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Xifeng W, Jiahua Z, Ningxing L, Guowu Z, Yunxia S, Xuepeng C, Jun Q, Xianzhu X, Qingling M. The regulatory roles of Fasciola hepatica GSTO1 protein in inflammatory cytokine expression and apoptosis in murine macrophages. Acta Trop 2023; 245:106977. [PMID: 37399980 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Fascioliasis, a global zoonotic parasitic disease, is mainly caused by Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) parasitizing in the livers of hosts, mainly humans and herbivores. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is one of the important excretory- secretory products (ESPs) from F. hepatica, however, the regulatory roles of its Omega subtype in the immunomodulatory effects remain unknown. Here, we expressed F. hepatica recombinant GSTO1 protein (rGSTO1) in Pichia pastoris and analyzed its antioxidant properties. Then, the interaction between F. hepatica rGSTO1 and RAW264.7 macrophages and its effects on inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis were further explored. The results revealed that GSTO1 of F. hepatica owned the potent ability to resist oxidative stress. F. hepatica rGSTO1 could interact with RAW264.7 macrophages and inhibit its cell viability, furthermore, it may suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, but promote the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, F. hepatica rGSTO1 may down-regulate the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and increase the expression of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3, thereby eliciting the apoptosis of macrophages. Notably, F. hepatica rGSTO1 inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs p38, ERK and JNK) pathways in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells, exerting potent modulatory effects on macrophages. These findings suggested that F. hepatica GSTO1 can modulate the host immune response, which provided new insights into the immune evasion mechanism of F. hepatica infection in host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xifeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Zhang Jiahua
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Li Ningxing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Zhang Guowu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Shang Yunxia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Cai Xuepeng
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Qiao Jun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xia Xianzhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.
| | - Meng Qingling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
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Ni JH, Yang WX. Extracellular and Intracellular Skeletons: How Do They Involve in Apoptosis. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 41:80-90. [PMID: 34847739 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a key role in removing abnormal or senescent cells, maintaining the overall health of the tissue, and coordinating individual development. Recently, it has been discovered that the intracellular cytoskeleton plays a role in the apoptotic process. In addition, the regulatory role of extracellular matrix (ECM) fibrous proteins, which can be considered as the extracellular skeleton, in the process of apoptosis is rarely summarized. In this review, we collect the latest knowledge about how fibrous proteins inside and outside cells regulate apoptosis. We describe how ECM fibrous proteins participate in the regulation of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways through various signaling cascades mediated by integrins. We then explore the molecular mechanisms by which intracellular intermediate filaments regulate cell apoptosis by regulating death receptors on the cell membrane surface. Similarly, we report on novel supporting functions of microtubules in the execution phase of apoptosis and discuss their formation mechanisms. Finally, we discuss that the polypeptide fragments formed by caspase degradation of ECM fibrous proteins and intracellular intermediate filament act as local regulatory signals to play different regulatory roles in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Ni
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Nourani MR, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S, Imani Fooladi AA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute exposure to sulfur mustard: a systematic review. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 37:200-216. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2016.1212374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Nourani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Justus SJ, Ting AT. Cloaked in ubiquitin, a killer hides in plain sight: the molecular regulation of RIPK1. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:145-60. [PMID: 26085213 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, studies have shown how instrumental programmed cell death (PCD) can be in innate and adaptive immune responses. PCD can be a means to maintain homeostasis, prevent or promote microbial pathogenesis, and drive autoimmune disease and inflammation. The molecular machinery regulating these cell death programs has been examined in detail, although there is still much to be explored. A master regulator of programmed cell death and innate immunity is receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), which has been implicated in orchestrating various pathologies via the induction of apoptosis, necroptosis, and nuclear factor-κB-driven inflammation. These and other roles for RIPK1 have been reviewed elsewhere. In a reflection of the ability of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to induce either survival or death response, this molecule in the TNF pathway can transduce either a survival or a death signal. The intrinsic killing capacity of RIPK1 is usually kept in check by the chains of ubiquitin, enabling it to serve in a prosurvival capacity. In this review, the intricate regulatory mechanisms responsible for restraining RIPK1 from killing are discussed primarily in the context of the TNF signaling pathway and how, when these mechanisms are disrupted, RIPK1 is free to unveil its program of cellular demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Justus
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian T Ting
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute and Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Shokrollahi Barough M, Hasanzadeh H, Barati M, Pak F, Kokhaei P, Rezaei-Tavirani M. Apoptosis/Necrosis Induction by Ultraviolet, in ER Positive and ER Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2015; 8:e4193. [PMID: 26855725 PMCID: PMC4736075 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp-4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure has been one of the major inducers of apoptosis. UV exposure has caused pyrimidine dimers and DNA fragmentation which might lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis signals activation. UV induced apoptosis has investigated in MDA-MB 468 as an ER negative breast adenocarcinoma and MCF-7 as an ER positive breast cancer cell line. Apoptosis induction rate by UV might be different in these two types of cells due to different biological characteristics of the cell. Objectives: In this paper we have evaluated serial dose of UV-B exposure on ER positive and ER negative breast cancer cell lines and its effect on apoptosis or necrosis induction in these cells. Materials and Methods: MDA-MB468 and MCF-7 cell lines have cultured for 24 hours and UV exposure has carried out at 290 nm at dose of 154 J/m2 to 18 KJ/m2 using UV lamp. UV exposed cells have incubated in cell culture condition for 24 or 48 hours following UV exposure and the cells have stained and analyzed by flow cytometry for apoptosis evaluation by Annexin V/PI method. Results: Apoptosis rate (PI and Annexin V double positive cells) after 24 hours incubation was higher in 24 hours in comparison with 48 hours incubation in both cell lines. The frequency of PI positive MDA-MB 468 cells was higher than PI and Annexin V double positive cells after 48 hours. PI positive MDA-MB 468 cells were significantly higher than MCF-7 cells in 24 hours incubation time. Conclusions: The results have shown that MDA-MB 468 cells were more sensitive to UV exposure and DNA fragmentation and necrosis pathway was dominant in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Shokrollahi Barough
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IR Iran; Student's Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IR Iran
| | - Hadi Hasanzadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IR Iran; Student's Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pak
