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Forouz F, Mohammed Y, Shobeiri Nejad HSA, Roberts MS, Grice JE. In vitro screening of topical formulation excipients for epithelial toxicity in cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:1173-1199. [PMID: 38204966 PMCID: PMC10776879 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Chemical excipients used in topical formulations may be toxic to living skin cells. Here, we compared the in vitro toxicity of some common solubilizing excipients against human melanoma cells, human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and primary skin fibroblasts (FB) as examples of cancerous, immortalized and primary human skin cells, often used as experimental models representative of in vivo conditions. Two distinct endpoint assays (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet (CV)) were used. The mechanism of cell death after excipient exposure was assessed through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, cell membrane integrity and cell cycle progression. Results showed that the surfactants, Labrasol®, Labrafil® and Transcutol®, were less toxic than Triton X-100 (a model irritant) in all cell types whereas the oil, Labrafac®, was non-toxic. The human melanoma WM164 cell line showed the greatest sensitivity toward cytotoxicity after chemical exposure, while the other cell lines were more resistant. The relative excipient cytotoxicity responses observed in the MTT and CV assays were comparable and similar trends were seen in their estimated 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry after exposing the cells to IC50 concentrations of the excipients showed negligible apoptotic populations. ROS production was increased in all cell types after toxic exposure; however, ROS elevation did not lead to apoptosis. The toxicity profiles of each excipient are not only relevant to their use in formulating safe topical products but also in the potential synergistic efficacy in the topical treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Forouz
- Therapeutics Research Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yousuf Mohammed
- Therapeutics Research Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Michael S. Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Medical Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jeffrey E. Grice
- Therapeutics Research Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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2
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Chopin-Doroteo M, Krötzsch E. Soap or alcohol-based products? The effect of hand hygiene on skin characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:347-353. [PMID: 36409429 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different strategies for hand skin hygiene have been used to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. However, frequent hand sanitization has been associated with skin damage. The present study aimed to evaluate hand hygiene habits during the COVID-19 pandemic and the effect of the repetitive use of soap or alcohol-based products on skin characteristics. METHODS We conducted a survey regards hand hygiene habits acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, we performed cutometry in a cohort of individuals who cleansed their volar forearms every 30 min, during 4 h, using soap or alcohol-based products. RESULTS We received 138 responses from people with medium-high educational level who reported a 2.5-time increase in the frequency of hand cleansing (p < 0.0001) that resulted in skin damage. An in vivo analysis of skin moisture and elasticity was also performed among 19 health workers and students. In general, skin moisture decreased with every cleansing, mainly after 2 h of washing with soap (p < 0.01), while skin elasticity only reduced after 4 h of treatment (p < 0.05). Alcohol-based solution or alcohol-based gel (70% ethanol, both) did not affect skin moisture or elasticity during testing. CONCLUSION It is known that the excessive use of soap or alcohol-based products causes dermatological issues. The present study demonstrates that non-medicated soap significantly affects skin moisture and elasticity, probably because the soap removes the hydrolipidic protective barrier, favoring transepidermal water loss, where the lack of the appropriate stratum corneum hydration also affects skin elasticity, mainly associated with changes in epidermal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chopin-Doroteo
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Krötzsch
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
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3
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Kopečná M, Macháček M, Roh J, Vávrová K. Proline, hydroxyproline, and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid derivatives as highly efficient but reversible transdermal permeation enhancers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19495. [PMID: 36376455 PMCID: PMC9663686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the skin barrier properties efficiently, temporarily, and safely for successful transdermal drug delivery remains a challenge. We synthesized three series of potential skin permeation enhancers derived from natural amino acid derivatives proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, which is a component of natural moisturizing factor. Permeation studies using in vitro human skin identified dodecyl prolinates with N-acetyl, propionyl, and butyryl chains (Pro2, Pro3, and Pro4, respectively) as potent enhancers for model drugs theophylline and diclofenac. The proline derivatives were generally more active than 4-hydroxyprolines and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid derivatives. Pro2-4 had acceptable in vitro toxicities on 3T3 fibroblast and HaCaT cell lines with IC50 values in tens of µM. Infrared spectroscopy using the human stratum corneum revealed that these enhancers preferentially interacted with the skin barrier lipids and decreased the overall chain order without causing lipid extraction, while their effects on the stratum corneum protein structures were negligible. The impacts of Pro3 and Pro4 on an in vitro transepidermal water loss and skin electrical impedance were fully reversible. Thus, proline derivatives Pro3 and Pro4 have an advantageous combination of high enhancing potency, low cellular toxicity, and reversible action, which is important for their potential in vivo use as the skin barrier would quickly recover after the drug/enhancer administration is terminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kopečná
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XSkin Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Roh
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XSkin Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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4
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Skin Toxicity of Selected Hair Cosmetic Ingredients: A Review Focusing on Hairdressers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137588. [PMID: 35805241 PMCID: PMC9265752 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The safety assessment of cosmetics considers the exposure of a ‘common consumer’, not the occupational exposure of hairdressers. This review aims to compile and appraise evidence regarding the skin toxicity of cysteamine hydrochloride (cysteamine HCl; CAS no. 156-57-0), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; CAS no. 9003-39-8), PVP copolymers (CAS no. 28211-18-9), sodium laureth sulfate (SLES; CAS no. 9004-82-4), cocamide diethanolamine (cocamide DEA; CAS no. 68603-42-9), and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB; CAS no. 61789-40-0). A total of 298 articles were identified, of which 70 were included. Meta-analysis revealed that hairdressers have a 1.7-fold increased risk of developing a contact allergy to CAPB compared to controls who are not hairdressers. Hairdressers might have a higher risk of acquiring quantum sensitization against cysteamine HCl compared to a consumer because of their job responsibilities. Regarding cocamide DEA, the irritant potential of this surfactant should not be overlooked. Original articles for PVP, PVP copolymers, and SLES are lacking. This systematic review indicates that the current standards do not effectively address the occupational risks associated with hairdressers’ usage of hair cosmetics. The considerable irritant and/or allergenic potential of substances used in hair cosmetics should prompt a reassessment of current risk assessment practices.
