular events in the genesis of oral cancers. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:665-685. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1646372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Subgingivally delivered coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of chronic periodontitis among smokers: A randomized, controlled clinical study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2019; 9:204-208. [PMID: 31211037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coenzyme Q10 is an antioxidant whose efficacy in periodontal diseases is well known. However studies regarding its efficacy in smokers with periodontitis are few. Coenzyme Q10 serves as an endogenous antioxidant and its increased concentration in the diseased gingiva effectively suppresses advanced periodontal inflammation. Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in smokers with chronic periodontitis. Methods Total of 40 patients were enrolled for the study. The subjects were divided into control (Scaling and root planing only) and test group (Coenzyme Q10 plus Scaling and root planing). Clinical parameters such as plaque index, modified sulcular bleeding index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level. These were assessed at baseline, at 1 month and 3 month. The results were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Results There was a significant improvement in all clinical parameters in the test sites seen at the end of the 1 month and 3 month period. Conclusions Coenzyme Q10 can be said to have a beneficial effect on smokers with periodontitis when used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ryder MI, Couch ET, Chaffee BW. Personalized periodontal treatment for the tobacco- and alcohol-using patient. Periodontol 2000 2018; 78:30-46. [PMID: 30198132 PMCID: PMC6132065 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of various forms of tobacco is one of the most important preventable risk factors for the incidence and progression of periodontal disease. Tobacco use negatively affects treatment outcomes for both periodontal diseases and conditions, and for dental implants. Tobacco-cessation programs can mitigate these adverse dental treatment outcomes and may be the most effective component of a personalized periodontal treatment approach. In addition, heavy alcohol consumption may exacerbate the adverse effects of tobacco use. In this review, the microbiology, host/inflammatory responses and genetic characteristics of the tobacco-using patient are presented as a framework to aid the practitioner in developing personalized treatment strategies for these patients. These personalized approaches can be used for patients who use a variety of tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, smokeless tobacco products, e-cigarettes and other tobacco forms, as well as patients who consume large amounts of alcohol. In addition, principles for developing personalized tobacco-cessation programs, using both traditional and newer motivational and pharmacological approaches, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Ryder
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Couch
- Department or Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin W Chaffee
- Department or Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nicu EA, Rijkschroeff P, Wartewig E, Nazmi K, Loos BG. Characterization of oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils in periodontitis patients: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:149. [PMID: 30143044 PMCID: PMC6109268 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining oral health is a continuous and dynamic process that also involves the immune system. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) migrate from blood circulation and become apparent in the oral fluid. Controversies exist regarding the specific role of the oral PMNs (oPMNs) in the presence of chronic oral inflammation, such as periodontitis. In this study we characterized cell counts, activation status, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by oPMNs and circulatory (cPMNs), and the salivary protease activity, in subjects with and without periodontitis. Methods Venous blood and oral rinse samples were obtained from 19 patients with untreated periodontitis and 16 control subjects for PMN isolation. Apoptosis and expression of cell activation markers CD11b, CD63, and CD66b were analyzed using flow cytometry. Constitutive ROS generation was detected using dihydrorhodamine123. Additionally, ROS production in response to stimulation was evaluated in samples incubated with 10 μM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or Fusobacterium nucleatum. Total protease activity was measured using substrate PEK-054. Results Periodontitis patients presented with over 4 times higher oPMN counts compared to controls (p = 0.007), which was a predictor for the total protease activity (r2 = 0.399, P = 0.007). More oPMNs were apoptotic in periodontitis patients compared to the controls (P = 0.004). All three activation markers were more expressed on the oPMNs compared to the cPMNs (p < 0.05), and a higher expression of CD11b on the oPMNs from periodontitis patients was observed compared to the control subjects (P = 0.024). Constitutive ROS production per oPMN was higher compared to the cPMN (P < 0.001). Additional analysis showed that the oPMNs retained their ability to respond to stimulation, with no apparent differences between the periodontitis and control subjects. Conclusions Higher numbers of oral PMNs, being more apoptotic and having increased levels of degranulation markers were found in periodontitis compared to periodontal health. However, since the oPMNs in periodontitis were responsive to ex vivo stimulation, we conclude that the oPMNs are active in the oral ecosystem. It is currently unknown whether the oPMN counts, which correlated with the detected protease levels, are detrimental in the long term for the oral mucosa integrity. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered at the ISRCTN registry (trial ID ISRCTN15252886). Registration date August 11, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Opris Dent SRL, Sibiu, Romania.
