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The Role of NK Cells in Pig-to-Human Xenotransplantation. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4627384. [PMID: 29410970 PMCID: PMC5749293 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4627384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of human NK cells to porcine tissues has been demonstrated in pig organs perfused ex vivo with human blood in the early 1990s. Subsequently, the molecular mechanisms leading to adhesion and cytotoxicity in human NK cell-porcine endothelial cell (pEC) interactions have been elucidated in vitro to identify targets for therapeutic interventions. Specific molecular strategies to overcome human anti-pig NK cell responses include (1) blocking of the molecular events leading to recruitment (chemotaxis, adhesion, and transmigration), (2) expression of human MHC class I molecules on pECs that inhibit NK cells, and (3) elimination or blocking of pig ligands for activating human NK receptors. The potential of cell-based strategies including tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) and the latest progress using transgenic pigs genetically modified to reduce xenogeneic NK cell responses are discussed. Finally, we present the status of phenotypic and functional characterization of nonhuman primate (NHP) NK cells, essential for studying their role in xenograft rejection using preclinical pig-to-NHP models, and summarize key advances and important perspectives for future research.
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Kang HJ, Lee H, Park EM, Kim JM, Min BH, Park CG. D-dimer level, in association with humoral responses, negatively correlates with survival of porcine islet grafts in non-human primates with immunosuppression. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Hallym University College of Medicine; Anyang-si Korea
| | - Haneulnari Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Hallym University College of Medicine; Anyang-si Korea
| | - Eun Mi Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Hallym University College of Medicine; Anyang-si Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Min
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cancer Research Institute; Institute of Endemic Diseases; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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Abstract
The availability of cells, tissues and organs from a non-human species such as the pig could, at least in theory, meet the demand of organs necessary for clinical transplantation. At this stage, the important goal of getting over the first year of survival has been reported for both cellular and solid organ xenotransplantation in relevant preclinical primate models. In addition, xenotransplantation is already in the clinic as shown by the broad use of animal-derived medical devices, such as bioprosthetic heart valves and biological materials used for surgical tissue repair. At this stage, however, prior to starting a wide-scale clinical application of xenotransplantation of viable cells and organs, the important obstacle represented by the humoral immune response will need to be overcome. Likewise, the barriers posed by the activation of the innate immune system and coagulative pathway will have to be controlled. As far as xenogeneic nonviable xenografts, increasing evidence suggests that considerable immune reactions, mediated by both innate and adaptive immunity, take place and influence the long-term outcome of xenogeneic materials in patients, possibly precluding the use of bioprosthetic heart valves in young individuals. In this context, the present article provides an overview of current knowledge on the immune processes following xenotransplantation and on the possible therapeutic interventions to overcome the immunological drawbacks involved in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vadori
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - E Cozzi
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.,Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Bongoni AK, Kiermeir D, Jenni H, Bähr A, Ayares D, Klymiuk N, Wolf E, Voegelin E, Constantinescu MA, Seebach JD, Rieben R. Complement dependent early immunological responses during ex vivo xenoperfusion of hCD46/HLA-E double transgenic pig forelimbs with human blood. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:230-43. [PMID: 24635052 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene (GGTA1) knockout, several transgene combinations to prevent pig-to-human xenograft rejection are currently being investigated. In this study, the potential of combined overexpression of human CD46 and HLA-E to prevent complement- and NK-cell-mediated xenograft rejection was tested in an ex vivo pig-to-human xenoperfusion model. METHODS α1,3-Galactosyltransferase knockout heterozygous, hCD46/HLA-E double transgenic (transgenic) as well as wild-type pig forelimbs were ex vivo perfused with whole, heparinized human and autologous pig blood, respectively. Blood samples were analyzed for the production of porcine and/or human inflammatory cytokines as well as complement activation products. Biopsy samples were examined for deposition of human and porcine C3b/c, C4b/c, and C6 as well as CD62E (E-selectin) and CD106 (VCAM-1) expression. Apoptosis was measured in the porcine muscle tissue using TUNEL assays. Finally, the formation of thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes was measured in EDTA plasma samples. RESULTS No hyperacute rejection was seen in this model. Extremity perfusions lasted for up to 12 h without increase in vascular resistance and were terminated due to continuous small blood losses. Plasma levels of porcine cytokines IL1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and MCP-1 as well as human complement activation markers C3a (P = 0.0002), C5a (P = 0.004), and soluble C5b-9 (P = 0.03) were lower in blood perfused through transgenic as compared to wild-type limbs. Human C3b/c, C4b/c, and C6 as well as CD62E and CD106 were deposited in tissue of wild-type limbs, but significantly lower levels (P < 0.0001) of C3b/c, C4b/c, and C6 deposition as well as CD62E and CD106 expression were detected in transgenic limbs perfused with human blood. Transgenic porcine tissue was protected from xenoperfusion-induced apoptosis (P < 0.0001). Finally, TAT levels were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in transgenic limb as compared to wild-type limb xenoperfusions. CONCLUSION Transgenic hCD46/HLA-E expression clearly reduced humoral xenoresponses since all, the terminal pathway of complement activation, endothelial cell activation, muscle cell apoptosis, inflammatory cytokine production, as well as coagulation activation, were all downregulated. Overall, this model represents a useful tool to study early immunological responses during pig-to-human vascularized xenotransplantation in the absence of hyperacute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan K Bongoni
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Clinic of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Vadori M, Cozzi E. Immunological challenges and therapies in xenotransplantation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015578. [PMID: 24616201 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation, or the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs between different species, was proposed a long time ago as a possible solution to the worldwide shortage of human organs and tissues for transplantation. In this setting, the pig is currently seen as the most likely candidate species. In the last decade, progress in this field has been remarkable and includes a better insight into the immunological mechanisms underlying the rejection process. Several immunological hurdles nonetheless remain, such as the strong antibody-mediated and innate or adaptive cellular immune responses linked to coagulation derangements, precluding indefinite xenograft survival. This article reviews our current understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in xenograft rejection and the potential strategies that may enable xenotransplantation to become a clinical reality in the not-too-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vadori
- CORIT (Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation), Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
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Luo Y, Lin L, Bolund L, Jensen TG, Sørensen CB. Genetically modified pigs for biomedical research. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:695-713. [PMID: 22453682 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, pigs have been used to develop some of the most important large animal models for biomedical research. Advances in pig genome research, genetic modification (GM) of primary pig cells and pig cloning by nuclear transfer, have facilitated the generation of GM pigs for xenotransplantation and various human diseases. This review summarizes the key technologies used for generating GM pigs, including pronuclear microinjection, sperm-mediated gene transfer, somatic cell nuclear transfer by traditional cloning, and somatic cell nuclear transfer by handmade cloning. Broadly used genetic engineering tools for porcine cells are also discussed. We also summarize the GM pig models that have been generated for xenotransplantation and human disease processes, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, eye diseases, bone diseases, cancers and epidermal skin diseases, diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, and inherited metabolic diseases. Thus, this review provides an overview of the progress in GM pig research over the last two decades and perspectives for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Sommaggio R, Cohnen A, Watzl C, Costa C. Multiple receptors trigger human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against porcine chondrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2075-83. [PMID: 22287712 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of genetically engineered porcine chondrocytes may provide a therapeutic solution for the repair of cartilage defects of various types. However, the mechanisms underlying the humoral and cellular responses that lead to rejection of xenogeneic cartilage are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the interaction between human NK cells and isolated porcine costal chondrocytes (PCC). Our data show that freshly isolated NK cells adhere weakly to PCC. Consequently, PCC were highly resistant to cytolysis mediated by freshly isolated NK cells. However, the presence of human natural Abs in the coculture was often sufficient to trigger cytotoxicity against PCC. Furthermore, IL-2 stimulation of NK cells or activation of PCC with the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α or IL-1α resulted in increased adhesion, which was paralleled by increased NK cell-mediated lysis of PCC. NK cell adhesion to PCC could be blocked by Abs against human LFA-1 and porcine VCAM-1. NKG2D and NKp44 were involved in triggering cytotoxicity against PCC, which expressed ligands for these activating NK cell receptors. Our data further suggest that NKp30 and NKp46 may contribute to the activation of NK cells by PCC under certain conditions. Finally, comparative studies confirmed that PCC are more resistant than porcine aortic endothelial cells to human NK cell-mediated lysis. Thus, the data demonstrate that human NK cells can kill pig chondrocytes and may therefore contribute to rejection of xenogeneic cartilage. In addition, we identify potential targets for intervention to prevent the NK cell response against pig xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sommaggio