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O Visscher M, Narendran V. Imaging reveals distinct textures at three infant skin sites and reflects skin barrier status. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:145-152. [PMID: 33085142 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant diaper dermatitis (DD) is a prevalent condition due to multiple, interactive factors including increased skin hydration, irritant exposure, and increased skin pH. We examined diaper dermatitis vs within diaper and non-diaper controls over time and characterized the association of skin color and texture relative to skin barrier integrity, hydration, and pH. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prospective study included 46 infants with DD at well-child visits. Skin integrity was evaluated over 15 days, including visual skin condition, rate of stratum corneum transepidermal water accumulation, hydration, pH, and skin color and texture from high-resolution digital skin surface images. Effects by site and time were evaluated with general linear models. RESULTS Six distinct texture patterns were observed. All three sites differed significantly for texture class frequency. Normal dermatoglyphics were more frequent for non-diaper vs both within diaper and rash sites. Dermatoglyphics with marked furrows or lines (class 3) were common within diaper vs rash but not for non-diaper vs within diaper. Streaks were highest for DD and lowest for non-diaper. Flat regions were more frequent DD. Barrier integrity, that is, moisture accumulation rate, was lower for normal dermatoglyphics than streaks or flat texture. DD severity decreased over 15 days. Barrier properties of within diaper and non-diaper areas were not well-differentiated. CONCLUSION The incidence of streak texture in the within diaper high magnification images was high despite being visually normal. This finding suggests that it is an "early indicator" of skin damage and may be clinically useful for early detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty O Visscher
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vivek Narendran
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Development of an Oil-in-Water Self-Emulsifying Microemulsion for Cutaneous Delivery of Rose Bengal: Investigation of Anti-Melanoma Properties. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100947. [PMID: 33027979 PMCID: PMC7600403 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The topical delivery route is proposed as an alternative or adjunctive approach to melanoma treatment, since the target site for melanoma treatment-the epidermal basal layer-is potentially accessible by this route. Microemulsion systems are effective delivery vehicles for enhanced, targeted skin delivery. This work investigated the effect of Rose Bengal (RB) and RB-loaded self-emulsifying microemulsions (SEMEs) on growth inhibition of human melanoma and normal skin cell monolayers, the safety of the excipients incorporated in SEMEs on human cell lines, and the in-vitro human skin penetration of RB delivered in SEMEs and control solution. Cellular toxicity was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the growth inhibitory mechanism of RB was investigated by flow cytometry using PI staining. Unloaded SEMEs caused reduced cellular toxicity compared to the surfactant excipient, Labrasol®. RB-loaded SEMEs increased cell growth inhibition compared to the RB aqueous solution. Flow cytometry revealed apoptotic cells after treatment with RB-loaded SEMEs, indicating that apoptosis may be one of the mechanisms of cell death. Preliminary results of multiphoton microscopy with fluorescence lifetime imaging (MPM-FLIM) analysis showed deeper penetration with greater skin concentrations of RB delivered from SEMEs compared to the RB aqueous solution. This study highlights the enhanced skin penetration and antimelanoma effects of RB loaded in a SEME system.