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IR Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IR Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Solna and Karolinska Institute, Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Wu J, Wang Q, Fu X, Wu X, Gu C, Bi J, Xie F, Kang N, Liu X, Yan L, Cao Y, Xiao R. Influence of Immunogenicity of Allogeneic Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bone Tissue Engineering. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:229-42. [PMID: 25853798 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (allo-BMSC)-based tissue-engineered bone (TEB) has great potential for bone defect repair. However, the immunogenicities and biological roles of allo-BMSCs are still controversial. In this study, we established an animal model of critical-sized mandibular defect in beagle dogs and compared the repairing effects of allo-BMSC-based TEB with autogenic BMSC (auto-BMSC)-based TEB without the administration of immunosuppressants. During the first 2 weeks postimplantation, a transient immune response in the allo-BMSC group was detected with an increase in proinflammation cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2, a declination of anti-inflammation cytokine IL-10, and an increase in percentages of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets in peripheral blood. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in bone union achievement, bone mineral density, and biomechanical properties between the two groups at 12 and 24 weeks postimplantation. Further subcutaneous implantation of allo-BMSCs/scaffold also exhibited the similar transient immune responses in the first 2 weeks postimplantation but followed by a decreased bone formation at 4 and 8 weeks postimplantation. These findings indicate that allo-BMSCs can induce a transient immunoreaction, which may temporally delay the osteogenesis of allo-BMSC/scaffold complex in early stage of in vivo implantation, whereas the long-term engineered bone formation was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingGuo Wu
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
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Sztein MB, Salerno-Goncalves R, McArthur MA. Complex adaptive immunity to enteric fevers in humans: lessons learned and the path forward. Front Immunol 2014; 5:516. [PMID: 25386175 PMCID: PMC4209864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, and S. Paratyphi A and B, causative agents of paratyphoid fever, are major public health threats throughout the world. Although two licensed typhoid vaccines are currently available, they are only moderately protective and immunogenic necessitating the development of novel vaccines. A major obstacle in the development of improved typhoid, as well as paratyphoid vaccines is the lack of known immunological correlates of protection in humans. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding the complex adaptive host responses against S. Typhi. Although the induction of S. Typhi-specific antibodies (including their functional properties) and memory B cells, as well as their cross-reactivity with S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B has been shown, the role of humoral immunity in protection remains undefined. Cell mediated immunity (CMI) is likely to play a dominant role in protection against enteric fever pathogens. Detailed measurements of CMI performed in volunteers immunized with attenuated strains of S. Typhi have shown, among others, the induction of lymphoproliferation, multifunctional type 1 cytokine production, and CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell responses. In addition to systemic responses, the local microenvironment of the gut is likely to be of paramount importance in protection from these infections. In this review, we will critically assess current knowledge regarding the role of CMI and humoral immunity following natural S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi infections, experimental challenge, and immunization in humans. We will also address recent advances regarding cross-talk between the host's gut microbiota and immunization with attenuated S. Typhi, mechanisms of systemic immune responses, and the homing potential of S. Typhi-specific B- and T-cells to the gut and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B Sztein
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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McComb S, Shutinoski B, Thurston S, Cessford E, Kumar K, Sad S. Cathepsins limit macrophage necroptosis through cleavage of Rip1 kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5671-8. [PMID: 24799565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that programmed necrosis, necroptosis, may play a key role in the development of inflammation. Deciphering the regulation of this pathway within immune cells may therefore have implications in pathology associated with inflammatory diseases. We show that treatment of macrophages with the pan caspase inhibitor (zVAD-FMK) results in both increased phosphorylation and decreased cleavage of receptor interacting protein kinase-1 (Rip1), leading to necroptosis that is dependent on autocrine TNF signaling. Stimulation of cells with TLR agonists such as LPS in the presence of zVAD-FMK also induced Rip1-phosphorylation via a TNFR-independent mechanism. Further examination of Rip1 expression under these stimulatory conditions revealed a regulatory cleavage of Rip1 in macrophages that is not apparently attributable to caspase-8. Instead, we provide novel evidence that cysteine family cathepsins, which are highly abundant in myeloid cells, can also cleave Rip1 kinase. Using small interfering RNA knockdown, specific cathepsin inhibitors, and cell-free cleavage assays, we demonstrate that cysteine cathepsins B and S can directly cleave Rip1. Finally, we demonstrate that only through combined inhibition of cathepsins and caspase-8 could a potent induction of macrophage necroptosis be achieved. These data reveal a novel mechanism of regulation of necroptosis by cathepsins within macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott McComb
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Bojan Shutinoski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Susan Thurston
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Erin Cessford
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kriti Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
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Parfieniuk-Kowerda A, Lapinski TW, Rogalska-Plonska M, Swiderska M, Panasiuk A, Jaroszewicz J, Flisiak R. Serum cytochrome c and m30-neoepitope of cytokeratin-18 in chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int 2014; 34:544-50. [PMID: 23981197 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cytochrome c (CYC) and M30-neoepitope of cytokeratin-18 (M30-CK18) are involved at different levels in apoptotic pathways. We aimed to evaluate an association between serum CYC, M30-CK18 and disease activity as well response to therapy in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). METHODS Seventy CHC patients were enrolled in this study. Forty five of them completed pegylated interferon plus ribavirin therapy. Histopathological evaluation of hepatic inflammatory activity and fibrosis, as well as blood liver function tests, was performed. Serum concentrations of M30-CK18 and CYC were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Median serum concentration of M30-CK18 was higher in CHC patients [283 U/L] vs. control [113 U/L] (P = 0.0003) and was associated with inflammatory activity and liver fibrosis (P < 0.001). Serum M30-CK18 positively correlated with serum activity of ALT and GGT. CYC was not detected in sera of control group, whereas in CHC, 41.43% patients had detectable CYC in serum samples [0.60 ng/ml]. Detectable baseline serum CYC had been negatively associated with sustained virological response (SVR). In patients with detectable CYC, SVR rate was 20% vs. 60% in patients with undetectable CYC (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum M30-CK18, as an indicator of enhanced apoptosis of hepatocytes, parallels active hepatic inflammation and fibrosis but also biochemical activity in CHC; thus, it may serve as a comprehensive non-invasive marker of disease activity. On the other hand, detection of serum CYC at baseline may be negatively associated with treatment response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parfieniuk-Kowerda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Friesen C, Hormann I, Roscher M, Fichtner I, Alt A, Hilger R, Debatin KM, Miltner E. Opioid receptor activation triggering downregulation of cAMP improves effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs in treatment of glioblastoma. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1560-70. [PMID: 24626197 PMCID: PMC4050161 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma are the most frequent and malignant human brain tumors, having a very poor prognosis. The enhanced radio- and chemoresistance of glioblastoma and the glioblastoma stem cells might be the main reason why conventional therapies fail. The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) controls cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Downregulation of cAMP sensitizes tumor cells for anti-cancer treatment. Opioid receptor agonists triggering opioid receptors can activate inhibitory Gi proteins, which, in turn, block adenylyl cyclase activity reducing cAMP. In this study, we show that downregulation of cAMP by opioid receptor activation improves the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs in treatment of glioblastoma. The µ-opioid receptor agonist D,L-methadone sensitizes glioblastoma as well as the untreatable glioblastoma stem cells for doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and activation of apoptosis pathways by reversing deficient caspase activation and deficient downregulation of XIAP and Bcl-xL, playing critical roles in glioblastomas’ resistance. Blocking opioid receptors using the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone or increasing intracellular cAMP by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) strongly reduced opioid receptor agonist-induced sensitization for doxorubicin. In addition, the opioid receptor agonist D,L-methadone increased doxorubicin uptake and decreased doxorubicin efflux, whereas doxorubicin increased opioid receptor expression in glioblastomas. Furthermore, opioid receptor activation using D,L-methadone inhibited tumor growth significantly in vivo. Our findings suggest that opioid receptor activation triggering downregulation of cAMP is a promising strategy to inhibit tumor growth and to improve the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs in treatment of glioblastoma and in killing glioblastoma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Friesen