- New Therapies of Genes and Transplants Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain
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Klymiuk N, Aigner B, Brem G, Wolf E. Genetic modification of pigs as organ donors for xenotransplantation. Mol Reprod Dev 2009; 77:209-21. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Forte P, Baumann BC, Schneider MKJ, Seebach JD. HLA-Cw4 expression on porcine endothelial cells reduces cytotoxicity and adhesion mediated by CD158a+ human NK cells. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:19-26. [PMID: 19243557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity represents a hurdle in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. It was previously reported that the expression of human major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, including HLA-B27, -Cw3, -E, and -G, partially protects porcine endothelial cells (pEC) from human NK-mediated cytotoxicity and that HLA-G inhibits NK adhesion to pEC. Here, we tested if HLA-Cw4 expression on pEC alone, or concurrently with HLA-Cw3, prevents human NK adhesion and cytotoxicity against pEC via recognition of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) CD158a (KIR2DL1) and CD158b (KIR2DL2/3), respectively. METHODS Two pEC lines (2A2 and PEDSV.15) were transfected with HLA-Cw3 and HLA-Cw4. HLA and KIR expression on porcine and human cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The effect of HLA expression on pEC on human NK-mediated cytotoxicity and adhesion was tested by (51)Cr-release and dynamic adhesion assays, respectively. RESULTS HLA-Cw4 expression on pEC reduced cytotoxicity mediated by CD158a(+) polyclonal human NK cells by an average of 58%, and by CD158a(bright) NK cell clones by 68%, but not by NK cells expressing low levels of CD158. Co-expression of HLA-Cw3 and HLA-Cw4 on pEC did not mediate further protection against NK cytotoxicity. The expression of HLA-Cw4 reduced the adhesion of human NK cells on pEC by a mean of 53%. CONCLUSIONS While transgenic expression of HLA-Cw4 on pEC reduces NK cell adhesion and cytotoxicity, co-expression with HLA-Cw3 is not sufficient to completely overcome human NK-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Forte
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Cadili A, Kneteman N. The role of macrophages in xenograft rejection. Transplant Proc 2009; 40:3289-93. [PMID: 19100374 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective xenotransplantation would provide a valuable answer to many of the limitations of allogenic transplantation. Such limitations include scarcity of organ supply and morbidity to donors in cases of living-related donor transplantation. The main hurdle to the efficacious application of xenotransplantation in clinical medicine is the fierce host immune response to xenografts. This immune response is embodied in 3 different types of xenograft rejection. Both hyperacute rejection and delayed xenograft rejection are mediated by natural antibodies and are concerned primarily with whole organ rejection. Cellular xenograft rejection (CXR), on the other hand, is concerned with both whole organ and CXR and is mediated by innate immunity rather than natural antibodies. Macrophages, which are cells of the innate immune system, play a role in all 3 types of xenograft rejection (not just CXR). They impart their effects both directly and through T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cadili
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Weiss EH, Lilienfeld BG, Müller S, Müller E, Herbach N, Kessler B, Wanke R, Schwinzer R, Seebach JD, Wolf E, Brem G. HLA-E/human beta2-microglobulin transgenic pigs: protection against xenogeneic human anti-pig natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Transplantation 2009; 87:35-43. [PMID: 19136889 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318191c784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells participate in pig-to-primate xenograft rejection both by antibody-dependent and -independent mechanisms. A majority of human NK cells express the inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A, which binds specifically to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E, a trimeric complex consisting of the HLA-E heavy chain, beta2-microglobulin (beta2m), and a peptide derived from the leader sequence of some major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. METHODS To use this mechanism for protection of pig tissues against human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, we generated transgenic pigs by pronuclear microinjection of genomic fragments of HLA-E with an HLA-B7 signal sequence and of human beta2-microglobulin (hubeta2m) into zygotes. RESULTS Three transgenic founder pigs were generated. Northern blot analysis of RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed the presence of the expected transcript sizes for both transgenes in two of the three founders. The founder with the highest expression and his offspring were characterized in detail. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and Western blot analyses demonstrated consistent expression of HLA-E and hubeta2m in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of HLA-E and hubeta2m on endothelial cells of many organs, including heart and kidney. In vitro studies showed that lymphoblasts and endothelial cells derived from HLA-E/hubeta2m transgenic pigs are effectively protected against human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, depending on the level of CD94/NKG2A expression on the NK cells. Further, HLA-E/hubeta2m expression on porcine endothelial cells inhibited the secretion of interferon (IFN)-gamma by co-cultured human NK cells. CONCLUSIONS This novel approach against cell-mediated xenogeneic responses has important implications for the generation of multitransgenic pigs as organ donors for clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H Weiss
- Department of Biology II, Anthropology and Human Genetics, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Xenotransplantation: role of natural immunity. Transpl Immunol 2008; 21:70-4. [PMID: 18992342 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperacute rejection, mediated by natural anti-Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4GlcNAc (alphaGal) antibodies and the classically activated complement pathway, was identified as the first major barrier to the survival of porcine organs in humans. Subsequently, discordant pig-to-nonhuman primate and concordant rodent models revealed key roles for T and B lymphocytes in the second form of rejection, acute vascular rejection (AVR) or delayed xenograft rejection (DXR). As significant progress was made in strategies to circumvent or suppress xenoreactivity of the adaptive immune system, it became clear that, apart from natural antibodies, other innate immune system elements actively participate in AVR/DXR and represent a barrier to xenograft acceptance that may be particularly difficult to overcome. Observations in pig-to-primate and semi-discordant and concordant rodent models indicate that Natural Killer (NK) cells play a more prominent role in xenograft than in allograft rejection. Several mechanisms through which human NK cells recognize porcine endothelial cells have been elucidated and these appear to be more diverse than those involved in NK cell alloreactivity. Further, it has been demonstrated that human macrophages and neutrophils can directly recognize pig derived cells and can mediate direct xenograft damage. Here, we review the recent progress in the understanding of the xenoreactivity of the natural immune system, focussing on preclinical pig-to-(non)human primate systems, and discuss the proposed strategies to overcome these barriers.
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Current cellular innate immune hurdles in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2008; 13:171-7. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3282f88a30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Papagoras D, Papalois A, Tsaroucha A, Lytras D, Kyriazanos J, Giannakou N, Laftsidis P, Simopoulos C. Beneficial effect of an antibody against interleukin-2 receptor (daclizumab) in an experimental model of hepatocyte xenotransplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:1435-7. [PMID: 17457977 PMCID: PMC4146930 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i9.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the use of Daclizumab (Dmab) as an immunosuppressive agent in an experimental model of hepatocyte xenotransplantation (XenoTx) in rats with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF).
METHODS: Two white male New Zealand rabbits were used as donors and 68 Wistar rats as recipients. FHF was induced by intravenous application of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA). The isolated hepatocytes of the rabbits were xenotransplanted into the spleen of the rats 24 h after FHF induction. Group A (n = 13): no treatment; Group B (n = 14): FHF and XenoTx; Group C (n = 14): FHF and XenoTx and cyclosporin (CsA); Group D (n = 14): FHF and XenoTx and Dmab; Group E (n = 13): FHF and XenoTx and CsA and Dmab. The rats were followed for 15 d.
RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed better survival among groups D (92.86%) and E (76.92%) compared to group A (all rats died after 72 h), group B (28.57%) or group C (71.43%), although the differences were not statistically significant. Biochemical evaluation of the liver enzymes and histology confirmed satisfactory function and engraftment, respectively.