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7
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Hand Hygiene Among Health Care Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Recommendations. Dermatitis 2020; 31:233-237. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Ade-Browne C, Mirzamani M, Dawn A, Qian S, Thompson RG, Glenn RW, Kumari H. Effect of ethoxylation and lauryl alcohol on the self-assembly of sodium laurylsulfate: Significant structural and rheological transformation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Microemulsions incorporating Brosimum gaudichaudii extracts as a topical treatment for vitiligo: In vitro stimulation of melanocyte migration and pigmentation. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Herman A. Antimicrobial Ingredients as Preservative Booster and Components of Self-Preserving Cosmetic Products. Curr Microbiol 2018; 76:744-754. [PMID: 29651551 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This review reports cosmetic ingredients with antimicrobial activity including synthetic and natural (plant and microbial) origin as alternative for preservatives used in cosmetics as well described mechanism of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Faculty of Cosmetology, The Academy of Cosmetics and Health Care, Podwale 13 Street, 00-252, Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Kopečná M, Macháček M, Prchalová E, Štěpánek P, Drašar P, Kotora M, Vávrová K. Galactosyl Pentadecene Reversibly Enhances Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2097-2108. [PMID: 28664316 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study new skin penetration/permeation enhancers based on amphiphilic galactose derivatives. METHODS Two series of alkyl and alkenyl galactosides were synthesized and evaluated for their enhancing effect on transdermal/topical delivery of theophylline (TH), hydrocortisone (HC) and cidofovir (CDV), reversibility of their effects on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin impedance, interaction with the stratum corneum using infrared spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity on keratinocytes and fibroblasts. RESULTS Initial evaluation identified 1-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-(2E)-pentadec-2-ene A15 as a highly potent enhancer - it increased TH and HC flux through human skin 8.5 and 5 times, respectively. Compound A15 increased the epidermal concentration of a potent antiviral CDV 7 times over that reached by control and Span 20 (an established sugar-based enhancer). Infrared spectroscopy of human stratum corneum indicated interaction of A15 with skin barrier lipids but not proteins. These effects of A15 on the skin barrier were reversible (both TEWL and skin impedance returned to baseline values within 24 h after A15 had been removed from skin). In vitro toxicity of A15 on HaCaT keratinocytes and 3T3 fibroblasts was acceptable, with IC50 values over 60 μM. CONCLUSIONS Galactosyl pentadecene A15 is a potent enhancer with low toxicity and reversible action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kopečná
- Skin Barrier Research Group,, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové,, Akademika Heyrovského 1203,, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Macháček
- Department of Biochemical Sciences,, Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové,, Akademika Heyrovského 1203,, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Prchalová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Flemingovo náměstí 2,, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds,, University of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, 6 - Dejvice, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Drašar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds,, University of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, 6 - Dejvice, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kotora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Flemingovo náměstí 2,, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6,, 128 43, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group,, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové,, Akademika Heyrovského 1203,, 50005, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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12
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Burnett CL, Heldreth B, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Amended Safety Assessment of Isethionate Salts as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:5S-16S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581816685552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) rereviewed the safety of 12 isethionate salts as used in cosmetics and concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration, when formulated to be nonirritating. These isethionate salts are reported to function mostly as surfactants and cleansing agents in cosmetic products. The Panel reviewed the available animal and clinical data as well as information from previous CIR reports. Although there are data gaps, the shared chemical core structure, expected similarities in physicochemical properties, and similar functions and concentrations in cosmetics enabled grouping these ingredients and reading across the available toxicological data to support the safety assessment of each ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Burnett
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Scientific Analyst/Writer, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Chemist, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F. Bergfeld
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V. Belsito
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A. Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Curtis D. Klaassen
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel C. Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Chemist, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G. Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - F. Alan Andersen
- Former Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Mirtič J, Papathanasiou F, Temova Rakuša Ž, GosencaMatjaž M, Roškar R, Kristl J. Development of medicated foams that combine incompatible hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs for psoriasis treatment. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:65-76. [PMID: 28359820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The focus was on the development of medicated foam for incorporation of two incompatible active agents for psoriasis treatment; i.e., lipophilic cholecalciferol, and hydrophilic salicylic acid. Emphasis was given to formulation of a propellant-free foam, with sufficient foaming properties, physical and chemical stability, and low irritancy potential to maintain relevance for later translation into clinical practice. Various excipients and concentrations were examined to achieve suitable foam stability parameters, viscoelasticity, and bubble-size, which relate to foamability and spreadability. The major positive impact on these properties was through a combination of surfactants, and by inclusion of a viscosity-modifying polymer. Incorporation of the incompatible drugs was then examined, noting the instability of cholecalciferol in an acidic environment, with the design aim to separate the drug distributions among the different foam phases. Cholecalciferol was stabilized in the emulsion-based foam, with at least a 30-fold lower degradation rate constant compared to its aqueous solution. The composition of the emulsion-based foam itself protected cholecalciferol from degradation, as well as the addition of the radical-scavenging antioxidant tocopheryl acetate to the oil phase. With the patient in mind, the irritancy potential was also examined, which was below the set limit that defines a non-irritant dermal product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Mirtič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Foteini Papathanasiou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Campus 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Žane Temova Rakuša
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjam GosencaMatjaž
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Roškar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julijana Kristl
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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14
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Kopečná M, Macháček M, Prchalová E, Štěpánek P, Drašar P, Kotora M, Vávrová K. Dodecyl Amino Glucoside Enhances Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery via Reversible Interaction with Skin Barrier Lipids. Pharm Res 2017; 34:640-653. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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16