- Center for Biomedical Research; University of Ulm; Ulm, Germany; Institute of Legal Medicine; University of Ulm; Ulm, Germany
| | - Inis Hormann
- Center for Biomedical Research; University of Ulm; Ulm, Germany; Institute of Legal Medicine; University of Ulm; Ulm, Germany
| | - Mareike Roscher
- Center for Biomedical Research; University of Ulm; Ulm, Germany; Institute of Legal Medicine; University of Ulm; Ulm, Germany
| | - Iduna Fichtner
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Alt
- Institute of Legal Medicine; University of Ulm; Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralf Hilger
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Essen; West German Cancer Center; Essen, Germany
| | | | - Erich Miltner
- Center for Biomedical Research; University of Ulm; Ulm, Germany; Institute of Legal Medicine; University of Ulm; Ulm, Germany
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Meshram M, Naderi S, McConkey B, Ingalls B, Scharer J, Budman H. Modeling the coupled extracellular and intracellular environments in mammalian cell culture. Metab Eng 2013; 19:57-68. [PMID: 23810769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of metabolism in mammalian cell culture is closely linked to the process of apoptosis-programmed cell death. Apoptosis negatively impacts culture viability, product yield, and quality. An improved understanding of the interaction between apoptosis and metabolism will give rise to better control over the culture process, and thus improvements in product yield. This study presents a mathematical model that describes both the metabolic fluxes involving the extracellular metabolites and the progression of apoptosis in terms of intracellular caspases, and thus highlights the interactions between these two processes. The model is trained and validated against experimental observations of Chinese Hamster Ovary cell culture producing monoclonal antibody. Importantly, the model describes the continued production of monoclonal antibody in post exponential phase by incorporating different rates of antibody production for separate sub-populations within the culture. A parameter estimability test was applied on the combined model to assess the confidence in parameter estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meshram
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
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Abstract
During the last few decades it has been recognized that cell death is not the consequence of accidental injury, but is the expression of a cell suicide programme. Kerr et al. (1972) introduced the term apoptosis. This form of cell death is under the influence of hormones, growth factors and cytokines, which depending upon the receptors present on the target cells, may activate a genetically controlled cell elimination process. During apoptosis the cell membrane remains intact and the cell breaks into apoptotic bodies, which are phagocytosed. Apoptosis, in contrast to necrosis, is not harmful to the host and does not induce any inflammatory reaction. The principal event that leads to inflammatory disease is cell damage, induced by chemical/physical injury, anoxia or starvation. Cell damage means leakage of cell contents into the adjacent tissues, resulting in the capillary transmigration of granulocytes to the injured tissue. The accumulation of neutrophils and release of enzymes and oxygen radicals enhances the inflammatory reaction. Until now there has been little research into the factors controlling the accumulation and the tissue load of granulocytes and their histotoxic products in inflammatory processes. Neutrophil apoptosis may represent an important event in the control of intlamtnation. It has been assumed that granulocytes disintegrate to apoptotic bodies before their fragments are removed by local macrophages. Removal of neutrophils from the inflammatory site without release of granule contents is of paramount importance for cessation of inflammation. In conclusion, apoptotic cell death plays an important role in inflammatory processes and in the resolution of inflammatory reactions. The facts known at present should stimulate further research into the role of neutrophil, eosinophil and macrophage apoptosis in inflammatory diseases.
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Meshram M, Naderi S, McConkey B, Budman H, Scharer J, Ingalls B. Population-based modeling of the progression of apoptosis in mammalian cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:1193-204. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Castillo D, Queller D, Strassmann J. Cell condition, competition, and chimerism in the social amoebaDictyostelium discoideum. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2011.568526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ono K, Wang X, Kim SO, Armstrong LC, Bornstein P, Han J. Metaxin deficiency alters mitochondrial membrane permeability and leads to resistance to TNF-induced cell killing. Protein Cell 2011; 1:161-73. [PMID: 21088703 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaxin, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, is critical for TNF-induced cell death in L929 cells. Its deficiency, caused by retroviral insertion-mediated mutagenesis, renders L929 cells resistance to TNF killing. In this study, we further characterized metaxin deficiency-caused TNF resistance in parallel with Bcl-X(L) overexpression-mediated death resistance. We did not find obvious change in mitochondria membrane potential in metaxin-deficient (Met(mut)) and Bcl-X(L)-overexpressing cells, but we did find an increase in the release rate of the mitochondrial membrane potential probe rhodamine 123 (Rh123) that was preloaded into mitochondria. In addition, overexpression of a function-interfering mutant of metaxin (MetaΔTM/C) or Bcl-X(L) in MCF-7.3.28 cells also resulted in an acquired resistance to TNF killing and a faster rate of Rh123 release, indicating a close correlation between TNF resistance and higher rates of the dye release from the mitochondria. The release of Rh123 can be controlled by the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (PT) pore, as targeting an inner membrane component of the PT pore by cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibited Rh123 release. However, metaxin deficiency and Bcl-X(L) overexpression apparently affect Rh123 release from a site(s) different from that of CsA, as CsA can overcome their effect. Though both metaxin and Bcl-X(L) appear to function on the outer mitochondrial membrane, they do not interact with each other. They may use different mechanisms to increase the permeability of Rh123, since previous studies have suggested that metaxin may influence certain outer membrane porins while Bcl-X(L) may form pores on the outer membrane. The alteration of the mitochondrial outer membrane properties by metaxin deficiency and Bcl-X(L) overexpression, as indicated by a quicker Rh123 release, may be helpful in maintaining mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Ono
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 3 plays a role in hypoxia-induced apoptosis of trophoblast cell line 3A-sub-E. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:742-50. [PMID: 21277991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 3 (Mst3) is a key player in inducing apoptosis in a variety of cell types and has recently been shown to participate in the signaling pathway of hypoxia-induced apoptosis of human trophoblast cell line 3A-sub-E (3A). It is believed that oxidative stress may occur during hypoxia and induce the expression of Mst3 in 3A cells via the activation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1). This hypothesis was demonstrated by the suppressive effect of dl-α-lipoic acid, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, in hypoxia-induced responses of 3A cells such as Mst3 expression, nitrotyrosine formation, JNK1 activation and apoptosis. Similar results were also observed in trophoblasts of human placental explants in both immunohistochemical studies and immunoblot analyses. These suggested that the activation of Mst3 might trigger the apoptotic process in trophoblasts by activating caspase 3 and possibly other apoptotic pathways. The role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) in hypoxia-induced Mst3 up-regulation was also demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of N(G)-nitro-l-arginine and apocynin, which inhibits NOS and NOX, respectively. Oxidative stress was postulated to be induced by NOS and NOX in 3A cells during hypoxia. In conclusion, hypoxia induces oxidative stress in human trophoblasts by activating NOS and NOX. Subsequently, Mst3 is up-regulated and plays an important role in hypoxia-induced apoptosis of human trophoblasts.