CONCLUSION: This experimental model has shown the safe, effective and beneficial use of Dmab in a xenotransplantation model of rabbit hepatocytes in rats.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Cell Transplantation/methods
- Daclizumab
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hepatocytes/transplantation
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Liver Failure, Acute/pathology
- Liver Failure, Acute/surgery
- Male
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papagoras
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Lilienfeld BG, Crew MD, Forte P, Baumann BC, Seebach JD. Transgenic expression of HLA-E single chain trimer protects porcine endothelial cells against human natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:126-34. [PMID: 17381687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The susceptibility of porcine endothelial cells (pEC) to human natural killer (NK) cells is related to the failure of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-specific killer inhibitory receptors to recognize porcine MHC class I molecules. The aims of this study were (i) to assess the protection of pEC against xenogeneic NK-mediated cytotoxicity afforded by the stable expression of HLA-E single chain trimers (SCT) composed of a canonical HLA-E binding peptide antigen, VMAPRTLIL, the mature human beta2-microglobulin, and the mature HLA-E heavy chain, and (ii) to test whether HLA-E expression on pEC and porcine lymphoblastoid cells affects the adhesion of human NK cells. METHODS Porcine EC lines expressing different levels of HLA-E SCT were generated by Ca(2)PO(4)-transfection followed by limiting dilution cloning. Surface expression of HLA-E was measured by flow cytometry. Susceptibility of transfected pEC lines against human NK cells was tested in (51)Cr-release cytotoxicity assays. Interactions between human NK cells and HLA-E positive pEC or porcine lymphoblastoid cells were further addressed in adhesion and conjugation assays. RESULTS The level of protection of pEC from human NK-mediated cytotoxicity correlated with the intensity of surface HLA-E expression. Furthermore, the HLA-E SCT-mediated protection was specifically reversed by blocking the HLA-E specific NK inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A. HLA-E expression does neither affect the adhesion of human NK cells to pEC nor the heteroconjugate formation between human NK and porcine 13271.10 cells. CONCLUSIONS Stable surface expression of HLA-E on pEC was achieved in the absence of extrinsic peptide pulsing and provided partial protection from human NK cytotoxicity. Though insufficient to inhibit xenogeneic NK cell reactivity completely, transgenic HLA-E expression on pig organs might contribute to a successful application of clinical xenotransplantation in combination with other protective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Lilienfeld
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Zeng MH, Fang CY, Wang SS, Zhu M, Xie L, Li R, Wang L, Wu XW, Chen S. A Study of Soluble HLA-G1 Protecting Porcine Endothelial Cells Against Human Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Transplant Proc 2006; 38:3312-4. [PMID: 17175258 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human natural killer (NK) cells, which can mediate direct lysis of porcine endothelial cells, play an important role in xenograft rejection. HLA-G, which is a critical molecule in maintaining maternal immune tolerance of semi-allogenic fetus, is able to protect susceptible target cells from lysis induced by NK cells. In this study, we investigated whether soluble HLA-G1 (sHLA-G1) protected porcine xenogeneic cells against human NK cell-mediated lysis. METHODS The human sHLA-G1 genomic DNA (pcDNA3-sHLA-G1) was transfected into a B lymphoblastoid cell line 721.221 (LCL721.221) by nucleofector. The sHLA-G1 expression of the transfected LCL721.221 cells was identified by RT-PCR and Dot-ELISA. The sHLA-G1 protein was purified by affinity chromatography on anti-HLA-ImAb W6/32 coupled to cyanogen-bromide-activated Sepharose 4B from culture supernates of transfectants. Various concentrations of sHLA-G(1) protein (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 microg/mL) were added to a NK cell-mediated xenogenic cell lysis system with either NK92 cells or fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cocultured with the porcine endothelial cells line. A LDH release assay was used to evaluate NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. RESULTS sHLA-G1 provided significant protection of porcine endothelial cells against human NK-mediated cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The rates of NK92 cell-mediated cytotoxicity were reduced to 83.4 +/- 5.7% (2 microg/mL), 56.6 +/- 9.3% (4 microg/mL), 39.3 +/- 10.2% (6 microg/mL), and 31.2 +/- 4.9% (8 microg/mL) versus 96.9 +/- 3.0% in the control group (P < .01). Similarly, adding 6 microg/mL sHLA-G1 reduced the mean rate of PBMC-mediated cytotoxicity (n = 4) to 5.8 +/- 1.6% from 23.9 +/- 1.3% in the control group (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that sHLA-G1 protected xenogeneic porcine endothelial cells against attack by human NK cells, thus providing a new approach to overcome NK-mediated immunity to xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Zeng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation (HUST), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Lilienfeld BG, Garcia-Borges C, Crew MD, Seebach JD. Porcine UL16-binding protein 1 expressed on the surface of endothelial cells triggers human NK cytotoxicity through NKG2D. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:2146-52. [PMID: 16887974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular rejection mechanisms, including NK cells, remain a hurdle for successful pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Human anti-pig NK cytotoxicity depends on the activating receptor NKG2D. Porcine UL16-binding protein 1 (pULBP1) and porcine MHC class I chain-related protein 2 (pMIC2) are homologues of the human NKG2D ligands ULBP 1-4 and MICA and B, respectively. Although transcribed in porcine endothelial cells (pEC), it is not known whether pULBP1 and pMIC2 act as functional ligands for human NKG2D. In this study, surface protein expression of pULBP1 was demonstrated by flow cytometry using a novel pULBP1-specific polyclonal Ab and by cellular ELISA using NKG2D-Fc fusion protein. Reciprocally, pULBP1-Fc bound to primary human NK cells, whereas pMIC2-Fc did not. Transient and stable down-regulation of pULBP1 mRNA in pEC using short-interfering RNA oligonucleotide duplexes and short hairpin RNA, respectively, resulted in a partial inhibition of xenogeneic NK cytotoxicity through NKG2D in (51)Cr release assays. In contrast, down-regulation of pMIC2 mRNA did not inhibit NK cytotoxicity. Human NK cytotoxicity against pEC mediated by freshly isolated or IL-2-activated NK cells through NKG2D was completely blocked using anti-pULBP1 polyclonal Ab. In conclusion, this study suggests that pULBP1 is the predominant, if not only, functional porcine ligand for human NKG2D. Thus, the elimination of pULBP1 on porcine tissues represents an attractive target to protect porcine xenografts from human NK cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Lilienfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Larkin JMG, Norsworthy PJ, A'Hern RP, Eisen TG, Gore ME, Porter CD. Anti-alphaGal-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity in metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:157-63. [PMID: 16567971 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000200490.62723.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to the cell surface disaccharide galactose(alpha1,3)galactose (alphaGal) are the most prevalent natural antibodies in human serum. The anti-alphaGal immunoglobulin M-dependent activation of complement causes hyperacute rejection of organ transplants from discordant species by human recipients. It has been shown in vitro that human tumour cells transduced with the gene that synthesizes alphaGal become sensitive to human serum. A prerequisite for anti-alphaGal antibody-based therapeutic strategies is that patients with cancer have adequate serum levels of anti-alphaGal immunoglobulins and complement. The objective of this work was to measure the levels and function of anti-alphaGal immunoglobulins and complement in the serum of patients with metastatic melanoma and healthy volunteers. Serum complement levels were assayed by radial immunodiffusion. Anti-alphaGal immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M titres were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Disaccharide sugar blocking was used to investigate antibody specificity. The functional integrity of anti-alphaGal antibodies and complement was investigated in cell lysis assays. It was found that the levels of the complement components C1q, C3 and C4 and the function of the classical complement pathway were normal in metastatic melanoma patients. Anti-alphaGal antibody titres were as variable in metastatic melanoma patients as in healthy controls, and the lysis of alphaGal-expressing cells correlated with anti-alphaGal immunoglobulin M titre (P < 0.0001). Anti-alphaGal antibody titres, complement levels and overall cytolytic function in the serum of patients with metastatic melanoma were indistinguishable from those of healthy controls. There is thus nothing intrinsic to the disease that will limit anti-alphaGal-based therapeutic strategies for enhanced antigen presentation or induced cell lysis, including the mimicry of hyperacute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M G Larkin
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories bRheumatology Section, Imperial College London, UK
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20