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Imran M, Shah MR, Ullah F, Ullah S, Sadiq A, Ali I, Ahmed F, Nawaz W. Double-tailed acyl glycoside niosomal nanocarrier for enhanced oral bioavailability of Cefixime. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1440-1451. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1246451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Shafi Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Imdad Ali
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farid Ahmed
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Nawaz
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Igielska-Kalwat J, Gościańska J, Witkowska B, Nowak I. In vivo studies of substances used in the cosmetic industry. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33:163-9. [PMID: 27512349 PMCID: PMC4969411 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2016.60607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetic producers are obliged to guarantee the safety and stability of their products. The current legal regulations are based on the European Union Directive (1223/2009) of 30 November 2009. The main aim of the directive is to formulate criteria of safety of a cosmetic product and requirements that it must meet to be placed on the market. A new cosmetic product is subjected to thorough investigation prior to its introduction on the market. It should be studied not only with respect to its safety, but also with respect to its effectiveness declared by the producer. The studies are performed in vivo, by the contact or epidermal patch tests on the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Igielska-Kalwat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Gościańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Witkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Nowak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Johnson W, Heldreth B, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of Alkyl PEG Sulfosuccinates as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:70S-83S. [PMID: 26362121 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815594755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of alkyl polyethylene glycol (PEG) sulfosuccinates, which function in cosmetics mostly as surfactants/cleansing agents. Although these ingredients may cause ocular and skin irritation, dermal penetration is unlikely because of the substantial polarity and molecular size of these ingredients. The Panel considered the negative oral carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity data on chemically related laureths (PEG lauryl ethers) and negative repeated dose toxicity and skin sensitization data on disodium laureth sulfosuccinate supported the safety of these alkyl PEG sulfosuccinates in cosmetic products, but. The CIR Expert Panel concluded that the alkyl PEG sulfosuccinates are safe in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur Johnson
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Chemist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F Bergfeld
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - F Alan Andersen
- Former Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
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Lodén M. Interactions between the stratum corneum and topically applied products: regulatory, instrumental and formulation issues with focus on moisturizers. Br J Dermatol 2015; 171 Suppl 3:38-44. [PMID: 25040916 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Virtually everyone in Europe will use at least one cosmetic product every day. The extensive use of cosmetics and results from measurements of quality of life in patients with skin diseases demonstrate the importance of a healthy skin. The skin is not only a barrier against desiccation and intrusion of harmful materials, but also an organ of social communication, where dry, scaly, rough stratum corneum is unappealing to touch, inducing anxiety and depression. Knowledge about the skin biochemistry and the use of noninvasive instruments facilitate the development of topical products and quantification of their effects. The presentation of the products and mode of action determine the regulatory demands and the approval process, as they can fall into different regulatory entities, such as cosmetics, medicinal products, medical devices and as other chemical products. The majority of the topical products on the market are regulated as cosmetics. For example, facial skin care and daily moisturizing routines are frequently used. However, despite visible relief of dryness symptoms, some products are reported to result in deterioration of the skin barrier function. New clinical outcomes show important clinical differences between formulations and the relapse of eczema. In a worst case scenario, treatment with a moisturizing cream may increase the risks of eczema and asthma. In the present overview, product presentations and mode of actions are reflected against the regulatory demands in Europe. The regulations are continuously revisited and new guidelines are being implemented, such as the new cosmetic regulation with advice on testing and responsible marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lodén
- Eviderm Institute AB, Bergshamra Allé 9, SE-170 77, Solna, Sweden
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Yokoi A, Endo K, Ozawa T, Miyaki M, Matsuo K, Nozawa K, Manabe M, Takagi Y. A cleanser based on sodium laureth carboxylate and alkyl carboxylates washes facial sebum well but does not induce dry skin. J Cosmet Dermatol 2014; 13:245-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yokoi
- Akita University Hospital; Akita Japan
| | - Koji Endo
- Kao Corporation; Global R&D- Skin Care Products Research; Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ozawa
- Kao Corporation; Global R&D- Skin Care Products Research; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahiro Miyaki
- Kao Corporation; Global R&D- Skin Care Products Research; Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuo
- Kao Corporation; Global R&D- Skin Care Products Research; Tokyo Japan
| | | | | | - Yutaka Takagi
- Kao Corporation; Global R&D- Skin Care Products Research; Tokyo Japan
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21
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Takagi Y, Shimizu M, Morokuma Y, Miyaki M, Kiba A, Matsuo K, Isoda K, Mizutani H. A new formula for a mild body cleanser: sodium laureth sulphate supplemented with sodium laureth carboxylate and lauryl glucoside. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:305-11. [PMID: 24617572 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sodium laureth sulphate (SLES) is an anionic detergent, which has been used globally for personal care products because of its mildness and good foaming ability. However, SLES is somewhat invasive and stimulatory to the skin, and many consumers with sensitive skin desire milder detergents for daily use skin cleansers. We enhanced the mildness of SLES by formulating it with sodium laureth carboxylate (AEC) and lauryl glucoside (LG). METHODS In skin soak tests, 5% detergent solutions were applied to the forearms of 10 Japanese healthy volunteers for 30 min followed by washing with tap water once a day for 4 days. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, cutaneous capacitance measurements and visual analyses were performed. In a controlled usage study, 16 Japanese healthy volunteers used the test body cleanser for 4 weeks. Assessment of efficacy and mildness was conducted prior to the start of the study and at the end of week 4 by cutaneous conductance, dermoscopic evaluation of the stratum corneum and visual assessment by a dermatologist. RESULTS In soak tests, cutaneous capacitance was significantly decreased on the soap-treated region and on the SLES-treated region. No significant decrease was identified on the SLES/AEC/LG-treated region with less induction of erythema or dryness. In the controlled usage study, no significant changes in cutaneous conductance or texture or damage of corneocytes on the forearm and lower thigh were found. However, visual assessment revealed a significant decrease in scaling and erythema on the lower thigh after 4 weeks of usage with an improvement of the discomfort of the consumer. The favourability rating of this formulated detergent in several questionnaire items was very good. CONCLUSION The newly formulated skin cleanser with the combination of anionic surfactants SLES and AEC and the non-ionic surfactant LG provides a mild surfactant with a satisfactory cleansing activity for body washing.