| | - Patrick Rijkschroeff
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Wartewig
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081, LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jauhiainen LM, Suominen AL, Männistö S, Knuuttila M, Ylöstalo PV. Periodontal condition in relation to the adherence to nutrient recommendations in daily smokers. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:636-649. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leena M. Jauhiainen
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Oral Health Care Services; Health Centre; Kuopio Finland
| | - Anna L. Suominen
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
- Living Environment and Health Unit; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Kuopio Finland
- Public Health Evaluation and Projection Unit; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Helsinki Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Helsinki Finland
| | - Matti Knuuttila
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
- Unit of Oral Health Sciences; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu); Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Pekka V. Ylöstalo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
- Unit of Oral Health Sciences; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu); Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
White PC, Hirschfeld J, Milward MR, Cooper PR, Wright HJ, Matthews JB, Chapple IL. Cigarette smoke modifies neutrophil chemotaxis, neutrophil extracellular trap formation and inflammatory response-related gene expression. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:525-535. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. C. White
- School of Dentistry and Dental Hospital; University of Birmingham; Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - J. Hirschfeld
- School of Dentistry and Dental Hospital; University of Birmingham; Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - M. R. Milward
- School of Dentistry and Dental Hospital; University of Birmingham; Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - P. R. Cooper
- School of Dentistry and Dental Hospital; University of Birmingham; Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - H. J. Wright
- School of Dentistry and Dental Hospital; University of Birmingham; Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - J. B. Matthews
- School of Dentistry and Dental Hospital; University of Birmingham; Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham UK
| | - I. L.C. Chapple
- School of Dentistry and Dental Hospital; University of Birmingham; Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Radvar M, Shafaee H, Mohtasham N, Shiezadeh F, Zamanpour M. The effect of smoking on inflammatory cell infiltrate subtypes in gingival tissue of patients with chronic periodontitis. Electron Physician 2017; 9:4961-4967. [PMID: 28979729 PMCID: PMC5614279 DOI: 10.19082/4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Examinations on blood samples and gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with chronic periodontitis showed that smoking increased production of cytokines. Objective To evaluate the expression of immune markers on mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate at periodontitis and healthy tissue among smoking and non-smoking subjects. Methods This case-control study was performed on 41 patients who referred to a clinic of periodontology at a Mashhad dental school in Iran in 2016. The participants were all of Iranian Khorasanian ethnicity with age range of 35–65 years. Gingival biopsies were obtained during routine periodontal flap procedure. Immunohistochemistry using markers of CD20, CD3, CD68, and CD45RO was carried out. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 15, using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Results Nonsmoker subjects showed significantly greater numbers of CD20+, CD68+, CD3+ cells compared to smoker subjects, both at healthy and periodontitis tissue biopsies (p<0.00), whereas there was no significant difference in terms of CD45RO (p=0.120). Conclusion Cigarette smoking, results in infiltrative mononuclear chronic inflammatory cells reduction in connective periodontium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Radvar
- Associate Professor, Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hooman Shafaee
- Assistant Professor, Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Mohtasham
- Assistant Professor, Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farid Shiezadeh
- Associate Professor, Oral & Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Zamanpour
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Khorasan Shomali University of Medical Sciences, Boujnord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Clapp PW, Pawlak EA, Lackey JT, Keating JE, Reeber SL, Glish GL, Jaspers I. Flavored e-cigarette liquids and cinnamaldehyde impair respiratory innate immune cell function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L278-L292. [PMID: 28495856 PMCID: PMC5582929 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00452.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells of the respiratory tract are the first line of defense against pathogenic and environmental insults. Failure of these cells to perform their immune functions leaves the host susceptible to infection and may contribute to impaired resolution of inflammation. While combustible tobacco cigarettes have been shown to suppress respiratory immune cell function, the effects of flavored electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) and individual flavoring agents on respiratory immune cell responses are unknown. We investigated the effects of seven flavored nicotine-free e-liquids on primary human alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells. Cells were challenged with a range of e-liquid dilutions and assayed for their functional responses to pathogenic stimuli. End points included phagocytic capacity (neutrophils and macrophages), neutrophil extracellular trap formation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and cell-mediated cytotoxic response (NK cells). E-liquids were then analyzed via mass spectrometry to identify individual flavoring components. Three cinnamaldehyde-containing e-liquids exhibited dose-dependent broadly immunosuppressive effects. Quantitative mass spectrometry was used to determine concentrations of cinnamaldehyde in each of the three e-liquids, and cells were subsequently challenged with a range of cinnamaldehyde concentrations. Cinnamaldehyde alone recapitulated the impaired function observed with e-liquid exposures, and cinnamaldehyde-induced suppression of macrophage phagocytosis was reversed by addition of the small-molecule reducing agent 1,4-dithiothreitol. We conclude that cinnamaldehyde has the potential to impair respiratory immune cell function, illustrating an immediate need for further toxicological evaluation of chemical flavoring agents to inform regulation governing their use in e-liquid formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Clapp
