1
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Shin B, Chang SJ, MacNabb BW, Rothenberg EV. Transcriptional network dynamics in early T cell development. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230893. [PMID: 39167073 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rate at which cells enter the T cell pathway depends not only on the immigration of hematopoietic precursors into the strong Notch signaling environment of the thymus but also on the kinetics with which each individual precursor cell reaches T-lineage commitment once it arrives. Notch triggers a complex, multistep gene regulatory network in the cells in which the steps are stereotyped but the transition speeds between steps are variable. Progenitor-associated transcription factors delay T-lineage differentiation even while Notch-induced transcription factors within the same cells push differentiation forward. Progress depends on regulator cross-repression, on breaching chromatin barriers, and on shifting, competitive collaborations between stage-specific and stably expressed transcription factors, as reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samantha J Chang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Brendan W MacNabb
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Konstantakopoulou C, Verykokakis M. Key Functions of the Transcription Factor BCL6 During T-Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:79-94. [PMID: 39017840 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
T lymphocytes consist of several subtypes with distinct functions that help to coordinate an immune response. They are generated within the thymus through a sequential developmental pathway that produces subsets with diverse antigen specificities and functions. Naïve T cells populate peripheral lymphoid organs and are activated upon foreign antigen encounter. While most T cells die soon after activation, a memory population survives and is able to quickly respond to secondary challenges, thus providing long-term immunity to the host. Although cell identity is largely stable and is instructed by cell-specific transcriptional programs, cells may change their transcriptional profiles to be able to adapt to new functionalities. Central to these dynamic processes are transcription factors, which control cell fate decisions, through direct regulation of gene expression. In this book chapter, we review the functions of the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), which directs the fate of several lymphocyte subsets, including helper, cytotoxic, and innate-like T cells, but can also be involved in lymphomagenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Konstantakopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
- Department of Antibody Research Materials, Genmab B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mihalis Verykokakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece.
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3
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Nicosia L, Spencer GJ, Brooks N, Amaral FMR, Basma NJ, Chadwick JA, Revell B, Wingelhofer B, Maiques-Diaz A, Sinclair O, Camera F, Ciceri F, Wiseman DH, Pegg N, West W, Knurowski T, Frese K, Clegg K, Campbell VL, Cavet J, Copland M, Searle E, Somervaille TCP. Therapeutic targeting of EP300/CBP by bromodomain inhibition in hematologic malignancies. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:2136-2153.e13. [PMID: 37995682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
CCS1477 (inobrodib) is a potent, selective EP300/CBP bromodomain inhibitor which induces cell-cycle arrest and differentiation in hematologic malignancy model systems. In myeloid leukemia cells, it promotes rapid eviction of EP300/CBP from an enhancer subset marked by strong MYB occupancy and high H3K27 acetylation, with downregulation of the subordinate oncogenic network and redistribution to sites close to differentiation genes. In myeloma cells, CCS1477 induces eviction of EP300/CBP from FGFR3, the target of the common (4; 14) translocation, with redistribution away from IRF4-occupied sites to TCF3/E2A-occupied sites. In a subset of patients with relapsed or refractory disease, CCS1477 monotherapy induces differentiation responses in AML and objective responses in heavily pre-treated multiple myeloma. In vivo preclinical combination studies reveal synergistic responses to treatment with standard-of-care agents. Thus, CCS1477 exhibits encouraging preclinical and early-phase clinical activity by disrupting recruitment of EP300/CBP to enhancer networks occupied by critical transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Nicosia
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Gary J Spencer
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | | | - Fabio M R Amaral
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Naseer J Basma
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - John A Chadwick
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Bradley Revell
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Bettina Wingelhofer
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Alba Maiques-Diaz
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Oliver Sinclair
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Francesco Camera
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Filippo Ciceri
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Daniel H Wiseman
- Epigenetics of Haematopoiesis Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Neil Pegg
- CellCentric Ltd., Cambridge CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Will West
- CellCentric Ltd., Cambridge CB10 1XL, UK
| | | | - Kris Frese
- CellCentric Ltd., Cambridge CB10 1XL, UK
| | | | | | - James Cavet
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Mhairi Copland
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - Emma Searle
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Tim C P Somervaille
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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4
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Du Y, Li LL, Chen F, Du Y. Targeting SDCBP2 in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Signal 2023; 112:110889. [PMID: 37714445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a biologically heterogeneous disease with high morbidity and mortality under the existing treatment strategies. Our previous study showed that E2A might be a potential therapeutic target for AML, but the underlying mechanism was unclear. Here, we found that SDCBP2 might be a target gene of E2A through RNA-seq combined ChIP-seq screening. This was also demonstrated by Co-IP experiment. Furthermore, the expression of E2A and SDCBP2 were increased in both AML cell lines and patient samples. Downregulation of SDCBP2 expression suppressed proliferation and induced differentiation of AML cells. In human xenograft mouse leukemia model, inhibiton of SDCBP2 expression delayed AML progression. Overall, the above results confirmed that SDCBP2 might be a target gene of E2A and a potential therapeutic target for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China; The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Lan-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China; The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Feihu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China; The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
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5
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Yin H, Wang J, Tan Y, Jiang M, Zhang H, Meng G. Transcription factor abnormalities in B-ALL leukemogenesis and treatment. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:855-870. [PMID: 37407363 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological regulation of transcription factors (TFs) and repressor proteins is an important mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis. In B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) TF abnormalities occur at high frequency and are often recognized as the major driving factor in carcinogenesis. We provide an in-depth review of molecular mechanisms of six major TF rearrangements in B-ALL, including DUX4-rearranged (DUX4-R), MEF2D-R, ZNF384-R, ETV6-RUNX1 and TCF3-PBX1 fusions, and KMT2A-R. In addition, the therapeutic options and prognoses for patients who harbor these TF abnormalities are discussed. This review aims to provide an up-to-date panoramic view of how TF-based oncogenic fusions might drive carcinogenesis and impact on potential therapeutic exploration of B-ALL treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yangxia Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Minghao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Guoyu Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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6
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Xu W, Verykokakis M. Editorial: Transcriptional and epigenetic control of T and innate lymphoid cell development and function. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213831. [PMID: 37251398 PMCID: PMC10213894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mihalis Verykokakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center (BSRC) Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
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7
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MacNabb BW, Rothenberg EV. Speed and navigation control of thymocyte development by the fetal T-cell gene regulatory network. Immunol Rev 2023; 315:171-196. [PMID: 36722494 PMCID: PMC10771342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
T-cell differentiation is a tightly regulated developmental program governed by interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and chromatin landscapes and affected by signals received from the thymic stroma. This process is marked by a series of checkpoints: T-lineage commitment, T-cell receptor (TCR)β selection, and positive and negative selection. Dynamically changing combinations of TFs drive differentiation along the T-lineage trajectory, through mechanisms that have been most extensively dissected in adult mouse T-lineage cells. However, fetal T-cell development differs from adult in ways that suggest that these TF mechanisms are not fully deterministic. The first wave of fetal T-cell differentiation occurs during a unique developmental window during thymic morphogenesis, shows more rapid kinetics of differentiation with fewer rounds of cell division, and gives rise to unique populations of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and invariant γδT cells that are not generated in the adult thymus. As the characteristic kinetics and progeny biases are cell-intrinsic properties of thymic progenitors, the differences could be based on distinct TF network circuitry within the progenitors themselves. Here, we review recent single-cell transcriptome data that illuminate the TF networks involved in T-cell differentiation in the fetal and adult mouse thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan W MacNabb
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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8
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Rani R, Nayak M, Nayak B. Exploring the reprogramming potential of B cells and comprehending its clinical and therapeutic perspective. Transpl Immunol 2023; 78:101804. [PMID: 36921730 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Initiating from multipotent progenitors, the lineages extrapolated from hematopoietic stem cells are determined by transcription factors specific to each of them. The commitment factors assist in the differentiation of progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cells. B lymphocytes constitute a population of cells that expresses clonally diverse cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors specific to antigenic epitopes. B cells are a significant facet of the adaptive immune system. The secreted antibodies corresponding to the B cell recognize the antigens via the B cell receptor (BCR). Following antigen recognition, the B cell is activated and thereafter undergoes clonal expansion and proliferation to become memory B cells. The essence of 'cellular reprogramming' has aided in reliably altering the cells to desired tissue type. The potential of reprogramming has been harnessed to decipher and find solutions for various genetically inherited diseases and degenerative disorders. B lymphocytes can be reprogrammed to their initial naive state from where they get differentiated into any lineage or cell type similar to a pluripotent stem cell which can be accomplished by the deletion of master regulators of the B cell lineage. B cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells and also can undergo transdifferentiation at the midway of cell differentiation to other cell types. Mandated expression of C/EBP in specialized B cells corresponds to their fast and effective reprogramming into macrophages, reversing the cell fate of these lymphocytes and allowing them to differentiate freshly into other types of cells. The co-expression of C/EBPα and OKSM (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) amplified the reprogramming efficiency of B lymphocytes. Various human somatic cells including the immune cells are compliant to reprogramming which paves a path for opportunities like autologous tissue grafts, blood transfusion, and cancer immunotherapy. The ability to reprogram B cells offers an unprecedented opportunity for developing a therapeutic approach for several human diseases. Here, we will focus on all the proteins and transcription factors responsible for the developmental commitment of B lymphocytes and how it is harnessed in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Rani
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. 769008, India
| | - Madhusmita Nayak
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. 769008, India
| | - Bismita Nayak
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha. 769008, India.
