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Zhao H, Chen Z, Kang X, Yang B, Luo P, Li H, He Q. The frontline of alternatives to animal testing: novel in vitro skin model application in drug development and evaluation. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:152-169. [PMID: 37702017 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The FDA Modernization Act 2.0 has brought nonclinical drug evaluation into a new era. In vitro models are widely used and play an important role in modern drug development and evaluation, including early candidate drug screening and preclinical drug efficacy and toxicity assessment. Driven by regulatory steering and facilitated by well-defined physiology, novel in vitro skin models are emerging rapidly, becoming the most advanced area in alternative testing research. The revolutionary technologies bring us many in vitro skin models, either laboratory-developed or commercially available, which were all built to emulate the structure of the natural skin to recapitulate the skin's physiological function and particular skin pathology. During the model development, how to achieve balance among complexity, accessibility, capability, and cost-effectiveness remains the core challenge for researchers. This review attempts to introduce the existing in vitro skin models, align them on different dimensions, such as structural complexity, functional maturity, and screening throughput, and provide an update on their current application in various scenarios within the scope of chemical testing and drug development, including testing in genotoxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization, corrosion/irritation. Overall, the review will summarize a general strategy for in vitro skin model to enhance future model invention, application, and translation in drug development and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhaozeng Chen
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xingchen Kang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Bocciarelli C, Cordel N, Leschiera R, Talagas M, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Hu W, Marcorelles P, Bellemere G, Bredif S, Fluhr J, Misery L, Lebonvallet N. New human in vitro co-culture model of keratinocytes and sensory neurons like cells releasing substance P with an evaluation of the expression of ZIKV entry receptors: A potent opportunity to test Zika virus entry and to study Zika virus' infection in neurons? Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1563-1568. [PMID: 37395585 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
During the course of acute ZIKV infection, pruritus is a cardinal symptom widely documented in the literature. Its frequent association with dysesthesia and several dysautonomic manifestations, suggests a pathophysiological mechanism involving the peripheral nervous system. The aim of this study was to develop a functional human model to potentially able to be infected by ZIKV: by demonstrating the functionality on a new human model of co-culture of keratinocyte and sensory neuron derived from induced pluripotent stem cells using a classical method of capsaicin induction and SP release, and verify the presence of ZIKV entry receptor in these cells. Depending of cellular type, receptors of the TAMs family, TIMs (TIM1, TIM3 and TIM4) and DC-SIGN and RIG1 were present/detected. The cells incubations with capsaicin resulted in an increase of the substance P. Hence, this study demonstrated the possibility to obtain co-cultures of human keratinocytes and human sensory neurons that release substance P in the same way than previously published in animal models which can be used as a model of neurogenic skin inflammation. The demonstration of the expression of ZIKV entry receptors in these cells allows to considerate the potent possibility that ZIKV is able to infect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadège Cordel
- Service de Dermatologie-Immunologie clinique, CHU de Guadeloupe Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe et Université de Normandie UNIROUEN, IRIB, Inserm, U1234, Rouen, France
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Ahn J, Ohk K, Won J, Choi DH, Jung YH, Yang JH, Jun Y, Kim JA, Chung S, Lee SH. Modeling of three-dimensional innervated epidermal like-layer in a microfluidic chip-based coculture system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1488. [PMID: 36932093 PMCID: PMC10023681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of skin equivalents with physiologically relevant cellular and matrix architecture is indispensable for basic research and industrial applications. As skin-nerve crosstalk is increasingly recognized as a major element of skin physiological pathology, the development of reliable in vitro models to evaluate the selective communication between epidermal keratinocytes and sensory neurons is being demanded. In this study, we present a three-dimensional innervated epidermal keratinocyte layer as a sensory neuron-epidermal keratinocyte co-culture model on a microfluidic chip using the slope-based air-liquid interfacing culture and spatial compartmentalization. Our co-culture model recapitulates a more organized basal-suprabasal stratification, enhanced barrier function, and physiologically relevant anatomical innervation and demonstrated the feasibility of in situ imaging and functional analysis in a cell-type-specific manner, thereby improving the structural and functional limitations of previous coculture models. This system has the potential as an improved surrogate model and platform for biomedical and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchul Ahn
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Next&Bio Inc., Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Kyungeun Ohk
- R&D center, Humedix, Co., Ltd., Seongnam, 13201, South Korea
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jihee Won
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Next&Bio Inc., Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Next&Bio Inc., Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Next&Bio Inc., Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | | | - Yesl Jun
