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Vecchione A, Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Danzl N, Li HW, Nauman G, Madley R, Waffarn E, Winchester R, Ruiz A, Ding X, Fousteri G, Sykes M. Follicular helper- and peripheral helper-like T cells drive autoimmune disease in human immune system mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.02.591692. [PMID: 38746102 PMCID: PMC11092663 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.02.591692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Human immune system (HIS) mice constructed in various ways are widely used for investigations of human immune responses to pathogens, transplants and immunotherapies. In HIS mice that generate T cells de novo from hematopoietic progenitors, T cell-dependent multisystem autoimmune disease occurs, most rapidly when the human T cells develop in the native NOD.Cg- Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl (NSG) mouse thymus, where negative selection is abnormal. Disease develops very late when human T cells develop in human fetal thymus grafts, where robust negative selection is observed. We demonstrate here that PD-1 + CD4 + peripheral (Tph) helper-like and follicular (Tfh) helper-like T cells developing in HIS mice can induce autoimmune disease. Tfh-like cells were more prominent in HIS mice with a mouse thymus, in which the highest levels of IgG were detected in plasma, compared to those with a human thymus. While circulating IgG and IgM antibodies were autoreactive to multiple mouse antigens, in vivo depletion of B cells and antibodies did not delay the development of autoimmune disease. Conversely, adoptive transfer of enriched Tfh- or Tph-like cells induced disease and autoimmunity-associated B cell phenotypes in recipient mice containing autologous human APCs without T cells. T cells from mice with a human thymus expanded and induced disease more rapidly than those originating in a murine thymus, implicating HLA-restricted T cell-APC interactions in this process. Since Tfh, Tph, autoantibodies and LIP have all been implicated in various forms of human autoimmune disease, the observations here provide a platform for the further dissection of human autoimmune disease mechanisms and therapies.
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Diao J, Liu H, Cao H, Chen W. The dysfunction of Tfh cells promotes pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections development by interfering humoral immune responses. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20778. [PMID: 37876425 PMCID: PMC10590952 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs) are one of the most common pediatric diseases. Although the pathogenesis of pediatric RRTIs remains unknown, ineffective B cell-dominated humoral immunity has been considered as the core mechanism. During the course of pediatric RRTIs, B cell-dominated humoral immunity has changed from "protector" of respiratory system to "bystander" of respiratory tract infections. Under physiological condition, Tfh cells are essential for B cell-dominated humoral immunity, including regulating GC formation, promoting memory B cell (MB)/plasma cell (PC) differentiation, inducting immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching, and selecting affinity-matured antibodies. However, in disease states, Tfh cells are dysfunctional, which can be reflected by phenotypes and cytokine production. Tfh cell dysfunctions can cause the disorders of B cell-dominated humoral immunity, such as promoting B cell presented apoptosis, abrogating total Ig production, reducing MB/PC populations, and delaying affinity maturation of antigens-specific antibodies. In this review, we focused on the functions of B and Tfh cells in the homeostasis of respiratory system, and specifically discussed the disorders of humoral immunity and aberrant Tfh cell responses in the disease process of pediatric RRTIs. We hoped to provide some clues for the prevention and treatment of pediatric RRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Diao
- Department of Pediatrics, Yueyang Hospital of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huosheng Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Jiading Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Liver Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Yueyang Hospital of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ko HJ, Kim YJ. Antigen Delivery Systems: Past, Present, and Future. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:370-387. [PMID: 37072288 PMCID: PMC10315343 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased demand for safe and effective vaccines. Research to develop vaccines against diseases including Middle East respiratory syndrome, Ebolavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and various cancers would also contribute to global well-being. For successful vaccine development, the advancement of technologies such as antigen (Ag) screening, Ag delivery systems and adjuvants, and manufacturing processes is essential. Ag delivery systems are required not only to deliver a sufficient amount of Ag for vaccination, but also to enhance immune response. In addition, Ag types and their delivery systems determine the manufacturing processes of the vaccine product. Here, we analyze the characteristics of various Ag delivery systems: plasmids, viral vectors, bacterial vectors, nanoparticles, self-assembled particles, natural and artificial cells, and extracellular vesicles. This review provides insight into the current vaccine landscape and highlights promising avenues of research for the development and improvement of Ag delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jeong Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
- Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
- Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
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Mao M, Xu S, Lin L, Dong D, Xue M, He S, Cai G. Impact of Corticosteroids on the Proportions of Circulating Tfh Cell Subsets in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematous. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:949334. [PMID: 35865165 PMCID: PMC9294243 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.949334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to analyze the distribution of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in lupus patients, and the effects of steroids on circulating Tfh cells. Methods Circulating Tfh cell subsets were defined by multicolor flow cytometry as Tfh17, Tfh2 or Tfh1 subpopulations of CXCR5+CD45RA–CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood of SLE patients and healthy controls. To test the effects of corticosteroid on Tfh cells, PBMC harvested from both SLE and healthy controls were cocultured with dexamethasone, and then analyzed by Flow cytometry. Results The proportion of Tfh17 cells in SLE patients was increased significantly compared with healthy controls. Additionally, patients with an active disease had reduced Tfh1 subsets than those with an inactive disease and healthy controls. The frequency of Tfh2 cells was associated with the proportion of circulating plasmablasts and the amount of anti-dsDNA. Dexamethasone reduced the percentage of Tfh2 cells while increased the proportion of Tfh17 subset in gated CXCR5+CD45RA–CD4+ T cells. Conclusion Our study investigated the distribution of circulating Tfh subsets in lupus patients. Corticosteroids treatment not only down-regulated the proportion of circulating Tfh cells, but also altered the distribution of Tfh subsets in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Danfeng Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Xue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Siwei He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Cai,
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Buonato JM, Edwards JP, Zaritskaya L, Witter AR, Gupta A, LaFleur DW, Tice DA, Richman LK, Hilbert DM. Preclinical Efficacy of BCMA-Directed CAR T Cells Incorporating a Novel D Domain Antigen Recognition Domain. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1171-1183. [PMID: 35737298 PMCID: PMC9377753 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies directed against B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) have shown compelling clinical activity and manageable safety in subjects with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Prior reported CAR T cells have mostly used antibody fragments such as humanized or murine single-chain variable fragments or camelid heavy-chain antibody fragments as the antigen recognition motif. Herein, we describe the generation and preclinical evaluation of ddBCMA CAR, which uses a novel BCMA binding domain discovered from our D domain phage display libraries and incorporates a 4-1BB costimulatory motif and CD3-zeta T-cell activation domain. Preclinical in vitro studies of ddBCMA CAR T cells cocultured with BCMA-positive cell lines showed highly potent, dose-dependent measures of cytotoxicity, cytokine production, T-cell degranulation, and T-cell proliferation. In each assay, ddBCMA CAR performed as well as the BCMA-directed scFv-based C11D5.3 CAR. Furthermore, ddBCMA CAR T cells demonstrated in vivo tumor suppression in three disseminated BCMA-expressing tumor models in NSG-immunocompromised mice. On the basis of these promising preclinical data, CART-ddBCMA is being studied in a first-in-human phase I clinical study to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, efficacy, and duration of effect for patients with RRMM (NCT04155749).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M. Buonato
- Arcellx, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland.,Corresponding Author: Janine M. Buonato, Arcellx, Inc., 25 West Watkins Mill Road, Suite A, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. Phone: 240-327-0627; E-mail:
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Kumar P, Balakrishnan S, Surendra Lele S, Setty S, Dhingra S, Epstein AL, Prabhakar BS. Restoration of Follicular T Regulatory/Helper Cell Balance by OX40L-JAG1 Cotreatment Suppresses Lupus Nephritis in NZBWF1/j Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2467-2481. [PMID: 35470257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Class-switched antinuclear autoantibodies produced by T follicular helper (TFH) cell-dependent germinal center (GC) B cell response play an essential pathogenic role in lupus nephritis (LN). The role of T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, an effector subset of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), which are specialized in suppressing TFH-GC response and Ab production, remains elusive in LN. Contrasting reports have shown increased/reduced circulating TFR cells in human lupus that might not accurately reflect their presence in the GCs of relevant lymphoid organs. In this study, we report a progressive reduction in TFR cells and decreased TFR/TFH ratio despite increased Tregs in the renal lymph nodes of NZBWF1/j mice, which correlated with increased GC-B cells and proteinuria onset. Cotreatment with soluble OX40L and Jagged-1 (JAG1) proteins increased Tregs, TFR cells, and TFR/TFH ratio, with a concomitant reduction in TFH cells, GC B cells, and anti-dsDNA IgG Ab levels, and suppressed LN onset. Mechanistic studies showed attenuated TFH