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Erica A Pawlak
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Justin T Lackey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Keating
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steven L Reeber
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gupta N, Gupta ND, Goyal L, Moin S, Khan S, Gupta A, Garg S. The influence of smoking on the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and periodontal parameters in smoker and nonsmoker patients with chronic periodontitis: A clinicobiochemical study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2016; 6:S39-S43. [PMID: 27900249 PMCID: PMC5122871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Even though worldwide evidences tend to prove that smoking adversely influences periodontal health, there are few studies demonstrating the effect of levels of salivary matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in smokers. This study aimed to compare and quantify the levels of MMP-8 in smokers and also to evaluate the effect of smoking on periodontal indices in smokers and nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. METHODS A total number of 60 subjects were selected for the study and were divided into three groups: group I, healthy nonsmoking subjects; group II, nonsmoking patients with chronic periodontitis; group III, smoking patients with chronic periodontitis. Each group consisted of 20 subjects. Saliva sample was collected for the estimation of MMP-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using Quantikine human total MMP-8 immunoassay kit. RESULTS The levels of the salivary MMP-8 of group III was highest followed by group II and group I, the least. The other periodontal indices, viz. plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), were highest for group III, except for gingival index (GI). CONCLUSION This study suggests that MMP-8 is involved in periodontal destruction associated with smoking. Additionally, smoking exerts disastrous effects on immune response and can affect the pathogenesis of disease; hence, smoking results in increased severity of periodontal destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Gupta
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Narinder Dev Gupta
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Lata Goyal
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Shagufta Moin
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, U.P., India
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Akash Gupta
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, U.P., India
| | - Sagar Garg
- Department of Periodontics, Tamilnadu Government Dental College, Chennai, T.N., India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hosseinzadeh A, Thompson PR, Segal BH, Urban CF. Nicotine induces neutrophil extracellular traps. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1105-1112. [PMID: 27312847 PMCID: PMC5069087 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ab0815-379rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NETs serve to ensnare and kill microbial pathogens. However, NETs can at the same time contribute to tissue damage and excessive inflammation. Nicotine is a major toxic agent and has been associated with exacerbated inflammatory diseases. The current study aimed at investigating the role of nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco and electronic cigarettes, on triggering NET formation. We report that nicotine induces neutrophils to release NETs in a dose-dependent manner. Nicotine-induced NET formation is mediated via nicotine acetylcholine receptors, depends on Akt and PAD4 activation, but is Nox2-independent, as demonstrated by pharmacological inhibition of Nox2 and by use of Nox2-deficient mouse neutrophils. These findings demonstrate that nicotine induces NETs, which may in turn contribute to smoking-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine, Umeå, Sweden (MIMS)
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brahm H Segal
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA; and
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Constantin F Urban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden;
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine, Umeå, Sweden (MIMS)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
He CY, Gao XQ, Jiang LP. The impact of smoking on levels of chronic periodontitis-associated biomarkers. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:110-5. [PMID: 27450647 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of smoking on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-10 in patients with chronic periodontitis (ChP). METHODS This is an ex-vivo study. Our study consisted of 78 cases, all of which were diagnosed with ChP and were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among these 78 cases, 38 patients were classified into the smoking group (S-ChP group), and 40 patients in the non-smoking group (NS-ChP group). The clinical periodontal parameters of all patients were recorded, including the plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD), loss of attachment (LA) and sulcus bleeding index (SBI). Serum was collected from forearm blood to establish a Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) internalizing KB cell model. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the concentrations of MMP-1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the KB cell lysis solution as well as IL-10 and TNF-α in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). RESULTS Fewer Pg internalizing KB cell colonies were observed in the NS-ChP group than in the S-ChP group (P<0.01). When 400μL serum was added, there were remarkable differences in the concentrations of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 secreted from the KB cells between the S-ChP and NS-ChP groups (MMP-1: t=-21.71, P<0.01; TIMP-1: t=64.35, P<0.001). Additionally, when 800μL serum was added, there were significant differences in the concentrations of MMP-1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the KB cells between the S-ChP and NS-ChP groups (MMP-1: t=-81.89, P<0.001; MMP-9: t=-15.67, P<0.001; TIMP-1: t=109.4, P<0.001). The TNF-α levels were higher, but the IL-10 levels were lower in the GCF from the ChP patients in the S-ChP group than those in the NS-ChP group (both P<0.001). CONCLUSION The serum of S-ChP patients can enhance the concentrations of MMP-1 and MMP-9, but reduce TIMP-1 secreted from Pg internalizing KB cells. However, the concentration of TNF-α was increased and IL-10 was decreased. Abnormal concentrations of ChP-associated biomarkers may be conducive to the development and progression of ChP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan He
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, PR China
| | - Xiu-Qiu Gao
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, PR China
| | - Li-Peng Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Agarwal C, Baron TK, Mehta DS. Hidden truth of circulating neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophil) function in periodontally healthy smoker subjects. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:157-60. [PMID: 27143827 PMCID: PMC4847461 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.175175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Tobacco smoking is considered to be a major risk factor associated with periodontal disease. Smoking exerts a major effect on the protective elements of the immune response, resulting in an increase in the extent and severity of periodontal destruction. Aims: The aim of the present study was to assess viability and phagocytic function of neutrophils in circulating blood of the smokers and nonsmokers who are periodontally healthy. Settings and Design: Two hundred subjects in the mean range of 20–30 years of age were included in the study population. It was a retrospective study carried out for 6 months. Materials and Methods: Two hundred subjects were divided into four groups: 50 nonsmokers, 50 light smokers (<5 cigarettes/day), 50 moderate smokers (5–15 cigarettes/day), and 50 heavy smokers (>15 cigarettes/day). Full mouth plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, and probing depths were measured. Percentage viability of circulating neutrophils and average number of phagocytosed Candida albicans were recorded. Statistical Analysis Used: Means and standard deviations were calculated from data obtained within the groups. Comparison between the smokers and nonsmokers was performed by Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA analysis. Comparison between smoker groups was performed using Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test. Results: Percentage viability of neutrophils was significantly less in heavy smokers (66.9 ± 4.0), moderate (76.6 ± 4.2), light smokers (83.1 ± 2.5) as compared to nonsmokers (92.3 ± 2.6) (P < 0.01). The ability of neutrophils to phagocytose, i.e., mean particle number was significantly less in light smokers (3.5 ± 0.5), moderate smokers (2.3 ± 0.5), and heavy smokers (1.4 ± 0.5) compared to nonsmokers (4.9 ± 0.7) (P < 0.01) with evidence of dose-response effect. Conclusions: Smoking significantly affects neutrophils viability and phagocytic function in periodontally healthy population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Agarwal
- Department of Periodontology, Jodhpur Dental College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Baron
- Department of Periodontology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhoom Singh Mehta
- Department of Periodontology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gupta N, Gupta ND, Garg S, Goyal L, Gupta A, Khan S, Moin S. The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus and smoking on periodontal parameters and salivary matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels. J Oral Sci 2016; 58:1-6. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.58.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Gupta
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University
| | - Narinder D. Gupta
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University
| | - Sagar Garg
- Department of Periodontics, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College
| | - Lata Goyal
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University
| | - Akash Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Subharti Medical College
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University
| | - Shagufta Moin
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Johannsen A, Susin C, Gustafsson A. Smoking and inflammation: evidence for a synergistic role in chronic disease. Periodontol 2000 2015; 64:111-26. [PMID: 24320959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the most important preventable risk factor for periodontitis; however, the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for the detrimental effects of smoking on periodontal health remain largely unclear. It is also well established that smoking has a negative impact on several inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this paper was to review smoking-related changes in local and systemic host responses with a focus on cellular and molecular effects that could explain a hyperinflammatory response leading to periodontal destruction. Biological mechanisms that may be common to periodontal disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases were also explored, together with gene-smoking interactions. An epidemiologic perspective on the burden of smoking on periodontal health and the potential for smoking cessation is also presented. Tobacco smoking seems to induce changes ranging from decreased leukocyte chemotaxis to decreased production of immunoglobulins. Smoking also seems to cause a stronger inflammatory reaction with an increased release of potentially tissue-destructive substances (e.g. reactive oxygen species, collagenase, serine proteases and proinflammatory cytokines). These findings support a hypothesis that periodontitis is a hyperinflammatory condition rather than a hypo-inflammatory condition.