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22
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Shaughnessy CN, Malajian D, Belsito DV. Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis: Reactivity to surfactants. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:704-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Raposo S, Salgado A, Gonçalves L, Pinto PC, Urbano M, Ribeiro HM. Safety assessment and biological effects of a new cold processed SilEmulsion for dermatological purpose. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:181634. [PMID: 24294598 PMCID: PMC3835651 DOI: 10.1155/2013/181634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is of crucial importance to evaluate the safety profile of the ingredients used in dermatological emulsions. A suitable equilibrium between safety and efficacy is a pivotal concern before the marketing of a dermatological product. The aim was to assess the safety and biological effects of a new cold processed silicone-based emulsion (SilEmulsion). The hazard, exposure, and dose-response assessment were used to characterize the risk for each ingredient. EpiSkin assay and human repeat insult patch tests were performed to compare the theoretical safety assessment to in vitro and in vivo data. The efficacy of the SilEmulsion was studied using biophysical measurements in human volunteers during 21 days. According to the safety assessment of the ingredients, 1,5-pentanediol was an ingredient of special concern since its margin of safety was below the threshold of 100 (36.53). EpiSkin assay showed that the tissue viability after the application of the SilEmulsion was 92 ± 6% and, thus considered nonirritant to the skin. The human studies confirmed that the SilEmulsion was not a skin irritant and did not induce any sensitization on the volunteers, being safe for human use. Moreover, biological effects demonstrated that the SilEmulsion increased both the skin hydration and skin surface lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Raposo
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Edol Produtos Farmacêuticos S.A., Estrada Casal Canas Lote 6, 2790-007 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Ana Salgado
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro C. Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Urbano
- Laboratório Edol Produtos Farmacêuticos S.A., Estrada Casal Canas Lote 6, 2790-007 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Helena M. Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Visscher MO, Randall Wickett R. Hand hygiene compliance and irritant dermatitis: a juxtaposition of healthcare issues. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:402-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Randall Wickett
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati; OH; 45267; U.S.A
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25
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ROBERTSON K, BROWN P. Mild soaps and radiotherapy: a survey of the UK public to identify brands of soap considered mild and analysis of these to ascertain suitability for recommendation in radiotherapy departments. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2011; 20:315-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2010.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Corazza M, Lauriola MM, Bianchi A, Zappaterra M, Virgili A. Irritant and Sensitizing Potential of Eight Surfactants Commonly Used in Skin Cleansers: An Evaluation of 105 Patients. Dermatitis 2010. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2010.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cho SA, Han JH, An S, Lee KH, Park JH, Kim HK, Lee TR. Comparative study of the ocular irritation potential of various alkyl polyglucoside surfactants. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2010; 29:50-6. [PMID: 20039788 DOI: 10.3109/15569520903471640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we assessed the relationship between alkyl carbon chain length and ocular irritation potentials using the hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) and bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assays using 5 commercial alkyl polyglucoside surfactants with different compositions of alkyl chain lengths (C(6)-C(16)). With HET-CAM, there was a good correlation between the proportion of C(10) alkyl polyglucoside and the eye irritation potential Q score (r(2) = 0.912, p = .011). There were no significant differences between the proportion of C(10) alkyl polyglucoside and corneal opacity in BCOP assays; however, there was a relatively high positive correlation between the proportion of C(10) alkyl carbon chain lengths and corneal permeability (r(2) = 0.736, p = .063).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Cho
- Skin Research Institute, AmorePacific R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
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28
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Corazza M, Lauriola MM, Zappaterra M, Bianchi A, Virgili A. Surfactants, skin cleansing protagonists. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24:1-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Piérard-Franchimont C, Goffin V, Piérard G. Comparative stratum corneum tolerance to antiseptic cleansing products. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/09546639909056028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Diaper dermatitis is a highly prevalent condition that causes discomfort and stress for patients and frustration for healthcare staff. Diaper technology has evolved to substantially lessen the severity of diaper dermatitis, but additional improvements are needed. Premature infants and incontinent adults are particularly at risk for developing diaper dermatitis and its potential consequences. Contributing factors include overhydration, irritants, friction, increased skin pH, diet, gestational age, antibiotic use, diarrhea and medical condition. Treatments aim to reduce hydration, provide a semipermeable ‘layer’ to facilitate skin barrier repair, shield the skin from irritants, deactivate specific fecal components and maintain skin surface contact. The published research on the effects of diaper dermatitis treatments is especially sparse. Controlled clinical trials are needed to provide definitive evidence for selection of effective treatments. This article discusses the incidence and etiology of diaper dermatitis in infants and adults. It provides the scientific basis for repair of diaper skin barrier damage and describes recent developments that will be available in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty O Visscher
- The Skin Sciences Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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32
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Zanatta CF, Ugartondo V, Mitjans M, Rocha-Filho PA, Vinardell MP. Low cytotoxicity of creams and lotions formulated with Buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa) assessed by the neutral red release test. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2776-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Fluhr JW, Darlenski R, Angelova-Fischer I, Tsankov N, Basketter D. Skin irritation and sensitization: mechanisms and new approaches for risk assessment. 1. Skin irritation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 21:124-35. [PMID: 18523410 DOI: 10.1159/000131077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous irritation presents a major health problem with serious social and occupational impact. The interaction between an irritant and the human skin depends on multiple factors: the intrinsic properties and the nature of the irritant itself, and specific individual- and environment-related variables. The main pathological mechanisms of irritancy include skin barrier disruption, induction of a cytokine cascade and involvement of the oxidative stress network; all of them resulting in a visible or subclinical inflammatory reaction. In vivo, different non-invasive parameters for the evaluation of skin irritation and irritant potential of compounds and their specific formulations have been introduced, such as epidermal barrier function, skin hydration, surface pH, lipid composition, skin colour and skin blood flow. The diverse physiological changes caused by irritating agents require implementation of a multiparametric approach in the evaluation of cutaneous irritancy.