functions and diminished GC events such as somatic hypermutation and isotype class-switching in OX40L-JAG1-treated mice. RNA sequencing studies revealed inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1a) and STAT3 signaling in T conventional cells from OX40L-JAG1-treated mice, which are critical for the glycolytic flux and differentiation into TFH cell lineage. Therefore, the increased TFR/TFH ratio seen in OX40L-JAG1-treated mice could involve both impaired differentiation of TFH cells from T conventional cells and expansion of TFR cells. We show a key role for GC-TFR/TFH imbalance in LN pathogenesis and how restoring homeostatic balance can suppress LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sivasangari Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Swarali Surendra Lele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Suman Setty
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Shaurya Dhingra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL;
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Lombard‐Vadnais F, Lacombe J, Chabot‐Roy G, Ferron M, Lesage S. OCA‐B does not act as a transcriptional coactivator in T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:338-351. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Lombard‐Vadnais
- Immunologie‐oncologie Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve‐Rosemont Montréal QC H1T 2M4 Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology McGill University Montreal QC H3A 0G4 Canada
| | - Julie Lacombe
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal Montréal QC H2W 1R7 Canada
| | - Geneviève Chabot‐Roy
- Immunologie‐oncologie Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve‐Rosemont Montréal QC H1T 2M4 Canada
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal Montréal QC H2W 1R7 Canada
- Département de médecine Université de Montréal Montréal QC H3T 1J4 Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine McGill University Montreal QC H3A 0G4 Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunologie‐oncologie Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve‐Rosemont Montréal QC H1T 2M4 Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie Université de Montréal Montréal QC H3T 1J4 Canada
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An Y, Yao J, Niu X. The Signaling Pathway of PGE 2 and Its Regulatory Role in T Cell Differentiation. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9087816. [PMID: 34867083 PMCID: PMC8641993 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9087816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. As an essential inflammatory factor, PGE2 has a critical impact on immune regulation through the prostanoid E (EP) receptor pathway. T cells, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, play crucial roles in the adaptive immune response. Previous studies have shown that PGE2 is involved in regulating CD4+ T cell differentiation and inflammatory cytokine production via the EP receptor pathway, thereby affecting the development of diseases mediated by CD4+ T cells. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathway of PGE2 and describe the relationship between PGE2 and T cell differentiation. Hence, this review may provide important evidence for immune therapies and may even promote the development of biomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang An
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiameng Yao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Liu X, Lin J, Wu H, Wang Y, Xie L, Wu J, Qin H, Xu J. A Novel Long Noncoding RNA lincRNA00892 Activates CD4 + T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Regulating CD40L. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:733902. [PMID: 34707498 PMCID: PMC8543062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.733902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The mechanism of CD4+ T-cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not been fully understood. Increasing evidence show that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate immune responses and take part in some autoimmune diseases, while little is known about the lncRNA expression and function in CD4+ T of SLE. Here, we aimed to detect the expression profile of lncRNAs in lupus CD4+ T cells and explore the mechanism that how lincRNA00892 in CD4+ T cells is involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Methods: The expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in CD4+ T cells from SLE patients and healthy controls were detected by microarray. LincRNA00892 and CD40L were chosen for validation by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Coexpression network was conducted to predict the potential target genes of lincRNA00892. Then lincRNA00892 was overexpressed in normal CD4+ T cells via lentivirus transfection. The expression of lincRNA00892 was detected by qRT-PCR. The expression of CD40L was detected by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of CD69 and CD23 was measured by flow cytometry. The secretion of IgG was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proteins targeted by lincRNA00892 were measured by RNA pulldown and subsequent mass spectrometry (MS). The interaction between heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) and lincRNA00892 or CD40L was detected by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Results: A total of 1887 lncRNAs and 3375 mRNAs were found to be aberrantly expressed in CD4+ T cells of SLE patients compared to healthy controls. LincRNA00892 and CD40L were confirmed to be upregulated in CD4+ T cells of SLE patients by qRT-PCR. The lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network