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Drug Discovery Platform Research Center, Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Jin-A Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
- Center for Brain Technology, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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Mießner H, Seidel J, Smith ESJ. In vitro models for investigating itch. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:984126. [PMID: 36385768 PMCID: PMC9644192 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.984126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch (pruritus) is a sensation that drives a desire to scratch, a behavior observed in many animals. Although generally short-lasting and not causing harm, there are several pathological conditions where chronic itch is a hallmark symptom and in which prolonged scratching can induce damage. Finding medications to counteract the sensation of chronic itch has proven difficult due to the molecular complexity that involves a multitude of triggers, receptors and signaling pathways between skin, immune and nerve cells. While much has been learned about pruritus from in vivo animal models, they have limitations that corroborate the necessity for a transition to more human disease-like models. Also, reducing animal use should be encouraged in research. However, conducting human in vivo experiments can also be ethically challenging. Thus, there is a clear need for surrogate models to be used in pre-clinical investigation of the mechanisms of itch. Most in vitro models used for itch research focus on the use of known pruritogens. For this, sensory neurons and different types of skin and/or immune cells are stimulated in 2D or 3D co-culture, and factors such as neurotransmitter or cytokine release can be measured. There are however limitations of such simplistic in vitro models. For example, not all naturally occurring cell types are present and there is also no connection to the itch-sensing organ, the central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, in vitro models offer a chance to investigate otherwise inaccessible specific cell–cell interactions and molecular pathways. In recent years, stem cell-based approaches and human primary cells have emerged as viable alternatives to standard cell lines or animal tissue. As in vitro models have increased in their complexity, further opportunities for more elaborated means of investigating itch have been developed. In this review, we introduce the latest concepts of itch and discuss the advantages and limitations of current in vitro models, which provide valuable contributions to pruritus research and might help to meet the unmet clinical need for more refined anti-pruritic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Mießner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Dermatological Skin Care, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith Seidel
- Dermatological Skin Care, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewan St. John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ewan St. John Smith,
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Lebonvallet N, Fluhr JW, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Leschiera R, Talagas M, Reux A, Bataille A, Brun C, Oddos T, Pennec JP, Carré JL, Misery L. A re-innervated in vitro skin model of non-histaminergic itch and skin neurogenic inflammation: PAR2-, TRPV1- and TRPA1-agonist induced functionality. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2021; 1:e66. [PMID: 35663777 PMCID: PMC9060135 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Skin, and epidermis, is innervated by sensory nerve fibres. Interactions between them and signal transduction are only partially elucidated in physiological/pathological conditions, especially in pruritus. Objectives To study the mechanisms involved in pruritus in vitro, we developed a skin explant model re‐innervated by sensory neurons. Methods This model is based on the co‐culture of human skin explants and sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia of rats. Innervation and the expression of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and transient receptor potential ankyrin one (TRPA1) was analysed by immunostaining. The response of the model to TRPV1, PAR2 and TRPA1 agonists was analysed by patch‐clamp, qPCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results After 5 days of re‐innervating nerve fibres was evidenced in the epidermis. Re‐innervation was correlated with decrease of epidermal thickness and the number of apoptotic cells in the tissue. The major actors of non‐histaminergic itch (PAR‐2, thymic stromal lymphopoietin [TSLP], TSLP‐R, TRPA1 and TRPV1) were expressed in neurons and/or epidermal cells of skin explants. After topical exposure of TRPV1‐(Capsaicin), TRPA1‐(Polygodial) and PAR2‐agonist (SLIGKV‐NH2) activation of reinnervating neurons could be shown in patch‐clamp analysis. The release of TSLP was increased with capsaicin or SLIGKV but decreased with polygodial. Release of CGRP was increased by capsaicin and polygodial but decreased with SLIGKV. Activation by SLIGKV showed a decrease of VEGF; polygodial induced an increase of TSLP, Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and nerve growth factor and capsaicin lead to a decrease of sema3 and TNF expression. Conclusion The present model is suitable for studying itch and neurogenic inflammation pathways in vitro. We observed that activation of TRPV1, TRPA1 and PAR‐2 leads to different response profiles in re‐innervated skin explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lebonvallet
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums Neurones Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France
| | - J W Fluhr
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums Neurones Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France.,Department of Dermatology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - C Le Gall-Ianotto