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Battaglia CLR, Gogal RM, Zimmerman K, Misra HP. Malathion, Lindane, and Piperonyl Butoxide, Individually or in Combined Mixtures, Induce Immunotoxicity via Apoptosis in Murine Splenocytes In Vitro. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:209-20. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809357954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lindane, malathion, and piperonyl butoxide were cultured singly or as mixtures with murine splenocytes to evaluate changes in cell death and caused cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Pesticide mixture studies were then performed based on minimum cytotoxicity concentrations (<LC25). Cytologic analysis and the alamarBlue assay revealed that individual pesticides and mixtures of malathion/lindane and malathion/piperonyl butoxide prompted cytotoxicity, which was supported by DNA ladder analysis. Using 7-aminoactinomycin D, apoptosis was quantified at 6.5%, 12.0%, 13.2%, 19.3%, and 23.4% for malathion, lindane, piperonyl butoxide, malathion-lindane, and malathion-piperonyl butoxide, respectively. Staining with 7-aminoactinomycin D and B- or T-cell–specific fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies showed B cells to be more susceptible to malathion and piperonyl butoxide treatments than T cells. Treatment of murine splenocytes in vitro with minimum cytotoxic concentrations of lindane, malathion, and piperonyl butoxide and their mixtures induced apoptosis, the effect elicited by the mixtures being additive compared with the individual pesticide effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L. R. Battaglia
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Present address: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert M. Gogal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kurt Zimmerman
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Hara P. Misra
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Xue L, Sun Y, Chiang L, He B, Kang C, Nolla H, Winoto A. Coupling of the cell cycle and apoptotic machineries in developing T cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7556-65. [PMID: 20068041 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.035535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and apoptosis are diametrically opposite processes. Expression of certain genes like c-Myc, however, can induce both, pointing to a possible linkage between them. Developing CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes are intrinsically sensitive to apoptosis, but the molecular basis is not known. We have found that these noncycling cells surprisingly express many cell cycle proteins. We generated transgenic mice expressing a CDK2 kinase-dead (CDK2-DN) protein in the T cell compartment. Analysis of these mice showed that the CDK2-DN protein acts as a dominant negative mutant in mature T cells as expected, but surprisingly, it acts as a dominant active protein in CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes. The levels of CDK2 kinase activity, cyclin E, cyclin A, and other cell cycle proteins in transgenic CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes are increased. Concurrently, caspase levels are elevated, and apoptosis is significantly enhanced in vitro and in vivo. E2F-1, the unique E2F member capable of inducing apoptosis when overexpressed, is specifically up-regulated in transgenic CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes but not in other T cell populations. These results demonstrate that the cell cycle and apoptotic machineries are normally linked, and expression of cell cycle proteins in developing T cells contributes to their inherent 1sensitivity to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xue
- Cancer Research Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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21
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Mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 3 induces a caspase-independent apoptotic pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Deghmane AE, Veckerlé C, Giorgini D, Hong E, Ruckly C, Taha MK. Differential modulation of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis by Neisseria meningitidis. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000405. [PMID: 19412525 PMCID: PMC2669886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by Neisseria meningitidis show duality between frequent asymptomatic carriage and occasional life-threatening disease. Bacterial and host factors involved in this balance are not fully understood. Cytopathic effects and cell damage may prelude to pathogenesis of isolates belonging to hyper-invasive lineages. We aimed to analyze cell–bacteria interactions using both pathogenic and carriage meningococcal isolates. Several pathogenic isolates of the ST-11 clonal complex and carriage isolates were used to infect human epithelial cells. Cytopathic effect was determined and apoptosis was scored using several methods (FITC-Annexin V staining followed by FACS analysis, caspase assays and DNA fragmentation). Only pathogenic isolates were able to induce apoptosis in human epithelial cells, mainly by lipooligosaccharide (endotoxin). Bioactive TNF-α is only detected when cells were infected by pathogenic isolates. At the opposite, carriage isolates seem to provoke shedding of the TNF-α receptor I (TNF-RI) from the surface that protect cells from apoptosis by chelating TNF-α. Ability to induce apoptosis and inflammation may represent major traits in the pathogenesis of N. meningitidis. However, our data strongly suggest that carriage isolates of meningococci reduce inflammatory response and apoptosis induction, resulting in the protection of their ecological niche at the human nasopharynx. Acquisition of Neisseria meningitidis often leads to asymptomatic colonization (carriage) and rarely results in invasive disease associated with tissue injury. The reasons that make disease-associated isolates (pathogenic isolates) but not asymptomatic carriage isolates able to invade the host to establish disease are not understood. Isolates belonging to the ST-11 clonal complex are most frequently associated with the disease and rarely found in carriers. These hyper-invasive isolates may be able to induce cytopathic effects in target cells. We aimed to investigate the cytopathic effect of meningococcal isolates on epithelial cells using both ST-11 pathogenic isolates and carriage isolates. We showed that cytopathic effects were strongly associated with pathogenic isolates and infected cells exhibited features of apoptosis. This effect is mainly mediated by bacterial endotoxin (lipooligosaccharide) and involved an autocrine signaling mechanism of secreted TNF-α through its receptor TNF-RI. In contrast, carriage isolates down-regulate TNF-RI on the surface of infected cells by increasing TNF-RI shedding into the medium. We suggest that chelating secreted TNF-α protects cells from apoptosis. Our results unravel a differential modulation of TNF-α signaling by meningococcal isolates leading to cell survival or death and would therefore contribute to better understanding of the duality between carriage and invasiveness.
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Giusti C, Luciani MF, Klein G, Aubry L, Tresse E, Kosta A, Golstein P. Necrotic cell death: From reversible mitochondrial uncoupling to irreversible lysosomal permeabilization. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:26-38. [PMID: 18951891 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dictyostelium atg1- mutant cells provide an experimentally and genetically favorable model to study necrotic cell death (NCD) with no interference from apoptosis or autophagy. In such cells subjected to starvation and cAMP, induction by the differentiation-inducing factor DIF or by classical uncouplers led within minutes to mitochondrial uncoupling, which causally initiated NCD. We now report that (1) in this model, NCD included a mitochondrial-lysosomal cascade of events, (2) mitochondrial uncoupling and therefore initial stages of death showed reversibility for a surprisingly long time, (3) subsequent lysosomal permeabilization could be demonstrated using Lysosensor blue, acridin orange, Texas red-dextran and cathepsin B substrate, (4) this lysosomal permeabilization was irreversible, and (5) the presence of the uncoupler was required to maintain mitochondrial lesions but also to induce lysosomal lesions, suggesting that signaling from mitochondria to lysosomes must be sustained by the continuous presence of the uncoupler. These results further characterized the NCD pathway in this priviledged model, contributed to a definition of NCD at the lysosomal level, and suggested that in mammalian NCD even late reversibility attempts by removal of the inducer may be of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Giusti
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille F-13288, France
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24
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Pagnan G, Caridi G, Montaldo PG, Bado M, Chiesa V, Allen TM, Ponzoni M. Apoptosis of Human Neuroblastoma Cells Induced by Liposome-Encapsulated Fenretinide. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109809035543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Allgöwer M, Schoenenberger GA, Sparkes BG. Pernicious effectors in burns. Burns 2008; 34 Suppl 1:S1-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Increased apoptosis in the alveolar microenvironment of the healthy human lung. J Surg Res 2008; 145:186-91. [PMID: 18222480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis represents a physiological clearance mechanism in human tissues. The role of apoptosis has not been examined in normal lung cell populations, such as alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells. What is the percentage, as well as the role, of apoptosis in the alveolar microenvironment of the healthy human lung? PATIENTS AND METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage was obtained from 21 volunteers without lung disease. The specimens were analyzed using: Annexin V binding, DNA laddering, light microscopy and immunohistochemistry for bcl-2 expression. RESULTS Apoptosis of the total bronchoalveolar lavage cell population was 51.2%. Both alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells had a high apoptotic rate (62.1% and 48.3%, respectively) as determined by Annexin V binding. These findings were further confirmed using morphological criteria for apoptosis and gel electrophoresis for DNA fragmentation. In the majority of the individuals examined, (8 out of 21), the bcl-2 gene was expressed in the lymphocyte population mainly. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of apoptosis in lung cells of healthy humans is high. Apoptosis plays a key role in normal lung cell death. It appears to be the mechanism that opposes cell proliferation by eliminating, aged or damaged cells thus facilitating the process of lung remodeling.