Collapse
|
30
|
Villa-Correa YA, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Prognostic Value of 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine and Human Neutrophil Elastase/α1-Proteinase Inhibitor Complex as Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2015; 86:1260-7. [PMID: 26177632 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and human neutrophil elastase/α1-proteinase inhibitor (HNE/α1-PI) complex have been regarded as reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress in inflammatory conditions. This study investigates whether the salivary levels of these two analytes may be linked with periodontal health status. METHODS One hundred ten patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 50 healthy controls were selected. Periodontal status was assessed by criteria based on probing depth, clinical attachment level, and extent and severity of periodontal breakdown. 8-OHdG and HNE/α1-PI salivary levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association of these analytes with CP was analyzed individually and adjusted for confounding factors using a multivariate binary logistic regression model. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of both markers were detected in the CP group in comparison to controls. Weak-to-moderate positive significant correlations between salivary biomarkers and clinical parameters were observed. After binary logistic regression analysis, salivary levels of 8-OHdG >17.35 ng/mL and HNE/α1-PI complex >158.28 ng/mL were independently associated with disease status. Interaction effects among candidate prognostic variables were also noted. CONCLUSIONS Increased salivary levels of 8-OHdG and HNE/α1-PI complex may be strong, independent prognostic indicators of the amount and extent of oxidative stress-induced periodontal breakdown. In addition, unstimulated whole saliva samples might reflect a synergistic biologic interactive effect of HNE/α1-PI associated with the aging and smoking cumulative characteristics of periodontal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yésica A Villa-Correa
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana M Isaza-Guzmán
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sergio I Tobón-Arroyave
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cooper PR, Palmer LJ, Chapple ILC. Neutrophil extracellular traps as a new paradigm in innate immunity: friend or foe? Periodontol 2000 2015; 63:165-97. [PMID: 23931060 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps in 2004 opened a fascinating new chapter in immune-mediated microbial killing. Brinkman et al. demonstrated that neutrophils, when catastrophically stimulated, undergo a novel form of programmed cell death (neutrophil extracellular trap formation) whereby they decondense their entire nuclear chromatin/DNA and release the resulting structure into the cytoplasm to mix with granule-derived antimicrobial peptides before extruding these web-like structures into the extracellular environment. The process requires the activation of the granule enzyme peptidyl arginine deiminase-4, the formation of reactive oxygen species (in particular hypochlorous acid), the neutrophil microtubular system and the actin cytoskeleton. Recent work by Yousefi et al. demonstrated that exposure to different agents for shorter stimulation periods resulted in neutrophil extracellular trap release from viable granulocytes, and that such neutrophil extracellular traps comprised mitochondrial DNA rather than nuclear DNA and were also capable of microbial entrapment and destruction. Deficiency in NADPH-oxidase production (as found in patients with chronic granulomatous disease) results in an inability to produce neutrophil extracellular traps and, along with their failure to produce antimicrobial reactive oxygen species, these patients suffer from severe, and sometimes life-threatening, infections. However, conversely the release of nuclear chromatin into tissues is also potentially autoimmunogenic and is now associated with the generation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Other neutrophil-derived nuclear and cytoplasmic contents are also pathogenic, either through direct effects on tissues or via autoimmune processes (e.g. autoimmune vasculitis). In this review, we discuss the plant origins of a highly conserved innate immune method of microbial killing, the history and biology of neutrophil extracellular traps and their role in defence and in human diseases. We attempt to resolve areas of controversy and propose roles for excess neutrophil extracellular trap release from hyperactive/reactive neutrophils and for the unique peptidyl arginine deiminase enzyme of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, and subsequently a role for periodontitis/the peptidyl arginine deiminase enzyme of P. gingivalis in the causal pathway of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. We propose that neutrophil extracellular trap and peptidyl arginine deiminase release may propagate tissue-destructive mechanisms rather than provide protection in susceptible individuals and that release of host-derived DNase may play an important role in the digestion and removal of neutrophil extracellular traps within tissues.