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9
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Tyryshkin K, Moore A, Good D, Popov J, Crocker S, Rauh MJ, Baetz T, LeBrun DP. Expression of TCF3 target genes defines a subclass of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma characterized by up-regulation of MYC target genes and poor clinical outcome following R-CHOP therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:119-129. [PMID: 36336953 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2136968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
TCF3 is a lymphopoietic transcription factor that acquires somatic driver mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Hypothesizing that expression patterns of TCF3-regulated genes can inform clinical management, we found that unsupervised clustering analysis with 15 TCF3-regulated genes and eight additional ones resolved local DLBCL cases into two main clusters, denoted Groups A and B, of which Group A manifested inferior overall survival (OS, p = 0.0005). We trained a machine learning model to classify samples into the Groups based on expression of the 23 transcripts in an independent validation cohort of 569 R-CHOP-treated DLBCL cases. Group A overlapped with the ABC cell-of-origin subgroup but its prognostic power was superior. GSEA analysis demonstrated asymmetric expression of 30 gene sets between the Groups, pointing to biological differences. We present, validate and make available a novel method to assign DLBCL cases into biologically-distinct groups with divergent OS following R-CHOP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Tyryshkin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison Moore
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Good
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesse Popov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Crocker
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Rauh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara Baetz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David P LeBrun
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Singh S, Sarkar T, Jakubison B, Gadomski S, Spradlin A, Gudmundsson KO, Keller JR. Inhibitor of DNA binding proteins revealed as orchestrators of steady state, stress and malignant hematopoiesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:934624. [PMID: 35990659 PMCID: PMC9389078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.934624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian hematopoiesis is a dynamic cellular process that provides a continuous supply of myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid/megakaryocyte cells for host survival. This process is sustained by regulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) quiescence, proliferation and activation under homeostasis and stress, and regulating the proliferation and differentiation of downstream multipotent progenitor (MPP) and more committed progenitor cells. Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are small helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins that lack a basic (b) DNA binding domain present in other family members, and function as dominant-negative regulators of other bHLH proteins (E proteins) by inhibiting their transcriptional activity. ID proteins are required for normal T cell, B cell, NK and innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cell, and myeloid cell differentiation and development. However, recent evidence suggests that ID proteins are important regulators of normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). This chapter will review our current understanding of the function of ID proteins in HSPC development and highlight future areas of scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Tanmoy Sarkar
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brad Jakubison
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Gadomski
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Spradlin
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Kristbjorn O. Gudmundsson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Keller
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI)- Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan R. Keller,
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11
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Hwang SM, Im SH, Rudra D. Signaling networks controlling ID and E protein activity in T cell differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964581. [PMID: 35983065 PMCID: PMC9379924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
E and inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are involved in various cellular developmental processes and effector activities in T cells. Recent findings indicate that E and ID proteins are not only responsible for regulating thymic T cell development but also modulate the differentiation, function, and fate of peripheral T cells in multiple immune compartments. Based on the well-established E and ID protein axis (E-ID axis), it has been recognized that ID proteins interfere with the dimerization of E proteins, thus restricting their transcriptional activities. Given this close molecular relationship, the extent of expression or stability of these two protein families can dynamically affect the expression of specific target genes involved in multiple aspects of T cell biology. Therefore, it is essential to understand the endogenous proteins or extrinsic signaling pathways that can influence the dynamics of the E-ID axis in a cell-specific and context-dependent manner. Here, we provide an overview of E and ID proteins and the functional outcomes of the E-ID axis in the activation and function of multiple peripheral T cell subsets, including effector and memory T cell populations. Further, we review the mechanisms by which endogenous proteins and signaling pathways alter the E-ID axis in various T cell subsets influencing T cell function and fate at steady-state and in pathological settings. A comprehensive understanding of the functions of E and ID proteins in T cell biology can be instrumental in T cell-specific targeting of the E-ID axis to develop novel therapeutic modalities in the context of autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Bio Open Innovation Center, Pohang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sin-Hyeog Im, ; Dipayan Rudra,
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Sin-Hyeog Im, ; Dipayan Rudra,
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12
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Lee YJ, Nam EJ, Kim S, Kim YT, Itkin-Ansari P, Kim SW. Expression Profiles of ID and E2A in Ovarian Cancer and Suppression of Ovarian Cancer by the E2A Isoform E47. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122903. [PMID: 35740568 PMCID: PMC9221321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2A and inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are transcription factors involved in cell cycle regulation and cellular differentiation. Imbalance of ID/E2A activity is associated with oncogenesis in various tumors, but their expression patterns and prognostic values are still unknown. We evaluated ID and E2A expression in ovarian cancer cells, and assessed the possibility of reprogramming ovarian cellular homeostasis by restoring the ID/E2A axis. We analyzed copy number alterations, mutations, methylations, and mRNA expressions of ID 1-4 and E2A using The Cancer Genome Atlas data of 570 ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma patients. Incidentally, 97.2% cases exhibited gain of ID 1-4 or loss of E2A. Predominantly, ID 1-4 were hypomethylated, while E2A was hypermethylated. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ID-3 and ID-4 expressions were high while E2A expression was low in cancerous ovarian tissues. Correlation analysis of ID and E2A levels with survival outcomes of ovarian cancer patients indicated that patients with high ID-3 levels had poor overall survival. We also determined the effect of E2A induction on ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo using SKOV-3/Luc cells transduced with tamoxifen-inducible E47, a splice variant of E2A. Interestingly, E47 induced SKOV-3 cell death in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in SKOV-3 implanted mice. Therefore, restoring ID/E2A balance is a promising approach for treating ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jae Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women’s Medical Life Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (E.-J.N.); (S.K.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Eun-Ji Nam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women’s Medical Life Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (E.-J.N.); (S.K.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women’s Medical Life Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (E.-J.N.); (S.K.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Young-Tae Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women’s Medical Life Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (E.-J.N.); (S.K.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Pamela Itkin-Ansari
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: (P.I.-A.); (S.-W.K.)
| | - Sang-Wun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Women’s Medical Life Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (E.-J.N.); (S.K.); (Y.-T.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.I.-A.); (S.-W.K.)