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Horvath-Arcidiacono JA, Porter CM, Bloom ET. Human NK cells can lyse porcine endothelial cells independent of their expression of Galalpha(1,3)-Gal and killing is enhanced by activation of either effector or target cells. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:318-27. [PMID: 16768725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation of pig organs may provide an approach to alleviate the severe shortage of human organs. Natural antibodies against Galalpha(1,3)-Gal (alphaGal) epitopes cause hyperacute rejection of pig organs in primates. However, evidence for the role of alphaGal in the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated xenoresponse has been contradictory. METHODS We investigated the recognition of alphaGal by human NK cells using endo-beta-galactosidase C, an enzyme that cleaves alphaGal, and endothelial cells (EC) from alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase null pigs that do not synthesize alphaGal. Endo-beta-galactosidase C treatment variably reduced the susceptibility of porcine EC to lysis by fresh human NK cells. RESULTS Removal of alphaGal from porcine EC using endo-beta-galactosidase C, produced variable results, i.e. cytotoxicity was decreased in half of the human NK cell donors tested. The two EC strains from alphaGal-/- pigs were marginally, and not significantly, less susceptible to lysis by naïve human NK cells compared with alphaGal-expressing cells obtained from animals from the same herd, but these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.10). Treatment of porcine EC with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which is known to activate porcine EC, enhanced the susceptibility of all target cells to lysis by fresh human NK cells. Surface expression of MHC or adhesion molecules on alphaGal-/- cells, compared with wild type cells, showed no consistent difference in either MHC or adhesion molecules CD106 (VCAM-1), CD31 (PECAM) or CD62E (E-selectin), either with or without TNF-alpha stimulation, that could explain the differential susceptibility to lysis. Strikingly, all alphaGal-/- and wild type EC exhibited similar susceptibility to human NK cells that had been cultured for 5 days with or without interleukin-2. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that human NK cells can kill porcine targets in the absence of alphaGal, and donor variability plays a major role in whether alphaGal has a role in determining susceptibility of porcine EC to lysis. Moreover, susceptibility to lysis of alphaGal null EC is enhanced to the level of wild type EC by activation of either effector or target cells. Elimination of alphaGal alone from source pigs will be insufficient to circumvent the NK cell mediated destruction of porcine EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Horvath-Arcidiacono
- Gene Transfer and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue, and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Forte P, Lilienfeld BG, Baumann BC, Seebach JD. Human NK Cytotoxicity against Porcine Cells Is Triggered by NKp44 and NKG2D. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5463-70. [PMID: 16210654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pig-to-human xenotransplantation has been proposed as a means to alleviate the shortage of human organs for transplantation, but cellular rejection remains a hurdle for successful xenograft survival. NK cells have been implicated in xenograft rejection and are tightly regulated by activating and inhibitory receptors recognizing ligands on potential target cells. The aim of the present study was to analyze the role of activating NK receptors including NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, and NKG2D in human xenogeneic NK cytotoxicity against porcine endothelial cells (pEC). (51)Cr release and Ab blocking assays were performed using freshly isolated, IL-2-activated polyclonal NK cell populations as well as a panel of NK clones. Freshly isolated NK cells are NKp44 negative and lysed pEC exclusively in an NKG2D-dependent fashion. In contrast, the lysis of pEC mediated by activated human NK cells depended on both NKp44 and NKG2D, since a complete protection of pEC was achieved only by simultaneous blocking of these activating NK receptors. Using a panel of NK clones, a highly significant correlation between anti-pig NK cytotoxicity and NKp44 expression levels was revealed. Other triggering receptors such as NKp30 and NKp46 were not involved in xenogeneic NK cytotoxicity. Finally, Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of pEC mediated by human NK cells in the presence of xenoreactive Ab was not affected by blocking of activating NK receptors. In conclusion, strategies aimed to inhibit interactions between NKp44 and NKG2D on human NK cells and so far unknown ligands on pEC may prevent direct NK responses against xenografts but not xenogeneic Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Forte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Baumann BC, Forte P, Hawley RJ, Rieben R, Schneider MKJ, Seebach JD. Lack of Galactose-α-1,3-Galactose Expression on Porcine Endothelial Cells Prevents Complement-Induced Lysis but Not Direct Xenogeneic NK Cytotoxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6460-7. [PMID: 15128838 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alphaGal) carbohydrate epitope is expressed on porcine, but not human cells, and therefore represents a major target for preformed human anti-pig natural Abs (NAb). Based on results from pig-to-primate animal models, NAb binding to porcine endothelial cells will likely induce complement activation, lysis, and hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Human NK cells may also contribute to innate immune responses against xenografts, either by direct recognition of activating molecules on target cells or by FcgammaRIII-mediated xenogeneic Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The present study addressed the question as to whether the lack of alphaGal protects porcine endothelial cells from NAb/complement-induced lysis, direct xenogeneic NK lysis, NAb-dependent ADCC, and adhesion of human NK cells under shear stress. Homologous recombination, panning, and limiting dilution cloning were used to generate an alphaGal-negative porcine endothelial cell line, PED2*3.51. NAb/complement-induced xenogeneic lysis of PED2*3.51 was reduced by an average of 86% compared with the alphaGal-positive phenotype. PED2*3.51 resisted NK cell-mediated ADCC with a reduction of lysis ranging from 30 to 70%. However, direct xenogeneic lysis of PED2*3.51, mediated either by freshly isolated or IL-2-activated human NK cells or the NK cell line NK92, was not reduced. Furthermore, adhesion of IL-2-activated human NK cells did not rely on alphaGal expression. In conclusion, removal of alphaGal leads to a clear reduction in complement-induced lysis and ADCC, but does not resolve adhesion of NK cells and direct anti-porcine NK cytotoxicity, indicating that alphaGal is not a dominant target for direct human NK cytotoxicity against porcine cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Heterophile/metabolism
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- Antigens, Heterophile/immunology
- Antigens, Heterophile/physiology
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Clone Cells
- Complement System Proteins/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Disaccharides/deficiency
- Disaccharides/genetics
- Disaccharides/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Stress, Mechanical
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina C Baumann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Le Maoult J, Rouas-Freiss N, Le Discorde M, Moreau P, Carosella ED. HLA-G en transplantation d’organes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 52:97-103. [PMID: 15001239 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2003.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2003] [Accepted: 04/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The HLA-G molecule plays a crucial role in the protection of the fetus against aggression by the mother's immune system. Recently, it was shown that HLA-G was involved in the protection of the transplanted tissues, via the inhibition of all immune effectors that mediate graft rejection. The inhibitory functions of HLA-G were studied in vitro using allo- and xeno-geneic models, ex vivo on transplanted tissues biopsies, and in an in vivo animal model. In this review, we will summarize recent results which show that HLA-G acts as a regulator of immune function, seems to be directly involved in transplant acceptation, and should be taken into consideration when monitoring transplanted patients' status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Le Maoult
- Service de recherches en hémato-immunologie, CEA-DSV-DRM, hôpital Saint-Louis, IUH, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris cedex 10, France
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24
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Wang H, Hosiawa KA, Garcia B, Shum JB, Dutartre P, Kelvin DJ, Zhong R. Treatment with a short course of LF 15-0195 and continuous cyclosporin A attenuates acute xenograft rejection in a rat-to-mouse cardiac transplantation model. Xenotransplantation 2003; 10:325-36. [PMID: 12795681 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2003.02038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Searching for a novel immunosuppressive agent to effectively prevent acute vascular rejection (AVR) is essential for success in clinical xenotransplantation. We previously reported that Lewis rat hearts transplanted into BALB/c mice developed typical AVR in 6 days. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of LF 15-0195, a new immunosuppressive analog of 15-deoxyspergualin in the prevention of AVR in a rat-to-mouse cardiac xenograft model. We transplanted 2-week old Lewis rat hearts into BALB/c mice. Four groups were included in this study: untreated recipients and cyclosporin A (CsA) treated recipients were controls; LF 15-0195 treated recipients or LF 15-0195 combined with CsA treated recipients were experimental groups. Mouse recipients received either LF 15-0195 2 mg/kg subcutaneously from day-1 to post-operative day 14, or CsA 15 mg/kg subcutaneously daily, from day 0 to endpoint rejection, or the two drugs in combination. We observed that high dose CsA did not inhibit AVR and the graft was rejected in 11.3 +/- 1.9 days. Graft histology and immunohistology showed typical AVR, characterized by interstitial hemorrhage, intravascular fibrin deposition, thrombosis, and massive deposition of anti-rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Serum xenoreactive antibodies (xAbs) were markedly elevated in these animals as well. In contrast, we observed that treatment with LF 15-0195 alone significantly prolonged graft survival to 19.3 +/- 0.7 days. Notably, xAbs were significantly decreased and the rejection pattern of these grafts was cell-mediated rejection (CMR), instead of AVR. When CsA was combined with LF 15-0195, the graft mean survival time was further increased to 58.5 +/- 17.3 days. Antibody production and T-cell infiltration were significantly inhibited at the terminal stages of graft survival and pathology showed striking attenuation of both AVR and CMR. Sequential studies on days 6 and 14 demonstrated that LF 15-0195 either alone or combined with CsA completely inhibited antibody production. However, intragraft infiltration by Mac-1 positive cells including natural killer cells, macrophages and granulocytes in LF 15-0195 treated recipients was similar to that of untreated recipients. We conclude that LF 15-0195 effectively prevented AVR by markedly inhibiting the production of anti-donor IgG xAbs. Also, treatment with short course LF 15-0195 and continuous CsA significantly reduced T-cell infiltration. Studies to test this therapy in inhibiting AVR in a pig-to-non-human primate xenotransplantation model are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- The Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Center-University Campus, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
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25