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34
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Vávrová K, Hrabálek A, Mac-Mary S, Humbert P, Muret P. Ceramide analogue 14S24 selectively recovers perturbed human skin barrier. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:704-12. [PMID: 17711529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical ceramide application is an effective therapeutic approach in skin disorders with disturbed barrier function, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. OBJECTIVES To evaluate ceramide analogue N-tetracosanoyl-(l)-serine tetradecyl ester (14S24) using a novel ex vivo model. METHODS Freshly excised human skin was disrupted by lipid extraction, tape stripping and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) treatment. Barrier perturbation was evaluated by the measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and the penetration of model compound, theophylline (TH), assessed by microdialysis. The effect of topical 5% 14S24 was compared with a commercial formulation containing a skin lipid mixture (LR) and control formulation with no skin lipids (L). RESULTS Both LR and 14S24 produced significant recovery of TEWL and TH penetration in extracted and tape-stripped skin with 14S24 being significantly more effective. In SLS-treated skin, 14S24 decreased TEWL but not TH penetration; LR was inactive. L improved skin hydration but not barrier characteristics. Weak correlation between TEWL and TH penetration was observed in extracted and tape-stripped skin but not in SLS-treated skin. CONCLUSIONS Cutaneous microdialysis can serve as a useful tool for the evaluation of skin barrier recovery by topical formulations ex vivo whereas TEWL may not be an appropriate measure of skin barrier function in such studies. The excellent barrier repair activity of 14S24 could be beneficial in skin disorders with ceramide deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vávrová
- Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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35
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Halvarsson K, Lodén M. Increasing quality of life by improving the quality of skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2007; 29:69-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Visscher M, Canning J, Said D, Wickett R, Bondurant P. Effect of hand hygiene regimens on skin condition in health care workers. Am J Infect Control 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martinez V, Corsini E, Mitjans M, Pinazo A, Vinardell MP. Evaluation of eye and skin irritation of arginine-derivative surfactants using different in vitro endpoints as alternatives to the in vivo assays. Toxicol Lett 2006; 164:259-67. [PMID: 16472949 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arginine-derivative surfactants constitute a novel class of surfactants, which can be regarded as an alternative to conventional surfactants. Prior to human exposure, it is necessary to assess their irritation potential. The classical in vivo evaluation of the irritancy potential via the Draize test has been extensively criticized. In that regard, a great number of in vitro alternatives have been developed. Erythrocytes were chosen as the target cells for eye irritation assessment and hemolysis and hemoglobin denaturation were selected as appropriate endpoints. For skin irritancy assessment, the keratinocyte cell line NCTC 2544 was used and different in vitro endpoints were measured: two cytotoxicity assays (NRU and MTT) and the synthesis of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1alpha. The eye and skin Draize tests were also performed for comparative purposes. The results point out that, according to in vivo and in vitro assays, the new arginine-derivative surfactants have lower eye and skin irritation potential than the synthetic surfactant SDS. Furthermore, in vitro methods were also able to detect differences in irritancy among the new surfactants not noticeable by the Draize tests, indicating that in vitro methods can be more sensitive than the in vivo test, offering the opportunity to detect subtle differences in irritancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Martinez
- Dept. Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmacia (UB), Av Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Sanchez L, Mitjans M, Infante MR, Vinardell MP. Potential irritation of lysine derivative surfactants by hemolysis and HaCaT cell viability. Toxicol Lett 2005; 161:53-60. [PMID: 16135402 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants represent one of the most common constituents in topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications or cleansers. Since adverse skin and ocular reactions can be caused by them, it is important to evaluate damaging effects. Amino acid-based surfactants deserve particular attention because of their low toxicity and environmental friendly properties. New lysine derivative surfactants associated with heavy and light counterions were tested. The ocular irritancy was assessed by hemolysis, and photohemolysis was employed to evaluate their phototoxicity. Cytotoxicity on HaCaT cells was determined by neutral red uptake and MTT assay to predict skin irritation. All lysine derivative surfactants were less hemolytic and thus less eye-irritating than the commercial surfactants used as model irritants. No phototoxic effects were found. All surfactants presented cytotoxic effects as demonstrated by decrease of neutral red uptake and reduction of MTT salt, with clear concentration-effect profiles. However, the rates of cytotoxicity on HaCaT for the new surfactants suggested that they were less cytotoxic and then, less skin-irritating than the reference ones; surfactants with heavy counterions were the less cytotoxic. The anionic surfactants investigated in the present work may constitute a promising class of surfactants given their low irritancy potential for pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sanchez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Spain
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39
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Fluhr JW, Praessler J, Akengin A, Fuchs SM, Kleesz P, Grieshaber R, Elsner P. Air flow at different temperatures increases sodium lauryl sulphate-induced barrier disruption and irritation in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:1228-34. [PMID: 15948986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined exposure to dry climatic conditions and local heat sources together with detergents represents a common workplace situation. These conditions may support the induction of chronic barrier disruption leading subsequently to irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). OBJECTIVES To test the irritant and barrier disrupting properties of air flow at different temperatures and velocities. METHODS Using noninvasive biophysical measurements such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (TM 210; Courage & Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) we assessed the effects of short-term exposure to air flow at different temperatures (24 degrees C and 43 degrees C) in combination with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) 0.5% on the skin of 20 healthy volunteers in a tandem repeated irritation test. Chromametry was used to control the accuracy of the SLS irritation model. RESULTS In our study air flow alone did not lead to a significant increase in TEWL values. Sequential treatment with air flow and SLS led to an impairment of barrier function and irritation stronger than that produced by SLS alone. The two different air flow temperatures led to different skin temperatures but had no influence on permeability barrier function. CONCLUSIONS Warm air flow has an additional effect on the SLS-induced barrier disruption in a tandem irritation test with sequential exposure to SLS/air flow. This combination is suspected to promote ICD in workplace and household situations, especially in short-term applications as tested in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fluhr
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740 Jena, Germany.