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13
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Carr T, McGregor S, Dias S, Verykokakis M, Le Beau MM, Xue HH, Sigvardsson M, Bartom ET, Kee BL. Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressor Functions for Lymphoid Enhancer Factor 1 in E2a-/- T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:845488. [PMID: 35371057 PMCID: PMC8971981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous disease affecting T cells at multiple stages of their development and is characterized by frequent genomic alterations. The transcription factor LEF1 is inactivated through mutation in a subset of T-ALL cases but elevated LEF1 expression and activating mutations have also been identified in this disease. Here we show, in a murine model of T-ALL arising due to E2a inactivation, that the developmental timing of Lef1 mutation impacts its ability to function as a cooperative tumor suppressor or oncogene. T cell transformation in the presence of LEF1 allows leukemic cells to become addicted to its presence. In contrast, deletion prior to transformation both accelerates leukemogenesis and results in leukemic cells with altered expression of genes controlling receptor-signaling pathways. Our data demonstrate that the developmental timing of Lef1 mutations impact its apparent oncogenic or tumor suppressive characteristics and demonstrate the utility of mouse models for understanding the cooperation and consequence of mutational order in leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Carr
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephanie McGregor
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sheila Dias
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mihalis Verykokakis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michelle M. Le Beau
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth T. Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Barbara L. Kee
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Barbara L. Kee,
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14
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Yan J, Yu J, Liu K, Liu Y, Mao C, Gao W. The Pathogenic Roles of IL-22 in Colitis: Its Transcription Regulation by Musculin in T Helper Subsets and Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758730. [PMID: 34992594 PMCID: PMC8724035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-22 plays a crucial role in promoting inflammation, antimicrobial immunity and tissue repair at barrier surfaces. The role of IL-22 in colitis is still controversial: while IL-22 has a protective effect on gut epithelium in acute injuries, it also enhances colitis in a context-dependent manner. Here, we summarize the Yin and Yang of IL-22 in colitis. Particularly, we emphasize the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in IL-22 production and regulation. A previously underappreciated transcription factor, Musculin (MSC), has been recently identified to be expressed in not only Th17 cells, but also RORγt+/Id2+ IL-22-producing group 3 ILCs in the gut of naïve mice. We hypothesize that the co-expression and interaction of MSC with the key transcription repressor Id2 in developing lymphoid cells (e.g., in LTi cells) and ILC precursors might fine tune the developmental programs or regulate the plasticity of adaptive Th subset and innate ILCs. The much-elevated expression of IL-22 in MSC-/- ILC3s suggests that MSC may function as: 1) a transcription suppressor for cytokines, particularly for IL-22, and/or 2) a gatekeeper for specific lineages of Th cells and innate ILCs as well. Amelioration of colitis symptoms in MSC-/- mice by IL-22-blocking agent IL-22BP-Fc suggests a counterintuitive pathogenic role of IL-22 in the absence of MSC as a checkpoint. The theory that exuberant production of IL-22 under pathological conditions (e.g., in human inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) may cause epithelial inflammation due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is worth further investigation. Rheostatic regulation of IL-22 may be of therapeutic value to restore homeostatic balance and promote intestinal health in human colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Abdallah F, Henriet E, Suet A, Arar A, Clemençon R, Malinge JM, Lecellier G, Baril P, Pichon C. miR-21-3p/IL-22 Axes Are Major Drivers of Psoriasis Pathogenesis by Modulating Keratinocytes Proliferation-Survival Balance and Inflammatory Response. Cells 2021; 10:2547. [PMID: 34685526 PMCID: PMC8534095 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is mediated by complex crosstalk between immune cells and keratinocytes (KCs). Emerging studies have showed a specific psoriatic microRNAs signature, in which miR-21 is one of the most upregulated and dynamic miRNAs. In this study, we focused our investigations on the passenger miR-21-3p strand, which is poorly studied in skin and in psoriasis pathogenesis. Here, we showed the upregulation of miR-21-3p in an IMQ-induced psoriasiform mouse model. This upregulation was correlated with IL-22 expression and functionality, both in vitro and in vivo, and it occurred via STAT3 and NF-κB signaling. We identified a network of differentially expressed genes involved in abnormal proliferation control and immune regulatory genes implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of psoriasis in response to miR-21-3p overexpression in KCs. These results were confirmed by functional assays that validated the proliferative potential of miR-21-3p. All these findings highlight the importance of miR-21-3p, an underestimated miRNA, in psoriasis and provide novel molecular targets for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Abdallah
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Elodie Henriet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Amandine Suet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Ali Arar
- Centre Hospitalier d’Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France;
| | - Rudy Clemençon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Jean-Marc Malinge
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Gaël Lecellier
- ENTROPIE, UMR250/9220, CEDEX, 98800 Noumea, New Caledonia, France;
- Laboratoire D’excellence “CORAIL”, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l’Environnement, Papetoai, Moorea, Polynésie Française, Université de Paris-Saclay UVSQ, 55 Avenue de Paris, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Patrick Baril
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Orléans, Colléguim Sciences et Techniques, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-UPR4301, 45071 Orléans, France; (E.H.); (A.S.); (R.C.); (J.-M.M.); (P.B.)
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Orléans, Colléguim Sciences et Techniques, 45071 Orléans, France
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16
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Belver L, Albero R, Ferrando AA. Deregulation of enhancer structure, function, and dynamics in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:418-431. [PMID: 33858773 PMCID: PMC8091164 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers control dynamic changes in gene expression and orchestrate the tightly controlled transcriptional circuitries that direct and coordinate cell growth, proliferation, survival, lineage commitment, and differentiation during lymphoid development. Enhancer hijacking and neoenhancer formation at oncogene loci, as well as aberrant activation of oncogene-associated enhancers, can induce constitutive activation of self-perpetuating oncogenic transcriptional circuitries, and contribute to the malignant transformation of immature lymphoid progenitors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this review, we present recent discoveries of the role of enhancer dynamics in mouse and human lymphoid development, and discuss how genetic and epigenetic alterations of enhancer function can promote leukemogenesis, and potential strategies for targeting the enhancer machinery in the treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Belver
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, 08916, Spain
| | - Robert Albero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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17
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Teixeira JR, Szeto RA, Carvalho VMA, Muotri AR, Papes F. Transcription factor 4 and its association with psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:19. [PMID: 33414364 PMCID: PMC7791034 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human transcription factor 4 gene (TCF4) encodes a helix-loop-helix transcription factor widely expressed throughout the body and during neural development. Mutations in TCF4 cause a devastating autism spectrum disorder known as Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, characterized by a range of aberrant phenotypes including severe intellectual disability, absence of speech, delayed cognitive and motor development, and dysmorphic features. Moreover, polymorphisms in TCF4 have been associated with schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurological conditions. Details about how TCF4 genetic variants are linked to these diseases and the role of TCF4 during neural development are only now beginning to emerge. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the functions of TCF4 and its protein products at both the cellular and organismic levels, as well as a description of pathophysiological mechanisms associated with this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Teixeira
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ryan A. Szeto
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Vinicius M. A. Carvalho
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Fabio Papes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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18
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Yi S, Huang X, Zhou S, Zhou Y, Anderson MK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Luan Q, Li Y. E2A regulates neural ectoderm fate specification in human embryonic stem cells. Development 2020; 147:dev.190298. [PMID: 33144398 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
E protein transcription factors are crucial for many cell fate decisions. However, the roles of E proteins in the germ-layer specification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are poorly understood. We disrupted the TCF3 gene locus to delete the E protein E2A in hESCs. E2A knockout (KO) hESCs retained key features of pluripotency, but displayed decreased neural ectoderm coupled with enhanced mesoendoderm outcomes. Genome-wide analyses showed that E2A directly regulates neural ectoderm and Nodal pathway genes. Accordingly, inhibition of Nodal or E2A overexpression partially rescued the neural ectoderm defect in E2A KO hESCs. Loss of E2A had little impact on the epigenetic landscape of hESCs, whereas E2A KO neural precursors displayed increased accessibility of the gene locus encoding the Nodal agonist CRIPTO. Double-deletion of both E2A and HEB (TCF12) resulted in a more severe neural ectoderm defect. Therefore, this study reveals critical context-dependent functions for E2A in human neural ectoderm fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yi
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shixin Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Michele K Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | | | - Qingxian Luan
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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19