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Horvath-Arcidiacono JA, Tsuyuki S, Mostowski H, Bloom ET. Human natural killer cell activity against porcine targets: modulation by control of the oxidation-reduction environment and role of adhesion molecule interactions. Cell Immunol 2003; 222:35-44. [PMID: 12798306 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation, especially using porcine sources, has been proposed as a means to alleviate the shortage of human organs for transplantation. NK cells appear to be important mediators of the xenogeneic immune responses, including the human anti-pig response. Having previously established the redox regulation of NK cell activity against tumor target cells, we now report that the interaction of human NK cells with porcine target cells is also regulated by redox. Thiol-deprivation strongly diminished the capacity of IL-2-activated human NK cells to kill porcine endothelial cells. This inhibition correlated with reduced proliferation and interferon (IFN)-gamma production by IL-2-activated NK cells. For fresh NK cells, pretreatment with diethyl maleate (DEM), which was used to deplete intracellular thiols, reduced lysis of porcine and human targets. Because many adhesion molecules exhibit interspecies recognition, we further investigated whether changes in expression of adhesion molecules might explain our observations. DEM treatment reduced the expression of CD11b and CD29 on fresh NK cells. Monoclonal antibody blocking studies showed that the combination of mAb to CD11b and CD18 reduced lytic activity against both PAEC as well as K562, although other qualitative differences were observed between the porcine and human target cells. These findings suggest that the oxidative stress-induced downregulation of CD18 may be important in modulating cytotoxic activity of fresh NK cells against PAEC and K562 targets through reduced formation of the CD11b/CD18 heterodimer. Thus, the appropriate manipulation of redox status may provide a means to enhance survival of non-human animal tissues in humans through modulation of adhesion molecule expression/interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Horvath-Arcidiacono
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Rouas-Freiss N, LeMaoult J, Moreau P, Dausset J, Carosella ED. HLA-G in transplantation: a relevant molecule for inhibition of graft rejection? Am J Transplant 2003; 3:11-6. [PMID: 12492704 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.30103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The human MHC class I molecule HLA-G has long been known as a molecule selectively expressed by cytotrophoblastic cells. By inhibiting the cytolytic function of decidual NK cells, HLA-G protects the HLA-A and -B negative semiallogeneic embryonic tissue against the mother's immune system. In the light of this immuno-suppressive function, the role of HLA-G in transplantation was investigated. We will review here recently published data on this topic, showing that expression of HLA-G affects the responsive capacity of the immune system, might directly participate in graft acceptation, and should be taken into account for the monitoring of transplantation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, CEA-DSV-DRM, Hôpital Saint-Louis, IUH, Paris, France
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27
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Carrillo A, Chamorro S, Rodríguez-Gago M, Alvarez B, Molina MJ, Rodríguez-Barbosa JI, Sánchez A, Ramírez P, Muñoz A, Domínguez J, Parrilla P, Yélamos J. Isolation and characterization of immortalized porcine aortic endothelial cell lines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 89:91-8. [PMID: 12208054 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary porcine endothelial cells have a limited life span in culture. After four to five passages, they tend to de-differentiate and eventually reach senescence. The aim of this work was to establish immortalized porcine aortic endothelial cell lines (AOCs) to facilitate in vitro studies of different pathological process involving the endothelium. Primary porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) were transfected with a plasmid containing the SV40 genome and selected on the basis of morphological and phenotypical features. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated uptake of acetylated low density lipoproteins (Ac-LDL) and constitutive expression of SLA class I, CD29, CD31, CD41/61, CD80/86, CD46, SWC3, and LAMP-1 antigens by all analyzed lines and showed little differences to primary cells. The functional similarity between primary and immortalized endothelial cells was demonstrated in a cytotoxicity assay using a human natural killer cell line (NKL) as effector. The AOCs cell lines should be valuable tools for in vitro study of the human immune response against pig endothelial cells. In addition, they would be very useful to gain insight in the pathogenesis of some viral haemorrhagic diseases of pig such as African swine fever (ASF) or classical swine fever (CSF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carrillo
- Unidad de Trasplante, Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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28
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Matter-Reissmann UB, Forte P, Schneider MKJ, Filgueira L, Groscurth P, Seebach JD. Xenogeneic human NK cytotoxicity against porcine endothelial cells is perforin/granzyme B dependent and not inhibited by Bcl-2 overexpression. Xenotransplantation 2002; 9:325-37. [PMID: 12199864 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2002.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because of organ shortages in clinical allotransplantation, the potential of pig-to-human xenotransplantation is currently being explored showing a possible critical role for natural killer (NK) cells in the immune response against xenografts. Therefore, we analyzed the cytotoxic pathways utilized by human natural killer cells (hNK) against porcine endothelial cells (pEC). Transmission electron microscopy of pEC cocultured with hNK cells showed both apoptotic and necrotic cell death, whereas soluble factors such as Fas ligand or TNFalpha did not induce apoptosis in pEC. NK lysis of pEC was abrogated by concanamycin A and ammonium chloride, reagents inhibiting the perforin/granzyme B (grB) pathway, but only partially blocked by caspase inhibition with z-VAD-fmk. Overexpression of bcl-2 protected pEC against apoptosis induced by staurosporine or actinomycin D, but failed to prevent hNK cell-mediated lysis. In conclusion, pEC are lysed in vitro by hNK cells via the perforin/grB pathway and are not protected from NK lysis by overexpression of bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike B Matter-Reissmann
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Sachs
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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30
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Schneider MKJ, Strasser M, Gilli UO, Kocher M, Moser R, Seebach JD. Rolling adhesion of human NK cells to porcine endothelial cells mainly relies on CD49d-CD106 interactions. Transplantation 2002; 73:789-96. [PMID: 11907429 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200203150-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute vascular rejection in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation involves recognition and damage of porcine (po) endothelial cells (EC) by human (hu) leukocytes, probably including natural killer (NK) cells. To study such interactions we analyzed rolling and static adhesion of hu NK cells to po EC. METHODS The effects of blocking hu and po adhesion molecules on the adhesion hu NK cells to po EC monolayers was analyzed under shear stress (10 min, 37 degrees C, 0.7 dynes/cm2) or under static conditions (10 min, 37 degrees C). All used cell populations were phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry. RESULTS Blocking of CD106 on po EC or its ligand CD49d on hu NK cells decreased rolling adhesion of both fresh and activated hu NK cells by more than 75%. Masking of CD62L on fresh but not activated hu NK resulted in a 44% decrease in rolling adhesion, in line with the diminished cell surface expression of CD62L upon activation. Antibodies to CD31, CD54, CD62E, and CD62P on EC or CD11a, CD18, and CD162 on NK cells had only minor effects on rolling adhesion. The adhesion of the FcgammaRIII- hu NK cell line NK92 to po EC was inhibited by 95% after masking po CD106 whereas antibodies to po CD31, CD54, CD62E, or CD62P had no effect, thereby excluding effects of Fc-receptor-dependent binding of hu NK cells to po EC. Static adhesion of activated NK cells was reduced by approximately 60% by blocking either CD49d or CD106, by 47% by blocking CD11a, and by 82% upon simultaneous blocking of CD11a and CD49d. CONCLUSIONS Interactions between hu CD49d and po CD106 are crucial for both rolling and firm adhesion of hu NK cells to po EC and thus represent attractive targets for specific therapeutic interventions to prevent NK cell-mediated responses against po xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mårten K J Schneider
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Vizzardelli C, Molano RD, Pileggi A, Berney T, Cattan P, Fenjves ES, Peel A, Fraker C, Ricordi C, Inverardi L. Neonatal porcine pancreatic cell clusters as a potential source for transplantation in humans: characterization of proliferation, apoptosis, xenoantigen expression and gene delivery with recombinant AAV. Xenotransplantation 2002; 9:14-24. [PMID: 12005100 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2002.0o128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal porcine islets are characterized by reproducible isolation success and high yields, sizable advantages over adult islets. In this work we have analyzed selected phenotypic and functional characteristics of porcine neonatal islets relevant to their possible use for transplant in humans. We show that porcine islet cells proliferate in culture, and synthesize and store islet-specific hormones. Proliferating beta cells can be easily identified. Implant of cultured neonatal islets in immunodeficient rodents results in the reversal of diabetes, albeit with delay. We also show that measurable apoptosis occurs in cultured neonatal porcine islets. Further, antigens recognized by human natural antibodies are expressed in a dynamic fashion over the culture period analyzed and are not limited to the alpha-Gal epitope. Lastly, we demonstrate that a recombinant Adeno-Associated virus can be used to efficiently deliver a reporter gene in porcine islets. This characterization might be helpful in the definition of the potential use of neonatal porcine islets for human transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vizzardelli
- Diabetes Research Institute, Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA
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32