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tinti F, Soory M. Oxidative actions of hydrogen peroxide in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts: responses to glutathione and nicotine, relevant to healing in a redox environment. Redox Biol 2013; 2:36-43. [PMID: 24371803 PMCID: PMC3871294 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to validate pro-oxidant actions of nicotine (N), using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the antioxidant glutathione (G) in an in vitro model of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human oral periosteal fibroblasts (HPF); radiolabelled androgens are used as biomarkers of redox status. Oxidative stress is an important mediator of inflammatory repair. The androgen metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is an effective biomarker of oxidative stress and healing. Methods 6 Cell-lines of HGF and HPF established in confluent monolayer culture were incubated in Eagle's MEM using 14C-testosterone and 14C-4-androstendione as substrate; in conjunction with effective concentrations of N, G and H2O2 established at N250, G3 μg/ml and 3%H2O2 w/w, 0.5 μl/ml. Combinations of H2O2G and H2O2GN were used in order to compare the oxidative effects of N/H2O2 and their responses to glutathione. At 24 h, the medium was solvent extracted, evaporated to dryness and subjected to TLC in a benzene/acetone solvent system 4:1 v/v for the separation of metabolites. The separated metabolites were quantified using a radioisotope scanner. Results The mean trends of 6 cell-lines for both substrates and each cell type demonstrated that the yield of the main metabolite DHT was significantly reduced by N and H2O2 alone (2-fold, n=6; p<0.01). The inhibition caused by H2O2 was overcome by the antioxidant glutathione in the combination H2O2G, to values similar to those of controls (n=6; p<0.01). It is relevant that when N was added to this neutralized combination, the decrease in yields of DHT triggered by N were comparable to those induced by H2O2; and retaining the positive effect of G. Conclusion Oxidative stress mediated by H2O2 was overcome by glutathione and recurred when nicotine was added, suggestive of a pro- oxidant role for nicotine. Androgen biomarkers are a sensitive index of oxidative stress which affects wound healing. DHT is an effective redox marker in HGF and oral periosteal fibroblasts in vitro. Both nicotine and H2O2 reduced yields of DHT, indicative of induced oxidative stress. Nicotine has oxidative effects that are comparable to those of H2O2 mediated by AR. Effects of nicotine and H2O2 were reduced by glutathione in HGF and HPF cultures. Redox status is relevant to androgen receptor-mediated inflammatory wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Tinti
- King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mena Soory
- King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ebersole JL, Steffen MJ, Thomas MV, Al-Sabbagh M. Smoking-related cotinine levels and host responses in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:642-51. [PMID: 24283398 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Smoking has been reported to increase the risk of periodontal disease by disrupting the balance of immune responses and tissue repair processes; however, this risk varies among smokers. Cotinine levels in saliva are routinely used to measure the level of smoking, and reflect the quantity of nicotine, and other smoking-related xenobiotics that challenge host systems. This study delineated characteristics of inflammatory mediators in saliva and serum antibody responses to both periodontal pathogens and commensal bacteria in smokers as they related to cotinine levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case-control study (n = 279) examined salivary inflammatory mediator responses [interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-10, prostaglandin E2, myeloperoxidase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1], and serum IgG antibody responses to three periodontal pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomyce-temcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola) and five commensal oral microorganisms (Veillonella parvula, Streptococcus sanguis, Prevotella loescheii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Capnocytophaga ochracea). RESULTS The patients were stratified into health (n = 30), gingivitis (n = 55) and periodontitis (n = 184); cotinine levels correlated with reported smoking habits in health, less so with gingivitis, and were not correlated in periodontitis. Of the inflammatory mediators/acute phase proteins, only IL-1ß levels were positively associated (p < 0.001) with the pack years and cotinine levels. As might be predicted, patients with periodontitis smoked more (p < 0.001) and had higher levels of cotinine. IL-1ß and antibody to A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. denticola were significantly higher in the patients with periodontitis than either patients with gingivitis or who were healthy. CONCLUSIONS Generally, antibody to the pathogens and commensals was lower with decreased cotinine levels. Smoking exacerbated differences in both inflammatory mediators and three antibody in periodontal disease compared to healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Faveri M, Rebello A, de Oliveira Dias R, Borges-Junior I, Duarte PM, Figueiredo LC, Feres M. Clinical and microbiologic effects of adjunctive metronidazole plus amoxicillin in the treatment of generalized chronic periodontitis: smokers versus non-smokers. J Periodontol 2013; 85:581-91. [PMID: 23826648 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical and microbiologic effects of the adjunctive use of metronidazole (MTZ) and amoxicillin (AMX) in the treatment of smokers and non-smokers with generalized chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS Thirty-two smokers and 32 non-smokers were selected and received scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with MTZ (400 mg three times daily) and AMX (500 mg three times daily) for 14 days. Clinical and microbiologic examinations were performed at baseline and 3 months after SRP. Nine subgingival plaque samples per patient were analyzed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS Both groups presented a significant improvement in all clinical parameters at 3 months after therapy (P <0.05). Non-smokers showed lower mean number of sites with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm after therapy. Fewer non-smokers exhibited at least nine of these sites at 3 months after treatment. Non-smokers also presented the greatest reductions in mean PD and gain in clinical attachment between baseline and 3 months after therapy at initially deep (PD ≥7 mm) sites (P <0.01). The most beneficial changes in the microbial profile were also observed in the non-smoker group, which showed the lowest proportions of the orange complex at 3 months, as well as a significant increase in the proportions of Actinomyces species after treatment. CONCLUSION Smokers with CP benefit less than non-smokers from treatment by the combination of SRP, MTZ, and AMX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Faveri