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Fischer U, Yang JJ, Ikawa T, Hein D, Vicente-Dueñas C, Borkhardt A, Sánchez-García I. Cell Fate Decisions: The Role of Transcription Factors in Early B-cell Development and Leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 1:224-233. [PMID: 33392513 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cells are an integral part of the adaptive immune system and regulate innate immunity. Derived from hematopoietic stem cells they mature through a series of cell fate decisions. Complex transcriptional circuits form and dissipate dynamically during these lineage restrictions. Genomic aberrations of involved transcription factors underlie various B-cell disorders. Acquired somatic aberrations are associated with cancer, whereas germline variations predispose to both malignant and non-malignant diseases. We review the opposing role of transcription factors during B-cell development in health and disease. We focus on early B-cell leukemia and discuss novel causative gene-environment cooperations and their implications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun J Yang
- Hematological Malignancies Programme, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tomokatsu Ikawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Daniel Hein
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isidro Sánchez-García
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.,Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca
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20
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Lochhead MR, Brown AD, Kirlin AC, Chitayat S, Munro K, Findlay JE, Baillie GS, LeBrun DP, Langelaan DN, Smith SP. Structural insights into TAZ2 domain-mediated CBP/p300 recruitment by transactivation domain 1 of the lymphopoietic transcription factor E2A. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4303-4315. [PMID: 32098872 PMCID: PMC7105314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The E-protein transcription factors guide immune cell differentiation, with E12 and E47 (hereafter called E2A) being essential for B-cell specification and maturation. E2A and the oncogenic chimera E2A-PBX1 contain three transactivation domains (ADs), with AD1 and AD2 having redundant, independent, and cooperative functions in a cell-dependent manner. AD1 and AD2 both mediate their functions by binding to the KIX domain of the histone acetyltransferase paralogues CREB-binding protein (CBP) and E1A-binding protein P300 (p300). This interaction is necessary for B-cell maturation and oncogenesis by E2A-PBX1 and occurs through conserved ΦXXΦΦ motifs (with Φ denoting a hydrophobic amino acid) in AD1 and AD2. However, disruption of this interaction via mutation of the KIX domain in CBP/p300 does not completely abrogate binding of E2A and E2A-PBX1. Here, we determined that E2A-AD1 and E2A-AD2 also interact with the TAZ2 domain of CBP/p300. Characterization of the TAZ2:E2A-AD1(1-37) complex indicated that E2A-AD1 adopts an α-helical structure and uses its ΦXXΦΦ motif to bind TAZ2. Whereas this region overlapped with the KIX recognition region, key KIX-interacting E2A-AD1 residues were exposed, suggesting that E2A-AD1 could simultaneously bind both the KIX and TAZ2 domains. However, we did not detect a ternary complex involving E2A-AD1, KIX, and TAZ2 and found that E2A containing both intact AD1 and AD2 is required to bind to CBP/p300. Our findings highlight the structural plasticity and promiscuity of E2A-AD1 and suggest that E2A binds both the TAZ2 and KIX domains of CBP/p300 through AD1 and AD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Lochhead
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alexandra D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alyssa C Kirlin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Seth Chitayat
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kim Munro
- Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jane E Findlay
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David P LeBrun
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David N Langelaan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Steven P Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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21
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Sekulovski N, Whorton AE, Shi M, Hayashi K, MacLean JA. Periovulatory insulin signaling is essential for ovulation, granulosa cell differentiation, and female fertility. FASEB J 2020; 34:2376-2391. [PMID: 31908002 PMCID: PMC7781071 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901791r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated an essential role for insulin signaling in folliculogenesis as conditional ablation of Igf1r in primary follicles elicits defective follicle-stimulating hormone responsiveness blocking development at the preantral stage. Thus the potential role of insulin action in the periovulatory window and in the corpus luteum is unknown. To examine this, we generated conditional Insr,Igf1r, and double receptor knockout mice driven by Pgr-Cre. These models escape the preantral follicle block and in response to superovulatory gonadotropins exhibit normal distribution of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. However, single ablation of Igf1r leads to subfertility and mice lacking both receptors are infertile. Double knockout mice have impaired oocyte development and ovulation. While some oocytes are released and fertilized, subsequent embryo development is retarded, and the embryos potentially fail to thrive due to lack of luteal support. In support of this, we found reduced expression of key enzymes in the steroid synthesis pathway and reduced serum progesterone. In addition to metabolic and steroidogenic pathways, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed transcription factor-3 as an important transcription factor downstream of insulin signaling. Collectively, these results highlight the importance of growth factors of the insulin family during two distinct windows of follicular development, ovulation, and luteinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sekulovski
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Life Science III, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Allison E Whorton
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Life Science III, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Mingxin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Life Science III, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Life Science III, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - James A MacLean
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Life Science III, Carbondale, IL, USA
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22
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Kadakia T, Tai X, Kruhlak M, Wisniewski J, Hwang IY, Roy S, Guinter TI, Alag A, Kehrl JH, Zhuang Y, Singer A. E-protein-regulated expression of CXCR4 adheres preselection thymocytes to the thymic cortex. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1749-1761. [PMID: 31201207 PMCID: PMC6683992 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The E-protein transcription factors E2A and HEB regulate thymocyte expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 to retain preselection thymocytes in the thymic cortex. TCR-mediated positive selection signals extinguish CXCR4 expression to allow positively selected thymocytes to migrate from the cortex into the thymic medulla. Preselection thymocytes are normally retained in the thymic cortex, but the mechanisms responsible remain incompletely understood. We now report that deletion of genes encoding the E-protein transcription factors E2A and HEB disorders chemokine receptor expression on developing thymocytes to allow escape of preselection TCR−CD8+ thymocytes into the periphery. We document that CXCR4 expression normally anchors preselection thymocytes to the thymic cortex via interaction with its ligand CXCL12 on cortical thymic epithelial cells, and that disruption of CXCR4–CXCL12 engagements release preselection thymocytes from the thymic cortex. We further document that CXCR4 expression must be extinguished by TCR-mediated positive selection signals to allow migration of TCR-signaled thymocytes out of the thymic cortex into the medulla. Thus, E-protein transcription factors regulate the ordered expression pattern of chemokine receptors on developing thymocytes, and the interaction of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 with its ligand adheres TCR-unsignaled preselection thymocytes to the thymic cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Kadakia
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xuguang Tai
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael Kruhlak
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jan Wisniewski
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Il-Young Hwang
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sumedha Roy
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Terry I Guinter
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amala Alag
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John H Kehrl
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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23
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Tufa DM, Yingst AM, Shank T, Shim S, Trahan GD, Lake J, Woods R, Jones KL, Verneris MR. Transient Expression of GATA3 in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Facilitates Helper Innate Lymphoid Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:510. [PMID: 30949172 PMCID: PMC6438154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue resident lymphocytes that play a critical role in a number of biological processes. Several transcription factors are required for the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into ILCs. Recent studies demonstrate GATA3 as a transcriptional regulator that plays an essential role in ILC development. We aimed to modulate the differentiation of human cord blood-derived CD34+ cells into ILCs by transient and ectopic expression of mRNA encoding transcription factors known to be important for ILC lineage differentiation, including GATA3, TOX, NFIL3, ID2, and RORγt. Using this experimental protocol, only GATA3 significantly modulated HSCs to differentiate into helper ILCs. Transient overexpression of GATA3 drove the emergence of CD34+α4β7+ early ILC progenitors during the first few days of culture. These ILC progenitors further acquired IL-7Rα and CD117 to give rise to immediate ILC precursors. In support of these findings, analysis of the genes induced by GATA3 in HSCs showed an upregulation of those associated with ILC development. Moreover, we show GATA3 also acts on more committed progenitors and significantly shifts the differentiation of progenitors away from the ILC1/NK lineage to the ILC2 and ILC3 lineage. In summary, transient overexpression of GATA3 mRNA in CD34+ HSCs enhances the differentiation of HSCs into the helper ILC lineages, at the expense of NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejene M Tufa
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ashley M Yingst
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Tyler Shank
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Seonhui Shim
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - George Devon Trahan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Lake
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Renee Woods
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael R Verneris
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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24