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27
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M. Noteborn MH, Koch G. Chicken anaemia virus infection: Molecular basis of pathogenicity. Avian Pathol 2007; 24:11-31. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459508419046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Lin HY, Chuang ST, Chen YT, Shih WL, Chang CD, Liu HJ. Avian reovirus-induced apoptosis related to tissue injury. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:155-9. [PMID: 17479377 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701261262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in pathogenesis of many viral infections. Infection of chicken with avian reovirus S1133 causes tissue injury related to virus-induced apoptosis. To determine whether avian reovirus (ARV) induced apoptosis in chicken tissues, six 3-week-old specific pathogen free White Leghorn chicks were inoculated with ARV S1133. Tissues were dual-labelled for the simultaneous detection of viral antigen containing and apoptotic cells. DNA laddering was detected in ARV-infected but not mock-infected chicken tissues. Dual-labelling assay revealed that the majority of antigen-expressing cells were not apoptotic. Surprisingly, some apoptotic but non-antigen-expressing cells were frequently located in the vicinity of antigen-expressing cells. Syncytium formation in ARV-infected chicken tissues undergoing apoptosis was apparent, suggesting a correlation between virus replication and apoptosis in chicken tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin Y Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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29
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Chulu JLC, Lee LH, Lee YC, Liao SH, Lin FL, Shih WL, Liu HJ. Apoptosis induction by avian reovirus through p53 and mitochondria-mediated pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:529-35. [PMID: 17379188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although induction of apoptosis by avian reovirus has been demonstrated in primary chicken embryonic fibroblast and several cell lines, to date, the potential significance of avian reovirus (ARV)-induced apoptosis and its pathways in cultured cells are still largely unknown. We now provide the first evidence of upregulation of p53 and Bax and specifically for Bax translocation from cytosol to mitochondria following infection with a cytoplasmically replicating RNA virus. Bax translocation to the mitochondria led to the release of mitochondrial proapoptic factors cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO from mitochondria to the cytosol, but not the release of apoptosis-inducting factor. Activation of caspases-9 and -3 which cleaves the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in ARV-infected BHK-21 cells was also detected. Internucleosomal DNA cleavage was prevented by caspase inhibitors, further demonstrating that ARV-induced apoptosis was executed through caspase-dependent mechanisms. Stable expression of human bcl-2 in BHK-21 cells not only blocked ARV-induced apoptosis and DNA fragmentation but also reduced the level of infectious virus production and its spread in BHK-21 cells infected with ARV at a low multiplicity of infection. All our data suggest that p53 and the mitochondria-mediated pathway played an important regulatory role in ARV-induced apoptosis in BHK-21 cells. To further study the pathogenesis of ARV infection, a dual-labeling assay was used for the simultaneous detection of cells containing viral antigen and apoptotic cells. Dual-labeling assay revealed that the majority of antigen-expressing cells were not apoptotic. Remarkably, some apoptotic but non-antigen-expressing cells were frequently located in the vicinity of antigen-expressing cells. Syncytium formation in ARV-infected BHK-21 cells undergoing apoptosis, was apparent in large syncytia at late infection times, indicating a correlation between virus replication and apoptosis in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius L C Chulu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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30
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Ying S, Pettengill M, Ojcius DM, Häcker G. Host-Cell Survival and Death During Chlamydia Infection. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2007; 3:31-40. [PMID: 18843378 PMCID: PMC2562443 DOI: 10.2174/157339507779802179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Different Chlamydia trachomatis strains are responsible for prevalent bacterial sexually-transmitted disease and represent the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Factors that predispose individuals to disease and mechanisms by which chlamydiae cause inflammation and tissue damage remain unclear. Results from recent studies indicate that prolonged survival and subsequent death of infected cells and their effect on immune effector cells during chlamydial infection may be important in determining the outcome. Survival of infected cells is favored at early times of infection through inhibition of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Death at later times displays features of both apoptosis and necrosis, but pro-apoptotic caspases are not involved. Most studies on chlamydial modulation of host-cell death until now have been performed in cell lines. The consequences for pathogenesis and the immune response will require animal models of chlamydial infection, preferably mice with targeted deletions of genes that play a role in cell survival and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songmin Ying
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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31
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Jia Z, Misra HP. Exposure to mixtures of endosulfan and zineb induces apoptotic and necrotic cell death in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells,in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:434-46. [PMID: 17309119 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between the incidence of Parkinson's disease and pesticide exposure. Earlier it was demonstrated that exposure to the pesticides endosulfan and zineb, alone and in combination, caused neurodegeneration in vivo. It was hypothesized that these pesticides cause neurotoxicity, in part, by enhancing apoptotic cell death. SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, which retain a catecholaminergic phenotype, were exposed to endosulfan, zineb or a combination of these chemicals, in vitro. For mixture studies, concentrations of pesticides (100 microM each) were chosen based on LC(25) (lethal concentration) that would result in minimum cell death. Exposure to a mixture of pesticides exhibited significantly (P < or = 0.05) higher toxicity than each one alone. Both pesticides were found to cause apoptotic cell death that was concentration (50-400 microM) dependent. A flow cytometric (7-aminoactinomycin D) assay was used to distinguish live, early apoptotic and late apoptotic/necrotic populations. Exposure to mixtures of the pesticides enhanced both early apoptosis and late apoptosis/necrosis compared with either chemical alone. Visual evaluation using a DNA ladder assay and a fluorescence Annexin V/PI assay confirmed the contribution of both apoptotic and necrotic processes. These findings suggest that the cytotoxicity of endosulfan and zineb, both individually and in mixtures, is associated with the occurrence of early and late apoptotic/necrotic processes in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and support the contention that pesticide-induced neuronal cell death leading to neurodegenerative disease may, at least in part, be associated with early and late apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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32
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Ulett GC, Adderson EE. Regulation of Apoptosis by Gram-Positive Bacteria: Mechanistic Diversity and Consequences for Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:119-141. [PMID: 19081777 DOI: 10.2174/157339506776843033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), is an important physiological mechanism, through which the human immune system regulates homeostasis and responds to diverse forms of cellular damage. PCD may also be involved in immune counteraction to microbial infection. Over the past decade, the amount of research on bacteria-induced PCD has grown tremendously, and the implications of this mechanism on immunity are being elucidated. Some pathogenic bacteria actively trigger the suicide response in critical lineages of leukocytes that orchestrate both the innate and adaptive immune responses; other bacteria proactively prevent PCD to benefit their own survival and persistence. Currently, the microbial virulence factors, which represent the keys to unlocking the suicide response in host cells, are a primary focus of this field. In this review, we discuss these bacterial "apoptosis regulatory molecules" and the apoptotic events they either trigger or prevent, the host target cells of this regulatory activity, and the possible ramifications for immunity to infection. Gram-positive pathogens including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Listeria, and Clostridia species are discussed as important agents of human infection that modulate PCD pathways in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Ulett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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33