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40
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Buraczewska I, Lodén M. Treatment of Surfactant-Damaged Skin in Humans with Creams of Different pH Values. Pharmacology 2004; 73:1-7. [PMID: 15452357 DOI: 10.1159/000081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin surface has an acidic pH, whereas the body's internal environment maintains a near-neutral pH. The physiological role of the 'acidic mantle' and the function of the pH gradient throughout the stratum corneum remain unexplained. The pH gradient has been suggested to activate enzymes responsible for the maintenance of the skin barrier function and to facilitate the desquamation process in the stratum corneum. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of pH of a moisturizing cream on barrier recovery in surfactant-damaged human skin. Volunteers had their skin damaged with sodium lauryl sulphate and treated those areas with the cream, adjusted to either pH 4.0 or 7.5. The study did not prove the superiority of a cream of pH 4.0 to a cream of pH 7.5 regarding promotion of skin barrier recovery, since no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in transepidermal water loss, blood flow and skin capacitance between the treated areas.
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Lodén M, Buraczewska I, Edlund F. Irritation potential of bath and shower oils before and after use: a double-blind randomized study. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:1142-7. [PMID: 15214901 DOI: 10.1111/j.0007-0963.2004.05923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulties in avoiding weak irritants may contribute to chronic contact dermatitis. A large variety of shower and bath oils are claimed to be suitable for use on dry skin because of their mildness and because they deposit a protective oil film on the skin. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differences in the irritation potential of eight shower or bath oils and to investigate whether surfactant residues may form a reservoir of irritant substance on the skin. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was double-blind and randomized using healthy human volunteers. The inherent capacity of the products to induce irritation was determined using conventional patch test techniques. Detection of potentially irritant residues was done by occlusion of the treated and rinsed skin area, followed by evaluation of the biological response. Instrumental measurements of transepidermal water loss and superficial skin blood flow served as indicators of the injurious effects of the products. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results showed large differences between the products in irritant potential. Some did not irritate skin more than water, whereas others demonstrated considerably damaging effects. Moreover, the study proved the presence of barrier-impairing residues on the skin after rinsing with water. Thus, instead of protecting the skin, some formulations may induce subclinical injuries and delay skin barrier function recovery with prolonged risk for patients with eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lodén
- ACO Hud AB, SE-194 26 Upplands Väsby, Sweden.
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Abstract
Identification and reduction of external noxious factors is one key point in the strategy for the treatment and reduction of contact dermatitis. A wide variety of soaps on the market are claimed to be suitable for the use on sensitive skin due to their mildness. The aim of the present study was to illustrate possible differences in the irritation potential of 8 products and to investigate whether surfactant residues may form an irritant reservoir on the skin. The study was double-blind, randomized using healthy human volunteers. The inherent capacity of the products to induce irritation was determined using conventional patch test technique, whereas detection of potential surfactant residues on the skin was done using a methodology developed in the 1960s for detection of the corticosteroid reservoir in the stratum corneum. The method comprised the release of active substance from the stratum corneum reservoir by occlusion of the skin with an aluminium chamber, followed by evaluation of the biological response. In the present study, the soap-treated area was rinsed with water and then occluded. Instrumental measurements of the transepidermal water loss and superficial skin blood flow served as indicators of the injurious effects of the products. The results showed large differences in irritation potential between the products, and some of them demonstrated considerable damaging effect. Moreover, the study proved the presence of barrier-impairing residues on the skin after rinsing with water. Subclinical skin damage can make the skin vulnerable to further irritation and delay recovery of chronic irritant contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lodén
- ACO Hud AB, Box 622, SE-194 26 Upplands Väsby, Sweden.