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Han X, Liu H, Huang H, Liu X, Jia B, Gao GF, Zhang F. ID2 and ID3 are indispensable for Th1 cell differentiation during influenza virus infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:476-489. [PMID: 30578645 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific Th1 cells could be a passage to the infection sites during infection to execute effector functions, such as help CD8+ T cells to localize in these sites by secretion of anti-viral cytokines-IFN-γ or direct cytotoxicity of antigen-bearing cells. However, the molecular components that modulate Th1 cell differentiation and function in response to viral infection remain incompletely understood. Here, we reported that both inhibitor of DNA binding 3(Id3) protein and inhibitor of DNA binding 2(Id2) protein promoted Th1 cell differentiation. Depletion of Id3 or Id2 led to severe defect of Th1 cell differentiation during influenza virus infection. Whereas depletion of both Id3 and Id2 in CD4+ T cells restrained Th1 cell differentiation to a greater extent, indicating that Id3 and Id2 nonredundantly regulate Th1 cell differentiation. Moreover, deletion of E-proteins, the antagonists of Id proteins, greatly enhanced Th1 cell differentiation. Mechanistic study indicated that E-proteins suppressed Th1 cell differentiation by directly binding to the regulatory elements of Th1 cell master regulator T-bet and regulate T-bet expression. Thus, our findings identified Id-protein's importance for Th1 cells and clarified the nonredundant role of Id3 and Id2 in regulating Th1 cell differentiation, providing novel insight that Id3-Id2-E protein axis are essential for Th1 cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huarong Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoqian Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,SavaId Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Research Network of Immunity and Health, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,SavaId Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Wen XF, Chen M, Wu Y, Chen MN, Glogowska A, Klonisch T, Zhang GJ. Inhibitor of DNA Binding 2 Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Up-Regulation of Notch3 in Breast Cancer. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:1259-1270. [PMID: 30119050 PMCID: PMC6097462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Incurable metastatic breast disease presents a major clinical challenge and is the main cause of breast cancer-related death. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical early promoter of metastasis. In the present study, we identified a novel role for the inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix protein family, during the EMT of breast cancer. Expression of Id2 was positively correlated with Notch3 in breast cancer cells. Low expression of Id2 and Notch3 was associated with worse distant metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients. The present study revealed that Id2 activated Notch3 expression by blocking E2A binding to an E-box motif in the Notch3 promoter. The Id2-mediated up-regulation of Notch3 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels resulted in an attenuated EMT, which was associated with reduced motility and matrix invasion of ER-positive and -negative human breast cancer cells and the emergence of E-cadherin expression and reduction in the mesenchymal marker vimentin in triple-negative breast cancer cells. In summary, our findings identified Id2 as a suppressor of the EMT and positive transcriptional regulator of Notch3 in breast cancer. Id2 and Notch3 may serve as novel prognostic markers in a subpopulation of ER-positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fen Wen
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, China; ChangJiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, China
| | - Min Chen
- ChangJiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, China; Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Rd, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- ChangJiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, China
| | - Min-Na Chen
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, China; ChangJiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, China
| | - Aleksandra Glogowska
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- ChangJiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, China; Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Rd, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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26
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Loguercio S, Barajas-Mora EM, Shih HY, Krangel MS, Feeney AJ. Variable Extent of Lineage-Specificity and Developmental Stage-Specificity of Cohesin and CCCTC-Binding Factor Binding Within the Immunoglobulin and T Cell Receptor Loci. Front Immunol 2018; 9:425. [PMID: 29593713 PMCID: PMC5859386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is largely responsible for the 3D architecture of the genome, in concert with the action of cohesin, through the creation of long-range chromatin loops. Cohesin is hypothesized to be the main driver of these long-range chromatin interactions by the process of loop extrusion. Here, we performed ChIP-seq for CTCF and cohesin in two stages each of T and B cell differentiation and examined the binding pattern in all six antigen receptor (AgR) loci in these lymphocyte progenitors and in mature T and B cells, ES cells, and fibroblasts. The four large AgR loci have many bound CTCF sites, most of which are only occupied in lymphocytes, while only the CTCF sites at the end of each locus near the enhancers or J genes tend to be bound in non-lymphoid cells also. However, despite the generalized lymphocyte restriction of CTCF binding in AgR loci, the Igκ locus is the only locus that also shows significant lineage-specificity (T vs. B cells) and developmental stage-specificity (pre-B vs. pro-B) in CTCF binding. We show that cohesin binding shows greater lineage- and stage-specificity than CTCF at most AgR loci, providing more specificity to the loops. We also show that the culture of pro-B cells in IL7, a common practice to expand the number of cells before ChIP-seq, results in a CTCF-binding pattern resembling pre-B cells, as well as other epigenetic and transcriptional characteristics of pre-B cells. Analysis of the orientation of the CTCF sites show that all sites within the large V portions of the Igh and TCRβ loci have the same orientation. This suggests either a lack of requirement for convergent CTCF sites creating loops, or indicates an absence of any loops between CTCF sites within the V region portion of those loci but only loops to the convergent sites at the D-J-enhancer end of each locus. The V region portions of the Igκ and TCRα/δ loci, by contrast, have CTCF sites in both orientations, providing many options for creating CTCF-mediated convergent loops throughout the loci. CTCF/cohesin loops, along with transcription factors, drives contraction of AgR loci to facilitate the creation of a diverse repertoire of antibodies and T cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Loguercio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - E. Mauricio Barajas-Mora
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Han-Yu Shih
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael S. Krangel
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ann J. Feeney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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27
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Rothenberg EV, Kueh HY, Yui MA, Zhang JA. Hematopoiesis and T-cell specification as a model developmental system. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:72-97. [PMID: 27088908 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathway to generate T cells from hematopoietic stem cells guides progenitors through a succession of fate choices while balancing differentiation progression against proliferation, stage to stage. Many elements of the regulatory system that controls this process are known, but the requirement for multiple, functionally distinct transcription factors needs clarification in terms of gene network architecture. Here, we compare the features of the T-cell specification system with the rule sets underlying two other influential types of gene network models: first, the combinatorial, hierarchical regulatory systems that generate the orderly, synchronized increases in complexity in most invertebrate embryos; second, the dueling 'master regulator' systems that are commonly used to explain bistability in microbial systems and in many fate choices in terminal differentiation. The T-cell specification process shares certain features with each of these prevalent models but differs from both of them in central respects. The T-cell system is highly combinatorial but also highly dose-sensitive in its use of crucial regulatory factors. The roles of these factors are not always T-lineage-specific, but they balance and modulate each other's activities long before any mutually exclusive silencing occurs. T-cell specification may provide a new hybrid model for gene networks in vertebrate developmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jingli A Zhang
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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28
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Gfi1-Foxo1 axis controls the fidelity of effector gene expression and developmental maturation of thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:E67-E74. [PMID: 27994150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617669114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-positive (DP) thymocytes respond to intrathymic T-cell receptor (TCR) signals by undergoing positive selection and lineage differentiation into single-positive (SP) mature cells. Concomitant with these well-characterized events is the acquisition of a mature T-cell gene expression program characterized by the induction of the effector molecules IL-7Rα, S1P1, and CCR7, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We report here that transcription repressor Growth factor independent 1 (Gfi1) orchestrates the fidelity of the DP gene expression program and developmental maturation into SP cells. Loss of Gfi1 resulted in premature induction of effector genes and the transcription factors forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1) and Klf2 in DP thymocytes and the accumulation of postselection intermediate populations and accelerated transition into SP cells. Strikingly, partial loss of Foxo1 function, but not restored survival fitness, rectified the dysregulated gene expression and thymocyte maturation in Gfi1-deficient mice. Our results establish the Gfi1-Foxo1 axis and the transcriptional circuitry that actively maintain DP identity and shape the proper generation of mature T cells.
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29
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New insights into transcriptional and leukemogenic mechanisms of AML1-ETO and E2A fusion proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:285-304. [PMID: 28261265 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly 15% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases are caused by aberrant expression of AML1-ETO, a fusion protein generated by the t(8;21) chromosomal translocation. Since its discovery, AML1-ETO has served as a prototype to understand how leukemia fusion proteins deregulate transcription to promote leukemogenesis. Another leukemia fusion protein, E2A-Pbx1, generated by the t(1;19) translocation, is involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs). While AML1-ETO and E2A-Pbx1 are structurally unrelated fusion proteins, we have recently shown that a common axis, the ETO/E-protein interaction, is involved in the regulation of both fusion proteins, underscoring the importance of studying protein-protein interactions in elucidating the mechanisms of leukemia fusion proteins. OBJECTIVE In this review, we aim to summarize these new developments while also providing a historic overview of the related early studies. METHODS A total of 218 publications were reviewed in this article, a majority of which were published after 2004.We also downloaded 3D structures of AML1-ETO domains from Protein Data Bank and provided a systematic summary of their structures. RESULTS By reviewing the literature, we summarized early and recent findings on AML1-ETO, including its protein-protein interactions, transcriptional and leukemogenic mechanisms, as well as the recently reported involvement of ETO family corepressors in regulating the function of E2A-Pbx1. CONCLUSION While the recent development in genomic and structural studies has clearly demonstrated that the fusion proteins function by directly regulating transcription, a further understanding of the underlying mechanisms, including crosstalk with other transcription factors and cofactors, and the protein-protein interactions in the context of native proteins, may be necessary for the development of highly targeted drugs for leukemia therapy.