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Forte P, Pazmany L, Matter-Reissmann UB, Stussi G, Schneider MK, Seebach JD. HLA-G inhibits rolling adhesion of activated human NK cells on porcine endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6002-8. [PMID: 11698480 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells adhere to and lyse porcine endothelial cells (pEC) and therefore may contribute to the cell-mediated rejection of vascularized pig-to-human xenografts. Since MHC class I molecules inhibit the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, the expression of HLA genes in pEC has been proposed as a potential solution to overcome NK cell-mediated xenogeneic cytotoxicity. HLA-G, a minimally polymorphic HLA class I molecule that can inhibit a wide range of NK cells, is an especially attractive candidate for this purpose. In this study we tested whether the expression of HLA-G on pEC inhibits the molecular mechanisms that lead to adhesion of human NK cells to pEC and subsequent xenogeneic NK cytotoxicity. To this end two immortalized pEC lines (2A2 and PED) were stably transfected with HLA-G1. Rolling adhesion of activated human NK cells to pEC monolayers and xenogeneic cytotoxicity against pEC mediated by polyclonal human NK lines as well as NK clones were inhibited by the expression of HLA-G. The adhesion was partially reversed by masking HLA-G on pEC with anti-HLA mAbs or by masking the HLA-G-specific inhibitory receptor ILT-2 on NK cells with the mAb HP-F1. The inhibition of NK cytotoxicity by HLA-G was only partially mediated by ILT-2, indicating a role for other unknown NK receptors. In conclusion, transgenic expression of HLA-G may be useful to prevent human NK cell responses to porcine xenografts, but is probably not sufficient on its own. Moreover, the blocking of rolling adhesion by HLA-G provides evidence for a novel biological function of HLA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Forte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Schneider MK, Forte P, Seebach JD. Adhesive interactions between human NK cells and porcine endothelial cells. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:70-5. [PMID: 11439150 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are able to adhere to xenogeneic porcine endothelial cells (EC) and evidence from in vitro studies as well as animal models suggests a potential role for NK cells in the cellular recognition and damage of porcine xenogeneic tissues. One possible explanation for the observed NK cell-mediated xenogeneic cytotoxicity against porcine EC is the molecular incompatibility between porcine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and MHC-specific inhibitory receptors on human NK cells. In this review we attempt to summarize the current knowledge concerning adhesive interactions between human NK cells and porcine EC under special considerations of the cross-species receptor-ligand interactions. Methodological differences in assessing adhesion between various studies are reviewed and comparisons to the syngeneic/allogeneic adhesion mechanisms are made. Finally, the therapeutic potential of blocking antibodies and transgenic HLA expression in preventing NK-cell adhesion and xenogeneic cytotoxicity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Schneider
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Tsuyuki S, Horvath-Arcidiacono JA, Bloom ET. Effect of redox modulation on xenogeneic target cells: the combination of nitric oxide and thiol deprivation protects porcine endothelial cells from lysis by IL-2-activated human NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4106-14. [PMID: 11238660 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that NK cells contribute to the pathogenesis of delayed rejection of vascularized xenografts, and NK cells have been suggested to participate in hyperacute xenograft rejection. Endothelial cells have been shown to be the primary target of the recipient's immune responses that mediate both hyperacute and delayed xenograft rejection. Under conditions of oxidative stress induced by thiol deprivation, but not under normal conditions, pretreatment of porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) with the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine, dramatically inhibited killing of PAEC target cells by IL-2-activated human NK cells. This same combined treatment reduced both surface expression and mRNA levels of E-selectin. Moreover, anti-E-selectin mAb, but not Ab to VCAM-1, protected PAEC from lysis by human IL-2-activated NK cells in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that expression of porcine E-selectin is important for the cytotoxicity of PAEC mediated by activated human NK cells and may be involved in the redox-mediated modulation of that cytotoxicity. It is known that NF-kappa B activation is required for transcription of E-selectin, and the current data show that the suppression of E-selectin expression by S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine pretreatment and thiol deprivation was associated with reduced NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity in PAEC. These data suggest that the regulation of porcine E-selectin may be important for modulating delayed xenograft rejection and that manipulation of cellular redox systems may provide a means to protect xenogeneic endothelial cells from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Aorta
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- DNA/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- E-Selectin/biosynthesis
- E-Selectin/genetics
- E-Selectin/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Glutathione/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/enzymology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Penicillamine/analogs & derivatives
- Penicillamine/pharmacology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine
- Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsuyuki
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Horvath-Arcidiacono JA, Bloom ET. Characterization of human killer cell reactivity against porcine target cells: differential modulation by cytokines. Xenotransplantation 2001; 8:62-74. [PMID: 11208192 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2001.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic cell response to porcine cells by human lymphocytes, and the modulation of cytolytic cellular activity by human cytokines were investigated. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and purified lymphocyte subsets were co-cultured with fresh irradiated porcine stimulator cells and examined for the development of lytic activity and for their proliferative response. Porcine target cells included a new cell line, MS-PBMC-J2 (designated J2; SLA-DR+MHC class I+CD2+CD3 CD8+CDI6+CD45+), aortic and microvascular endothelial cells. Initial results showed that natural killer (NK) cells were fivefold more efficient in killing porcine target cells compared with T cells. IL-12 augmented the killing of porcine target cells by human NK cells beyond that induced by stimulation with cells alone. In contrast, IL-2 and IL-15 often induced substantial human NK cell mediated killing of porcine target cells, including endothelial cells in the case of IL-2 where such targets were examined, even in the absence of stimulator cells. Finally, neither IL-18 nor IL-8 had any effect beyond background on NK cell mediated killing of porcine target cells. These findings show that cytokines that would be produced in a xenograft setting clearly modulate the ability of human cytolytic cells to kill porcine targets. In addition, fresh unstimulated human NK cells lysed J2 and porcine aortic endothelial cells, but not porcine microvascular endothelial cells, suggesting the possibility of rapid attack of xenografts by NK cells, and differential susceptibility of endothelial cells from different vascular structures to this attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Horvath-Arcidiacono
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Khalfoun B, Barrat D, Watier H, Machet MC, Arbeille-Brassart B, Riess JG, Salmon H, Gruel Y, Bardos P, Lebranchu Y. Development of an ex vivo model of pig kidney perfused with human lymphocytes. Analysis of xenogeneic cellular reactions. Surgery 2000; 128:447-57. [PMID: 10965317 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2000.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the explosive nature and the extremely rapid process of hyperacute rejection (HAR), significant infiltration of the xenograft by immunocompetent cells is not observed, and the role and the mechanism of action of cell-mediated rejection in discordant xenografts are therefore still under discussion. METHOD We developed an experimental approach using pig kidneys perfused with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in which the immunologic barrier of hyperacute rejection was excluded and which mimics the in vivo situation. RESULTS PBL retention in the kidney was evaluated at 20-minute intervals for 3 hours. Retention increased from 30% to 80% with the time of perfusion and was specific because significantly fewer syngeneic lymphocytes were retained. Phenotype analysis of recovered PBL showed a significant decrease in natural killer (NK) cells. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the presence of NK cells and T lymphocytes in the glomerular and interstitial tubular structures of the kidney. Functional studies showed a progressive cessation of diuresis and augmentation of renal vascular resistance when the kidney was perfused with PBL. Electron microscopy examinations of kidney sections perfused with PBL showed swollen endothelial zones, suggesting alterations to and damage of the endothelium. CONCLUSIONS This system provides a valuable model for the study of early discordant xenogeneic cellular rejection and demonstrates the predominance of xenograft infiltration by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Khalfoun
- Université F. Rabelais, the Services d'Urologie and d'Anatomie-Pathologie, CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Université de Nice
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37
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Goodman DJ, d'Apice AJ. One more step toward transplantation tolerance. Transplantation 1999; 68:1630-1. [PMID: 10609937 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199912150-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Goodman
- Immunology Research Centre St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Australia
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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39
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Brouard S, Gagne K, Blancho G, Soulillou JP. T cell response in xenorecognition and xenografts: a review. Hum Immunol 1999; 60:455-68. [PMID: 10408795 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation has recently become a subject of interest for the transplantation community due to the current organ shortage, which could be partially or even totally solved by the development of this strategy. The humoral response, which arises as a result of species disparities, is the major obstacle to the success of xenotransplantation. However, if the use of different strategies such as plasmapheresis, immunoadsorption, the utilization of organs from transgenic pigs for complement regulatory molecules and new immunosuppressive drugs, may allow to overcome or reduce the early antibody mediated rejections (hyperacute or acute vascular rejection), delayed responses based on cellular activations will still occur. In this review, despite the fact that different cell populations have been shown to be implicated in these phenomena (NK, granulocytes, macrophages), we will focus on recent published information concerning T cell response only, in xenorecognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brouard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 437: Immunointervention dans les Allo et Xénotransplantation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