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums Neurones Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France
| | - R Leschiera
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums Neurones Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France
| | - M Talagas
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums Neurones Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France
| | - A Reux
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums Neurones Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France
| | - A Bataille
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums Neurones Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France
| | - C Brun
- Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France Val de Reuil France
| | - T Oddos
- Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France Val de Reuil France
| | - J-P Pennec
- Optimisation des Régulations PHYsiologiques Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France
| | - J-L Carré
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums Neurones Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France
| | - L Misery
- Laboratoire Interactions Epithéliums Neurones Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest France
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Cutaneous innervation in impaired diabetic wound healing. Transl Res 2021; 236:87-108. [PMID: 34029747 PMCID: PMC8380642 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with several potential comorbidities, among them impaired wound healing, chronic ulcerations, and the requirement for lower extremity amputation. Disease-associated abnormal cellular responses, infection, immunological and microvascular dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy are implicated in the pathogenesis of the wound healing impairment and the diabetic foot ulcer. The skin houses a dense network of sensory nerve afferents and nerve-derived modulators, which communicate with epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts bidirectionally to effect normal wound healing after trauma. However, the mechanisms through which cutaneous innervation modulates wound healing are poorly understood, especially in humans. Better understanding of these mechanisms may provide the basis for targeted treatments for chronic diabetic wounds. This review provides an overview of wound healing pathophysiology with a focus on neural involvement in normal and diabetic wound healing, as well as future therapeutic perspectives to address the unmet needs of diabetic patients with chronic wounds.
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Abstract
Sensitive skin can be considered a neuropathic disorder. Sensory disorders and the decrease in intra-epidermal nerve ending density are strong arguments for small-fiber neuropathies. Sensitive skin is frequently associated with irritable bowel syndrome or sensitive eyes, which are also considered neuropathic disorders. Consequently, in vitro co-cultures of skin and neurons are adequate models for sensitive skin.
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Schutte SC, Kadakia F, Davidson S. Skin-Nerve Co-Culture Systems for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:89-99. [PMID: 33349133 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent clinical problems related to the skin-nerve interface include barrier dysfunction and erythema, but it is the symptoms of pain and itch that most often lead patients to seek medical treatment. Tissue-engineered innervated skin models provide an excellent solution for studying the mechanisms underlying neurocutaneous disorders for drug screening, and cutaneous device development. Innervated skin substitutes provide solutions beyond traditional monolayer cultures and have advantages that make them preferable to in vivo animal studies for certain applications, such as measuring somatosensory transduction. The tissue-engineered innervated skin models replicate the complex stratified epidermis that provides barrier function in native skin, a feature that is lacking in monolayer co-cultures, while allowing for a level of detail in measurement of nerve morphology and function that cannot be achieved in animal models. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of different cell sources and scaffold materials will be discussed and a presentation of the current state of the field is reviewed. Impact statement A review of the current state of innervated skin substitutes and the considerations that need to be addressed when developing these models. Tissue-engineered skin substitutes are customizable and provide barrier function allowing for screening of topical drugs and for studying nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey C Schutte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Feni Kadakia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Center, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Steve Davidson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Center, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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The Skin Microbiota and Itch: Is There a Link? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041190. [PMID: 32331207 PMCID: PMC7230651 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that emanates primarily from the skin. The chemical mediators that drive neuronal activity originate from a complex interaction between keratinocytes, inflammatory cells, nerve endings and the skin microbiota, relaying itch signals to the brain. Stress also exacerbates itch via the skin–brain axis. Recently, the microbiota has surfaced as a major player to regulate this axis, notably during stress settings aroused by actual or perceived homeostatic challenge. The routes of communication between the microbiota and brain are slowly being unraveled and involve neurochemicals (i.e., acetylcholine, histamine, catecholamines, corticotropin) that originate from the microbiota itself. By focusing on itch biology and by referring to the more established field of pain research, this review examines the possible means by which the skin microbiota contributes to itch.