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30
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Fraszczak J, Helness A, Chen R, Vadnais C, Robert F, Khandanpour C, Möröy T. Threshold Levels of Gfi1 Maintain E2A Activity for B Cell Commitment via Repression of Id1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160344. [PMID: 27467586 PMCID: PMC4965025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A regulatory circuit that controls myeloid versus B lymphoid cell fate in hematopoietic progenitors has been proposed, in which a network of the transcription factors Egr1/2, Nab, Gfi1 and PU.1 forms the core element. Here we show that a direct link between Gfi1, the transcription factor E2A and its inhibitor Id1 is a critical element of this regulatory circuit. Our data suggest that a certain threshold of Gfi1 is required to gauge E2A activity by adjusting levels of Id1 in multipotent progenitors, which are the first bipotential myeloid/lymphoid-restricted progeny of hematopoietic stem cells. If Gfi1 levels are high, Id1 is repressed enabling E2A to activate a specific set of B lineage genes by binding to regulatory elements for example the IL7 receptor gene. If Gfi1 levels fall below a threshold, Id1 expression increases and renders E2A unable to function, which prevents hematopoietic progenitors from engaging along the B lymphoid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Fraszczak
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Helness
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Riyan Chen
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Vadnais
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - François Robert
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Tarik Möröy
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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31
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Shaw LA, Bélanger S, Omilusik KD, Cho S, Scott-Browne JP, Nance JP, Goulding J, Lasorella A, Lu LF, Crotty S, Goldrath AW. Id2 reinforces TH1 differentiation and inhibits E2A to repress TFH differentiation. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:834-43. [PMID: 27213691 PMCID: PMC4915968 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of helper T cells into effector subsets is critical to host protection. Transcription factors of the E-protein and Id families are important arbiters of T cell development, but their role in the differentiation of the TH1 and TFH subsets of helper T cells is not well understood. Here, TH1 cells showed more robust Id2 expression than that of TFH cells, and depletion of Id2 via RNA-mediated interference increased the frequency of TFH cells. Furthermore, TH1 differentiation was blocked by Id2 deficiency, which led to E-protein-dependent accumulation of effector cells with mixed characteristics during viral infection and severely impaired the generation of TH1 cells following infection with Toxoplasma gondii. The TFH cell-defining transcriptional repressor Bcl6 bound the Id2 locus, which provides a mechanism for the bimodal Id2 expression and reciprocal development of TH1 cells and TFH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Shaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Simon Bélanger
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kyla D. Omilusik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sunglim Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - J. Philip Nance
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - John Goulding
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ananda W. Goldrath
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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32
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Schrankel CS, Solek CM, Buckley KM, Anderson MK, Rast JP. A conserved alternative form of the purple sea urchin HEB/E2-2/E2A transcription factor mediates a switch in E-protein regulatory state in differentiating immune cells. Dev Biol 2016; 416:149-161. [PMID: 27265865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
E-proteins are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors with essential roles in animal development. In mammals, these are encoded by three loci: E2-2 (ITF-2/ME2/SEF2/TCF4), E2A (TCF3), and HEB (ME1/REB/TCF12). The HEB and E2-2 paralogs are expressed as alternative (Alt) isoforms with distinct N-terminal sequences encoded by unique exons under separate regulatory control. Expression of these alternative transcripts is restricted relative to the longer (Can) forms, suggesting distinct regulatory roles, although the functions of the Alt proteins remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize the single sea urchin E-protein ortholog (SpE-protein). The organization of the SpE-protein gene closely resembles that of the extended HEB/E2-2 vertebrate loci, including a transcript that initiates at a homologous alternative transcription start site (SpE-Alt). The existence of an Alt form in the sea urchin indicates that this feature predates the emergence of the vertebrates. We present additional evidence indicating that this transcript was present in the common bilaterian ancestor. In contrast to the widely expressed canonical form (SpE-Can), SpE-Alt expression is tightly restricted. SpE-Alt is expressed in two phases: first in aboral non-skeletogenic mesenchyme (NSM) cells and then in oral NSM cells preceding their differentiation and ingression into the blastocoel. Derivatives of these cells mediate immune response in the larval stage. Inhibition of SpE-Alt activity interferes with these events. Notably, although the two isoforms are initially co-expressed, as these cells differentiate, SpE-Can is excluded from the SpE-Alt(+) cell population. This mutually exclusive expression is dependent on SpE-Alt function, which reveals a previously undescribed negative regulatory linkage between the two E-protein forms. Collectively, these findings reorient our understanding of the evolution of this transcription factor family and highlight fundamental properties of E-protein biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Schrankel
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia M Solek
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine M Buckley
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michele K Anderson
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Rast
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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33
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Calligaris R, Banica M, Roncaglia P, Robotti E, Finaurini S, Vlachouli C, Antonutti L, Iorio F, Carissimo A, Cattaruzza T, Ceiner A, Lazarevic D, Cucca A, Pangher N, Marengo E, di Bernardo D, Pizzolato G, Gustincich S. Blood transcriptomics of drug-naïve sporadic Parkinson's disease patients. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:876. [PMID: 26510930 PMCID: PMC4625854 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is clinically defined in terms of motor symptoms. These are preceded by prodromal non-motor manifestations that prove the systemic nature of the disease. Identifying genes and pathways altered in living patients provide new information on the diagnosis and pathogenesis of sporadic PD. METHODS Changes in gene expression in the blood of 40 sporadic PD patients and 20 healthy controls ("Discovery set") were analyzed by taking advantage of the Affymetrix platform. Patients were at the onset of motor symptoms and before initiating any pharmacological treatment. Data analysis was performed by applying Ranking-Principal Component Analysis, PUMA and Significance Analysis of Microarrays. Functional annotations were assigned using GO, DAVID, GSEA to unveil significant enriched biological processes in the differentially expressed genes. The expressions of selected genes were validated using RT-qPCR and samples from an independent cohort of 12 patients and controls ("Validation set"). RESULTS Gene expression profiling of blood samples discriminates PD patients from healthy controls and identifies differentially expressed genes in blood. The majority of these are also present in dopaminergic neurons of the Substantia Nigra, the key site of neurodegeneration. Together with neuronal apoptosis, lymphocyte activation and mitochondrial dysfunction, already found in previous analysis of PD blood and post-mortem brains, we unveiled transcriptome changes enriched in biological terms related to epigenetic modifications including chromatin remodeling and methylation. Candidate transcripts as CBX5, TCF3, MAN1C1 and DOCK10 were validated by RT-qPCR. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the use of blood transcriptomics to study neurodegenerative diseases. It identifies changes in crucial components of chromatin remodeling and methylation machineries as early events in sporadic PD suggesting epigenetics as target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Calligaris
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Mihaela Banica
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Paola Roncaglia
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy. .,Present Address: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), CB10 1SD Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Elisa Robotti
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Sara Finaurini
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Christina Vlachouli
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lucia Antonutti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Francesco Iorio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy. .,Present Address: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), CB10 1SD Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Annamaria Carissimo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Cattaruzza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ceiner
- ITALTBS S.p.A., AREA Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Dejan Lazarevic
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy. .,CBM Scrl - Consorzio per il Centro di Biomedicina Molecolare, Area Science Park, S.S.14, km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Alberto Cucca
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nicola Pangher
- ITALTBS S.p.A., AREA Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Diego di Bernardo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy. .,Department Computer Science & Systems, School of Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", via Claudio 21, 80125, Naples, Italy.
| | - Gilberto Pizzolato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Stefano Gustincich
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.