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40
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Friedman T, Shimizu A, Smith RN, Colvin RB, Seebach JD, Sachs DH, Iacomini J. Human CD4+ T Cells Mediate Rejection of Porcine Xenografts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that xenograft rejection in rodents is dependent on CD4+ T cells. However, because of the lack of an appropriate in vivo model, little is known about the cellular basis of human T cell-mediated rejection of xenografts. In this study, we have evaluated the ability of human T cells to mediate rejection of porcine skin grafts in a novel in vivo experimental system using immunodeficient mice as recipients. Recombinase-activating gene-1-deficient mice (R−) lacking mature B and T cells were grafted with porcine skin and received human lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with irradiated porcine PBMC. Skin grafts on mice given either unseparated, activated human lymphocytes, or NK cell-depleted lymphocyte populations were rejected within 18 days after adoptive cell transfer. In contrast, skin grafts on mice given T cell-depleted human lymphocytes or saline showed no gross or histologic evidence of rejection up to 100 days after adoptive transfer. Purified CD4+ T cells were also able to mediate rejection of porcine skin grafts. These data suggest that human CD4+ T cells are sufficient to induce rejection of porcine xenografts. Thus, strategies directed toward CD4+ T cells may effectively prevent cellular rejection of porcine xenografts in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Shimizu
- †Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Rex Neal Smith
- †Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Robert B. Colvin
- †Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129
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41
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Kwiatkowski P, Artrip JH, John R, Edwards NM, Wang SF, Michler RE, Itescu S. Induction of swine major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on porcine endothelium by tumor necrosis factor-alpha reduces lysis by human natural killer cells. Transplantation 1999; 67:211-8. [PMID: 10075583 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199901270-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells have been implicated in a process of delayed xenograft rejection occurring in pig-to-primate organ transplants. As tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) induces expression of both adhesion receptors and major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on porcine endothelium, we investigated the effects of TNF-alpha on human NK cell adherence to and cytotoxicity of porcine aortic endothelial cell (PAEC) monolayers. METHODS Adherence of human NK cells was measured after PAEC treatment with increasing concentrations of TNF-alpha. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against adhesion molecules on NK cells and PAEC were used in inhibition studies. Resting or TNF-alpha-treated PAEC were used as targets for NK lysis. Increasing titers of anti-swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I antibodies or pooled human immune globulin (IVIg) were used to reverse the effects of TNF-alpha on NK lysis. RESULTS NK cell adhesion to TNF-a-treated PAEC increased in a dose-dependent manner by a maximum of 44%, and was inhibited by mAbs against CD49d, CD11a, CD11b, CD18, and CD2, as well as porcine vascular cell adhesion molecules. In contrast, TNF-alpha treatment of PAEC reduced human NK lysis in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation of TNF-a-treated PAEC with increasing concentrations of anti-SLA class I mAb increased NK lysis in a titer-dependent manner, and reversed the protective effect on human NK lysis by 77%. Treatment with IVIg, containing antibodies against an a-helical region of HLA class I molecules, had a similar effect. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that SLA class I molecules can bind to inhibitory receptors on human NK cells, and that these interactions can be augmented by increasing the level of SLA class I molecule expression on porcine endothelium. Strategies that can increase porcine endothelial cell expression of either swine or human major histocompatibility complex class I molecules may reduce human NK activity against porcine xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kwiatkowski
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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42
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Atia N, Camoin L, Duflos G, Malassagne B, Chéreau C, Filipponi F, Mahboub S, Batteux F, Conti F, Michalski JC, Houssin D, Calmus Y, Weill B. Human preformed IgG combining with membrane-bound porcine serotransferrin lyse porcine endothelial cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:3917-28. [PMID: 9862328 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199812)28:12<3917::aid-immu3917>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Preformed antibodies are involved in xenograft rejection. The purpose of this work was to characterize porcine xenoantigens recognized by human preformed IgG (hpIgG), and to investigate the role of hpIgG in xenogeneic rejection. IgG eluted from porcine livers perfused with human plasma, human sera and total human IgG were immunoblotted on porcine aortic endothelial cell extracts. The amino acid sequence of a 76-kDa antigen constantly revealed was 100% homologous with porcine serotransferrin (psTf). hpIgG from human sera, human IgG1 and IgG2 and F(ab')2gamma specifically bound to psTf. Neutralization by psTf abolished that binding. Although alpha1,3-linked galactose residues (Gal(alpha)1,3Gal) is the dominant epitope recognized by preformed antibodies in the swine-to-human combination, the analysis of carbohydrate composition of psTf showed that the molecule was devoid of Gal(alpha)1,3Gal moieties and that preformed anti-psTf IgG bound to epitopes localized on the peptide core of the molecule. Purified human anti-psTf IgG antibodies were able to bind to psTf linked to its receptor on porcine endothelial cells, and to kill those cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Atia
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Faculté Cochin, Université Paris V, France
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43
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Millan O, Rojo I, Gaya A, Vives J, Martorell J. Nitric oxide production by pig endothelial cells in response to human-derived injury. Transplantation 1998; 66:1362-8. [PMID: 9846523 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199811270-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperacute rejection induced by natural antibodies is the first barrier to the success of pig to human organ xenotransplantation. When this barrier is overcome, an infiltrate of mainly monocytes and natural killer cells can be observed. Nitric oxide (NO) has been described to be involved in allo- and xenorejection, and to participate in the regulation of monocyte infiltration in other models. METHODS We have studied the capacity of human monocytes and natural antibodies to induce the production of NO by pig endothelial cells, by measuring NO2, a stable end product of NO. RESULTS Human monocytes can induce HuProVim (HUP), a pig endothelial line, and "in situ, ex vivo" pig endothelial cells to produce NO2. This NO2 production was inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine-methylester and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, inhibitors of NO production. This induction can be observed even if cells are separated by a semipermeable membrane, which indicates that it is a result of soluble factors. Activated cells continue producing NO after triggering for 1 hr. No NO2 production was observed after activation of HUP cells with recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta1, IL-2, IL-4, interferon-gamma, or recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rhTNF-alpha) alone. Only the combination of rhTNF-alpha+rIL-1alpha or rIL-1beta, and rhTNF-alpha+rIL-1alpha+IFN-gamma induces some NO production. Human natural anti-pig antibodies, which had been described to induce cytoskeleton changes on endothelial cells, do not induce NO production. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that human monocytes induce the production of NO by pig endothelial cells. The inducing signal is soluble and cannot be provided by human anti-pig natural antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Millan
- Servei Immunologia, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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Kumagai-Braesch M, Satake M, Qian Y, Holgersson J, Möller E. Human NK cell and ADCC reactivity against xenogeneic porcine target cells including fetal porcine islet cells. Xenotransplantation 1998; 5:132-45. [PMID: 9584827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.1998.tb00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies of human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and ADCC against porcine target cells were performed. Stimulation of human PBMC responder cells with either allogeneic or xenogeneic porcine cells led to a marked increase in NK cell reactivity. Maximum reactivity was reached following 3-6 days of in vitro culture. The sensitivity of target cells ranked as follows: K562 > porcine PHA-induced lymphoblasts > resting porcine PBMC. Limiting dilution analysis showed that allo- and xeno-stimulation in vitro led to differentiation of similar frequencies of effector NK cells. Split culture experiments showed that single NK effector cells were cytotoxic against both K562 and porcine lymphoblasts, demonstrating that individual NK cells lack species specificity. NK effector cell generation stimulated by xenogeneic cells was cyclosporin A (CsA) sensitive and dependent on the presence of autologous responder T lymphocytes, a dependence that was completely reconstituted by the sole addition of human IL-2. Xenostimulation of enriched CD3+ cells also led to a preferential appearance of CD16+ or CD56+ lymphoblasts. Natural xenoreactive human anti-porcine antibodies are mainly of IgM and IgG2 subclasses, but antibodies in xenoimmunised patients reactive against porcine lymphocytes and fetal porcine islet cells were also of IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. The same subclass distribution was found among antibodies specific for gal(alpha)1,3 gal epitopes as shown by tests performed with alpha1,3 galactosyltransferase-transfected Raji cells (human Burkitt lymphoma cells). Natural antibodies did not mediate ADCC, whereas gal(alpha)1,3 gal-specific antibodies in sera from xenoimmunised patients did. Fetal porcine islet cells were sensitive to human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and to ADCC mediated by xenoimmune sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kumagai-Braesch