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cigarette smoke (CS) and nicotine delay neutrophil spontaneous death via suppressing production of diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7726-31. [PMID: 23610437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302906110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (InsP7), a higher inositol phosphate containing energetic pyrophosphate bonds, is beginning to emerge as a key cellular signaling molecule. However, the various physiological and pathological processes that involve InsP7 are not completely understood. Here we report that cigarette smoke (CS) extract and nicotine reduce InsP7 levels in aging neutrophils. This subsequently leads to suppression of Akt deactivation, a causal mediator of neutrophil spontaneous death, and delayed neutrophil death. The effect of CS extract and nicotine on neutrophil death can be suppressed by either directly inhibiting the PtdIns(3,4,5)P3/Akt pathway, or increasing InsP7 levels via overexpression of InsP6K1, an inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) kinase responsible for InsP7 production in neutrophils. Delayed neutrophil death contributes to the pathogenesis of CS-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, disruption of InsP6K1 augments CS-induced neutrophil accumulation and lung damage. Taken together, these results suggest that CS and nicotine delay neutrophil spontaneous death by suppressing InsP7 production and consequently blocking Akt deactivation in aging neutrophils. Modifying neutrophil death via this pathway provides a strategy and therapeutic target for the treatment of tobacco-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
San Miguel SM, Opperman LA, Allen EP, Zielinski J, Svoboda KK. Bioactive polyphenol antioxidants protect oral fibroblasts from ROS-inducing agents. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1657-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
37
|
Matthews JB, Chen FM, Milward MR, Ling MR, Chapple ILC. Neutrophil superoxide production in the presence of cigarette smoke extract, nicotine and cotinine. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:626-34. [PMID: 22607095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of cigarette smoke extract, nicotine and cotinine on lucigenin-detectable neutrophil superoxide production. MATERIALS & METHODS Neutrophils from periodontally healthy individuals were treated with aqueous smoke extract, nicotine and cotinine, prior to stimulation or at the same time as stimulation with Fusobacterium nucleatum, IgG-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Superoxide generation was determined by lucigenin chemiluminescence. RESULTS Smoke extract induced superoxide release from neutrophils (p <0.0001) in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, superoxide generation by neutrophils in response to pathologically relevant stimuli was inhibited by pre-treatment with smoke extract (p <0.01). This inhibition did not require the continued presence of the extract. A similar reduction in stimulated superoxide production by smoke extract was detected when neutrophils were simultaneously exposed to the extract and stimuli. Nicotine and cotinine (0-10 μg/ml) had no effect on superoxide release from unstimulated or stimulated neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Stable water-soluble components of cigarette smoke directly induce superoxide generation by otherwise unstimulated neutrophils, but reduce superoxide responses of cells to pathologically relevant stimuli. These data suggest potential neutrophil-mediated mechanisms by which smoking may initiate and maintain oxidative stress at periodontally healthy sites and participate in disease progression, by reducing innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Matthews
- Periodontal Research Group and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang B, Li M, Chen B, Xu Y, Li TD. Deterioration of endothelial function and carotid intima-media thickness in Tibetan male adolescents exposed to second-hand smoke. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13:413-9. [PMID: 22465995 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312440901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been commonly accepted that second-hand smoke (SHS) is associated with atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. There is growing evidence that the changes might begin in childhood. Unfortunately, no study has focused on the early atherosclerosis of Tibetan adolescents exposed to SHS. AIMS We aimed to investigate the endothelial function and carotid atherosclerosis in healthy school-aged Tibetan male adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS All passive smoking participants (SHS) were students were 16 years old and male, and were recruited through middle schools in Lhasa city. In total 624 subjects were accepted after excluding subjects who actively smoked. The adolescents were divided into three groups according to serum cotinine level: high cotinine group (High Group) with 205 boys, intermediate cotinine group (Intermediate Group) with 210 boys, and low cotinine group (Low Group) with 209 boys. Venous blood was sampled for the measurement of cotinine concentration, lipid profile and endothelin-1 (ET-1) quantitation. High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography was performed to