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Newton HB. Molecular neuro-oncology and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Part 5: apoptosis and cell cycle. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 5:355-78. [PMID: 15877531 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.5.2.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are a diverse group of malignancies that remain refractory to conventional treatment approaches. Molecular neuro-oncology has now begun to clarify the transformed phenotype of brain tumors and identify oncogenic pathways that might be amenable to targeted therapy. Abnormalities of the apoptotic and cell cycle signaling pathways are key molecular features of many brain tumors and are currently under evaluation for potential therapeutic intervention. The apoptosis pathway has numerous targets for molecular therapeutic development, including p53, Bax, Bcl-2, cFLIP, effector caspases, growth factor receptors, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Akt and apoptosis inhibitors. Current molecular treatment approaches include antisense techniques, gene therapy and small-molecule modulators and inhibitors. Potential targets of the cell cycle pathway include the cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, p53, retinoblastoma, E2F and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Developmental molecular therapeutics for this pathway include adenoviral and gene therapy, small-peptide cyclin-dependent kinase modulators, proteasomal inhibitors and small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Several of these recently identified agents have begun evaluation in clinical trials. Further development of targeted therapies designed to modulate apoptosis and the cell cycle, and evaluation of these new agents in clinical trials, will be needed to improve survival and quality of life for patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert B Newton
- Dardinger Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Hospitals, 465 Means Hall, 1654 Upham Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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34
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Natal C, Osés-Prieto JA, Pelacho B, Iraburu MJ, López-Zabalza MJ. Regulation of apoptosis by peptides of fibronectin in human monocytes. Apoptosis 2006; 11:209-19. [PMID: 16502259 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-3761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic peptides with sequences present in extracellular matrix protein fibronectin have been described to stimulate human monocytes. We describe now that one of these peptides, FN6, induces apoptotic effects on monocytes and we investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of this response. Incubation of monocytes with FN6 induces the activation of the small GTPase Rac. In turn, Rac mediates the increase of both JNK and p38 activities in a sustained fashion, as well as the phosphorylation levels of their respective substrates c-Jun and ATF-2. FN6 also stimulates caspases -9 and -3 and the delayed proteolysis of its substrates PARP and D4-GDI. In addition, initiator caspases-1 and -5 were activated by FN6 treatment of monocytes but, in contrast to that observed for caspases-9 and -3, this effect was not dependent on JNK or p38 activities. These kinases also mediated the increase of Bax levels, but only in some conditions Bcl-2 depletion caused by the peptide. Moreover, whereas initially only caspase-1 is involved in caspase-3 activation, later on caspase-9 seems also to participate. Therefore, we demonstrate that FN6 stimulation allows multiple, JNK and p38-dependent and -independent interacting signals to regulate the apoptotic response in human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Natal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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35
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Cho D, Kim YI, Kang JS, Hahm E, Yang Y, Kim D, Kim S, Kim YS, Hur D, Park H, Hwang YI, Kim TS, Lee WJ. Resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy is induced by NK cells in non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cells. J Clin Immunol 2005; 24:553-60. [PMID: 15359114 DOI: 10.1023/b:joci.0000040926.37275.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is known that B lymphoma cells are sensitive to cytotoxic chemotherapy, but primary or secondary chemoresistance frequently occurs and is the major cause of death in these patients. However, the mechanisms by which lymphoma cells acquire resistance to cytotoxic drugs are not fully understood. Recently, it was reported that B cells secrete immunoglobulin and produce cytokines after interacting with NK cells, thus indicating the importance of NK/B interactions. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy induced in cocultures of NK cells and Raji cells. Normally, Raji cells are doxorubicin-sensitive, but Raji cells cocultured with NK cells become doxorubicin-resistant. In addition, we detected the upregulation of CD69 and CD70 on Raji cells cocultured with NK cells, suggesting that Raji cells are activated by NK cells. We also found that the resistance of Raji cells to doxorubicin increased when they had been treated with NK cell coculture supernatant. Furthermore, boiled culture supernatant did not inhibit doxorubicin-mediated cell death, indicating that soluble factors are involved. Finally, we confirmed that NK cells produce TNF alpha, and that doxorubicin-sensitive Raji cells become doxorubicin-resistant after TNF alpha treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that B lymphoma cell resistance to doxorubicin-mediated cell death is induced by coculture with NK cells, because of TNF alpha secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeho Cho
- Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women's University
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36
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Zager RA, Johnson ACM, Hanson SY. Proximal tubular cytochrome c efflux: determinant, and potential marker, of mitochondrial injury. Kidney Int 2004; 65:2123-34. [PMID: 15149325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome c (cyt c) is released from mitochondria after tissue injury, but little is known of its subsequent fate. This study was undertaken to ascertain: (1) does cyt c readily gain access to the extracellular space; (2) if so, what are some determinants of this process; and (3) might cyt c release be a potentially useful marker of in vivo tissue damage. METHODS Isolated mouse proximal tubules (PT) were subjected to site 1 (rotenone; Rot), site 2 (antimycin A, AA), or site 3 (hypoxic) respiratory chain blockade (+/- 2 mmol/L glycine, to prevent plasma membrane disruption/cell death). Alternatively, oxidant injury was imposed (Fe(2+) or cholesterol oxidase). Extra- and intracellular cyt c levels were quantified by Western blot. Plasma or urine cyt c levels were also determined after rhabdomyolysis or ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) (in mice), or clinical ARF. RESULTS AA, Rot, and hypoxia caused variable degrees of PT cyt c release (AA >> rot approximately hypoxia), but at most, <20% of total cell content was involved. In contrast, Fe(2+) evoked approximately 65% cyt c efflux, and cholesterol oxidation caused approximately 100% cyt c release. Glycine did not block cyt c efflux, dissociating this process from plasma membrane disruption/necrotic cell death. After rhabdomyolysis, plasma cyt c levels rose and correlated with the severity of ARF (r, 0.93 vs. BUNs). Cyt c was detected in urine after both experimental and clinical ARF. CONCLUSION Cell cyt c release is dependent on the site and the type of mitochondrial injury sustained. Oxidative injury, in general, and cholesterol oxidation, in particular, seem particularly relevant in this regard. After mitochondrial release, cyt c traverses plasma membranes, eventuating in the extracellular space. The data suggest that plasma and/or urine cyt c appearance might function as a clinically useful in vivo marker of mitochondrial stress and the tissue injury sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Zager
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, USA.