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Talagas M, Lebonvallet N, Leschiera R, Elies P, Marcorelles P, Misery L. Intra-epidermal nerve endings progress within keratinocyte cytoplasmic tunnels in normal human skin. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:387-392. [PMID: 32003039 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intra-epidermal nerve endings, responsible for cutaneous perception of temperature, pain and itch, are conventionally described as passing freely between keratinocytes, from the basal to the granular layers of the epidermis. However, the recent discovery of keratinocyte contribution to cutaneous nociception implies that their anatomical relationships are much more intimate than what has been described so far. By studying human skin biopsies in confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show that intra-epidermal nerve endings are not only closely apposed to keratinocytes, but can also be enwrapped by keratinocyte cytoplasms over their entire circumference and thus progress within keratinocyte tunnels. As keratinocytes must activate intra-epidermal nerve endings to transduce nociceptive information, these findings may help understanding the interactions between the keratinocytes and nervous system. The discovery of these nerve portions progressing in keratinocyte tunnels is a strong argument to consider that contacts between epidermal keratinocytes and intra-epidermal nerve endings are not incidental and argue for the existence of specific and rapid paracrine communication from keratinocytes to sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Talagas
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest, France
- Department of Pathology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Elies
- Univ Brest, Imagery and Microscopic Measures Facility, Brest, France
| | - Pascale Marcorelles
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest, France
- Department of Pathology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Laurent Misery
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
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Sakka M, Leschiera R, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Gouin O, L'herondelle K, Buscaglia P, Mignen O, Philbé JL, Saguet T, Carré JL, Misery L, Lebonvallet N. A new tool to test active ingredient using lactic acid in vitro, a help to understand cellular mechanism involved in stinging test: An example using a bacterial polysaccharide (Fucogel ® ). Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:238-244. [PMID: 29280518 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The stinging test is an in vivo protocol that evaluates sensitive skin using lactic acid (LA). A soothing sensation of cosmetics or ingredients can be also appreciated through a decrease in stinging score. To predict the soothing sensation of a product before in vivo testing, we developed a model based on an LA test and substance P (SP) release using a co-culture of human keratinocytes and NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. A bacterial fucose-rich polysaccharide present in Fucogel® was evaluated as the soothing molecule in the in vivo stinging test and our in vitro model. Excluding toxic concentrations, the release of SP was significant from 0.2% of lactic acid for the PC12 cells and from 0.1% of lactic acid for the keratinocytes. When the pH was adjusted to approximately 7.4, LA did not provoke SP release. At these concentrations of LA, 0.1% of polysaccharide showed a significant decrease in SP release from the two cellular types and in co-cultures without modifying the pH of the medium. In vivo, a stinging test using the polysaccharide showed a 30% decrease in prickling intensity vs the placebo in 19 women between the ages of 21 and 69. Our in vitro model is ethically interesting and is adapted for cosmetic ingredients screening because it does not use animal experimentation and limits human volunteers. Moreover, Fucogel® reduced prickling sensation as revealed by the in vivo stinging test and inhibits the neurogenic inflammation as showed by our new in vitro stinging test based on SP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sakka
- Laboratory Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Raphael Leschiera
- Laboratory Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | | | - Olivier Gouin
- Laboratory Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Killian L'herondelle
- Laboratory Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Paul Buscaglia
- INSERM U1227 "Lymphocyte B et Auto-Immunité", Brest, France
| | - Olivier Mignen
- INSERM U1227 "Lymphocyte B et Auto-Immunité", Brest, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Carré
- Laboratory Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Laurent Misery
- Laboratory Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Nicolas Lebonvallet
- Laboratory Interactions Neurons-Keratinocytes, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