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Nicander I, Aberg P, Ollmar S. The use of different concentrations of betaine as a reducing irritation agent in soaps monitored visually and non-invasively. Skin Res Technol 2003; 9:43-9. [PMID: 12535284 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Products containing detergents can damage the skin and give rise to irritant contact dermatitis. Therefore, attempts have been made to find less irritating detergents as well as substances decreasing undesired side-effects of detergents, and a novel approach is offered by betaine. The aim of the study has been to determine the irritating properties of some liquid soaps for personal hygiene and to map the effect of different concentrations of betaine using electrical impedance, trans-epidermal water loss and visual inspection. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy subjects were patch tested with different commercial soaps with and without betaine and sodium lauryl sulphate on both volar forearms for 24 h. A site with distilled water and an unoccluded area were used as references. Responses of the skin reactions were evaluated by visual inspection and by measuring trans-epidermal water loss and electrical impedance before application and 24 h after removal of the chambers. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Significant skin reactions were found for all soaps tested but the soaps containing betaine were the least irritating. However, the skin irritation did not decrease with increasing concentrations of betaine in the tested range. On the whole the differences between the products were not large. The non-invasive methods used were more sensitive than visual assessment for evaluation of invisible or barely visible skin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Nicander
- Department of Dermatology I 43, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Nicander I, Rantanen I, Rozell BL, Söderling E, Ollmar S. The ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of detergents assessed visually, histologically and by bioengineering methods. Skin Res Technol 2003; 9:50-8. [PMID: 12535285 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A novel approach for reducing the undesired irritating properties of detergents on skin might be offered by betaine, which is a natural product derived from the sugar beet. The aim of the study was to explore the ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of two surfactants, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and cocoamidopropylbetaine (CAPB). For evaluation of changes in skin reactions visual scoring, electrical impedance, transepidermal water loss and histology were used. METHODS Twenty-one healthy subjects were patch tested for 24 h with SLS and CAPB alone and together with betaine, betaine alone, and the two controls distilled water and an unoccluded test site on both volar forearms. Responses were evaluated by measuring electrical impedance and transepidermal water loss before exposure and 24 h after the removal of the test substances, and also by visual inspection and histology. The electrical impedance device enables measurements at 31 frequencies and relevant information was extracted from the spectra using four indices. RESULTS CAPB was found to be less irritating than SLS. The used detergents gave rise to distinctive impedance patterns also reflected by different types of histopathological skin responses. After the adding of betaine, the irritant reaction decreased for both detergents. CONCLUSIONS Betaine is a promising ingredient to reduce the side effects of detergents and electrical impedance is a suitable tool both to quantify the degree of irritation as well as to differentiate between various types of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Nicander
- Department of Dermatology I 43, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Löffler H, Happle R. Profile of irritant patch testing with detergents: sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate and alkyl polyglucoside. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 48:26-32. [PMID: 12641575 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.480105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous reaction to detergents follows distinct kinetic rules: the duration of application and the irritant concentration are of major importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in kinetics of skin reaction between the standard irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and 2 modern detergents: sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) and alkyl polyglucoside (APG). We performed patch testing with SLS and SLES (or APG) at different concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) and with different exposure times (6, 12 and 24 h). Evaluation was conducted by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LD) 24 h, 7 and 10 days after patch removal. We found a pronounced reaction to SLS, and a far milder one to SLES. Even at the highest concentration the skin reaction to APG was hard to detect. During the regeneration period (day 3-10) SLS showed even at day 10 an increased TEWL at all concentrations tested. The irritation due to SLES was convincingly detectable only up to day 7, whereas the APG-tested skin areas showed no significant reaction even at day 3. These results demonstrate the improvement in reduction of skin irritation achieved by development of novel detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Löffler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Office-based minor cutaneous surgery is a service provided by many medical practitioners. In New South Wales, Australia, it is a legal requirement for practitioners to surgically scrub before donning sterile gloves for all forms of invasive surgery, including minor cutaneous procedures. Frequent scrubbing causes altered skin barrier function, irritant dermatitis and a potential risk of latex sensitization. These adverse effects are associated with significant morbidity and cost. Better tolerated alternatives, including alcohol-based hand rubs, should be considered in preference to traditional surgical scrubs in order to reduce these occupational risks for minor proceduralists. Well-controlled, prospective studies should explore what extent of hand washing is necessary for donning sterile gloves for minor cutaneous surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghi T Huynh
- Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
Skin disorders are often treated with creams containing various active substances. The creams also contain emulsifiers, which are surface-active ingredients used to stabilize the emulsion. Emulsifiers are potential irritants and in the present study the influence of stearic acid, glyceryl stearate, PEG-2, -9, -40, and -100 stearate, steareth-2, -10 and -21 on normal as well as on irritated skin have been evaluated with non-invasive measurements. Test emulsions were created by incorporating 5% emulsifiers in a water/mineral oil mixture (50:50). The emulsions and their vehicle were then applied to normal skin for 48 h and to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) damaged skin for 17 h in aluminum chambers. Twenty-four hours after removal of the chambers the test sites were evaluated for degree of irritation. In normal skin, the emulsifiers induced significant differences in TEWL but not in skin blood flow. Five of the emulsifiers increased TEWL. In SLS-damaged skin an aggravation of the irritation was expected. However, no differences regarding skin blood flow was noted from the emulsifiers. Furthermore, three emulsifiers unexpectedly decreased TEWL. These results highlight the possibility of absorption of these emulsifiers into the lipid bilayer, which increase TEWL in normal skin and decrease TEWL in damaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bárány
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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