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Azuma Y, Ito M, Taniguchi A, Matsumoto K. Expression of cell surface Lewis X and Y antigens and FUT4 mRNA is increased in Jurkat cells undergoing apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1672:157-63. [PMID: 15182935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface molecules undergo specific changes during apoptosis, including the expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) and some proteins and alterations in sugar chains. Among the various sugar chains on the cell surface, Lewis X (Le(X)) and Lewis Y (Le(Y)) antigens are key determinants for a variety of biological processes. We studied the changes in Le(X) and Le(Y) expression in Jurkat cells, a human T cell line, during apoptosis. Flow cytometry showed that Le(X) and Le(Y) antigen expression was enhanced on the cell surface during apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody. To clarify the mechanism of enhanced Le(X) and Le(Y) expression, we assessed the expression levels of fucosyltransferase (FUT1, 2, 3-5-6, 4, and 9) mRNAs that are predominantly expressed in Jurkat cells and which are considered to form Le(X) and Le(Y). The expression of FUT4 mRNA was up-regulated after exposing cells to anti-Fas antibody. Moreover, the increase in Le(X) and Le(Y) antigen levels was significantly suppressed by caspase 3 or 8 inhibitors. These results indicated that the induction of FUT (mainly FUT4), the gene expression of which is mediated by signals downstream of caspase 3, increases Le(X) and Le(Y) expression in apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Azuma
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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Perfettini JL, Hospital V, Stahl L, Jungas T, Verbeke P, Ojcius DM. Cell death and inflammation during infection with the obligate intracellular pathogen, Chlamydia. Biochimie 2004; 85:763-9. [PMID: 14585543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infections by Chlamydia are followed by a strong inflammatory response, which is necessary to eliminate the infection, but at the same time is responsible for the pathology of infection. Resistance of infected cells against apoptosis induced by external ligands, together with the effects of IFNgamma secreted during infection, would be expected to contribute to persistence of infection. Secretion of TNFalpha plays an important role during clearance of the chlamydiae, but also triggers apoptosis of uninfected cells in infected tissues. Apoptosis of infected host-cells towards the end of the infection cycle is thought to participate in the release of chlamydiae from infected cells and propagation of the infection. Dysregulation of the apoptotic program during infection leads to a less efficient infection, but paradoxically, results in a higher inflammatory response and more severe pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Laboratoire Apoptose, Cancer et Immunité, CNRS UMR 1599, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France
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Erjefält JS, Uller L, Malm-Erjefält M, Persson CG. Rapid and efficient clearance of airway tissue granulocytes through transepithelial migration. Thorax 2004; 59:136-43. [PMID: 14760154 PMCID: PMC1746951 DOI: 10.1136/thorax.2003.004218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clearance of tissue granulocytes is central to the resolution of airway inflammation. To date the focus has been on apoptotic mechanisms of cell removal and little attention has been given to alternative processes. The present study explores transepithelial migration as a mechanism of cell clearance. METHOD Guinea pig tracheobronchial airways where eosinophils are constitutively present in the mucosal tissue were studied. A complex topical stimulus (allergen challenge) was applied and the fate of the eosinophils was determined by selective tracheobronchial lavage and histological examination of the tissue. RESULTS Within 10 minutes of the allergen challenge, massive migration of eosinophils into the airway lumen occurred together with a reduction in tissue eosinophil numbers. Cell clearance into the lumen continued at high speed and by 30 and 60 minutes the tissue eosinophilia had been reduced by 63% and 73%, respectively. The marked transepithelial migration (estimated maximal speed 35,000 cells/min x cm2 mucosal surface) took place ubiquitously between epithelial cells without affecting epithelial integrity as assessed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Eosinophil apoptosis was not detected but occasional cytolytic eosinophils occurred. CONCLUSION This study shows that luminal entry has a remarkably high capacity as a granulocyte elimination process. The data also suggest that an appropriate stimulus of transepithelial migration may be used therapeutically to increase the resolution of inflammatory conditions of airway tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Erjefält
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Nguewa PA, Fuertes MA, Alonso C, Perez JM. Pharmacological modulation of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-mediated cell death: exploitation in cancer chemotherapy. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 64:1007-14. [PMID: 14573748 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.5.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Nguewa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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Worda M, Sgonc R, Dietrich H, Niederegger H, Sundick RS, Gershwin ME, Wick G. In vivo analysis of the apoptosis-inducing effect of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic sclerosis by the chorionallantoic membrane assay. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:2605-14. [PMID: 13130480 DOI: 10.1002/art.11179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and fibrosis. Vascular injury occurs early in the course of disease, and previous in vitro studies suggest a primary role for anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) in mediating endothelial cell apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to analyze the apoptosis-inducing effect of AECAs in vivo. METHODS The optimum animal model for transfer experiments was the University of California at Davis line 200 (UCD-200) chickens that spontaneously develop a hereditary disease with features closely resembling those of scleroderma in humans. AECA-positive serum samples from UCD-200 chickens were used for intravenous injection into normal CC chicken embryos on embryonic day (ED) 13 as well as for application onto chorionallantoic membranes (CAMs) of healthy control lines on ED 10. CAMs of ED 16 embryos and combs of 1-week-old CC chickens that had received the injected serum samples were analyzed for apoptotic endothelial cells by TUNEL. RESULTS Staining of frozen CAM sections by immunofluorescence showed evidence of in vivo binding of AECAs to the microvascular endothelium. In most groups, transfer of AECA-positive sera resulted in a significant increase in endothelial cell apoptosis as compared with controls. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate the in vivo apoptosis-inducing effects of AECAs. The findings support our hypothesis of a primary pathogenetic role of AECAs in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Worda
- University of Innsbruck Medical School, Innsbruck, Austria
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Zlotkin A, Chilmonczyk S, Eyngor M, Hurvitz A, Ghittino C, Eldar A. Trojan horse effect: phagocyte-mediated Streptococcus iniae infection of fish. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2318-25. [PMID: 12704100 PMCID: PMC153219 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.5.2318-2325.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The salmonid macrophage-like cell line RTS-11 and purified trout pronephros phagocytes were used to analyze in vitro entry and survival of two Streptococcus iniae serotypes. Efficient invasion by S. iniae occurred in both cells, but only the type II strain persisted in pronephros phagocytes for at least 48 h. Ex vivo models of opsonin-dependent phagocytosis by pronephros phagocytes demonstrated increased phagocytosis efficacy. Analysis of phagocytes collected from diseased fish demonstrated that approximately 70% of the bacteria contained in the blood during the septic phase of the disease were located within phagocytes, suggesting an in vivo intracellular lifestyle. In addition to the augmented levels of bacteremia and enhanced survival within phagocytes, S. iniae type II induces considerable apoptosis of phagocytes. These variabilities in intramacrophage lifestyle might explain differences in the outcomes of infections caused by different serotypes. The generalized septic disease associated with serotype II strains is linked not only to the ability to enter and multiply within macrophages but also to the ability to cause considerable death of macrophages via apoptotic processes, leading to a highly virulent infection. We assume that the phenomenon of survival within phagocytes coupled to their apoptosis plays a crucial role in S. iniae infection. In addition, it may provide the pathogen an efficient mechanism of translocation into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zlotkin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Guimarães E, Vasconcelos A, Martins N, Oliveira R, Moro L, Nunes J, Santos F. Porcentagem de parênquima e índice apoptótico da bolsa cloacal em frangos de corte em ambiente de conforto e estresse térmico. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352003000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Noventa e seis pintos de corte foram mantidos em diferentes temperaturas ambientais (calor, 29ºC; neutro, 24ºC; frio, 15ºC) e oito aves de cada grupo de temperatura (tratamento) foram sacrificadas nos dias 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42, e suas bolsas cloacais (BC) coletadas e processadas segundo técnica de rotina para inclusão em parafina. Cortes de 4m m, corados em HE, foram submetidos à análise histométrica utilizando-se o programa Kontron KS300, V 2.0. De cada corte foram mensurados a porcentagem de parênquima e o índice apoptótico nas BC. As médias da porcentagem de parênquima nas BC das aves com cinco semanas foram significativamente menores quando mantidas em ambiente frio (53,0%), quando comparadas com as do ambiente neutro (78,5%). As médias do índice apoptótico foram significativamente maiores nas BC de aves mantidas no ambiente frio (0,26), em relação às do neutro (0,12). Conclui-se que o estresse térmico induz apoptose de linfócitos e, conseqüentemente, hipotrofia da bolsa cloacal, alterando sua maturação.