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Holodick NE, Rothstein TL. B cells in the aging immune system: time to consider B-1 cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:176-87. [PMID: 26194480 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of immune senescence has uncovered many changes in B cell development, maintenance, and function with increasing age. However, most of these studies have focused on conventional B cell subsets in the spleen. The B-1 cell subset is an essential arm of the innate immune system, which in general has been understudied in terms of immune senescence. Here, we review what is currently known about B cells during aging and go on to describe why B-1 cell biology is an important component of the aging immune system in the context of diseases that most affect the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Departments of Medicine and Molecular Medicine, The Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York
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35
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Woodcroft MW, Nanan K, Thompson P, Tyryshkin K, Smith SP, Slany RK, LeBrun DP. Retrovirus-Mediated Expression of E2A-PBX1 Blocks Lymphoid Fate but Permits Retention of Myeloid Potential in Early Hematopoietic Progenitors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130495. [PMID: 26098938 PMCID: PMC4476730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic transcription factor E2A-PBX1 is expressed consequent to chromosomal translocation 1;19 and is an important oncogenic driver in cases of pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Elucidating the mechanism by which E2A-PBX1 induces lymphoid leukemia would be expedited by the availability of a tractable experimental model in which enforced expression of E2A-PBX1 in hematopoietic progenitors induces pre-B-cell ALL. However, hematopoietic reconstitution of irradiated mice with bone marrow infected with E2A-PBX1-expressing retroviruses consistently gives rise to myeloid, not lymphoid, leukemia. Here, we elucidate the hematopoietic consequences of forced E2A-PBX1 expression in primary murine hematopoietic progenitors. We show that introducing E2A-PBX1 into multipotent progenitors permits the retention of myeloid potential but imposes a dense barrier to lymphoid development prior to the common lymphoid progenitor stage, thus helping to explain the eventual development of myeloid, and not lymphoid, leukemia in transplanted mice. Our findings also indicate that E2A-PBX1 enforces the aberrant, persistent expression of some genes that would normally have been down-regulated in the subsequent course of hematopoietic maturation. We show that enforced expression of one such gene, Hoxa9, a proto-oncogene associated with myeloid leukemia, partially reproduces the phenotype produced by E2A-PBX1 itself. Existing evidence suggests that the 1;19 translocation event takes place in committed B-lymphoid progenitors. However, we find that retrovirus-enforced expression of E2A-PBX1 in committed pro-B-cells results in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our findings indicate that the neoplastic phenotype induced by E2A-PBX1 is determined by the developmental stage of the cell into which the oncoprotein is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Woodcroft
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyster Nanan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Thompson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathrin Tyryshkin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven P. Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert K. Slany
- Department of Genetics, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David P. LeBrun
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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36
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Di Santo JP. Staying innate: transcription factor maintenance of innate lymphoid cell identity. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:169-76. [PMID: 25123284 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive lymphocytes are characterized by phenotypic and functional characteristics that result from genomic rearrangements (in the case of antigen-specific B and T cells) coupled with selective gene expression patterns that are generated in a context-dependent fashion. Cell-intrinsic expression of transcription factors (TFs) play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression that establish the distinct lymphoid subsets but also have been proposed to play an ongoing role in the maintenance of lineage-associated transcriptional signatures that comprise lymphocyte identity. This is the case for CD19(+) B cells that require Pax5 expression throughout their lifespan, as well as for diverse T-helper subsets that have specialized immune functions. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) comprise diverse effectors cells that differentiate under TF control and have critical roles in the early stages of immune responses. In this review, ILC development is reviewed and the requirement for persistent TF expression in the maintenance of transcriptional signatures that define ILC identity is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Inserm U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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37
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Klose CSN, Diefenbach A. Transcription factors controlling innate lymphoid cell fate decisions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 381:215-55. [PMID: 25038936 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal epithelium is in direct contact with symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the mucosal surface is the principal portal of entry for invading pathogens and immune cells accumulated in the intestine to prevent infections. In addition to these conventional immune system functions, it has become clear that immune cells during steady-state continuously integrate microbial and nutrient-derived signals from the environment to support organ homeostasis. A major role in both processes is played by a recently discovered group of lymphocytes referred to as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that are specifically enriched at mucosal surfaces but are rather rare in secondary lymphoid organs. In analogy to the dichotomy between CD8 and CD4 T cells, we propose to classify ILCs into interleukin-7 receptor α-negative cytotoxic ILCs and IL-7Rα(+) helper-like ILCs. Dysregulated immune responses triggered by the various ILC subsets have been linked to inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis and airway hyperresponsiveness. Here, we will review recent progress in determining the transcriptional and developmental programs that control ILC fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S N Klose
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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38
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Weiler S, Ademokun JA, Norton JD. ID helix-loop-helix proteins as determinants of cell survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:30. [PMID: 25644253 PMCID: PMC4320821 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-014-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) family of helix-loop-helix proteins have been causally implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of B-cell lineage malignancy, either on the basis of mutation or by altered expression. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders and is the commonest leukaemia type in the Western world. In this study, we have investigated the pathobiological functions of the ID2 and ID3 proteins in this disease with an emphasis on their role in regulating leukemic cell death/survival. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis of microarray gene expression data was used to investigate expression of ID2/ID3 in leukemic versus normal B cells, their association with clinical course of disease and molecular sub-type and to reconstruct a gene regulatory network using the 'maximum information coefficient' (MIC) for target gene inference. In vitro cultured primary leukemia cells, either in isolation or co-cultured with accessory vascular endothelial cells, were used to investigate ID2/ID3 protein expression by western blotting and to assess the cytotoxic response of different drugs (fludarabine, chlorambucil, ethacrynic acid) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. ID2/ID3 protein levels in primary leukemia cells and in MEC1 cells were manipulated by transduction with siRNA reagents. RESULTS Datamining showed that the expression profiles of ID2 and ID3 are associated with distinct pathobiological features of disease and implicated both genes in regulating cell death/survival by targeting multiple non-overlapping sets of apoptosis effecter genes. Consistent with microarray data, the overall pattern of ID2/ID3 protein expression in relation to cell death/survival responses of primary leukemia cells was suggestive of a pro-survival function for both ID proteins. This was confirmed by siRNA knock-down experiments in MEC1 cells and in primary leukemia cells, but with variability in the dependence of leukemic cells from different patients on ID protein expression for cell survival. Vascular endothelial cells rescued leukemia cells from spontaneous and cytotoxic drug-induced cell death at least in part, via an ID protein-coupled redox-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for a pro-survival function of the ID2/ID3 proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and also highlights these proteins as potential determinants of the pathobiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weiler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Jolaolu A Ademokun
- Department of Haematology, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Heath Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP4 5PD, UK.
| | - John D Norton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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39
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Kang J, Malhotra N. Transcription factor networks directing the development, function, and evolution of innate lymphoid effectors. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:505-38. [PMID: 25650177 PMCID: PMC4674156 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian lymphoid immunity is mediated by fast and slow responders to pathogens. Fast innate lymphocytes are active within hours after infections in mucosal tissues. Slow adaptive lymphocytes are conventional T and B cells with clonal antigen receptors that function days after pathogen exposure. A transcription factor (TF) regulatory network guiding early T cell development is at the core of effector function diversification in all innate lymphocytes, and the kinetics of immune responses is set by developmental programming. Operational units within the innate lymphoid system are not classified by the types of pathogen-sensing machineries but rather by discrete effector functions programmed by regulatory TF networks. Based on the evolutionary history of TFs of the regulatory networks, fast effectors likely arose earlier in the evolution of animals to fortify body barriers, and in mammals they often develop in fetal ontogeny prior to the establishment of fully competent adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655;
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40
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Hill MJ, Forrest MP, Martin-Rendon E, Blake DJ. Association of Transcription Factor 4 (TCF4) variants with schizophrenia and intellectual disability. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-014-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Goodings C, Tripathi R, Cleveland SM, Elliott N, Guo Y, Shyr Y, Davé UP. Enforced expression of E47 has differential effects on Lmo2-induced T-cell leukemias. Leuk Res 2014; 39:100-9. [PMID: 25499232 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
LIM domain only-2 (LMO2) overexpression in T cells induces leukemia but the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. In hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, Lmo2 is part of a protein complex comprised of class II basic helix loop helix proteins, Tal1and Lyl1. The latter transcription factors heterodimerize with E2A proteins like E47 and Heb to bind E boxes. LMO2 and TAL1 or LYL1 cooperate to induce T-ALL in mouse models, and are concordantly expressed in human T-ALL. Furthermore, LMO2 cooperates with the loss of E2A suggesting that LMO2 functions by creating a deficiency of E2A. In this study, we tested this hypothesis in Lmo2-induced T-ALL cell lines. We transduced these lines with an E47/estrogen receptor fusion construct that could be forced to homodimerize with 4-hydroxytamoxifen. We discovered that forced homodimerization induced growth arrest in 2 of the 4 lines tested. The lines sensitive to E47 homodimerization accumulated in G1 and had reduced S phase entry. We analyzed the transcriptome of a resistant and a sensitive line to discern the E47 targets responsible for the cellular effects. Our results suggest that E47 has diverse effects in T-ALL but that functional deficiency of E47 is not a universal feature of Lmo2-induced T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charnise Goodings