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12
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Choi H, Kim DJ, Nam S, Lim S, Hwang JS, Park KS, Hong HS, Won Y, Shin MK, Chung E, Son Y. Substance P restores normal skin architecture and reduces epidermal infiltration of sensory nerve fiber in TNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions in NC/Nga mice. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:248-257. [PMID: 29269174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by intense pruritus and eczematous lesion. Substance P (SP) is an 11-amino-acid endogenous neuropeptide that belongs to the tachykinin family and several reports recently have supported the anti-inflammatory and tissue repairing roles of SP. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated whether SP can improve AD symptoms, especially the impaired skin barrier function, in 2, 4, 6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB)-induced chronic dermatitis of NC/Nga mice or not. METHOD AD-like dermatitis was induced in NC/Nga mice by repeated sensitization with TNCB for 5 weeks. The experimental group designations and topical treatments were as follows: vehicle group (AD-VE); SP group (AD-SP); and SP with NK1R antagonist CP99994 (AD-SP-A) group. Histological analysis was performed to evaluate epidermal differentiation, dermal integrity, and epidermal nerve innervation in AD-like lesions. The skin barrier functions and pruritus of NC/Nga mice were evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and scratching behavior, respectively. RESULT Topical SP treatment resulted in significant down-regulation of Ki67 and the abnormal-type keratins (K) K6, K16, and K17, restoration of filaggrin and claudin-1, marked reduction of TEWL, and restoration of basement membrane and dermal collagen deposition, even under continuous sensitization of low dose TNCB. In addition, SP significantly reduced innervation of itch-evoking nerve fibers, gelatinase activity and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in the epidermis but upregulated semaphorin-3A (Sema3A) expression in the epidermis, along with reduced scratching behavior in TNCB-treated NC/Nga mice. All of these effects were completely reversed by co-treatment with the NK1R antagonist CP99994. In cultured human keratinocytes, SP treatment reduced expression of TGF-α, but upregulated TGF-β and Sema3A. CONCLUSION Topically administered SP can restore normal skin barrier function, reduce epidermal infiltration of itch-evoking nerve fibers in the AD-like skin lesions, and alleviate scratching behavior. Thus, SP may be proposed as a potential medication for chronic dermatitis and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongwon Choi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Yong In 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Yong In 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Nam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Yong In 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunki Lim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Yong In 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Yong In 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sook Park
- East-West Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Hong
- East-West Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Younsun Won
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Yong In 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunkyung Chung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Yong In 446-701, Republic of Korea; BIO R&D Center, L&K BIOMED CO. LTD., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngsook Son
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Yong In 446-701, Republic of Korea; Kyung Hee Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Republic of Korea.
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Gaspar NK, Aidé MK. Atopic dermatitis: allergic dermatitis or neuroimmune dermatitis? An Bras Dermatol 2016; 91:479-88. [PMID: 27579744 PMCID: PMC4999107 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in knowledge of neurocellulars relations have provided new directions in the understanding and treatment of numerous conditions, including atopic dermatitis. It is known that emotional, physical, chemical or biological stimuli can generate more accentuated responses in atopic patients than in non-atopic individuals; however, the complex network of control covered by these influences, especially by neuropeptides and neurotrophins, and their genetic relations, still keep secrets to be revealed. Itching and airway hyperresponsiveness, the main aspects of atopy, are associated with disruption of the neurosensory network activity. Increased epidermal innervation and production of neurotrophins, neuropeptides, cytokines and proteases, in addition to their relations with the sensory receptors in an epidermis with poor lipid mantle, are the aspects currently covered for understanding atopic dermatitis.