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Perfettini JL, Ojcius DM, Andrews CW, Korsmeyer SJ, Rank RG, Darville T. Role of proapoptotic BAX in propagation of Chlamydia muridarum (the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis) and the host inflammatory response. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9496-502. [PMID: 12509420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211275200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 family member BAX plays a critical role in regulating apoptosis. Surprisingly, bax-deficient mice display limited phenotypic abnormalities. Here we investigate the effect of BAX on infection by the sexually transmitted pathogen, Chlamydia muridarum (the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis). Bax(-/-) cells are relatively resistant to Chlamydia-induced apoptosis, and fewer bacteria are recovered after two infection cycles from Bax(-/-) cells than from wild-type cells. These results suggest that BAX-dependent apoptosis may be used to initiate a new round of infection, most likely by releasing Chlamydia-containing apoptotic bodies from infected cells that could be internalized by neighboring uninfected cells. Nonetheless, infected Bax(-/-) cells die through necrosis, which is normally associated with inflammation, more often than infected wild-type cells. These studies were confirmed in mice infected intravaginally with C. muridarum; since the infection disappears more quickly from Bax(-/-) mice than from wild-type mice, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is increased in Bax(-/-) mice, and large granulomas are present in the genital tract of Bax(-/-) mice. Taken together, these data suggest that chlamydia-induced apoptosis via BAX contributes to bacterial propagation and decreases inflammation. Bax deficiency results in lower infection and an increased inflammatory cytokine response associated with more severe pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Université Paris 7, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Paris, France
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Tsubota K, Fujita H, Tsuzaka K, Takeuchi T. Quantitative analysis of lacrimal gland function, apoptotic figures, Fas and Fas ligand expression of lacrimal glands in dry eye patients. Exp Eye Res 2003; 76:233-40. [PMID: 12565811 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4835(02)00279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to examine the correlation between the lacrimal gland function and apoptotic figure, Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) expression in the lacrimal gland. A total of 15 dry eye patients (nine Sjögren's syndrome and six non-Sjögren's syndrome-type dry eye) were recruited for the study. Lacrimal function was evaluated by Schirmer tests 1 and 2. Lacrimal gland biopsies were performed and sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using APO2.7, an antibody to Fas and FasL. Quantitative analysis of fluorescein staining was performed by a scanning laser microscopy. Schirmer test 2 results were lower in Sjögren's syndrome-type dry eye and were associated with positive staining of acinar cells with APO2.7 and of infiltrating lymphocytes with FasL. There was a good correlation between the results of Schirmer test 2 and APO2.7 and FasL staining. Lacrimal gland dysfunction is related to the apoptotic figure of acinar cells possibly induced by FasL on the infiltrating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8513, Japan.
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Perfettini JL, Gissot M, Souque P, Ojcius DM. Modulation of apoptosis during infection with Chlamydia. Methods Enzymol 2003; 358:334-44. [PMID: 12474397 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)58099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Perfettini
- Unit of Molecular Biology of the Gene, INSERM U277 and Université Paris 7, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
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Llansola M, Boscá L, Felipo V, Hortelano S. Ammonia prevents glutamate-induced but not low K(+)-induced apoptosis in cerebellar neurons in culture. Neuroscience 2003; 117:899-907. [PMID: 12654341 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons are widely used as a model system for studying neuronal apoptosis. Either low K(+) (5 mM) or low concentrations of glutamate (1-10 microM) induce apoptosis in cerebellar neurons in culture. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved remain unclear. We show that long-term treatment with ammonia prevents glutamate-induced but not low K(+)-induced apoptosis in cerebellar neurons, as assessed by measuring DNA fragmentation and activation of caspase 3. Ammonia prevented glutamate-induced increase of intracellular calcium, depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, activation of caspase 3 and fragmentation of DNA. However, ammonia did not prevent low K(+)-induced activation of caspase 3 and fragmentation of DNA. These results indicate that the initial steps involved in the induction of apoptosis by low K(+) or by glutamate are different and that ammonia prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis by reducing glutamate-induced rise of intracellular Ca(2+), thus avoiding the activation of subsequent events of the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Llansola
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas de la FVIB, Amadeo de Saboya, 4 46010, Valencia, Spain
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Zhong DS, Lu XH, Conklin BS, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Yao Q, Chen C. HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir induces cytotoxicity of human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:1560-6. [PMID: 12377730 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000034707.40046.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although HIV protease inhibitors have been successfully used against HIV infection, many metabolic side effects and premature cardiovascular diseases are often associated with this therapy. The mechanisms of these complications are not clear. In this study, we investigated the effect of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir on human endothelial cell cultures. METHODS AND RESULTS By using nonradioactive cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, human endothelial cells treated with ritonavir showed a significant decrease in cell viability and an increase in cytotoxicity in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Mitochondrial DNA was also substantially damaged with ritonavir treatment by long polymerase chain reaction analysis. In contrast, ritonavir had a very limited effect on endothelial apoptosis, as assessed by analyses of DNA fragmentation and cellular caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate, for the first time, that the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir at concentrations near clinical plasma levels is able to directly cause endothelial mitochondrial DNA damage and cell death mainly through necrosis pathways but not through apoptosis. This study suggests that HIV protease inhibitor-mediated endothelial injury may contribute to its cardiovascular complications.
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Jungas T, Motta I, Duffieux F, Fanen P, Stoven V, Ojcius DM. Glutathione levels and BAX activation during apoptosis due to oxidative stress in cells expressing wild-type and mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:27912-8. [PMID: 12023951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110288200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and an imbalance in the concentrations of alveolar and lung oxidants and antioxidants, which result in cell damage. Modifications in lung glutathione concentrations are recognized as a salient feature of inflammatory lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, and glutathione plays a major role in protection against oxidative stress and is important in modulation of apoptosis. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is permeable to Cl(-), larger organic ions, and reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione, and the DeltaF508 CFTR mutation found in cystic fibrosis patients has been correlated with impaired glutathione transport in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia. Because intracellular glutathione protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, we studied the susceptibility of epithelial cells (HeLa and IB3-1) expressing normal and mutant CFTR to apoptosis triggered by H(2)O(2). We find that cells with normal CFTR are more sensitive to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis than cells expressing defective CFTR. In addition, sensitivity to apoptosis could be correlated with glutathione levels, because depletion of intracellular glutathione results in higher levels of apoptosis, and glutathione levels decreased faster in cells expressing normal CFTR than in cells with defective CFTR during incubation with H(2)O(2). The pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family member, BAX, is also activated faster in cells expressing normal CFTR than in those with mutant CFTR under these conditions, and artificial glutathione depletion increases the extent of BAX activation. These results suggest that glutathione-dependent BAX activation in cells with normal CFTR represents an early step in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jungas
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Université Paris 7, France
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Abstract
There are many ways to measure apoptosis and other forms of programmed cell death in development. Once nonmammalian embryos have passed the midblastula transition, or much earlier in mammalian embryos, apoptosis is similar to that seen in adult organisms, and is used to sculpt the animal, fuse bilateral tissues, and establish the structure of the nervous system and the immune system. Embryos present unique problems in that, in naturally occurring cell deaths, few cells are involved and they are frequently in very restricted regions. Thus, identification of apoptotic or other dying cells is more effectively achieved by microscopy-based techniques than by electrophoretic or cell-sorting techniques. Since embryos have many mitotic cells and are frequently more difficult to fix than adult tissues, it is best to confirm interpretations by the use of two or more independent techniques. Although natural embryonic deaths are frequently programmed and require protein synthesis, activation of a cell death pathway is often post-translational and assays for transcriptional or translational changes-as opposed to changes in aggregation of death-related molecules or proteolytic activation of enzymes-is likely to be uninformative. Also, embryos can frequently exploit partially redundant pathways, such that the phenotype of a knockout or upregulated death-related gene is often rather modest, even though the adult may develop response or regulation problems. For these reasons, the study of cell death in embryos is fascinating but researchers should be cautious in their analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zakeri
- Department of Biology, Queens College and Graduate Center of CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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