evaluate carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and intima smoothness. The invasive vascular endothelial function was evaluated through the measurement of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) with B-mode ultrasound and ankle-brachial index (ABI) by using a blood pressure cuff and a Doppler instrument. RESULTS No statistical significance was found between groups in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, ApoA-I, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate (p>0.05). In the lipid profile, only apolipoprotein B (ApoB) values were different between groups: ApoB in the High Group was higher than in the Low Group (p=0.0164). Plasma ET-1 concentrations in the High Group were also much higher than in the Intermediate and Low Groups (p=0.0112, p<0.001). The cIMT and intima smoothness had deteriorated in the High Group compared with the Low Group (p<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively). FMD and ABI, which indicate vascular endothelial function, was decreased in the High Group compared with the Intermediate and Low Groups (FMD, p<0.001; ABI, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS SHS was associated with sub-clinical carotid atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in Tibetan school-aged male adolescents. Considering the widespread exposure to SHS and the clinical relevance of early atherosclerosis, this result is of public health importance in Tibet, where health education is not satisfactory. Data from our study emphasize the importance of endorsing smoke-free environments for adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Anabolic Actions of the Regenerative Agent Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) in Oral Periosteal Fibroblasts and MG 63 Osteoblasts, Modulation by Nicotine and Glutathione in a Redox Environment. J Funct Biomater 2012; 3:143-62. [PMID: 24956521 PMCID: PMC4031020 DOI: 10.3390/jfb3010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study seeks to explore anabolic effects of a periodontal regenerative agent enamel matrix derivative (EMD). Its modulation by nicotine and the anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH) are investigated in human periosteal fibroblasts (HPF) and MG63 osteoblasts. Androgen biomarkers of oxidative stress and healing, resulting from radiolabeled androgen substrates are assayed. This in vitro model simulates a redox environment relevant to the periodontal lesion. It aims to confirm the hypothesis that EMD is an effective regenerative agent in a typically redox environment of the periodontal lesion. Monolayer cultures of MG63 osteoblasts and HPF established in culture medium are incubated with androgen substrates, and optimal concentrations of EMD, nicotine and GSH, alone and in combination. EMD significantly enhances yields of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) an effective bioactive metabolite, alone and in combination with GSH, to overcome oxidative effects of nicotine across cultures. The ‘in vitro’ findings of this study could be extrapolated to “in vivo” applications of EMD as an adjunctive regenerative therapeutic agent in an environment of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Increased yields of DHT implicated in matrix synthesis and direct antioxidant capacity, confirm the potential applications for enamel matrix derivative in periodontal regenerative procedures.
Collapse
|
40
|
Gannon AM, Stämpfli MR, Foster WG. Cigarette Smoke Exposure Leads to Follicle Loss via an Alternative Ovarian Cell Death Pathway in a Mouse Model. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:274-84. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
41
|
Gautam DK, Jindal V, Gupta SC, Tuli A, Kotwal B, Thakur R. Effect of cigarette smoking on the periodontal health status: A comparative, cross sectional study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011; 15:383-7. [PMID: 22368364 PMCID: PMC3283937 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.92575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Survey. AIMS The objective of the study was to evaluate the periodontal health status among cigarette smokers and non cigarette smokers, and oral hygiene measures. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Cross sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 400 male (200 cigarette smokers and 200 non smokers) aged 18-65 years. The subjects were randomly selected from the patients attending dental out-patient department of civil hospital and Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar. Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score was recorded for each patient and a questionnaire was completed by each patient. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Chi square and t-test. RESULTS Periodontal condition as assessed by CPI score showed that there was statistically significant difference in the findings between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study, positive association was observed between periodontal disease and cigarette smoking. It was found that cigarette smoking was associated with lesser gingival bleeding and deeper pockets as compared to non-smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Gautam
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Jindal
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - S. C. Gupta
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amrinder Tuli
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhanu Kotwal
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rambhika Thakur
- Department of Periodontics, Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rosa EF, Corraini P, de Carvalho VF, Inoue G, Gomes EF, Lotufo JPB, De Micheli G, Pannuti CM. A prospective 12-month study of the effect of smoking cessation on periodontal clinical parameters. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:562-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|