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Le Garrec R, L'herondelle K, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Lebonvallet N, Leschiera R, Buhe V, Talagas M, Vetter I, Lewis RJ, Misery L. Release of neuropeptides from a neuro-cutaneous co-culture model: A novel in vitro model for studying sensory effects of ciguatoxins. Toxicon 2016; 116:4-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Gouin O, Lebonvallet N, L'Herondelle K, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Buhé V, Plée-Gautier E, Carré JL, Lefeuvre L, Misery L. Self-maintenance of neurogenic inflammation contributes to a vicious cycle in skin. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:723-6. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gouin
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
- Uriage Dermatological Laboratories; Courbevoie France
| | - Nicolas Lebonvallet
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
| | - Killian L'Herondelle
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
| | | | - Virginie Buhé
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Carré
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
| | - Luc Lefeuvre
- Uriage Dermatological Laboratories; Courbevoie France
| | - Laurent Misery
- University of Western Brittany; Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest; Brest France
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Song Y, Stål PS, Yu JG, Lorentzon R, Backman C, Forsgren S. Inhibitors of endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme lead to an amplification of the morphological changes and an upregulation of the substance P system in a muscle overuse model. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:126. [PMID: 24725470 PMCID: PMC3992129 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously observed, in studies on an experimental overuse model, that the tachykinin system may be involved in the processes of muscle inflammation (myositis) and other muscle tissue alterations. To further evaluate the significance of tachykinins in these processes, we have used inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), substances which are known to terminate the activity of various endogenously produced substances, including tachykinins. Methods Injections of inhibitors of NEP and ACE, as well as the tachykinin substance P (SP), were given locally outside the tendon of the triceps surae muscle of rabbits subjected to marked overuse of this muscle. A control group was given NaCl injections. Evaluations were made at 1 week, a timepoint of overuse when only mild inflammation and limited changes in the muscle structure are noted in animals not treated with inhibitors. Both the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were examined morphologically and with immunohistochemistry and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Results A pronounced inflammation (myositis) and changes in the muscle fiber morphology, including muscle fiber necrosis, occurred in the overused muscles of animals given NEP and ACE inhibitors. The morphological changes were clearly more prominent than for animals subjected to overuse and NaCl injections (NaCl group). A marked SP-like expression, as well as a marked expression of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) was found in the affected muscle tissue in response to injections of NEP and ACE inhibitors. The concentration of SP in the muscles was also higher than that for the NaCl group. Conclusions The observations show that the local injections of NEP and ACE inhibitors led to marked SP-like and NK-1R immunoreactions, increased SP concentrations, and an amplification of the morphological changes in the tissue. The injections of the inhibitors thus led to a more marked myositis process and an upregulation of the SP system. Endogenously produced substances, out of which the tachykinins conform to one substance family, may play a role in mediating effects in the tissue in a muscle that is subjected to pronounced overuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sture Forsgren
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Chéret J, Lebonvallet N, Buhé V, Carre JL, Misery L, Le Gall-Ianotto C. Influence of sensory neuropeptides on human cutaneous wound healing process. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 74:193-203. [PMID: 24630238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Close interactions exist between primary sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and skin cells. The PNS may be implicated in the modulation of different skin functions as wound healing. OBJECTIVE Study the influence of sensory neurons in human cutaneous wound healing. METHODS We incubated injured human skin explants either with rat primary sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or different neuropeptides (vasoactive intestinal peptide or VIP, calcitonin gene-related peptide or CGRP, substance P or SP) at various concentrations. Then we evaluated their effects on the proliferative and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling phases, dermal fibroblasts adhesion and differentiation into myofibroblasts. RESULTS Thus, DRG and all studied neuromediators increased fibroblasts and keratinocytes proliferation and act on the expression ratio between collagen type I and type III in favor of collagen I, particularly between the 3rd and 7th day of culture. Furthermore, the enzymatic activities of matrix metalloprotesases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were increased in the first days of wound healing process. Finally, the adhesion of human dermal fibroblasts and their differentiation into myofibroblasts were promoted after incubation with neuromediators. Interestingly, the most potent concentrations for each tested molecules, were the lowest concentrations, corresponding to physiological concentrations. CONCLUSION Sensory neurons and their derived-neuropeptides are able to promote skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chéret
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - N Lebonvallet
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - V Buhé
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - J L Carre
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - L Misery
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France.