- Department of Immunology, Pathology, Microbiology, and Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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45
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Itescu S, Kwiatkowski P, Artrip JH, Wang SF, Ankersmit J, Minanov OP, Michler RE. Role of natural killer cells, macrophages, and accessory molecule interactions in the rejection of pig-to-primate xenografts beyond the hyperacute period. Hum Immunol 1998; 59:275-86. [PMID: 9619766 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(98)00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pig-to-primate cardiac xenografts surviving beyond the period of hyperacute rejection succumb after 3-4 days to a secondary immunologic response characterized by xenograft infiltration with NK cells and macrophages. Circulating baboon mononuclear cells contain NK cell precursors which mediate lysis of porcine endothelium by two distinct mechanisms: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and lymphokine activation. IL-2 activated NK lysis of porcine endothelium was 2.4-fold stronger than lysis occurring following engagement of FcRIII by xenoreactive IgG. IL-2 augmented NK lysis involved interactions between CD2 and CD49d on baboon NK cells and their respective ligands on porcine endothelium, since NK lysis was reduced either by using Mabs against CD2, CD49d, or porcine VCAM, or by treating endothelial cells with PIPLC to cleave GPI-linked molecules. These results imply that interactions between accessory molecule receptor-ligand pairs on primate NK cells, macrophages and porcine endothelium are of critical importance in delayed xenograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Itescu
- Department of Surgery, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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46
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Azimzadeh A, Meyer C, Watier H, Beller JP, Chenard-Neu MP, Kieny R, Boudjema K, Jaeck D, Cinqualbre J, Wolf P. Removal of primate xenoreactive natural antibodies by extracorporeal perfusion of pig kidneys and livers. Transpl Immunol 1998; 6:13-22. [PMID: 9640624 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(98)80030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organ perfusion is one of the possible strategies to attenuate rejection of discordant xenografts by reducing the levels of the recipient's xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNA). Its efficacy in terms of XNA removal was studied in models of primate blood or plasma perfusion through porcine kidneys or livers, with special attention to haematological consequences and potential side-effects. We first perfused the blood of rhesus monkeys through pig kidneys and livers, and demonstrated that the perfusion of a pig liver resulted in higher XNA adsorption (72 +/- 13%) than the perfusion of a pig kidney (51 +/- 25%). However, when we normalized for the weight of the perfused organs and for levels of natural antibodies in individual monkeys, livers adsorbed less antibody (1.4 +/- 0.9 U antibody/g) than kidneys (7.2 +/- 7 U antibody/g). Histological signs of rejection were observed in perfused kidneys, but not in perfused livers. A major drawback of the perfusion of blood through livers was a considerable decrease in the primates' haemoglobin and platelet levels. To avoid this, we developed a plasma liver perfusion device. This method allowed a significant improvement in the haemodynamic state of primates and was particularly effective in preventing anaemia. Moreover, plasma liver perfusion was as effective as blood liver perfusion to remove natural antibodies and, resulted in a marked decrease in their functional activity as assessed by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The level of other plasma proteins was not significantly affected, apart from a dilution effect. After xenoperfusion a strong antibody response was evidenced by ELISA, CDC and ADCC between days 7 and 14 and then decreased progressively. We conclude that the separation of blood to allow the perfusion of plasma through a pig organ is safer than the perfusion of unseparated blood and is associated with efficient natural antibody removal. However, organ perfusion is limited by a rebound in antibody levels after a few days, and thus will have to be associated with anti-B cell immunosuppressive therapy for long-term or repeated applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Azimzadeh
- Laboratoire de Chirurgie Expérimentale, Fondation Transplantation, Strasbourg, France.
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47
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Abstract
Major efforts are being directed towards determining and modifying the glycosylated epitopes on pig vascular endothelial cells, against which human natural antibodies are directed. Genetic engineering techniques are being used in an effort to knock out or replace the major alpha galactosyl (alpha Gal) epitopes in mice, but to-date these have been only modestly successful in prolonging functional survival of such modified organs. Competitive glycosylation involving insertion of the gene for alpha 1,2 fucosyltransferase results in reduction of alpha Gal expression but also of presentation of hitherto cryptic antigens against which natural human antibodies are directed or could develop. The introduction of the gene for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III has been demonstrated to significantly reduce alpha Gal expression, and the intracellular expression of single chain Fv antibodies against alpha 1,3 galactosyltransferase also represses this enzyme activity. Several other carbohydrate antigens have been identified that could act as targets for human natural antibodies, and these include Gal alpha 1-3Le(x), Hanganutziu-Deicher, Tn, and Forssman antigens. The alternative approach, namely, the depletion of the recipient's natural antibodies, is proving difficult, but techniques for inducing B cell tolerance are being explored. The induction of a state of mixed hematopoietic chimerism in alpha Gal knockout mice has resulted in tolerance to the alpha Gal antigen. Tolerance to the SLA antigens of miniature swine is also being attempted in baboons by the transfer of SLA Class II genes into baboon bone marrow cells. It is hoped that one or a combination of these approaches may overcome the problem created by the presence of pig antigens against which humans have xenoreactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Cooper
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
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Kobayashi T, Taniguchi S, Neethling FA, Rose AG, Hancock WW, Ye Y, Niekrasz M, Kosanke S, Wright LJ, White DJ, Cooper DK. Delayed xenograft rejection of pig-to-baboon cardiac transplants after cobra venom factor therapy. Transplantation 1997; 64:1255-61. [PMID: 9371665 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199711150-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to (i) investigate the efficacy of cobra venom factor (CVF) in preventing hyperacute rejection (HAR) after pig-to-baboon heart transplantation, (ii) examine the effect of additional splenectomy (Spx) and pharmacologic immunosuppression (IS), and (iii) study delayed graft rejection when HAR is avoided by complement depletion. METHODS Eleven recipient baboons received heterotopic pig heart transplants. Three received either no therapy or IS (cyclosporine + methylprednisolone +/- cyclophosphamide +/- methotrexate) at clinically well-tolerated doses, with graft survival for only 40, 32, and 15 min, respectively. Two received CVF+/-Spx, which extended survival to 5 and 6 days, respectively. Six underwent Spx + CVF therapy + IS; graft survival was 3 hr (technical complication), 6 days (death from sepsis), 10, 12, and 22 days (vascular rejection), and <25 days (euthanized for viral pneumonia with a functioning graft that showed histopathologic features of vascular rejection). RESULTS Dense deposition of IgM and, to a lesser extent, IgG and IgA were seen on the endothelial cells within 1 hr of transplantation, but only trace levels of complement deposition were present in CVF-treated recipients. Within approximately 5-12 days, cardiac xenografts showed progressive infiltration by mononuclear cells, consisting primarily of activated macrophages producing tumor necrosis factor-alpha and small numbers of natural killer cells; T and B cells were absent. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that (i) CVF prevents HAR, (ii) the addition of Spx + IS delays rejection, but (iii) the early deposition of antibody leads to progressive graft injury, resulting in (iv) delayed vascular rejection. Our findings indicate that the features of delayed xenograft rejection described in small animal models also occur in the pig-to-baboon model, and that rejection may occur in a complement-independent manner from the effects of antibody and/or host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Oklahoma Transplantation Institute, Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, USA
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50
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McMorrow IM, Comrack CA, Sachs DH, DerSimonian H. Heterogeneity of human anti-pig natural antibodies cross-reactive with the Gal(alpha1,3)Galactose epitope. Transplantation 1997; 64:501-10. [PMID: 9275119 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199708150-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell surface carbohydrate moiety, Gal(alpha1,3)Galactose (alphaGal), has been implicated as the major determinant recognized by more than 80% of human anti-porcine natural antibodies (NAb). An ELISA system was developed for the detection of this subpopulation of porcine cell-reactive NAb using synthetic alphaGal conjugated to bovine serum albumin. METHODS A screen of 95 human serum samples by this method demonstrated marked variability in the alphaGal reactivity of unrelated donors. The percentage of alphaGal-reactive NAb relative to total immunoglobulin was determined for 10 donors. RESULTS alphaGal-reactive NAb comprised 1.0-2.4% of total serum IgG, whereas the range was from 3.9% to 8.0% for IgM. CONCLUSIONS The higher level of alphaGal-reactive IgM suggests that xenoreactive NAbs may be the product of germ-line genes. Two-dimensional gel analysis of affinity-purified alphaGal-reactive NAb from two donors provided evidence suggesting that IgM from this subpopulation of NAb were restricted in protein charge heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M McMorrow
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
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