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rati Tripathi
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan M Cleveland
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Natalina Elliott
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Utpal P Davé
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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42
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Reiner G, Dreher F, Drungowski M, Hoeltig D, Bertsch N, Selke M, Willems H, Gerlach GF, Probst I, Tuemmler B, Waldmann KH, Herwig R. Pathway deregulation and expression QTLs in response to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in swine. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:600-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Yui MA, Rothenberg EV. Developmental gene networks: a triathlon on the course to T cell identity. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:529-45. [PMID: 25060579 PMCID: PMC4153685 DOI: 10.1038/nri3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells acquire their ultimate identities by activating combinations of transcription factors that initiate and sustain expression of the appropriate cell type-specific genes. T cell development depends on the progression of progenitor cells through three major phases, each of which is associated with distinct transcription factor ensembles that control the recruitment of these cells to the thymus, their proliferation, lineage commitment and responsiveness to T cell receptor signals, all before the allocation of cells to particular effector programmes. All three phases are essential for proper T cell development, as are the mechanisms that determine the boundaries between each phase. Cells that fail to shut off one set of regulators before the next gene network phase is activated are predisposed to leukaemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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44
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Denis CM, Langelaan DN, Kirlin AC, Chitayat S, Munro K, Spencer HL, LeBrun DP, Smith SP. Functional redundancy between the transcriptional activation domains of E2A is mediated by binding to the KIX domain of CBP/p300. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7370-82. [PMID: 24682819 PMCID: PMC4066744 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The E-protein transcription factors play essential roles in lymphopoiesis, with E12 and E47 (hereafter called E2A) being particularly important in B cell specification and maturation. The E2A gene is also involved in a chromosomal translocation that results in the leukemogenic oncoprotein E2A-PBX1. The two activation domains of E2A, AD1 and AD2, display redundant, independent, and cooperative functions in a cell-dependent manner. AD1 of E2A functions by binding the transcriptional co-activator CBP/p300; this interaction is required in oncogenesis and occurs between the conserved ϕ-x-x-ϕ-ϕ motif in AD1 and the KIX domain of CBP/p300. However, co-activator recruitment by AD2 has not been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that the first of two conserved ϕ-x-x-ϕ-ϕ motifs within AD2 of E2A interacts at the same binding site on KIX as AD1. Mutagenesis uncovered a correspondence between the KIX-binding affinity of AD2 and transcriptional activation. Although AD2 is dispensable for oncogenesis, experimentally increasing the affinity of AD2 for KIX uncovered a latent potential to mediate immortalization of primary hematopoietic progenitors by E2A-PBX1. Our findings suggest that redundancy between the two E2A activation domains with respect to transcriptional activation and oncogenic function is mediated by binding to the same surface of the KIX domain of CBP/p300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Denis
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David N Langelaan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alyssa C Kirlin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Seth Chitayat
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kim Munro
- Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Holly L Spencer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David P LeBrun
- Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Steven P Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada Protein Function Discovery Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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45
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Michonneau D, Kaltenbach S, Derrieux C, Trinquand A, Brouzes C, Gibault L, North MO, Delarue R, Varet B, Emile JF, Brousse N, Hermine O. BRAF(V600E) mutation in a histiocytic sarcoma arising from hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:e117-21. [PMID: 24567436 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.49.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Michonneau
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Kaltenbach
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Derrieux
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Amelie Trinquand
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Brouzes
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Laure Gibault
- Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile North
- Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delarue
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Varet
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Emile
- Université de Versailles and Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Brousse
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Imagine, Paris, France
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46
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Abstract
T and B cells share a common somatic gene rearrangement mechanism for assembling the genes that code for their antigen receptors; they also have developmental pathways with many parallels. Shared usage of basic helix-loop-helix E proteins as transcriptional drivers underlies these common features. However, the transcription factor networks in which these E proteins are embedded are different both in membership and in architecture for T and B cell gene regulatory programs. These differences permit lineage commitment decisions to be made in different hierarchical orders. Furthermore, in contrast to B cell gene networks, the T cell gene network architecture for effector differentiation is sufficiently modular so that E protein inputs can be removed. Complete T cell-like effector differentiation can proceed without T cell receptor rearrangement or selection when E proteins are neutralized, yielding natural killer and other innate lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125;
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47
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Abstract
The development of specialized helper T cells has garnered much attention because of their critical role in coordinating the immune response to invading pathogens. Recent research emphasizing novel functions for specialized helper T cells in a variety of infectious disease settings, as well as autoimmune states, has reshaped our view on the capabilities of helper T cells. Notably, one previously underappreciated aspect of the lifespan of helper T cells is that they often retain the capacity to respond to changes in the environment by altering the composition of helper T cell lineage-specifying transcription factors they express, which, in turn, changes their phenotype. This emerging realization is changing our views on the stability versus flexibility of specialized helper T cell subtypes. Now, there is a new concerted effort to define the mechanistic events that contribute to the potential for flexibility in specialized helper T cell gene expression programs in the different environmental circumstances that allow for the re-expression of helper T cell lineage-specifying transcription factors. In addition, we are also now beginning to appreciate that "helper T cell" lineage-specifying transcription factors are expressed in diverse types of innate and adaptive immune cells and this may allow them to play roles in coordinating aspects of the immune response. Our current challenges include defining the conserved mechanisms that are utilized by these lineage-specifying transcription factors to coordinate gene expression programs in different settings as well as the mechanistic events that contribute to the differential downstream consequences that these factors mediate in unique cellular environments. In this review, we will explore our evolving views on these topics, often times using the Th1-lineage-specifying transcription factor T-bet as an example.
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48
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Abstract
T, B, and NK lymphocytes are generated from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells through a successive series of lineage restriction processes. Many regulatory components, such as transcription factors, cytokines/cytokine receptors, and signal transduction molecules orchestrate cell fate specification and determination. In particular, transcription factors play a key role in regulating lineage-associated gene programs. Recent findings suggest the involvement of epigenetic factors in the maintenance of cell fate. Here, we review the early developmental events during lymphocyte lineage determination, focusing on the transcriptional networks and epigenetic regulation. Finally, we also discuss the developmental relationship between acquired and innate lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokatsu Ikawa
- Laboratory for Immune Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan,
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49
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Myor/ABF-1 mRNA [corrected] Expression Marks Follicular Helper T Cells but Is Dispensable for Tfh Cell Differentiation and Function In Vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84415. [PMID: 24386375 PMCID: PMC3873420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper cells (Tfh) are crucial for effective antibody responses and long term T cell-dependent humoral immunity. Although many studies are devoted to this novel T helper cell population, the molecular mechanisms governing Tfh cell differentiation have yet to be characterized. MyoR/ABF-1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a role in the differentiation of the skeletal muscle and Hodgkin lymphoma. Here we show that MyoR mRNA is progressively induced during the course of Tfh-like cell differentiation in vitro and is expressed in Tfh responding to Alum-precipitated antigens in vivo. This expression pattern suggests that MyoR could play a role in the differentiation and/or function of Tfh cells. We tested this hypothesis using MyoR-deficient mice and found this deficiency had no impact on Tfh differentiation. Hence, MyoR-deficient mice developed optimal T-dependent humoral responses to Alum-precipitated antigens. In conclusion, MyoR is a transcription factor selectively up-regulated in CD4 T cells during Tfh cell differentiation in vitro and upon response to alum-protein vaccines in vivo, but the functional significance of this up-regulation remains uncertain.
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50
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Hu T, Wang H, Simmons A, Bajaña S, Zhao Y, Kovats S, Sun XH, Alberola-Ila J. Increased level of E protein activity during invariant NKT development promotes differentiation of invariant NKT2 and invariant NKT17 subsets. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:5065-73. [PMID: 24123679 PMCID: PMC3832958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
E protein transcription factors and their natural inhibitors, Id proteins, play critical and complex roles during lymphoid development. In this article, we report that partial maintenance of E protein activity during positive selection results in a change in the cell fate determination of developing iNKT cells, with a block in the development of iNKT1 cells and a parallel increase in the iNKT2 and iNKT17 subsets. Because the expression levels of the transcription factors that drive these alternative functional fates (GATA-3, RORγT, T-bet, and Runx-3) are not altered, our results suggest that E protein activity controls a novel checkpoint that regulates the number of iNKT precursors that choose each fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Bajaña
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | | | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Xiao-hong Sun
- Correspondence to: Jose Alberola-Ila or Xiao-Hong Sun, Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, ,
| | - Jose Alberola-Ila
- Correspondence to: Jose Alberola-Ila or Xiao-Hong Sun, Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, ,
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