| | - C Le Gall-Ianotto
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
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18
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19
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Lebonvallet N, Pennec JP, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Chéret J, Jeanmaire C, Carré JL, Pauly G, Misery L. Activation of primary sensory neurons by the topical application of capsaicin on the epidermis of a re-innervated organotypic human skin model. Exp Dermatol 2013; 23:73-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lebonvallet
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest, EA4685; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Brest; Brest France
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions; Pulnoy France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pennec
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Brest; Brest France
| | - Christelle Le Gall-Ianotto
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest, EA4685; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Brest; Brest France
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest, EA4685; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Brest; Brest France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Carré
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest, EA4685; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Brest; Brest France
| | | | - Laurent Misery
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest, EA4685; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Brest; Brest France
- Department of Dermatology; Brest University Hospital; Brest France
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Mijouin L, Hillion M, Ramdani Y, Jaouen T, Duclairoir-Poc C, Follet-Gueye ML, Lati E, Yvergnaux F, Driouich A, Lefeuvre L, Farmer C, Misery L, Feuilloley MGJ. Effects of a skin neuropeptide (substance p) on cutaneous microflora. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78773. [PMID: 24250813 PMCID: PMC3826737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skin is the largest human neuroendocrine organ and hosts the second most numerous microbial population but the interaction of skin neuropeptides with the microflora has never been investigated. We studied the effect of Substance P (SP), a peptide released by nerve endings in the skin on bacterial virulence. Methodology/Principal Findings Bacillus cereus, a member of the skin transient microflora, was used as a model. Exposure to SP strongly stimulated the cytotoxicity of B. cereus (+553±3% with SP 10−6 M) and this effect was rapid (<5 min). Infection of keratinocytes with SP treated B. cereus led to a rise in caspase1 and morphological alterations of the actin cytoskeleton. Secretome analysis revealed that SP stimulated the release of collagenase and superoxide dismutase. Moreover, we also noted a shift in the surface polarity of the bacteria linked to a peel-off of the S-layer and the release of S-layer proteins. Meanwhile, the biofilm formation activity of B. cereus was increased. The Thermo unstable ribosomal Elongation factor (Ef-Tu) was identified as the SP binding site in B. cereus. Other Gram positive skin bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis also reacted to SP by an increase of virulence. Thermal water from Uriage-les-Bains and an artificial polysaccharide (Teflose®) were capable to antagonize the effect of SP on bacterial virulence. Conclusions/Significance SP is released in sweat during stress and is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of numerous skin diseases through neurogenic inflammation. Our study suggests that a direct effect of SP on the skin microbiote should be another mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Mijouin
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université Rouen, Evreux, France
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Lebonvallet N, Pennec JP, Le Gall C, Pereira U, Boulais N, Cheret J, Jeanmaire C, Danoux L, Pauly G, Misery L. Effect of human skin explants on the neurite growth of the PC12 cell line. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:224-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christelle Le Gall
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de Brest, LNB, EA46855; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Brest; France
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de Brest, LNB, EA46855; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Brest; France
| | - Nicholas Boulais
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de Brest, LNB, EA46855; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Brest; France
| | - Jeremy Cheret
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de Brest, LNB, EA46855; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Brest; France
| | | | - Louis Danoux
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS; Pulnoy; France
| | - Gilles Pauly
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS; Pulnoy; France
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Roggenkamp D, Köpnick S, Stäb F, Wenck H, Schmelz M, Neufang G. Epidermal nerve fibers modulate keratinocyte growth via neuropeptide signaling in an innervated skin model. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1620-8. [PMID: 23283070 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atopic eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by cutaneous nerve fiber sprouting and epidermal hyperplasia, pointing to an involvement of the peripheral nervous system in cutaneous homeostasis. However, the interaction of sensory neurons and skin cells is poorly understood. Using an innervated skin model, we investigated the influence of sensory neurons on epidermal morphogenesis. Neurons induced the proliferation of keratinocytes, resulting in an increase in the epidermal thickness. Inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), but not substance P (SP) signaling, reversed this effect. Human CGRP enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickness in skin models, demonstrating a key role of CGRP in modulating epidermal morphogenesis, whereas SP had only a moderate effect. Innervated skin models composed of atopic skin cells showed increased neurite outgrowth, accompanied by elevated CGRP release. As atopic keratinocytes were sensitized to CGRP owing to higher expression levels of the CGRP receptor components, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) and receptor component protein (RCP), atopic innervated skin models displayed a thicker epidermis than did healthy controls. We conclude that neural CGRP controls local keratinocyte growth. Our results show that the crosstalk of the cutaneous peripheral nervous system and skin cells significantly influences epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis in healthy and atopic skin.
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Klusch A, Ponce L, Gorzelanny C, Schäfer I, Schneider SW, Ringkamp M, Holloschi A, Schmelz M, Hafner M, Petersen M. Coculture model of sensory neurites and keratinocytes to investigate functional interaction: chemical stimulation and atomic force microscope-transmitted mechanical stimulation combined with live-cell imaging. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:1387-90. [PMID: 23235528 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Russo D, Clavenzani P, Sorteni C, Bo Minelli L, Botti M, Gazza F, Panu R, Ragionieri L, Chiocchetti R. Neurochemical features of boar lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion neurons and characterization of sensory neurons innervating the urinary bladder trigone. J Comp Neurol 2012; 521:342-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Characterization of the first coculture between human primary keratinocytes and the dorsal root ganglion-derived neuronal cell line F-11. Neuroscience 2012; 210:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Atopic keratinocytes induce increased neurite outgrowth in a coculture model of porcine dorsal root ganglia neurons and human skin cells. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1892-900. [PMID: 22418869 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skin of patients suffering from atopic eczema displays a higher epidermal nerve fiber density, associated with neurogenic inflammation and pruritus. Using an in vitro coculture system, allowing a spatially compartmented culture of somata from porcine dorsal root ganglion neurons and human primary skin cells, we investigated the influence of dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes on neurite outgrowth. In comparison with dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes induced more branched and less calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers. By adding neutralizing antibodies, we showed that nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are pivotal neurotrophic factors of skin cell-induced neurite outgrowth. Keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts secreted different ratios of neurotrophic factors, influencing morphology and CGRP immunoreactivity of neurites. To investigate changes of the peripheral nervous system in the pathogenesis of atopic eczema in vitro, we analyzed neurite outgrowth mediated by atopic skin cells. Atopic keratinocytes produced elevated levels of NGF and mediated an increased outgrowth of CGRP-positive sensory fibers. Our results demonstrate the impact of dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes on skin innervation and emphasize the role of keratinocytes as key players of hyperinnervation in atopic eczema.
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Lebonvallet N, Boulais N, Le Gall C, Pereira U, Gauché D, Gobin E, Pers JO, Jeanmaire C, Danoux L, Pauly G, Misery L. Effects of the re-innervation of organotypic skin explants on the epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:156-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tsutsumi M, Goto M, Denda S, Denda M. Morphological and functional differences in coculture system of keratinocytes and dorsal-root-ganglion-derived cells depending on time of seeding. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:464-7. [PMID: 21585554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous study indicated that in a coculture system of keratinocytes and dorsal-root-ganglion-derived (DRG) cells, mechanical stimulation of keratinocytes induced ATP-mediated calcium propagation and excitation of DRG cells. Here, we examined two different coculture systems of keratinocytes and DRG cells. In one, we seeded keratinocytes first and then seeded DRG cells on the keratinocytes. In this system, nerve fibres from DRG cells passed between keratinocytes. Mechanical stimulation of keratinocytes did not induce excitation of DRG cells. In the other, we seeded both cell types together. At first, each cell type grew separately, forming cell aggregates. Then, nerve fibres grew out from the DRG cell aggregates to keratinocyte aggregates and penetrated into them. In this system, mechanical stimulation of keratinocytes induced excitation of the nerve fibres, but the excitation was not completely blocked by apyrase, an ATP-degrading enzyme. These results suggest that coculture of keratinocytes and DRG can generate a variety of structures, depending on the seeding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Tsutsumi
- Shiseido Research Center, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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