analysis indicated that CD40L was a potential target of lincRNA00892. Overexpression of lincRNA00892 enhanced CD40L protein levels while exerting little influence on CD40L mRNA levels in CD4+ T cells. In addition, lincRNA00892 could induce the activation of CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, lincRNA00892 led to the activation of B cells and subsequent secretion of IgG in a CD4+ T-cell-dependent manner. Finally, hnRNP K was found to be among the proteins pulled down by lincRNA00892, and hnRNP K could bind to lincRNA00892 or CD40L directly. Conclusion: Our results showed that the lncRNA expression profile was altered in CD4+ T cells of SLE. LincRNA00892 possibly contributed to the pathogenesis of SLE by targeting hnRNP K and subsequently upregulating CD40L expression to activate CD4+ T and B cells. These provided us a potential target for further mechanistic studies of SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinran Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihong Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Cheon SY, Lee JE. Extracellular Vesicles and Immune System in Ageing and Immune Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:32-47. [PMID: 33632983 PMCID: PMC7926047 DOI: 10.5607/en20059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system is essential for host homeostasis. Immune cells communicate with each other by binding to receptors or by releasing vesicles including chemokines and cytokines. Under healthy circumstances, immune cell-derived factors are critical for cellular growth, division and function, whereas under conditions such as ageing and inflammatory states, they can aggravate pathologies and cause disease. Cell-derived membranous extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication and are implicated in various physiological and pathological processes involving ageing and age-related diseases. Extracellular vesicles are responsible for spreading detrimental factors to the surroundings and the propagation phase of inflammatory diseases. The regulation of extracellular vesicles is a putative target for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Moreover, their features are ideal for developing biomarkers and drug delivery systems modulated by bioengineering in inflammatory diseases. The present review summarizes the current understanding of extracellular vesicles in ageing and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Cheon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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He W, Xiao K, Fang M, Xie L. Immune Cell Number, Phenotype, and Function in the Elderly with Sepsis. Aging Dis 2021; 12:277-296. [PMID: 33532141 PMCID: PMC7801284 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a form of life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host responses to an infection that can be partly attributed to immune dysfunction. Although sepsis affects patients of all ages, elderly individuals display increased susceptibility and mortality. This is partly due to immunosenescence, a decline in normal immune system function associated with physiological aging that affects almost all cell types in the innate and adaptive immune systems. In elderly patients with sepsis, these alterations in immune cells such as endothelial cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, are largely responsible for their poor prognosis and increased mortality. Here, we review recent studies investigating the events affecting both innate and adaptive immune cells in elderly mice and patients with sepsis, including alterations in their number, phenotype, and function, to shed light on possible new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxue He
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Kun Xiao
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Min Fang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Lixin Xie
- College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Renand A, Cervera-Marzal I, Gil L, Dong C, Garcia A, Kervagoret E, Aublé H, Habes S, Chevalier C, Vavasseur F, Clémenceau B, Cardon A, Judor JP, Mosnier JF, Tanné F, Laplaud DA, Brouard S, Gournay J, Milpied P, Conchon S. Integrative molecular profiling of autoreactive CD4 T cells in autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1379-1390. [PMID: 32649971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In most autoimmune disorders, crosstalk of B cells and CD4 T cells results in the accumulation of autoantibodies. In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), the presence of anti-soluble liver antigen (SLA) autoantibodies is associated with reduced overall survival, but the associated autoreactive CD4 T cells have not yet been characterised. Herein, we isolated and deeply characterised SLA-specific CD4 T cells in patients with AIH. METHODS We used brief ex vivo restimulation with overlapping SLA peptides to isolate and phenotype circulating SLA-specific CD4 T cells, and integrative single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to characterise their transcriptome and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Autoreactive TCRs were cloned and used to identify dominant SLA-derived epitopes. SLA-specific CD4 T cells were tracked in peripheral blood through TCR sequencing to identify their phenotypic niche. We further characterised disease-associated peripheral blood T cells by high-content flow cytometry in 42 patients with AIH and 17 controls with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. RESULTS Autoreactive SLA-specific CD4 T cells were only detected in patients with anti-SLA autoantibodies and had a memory PD-1+CXCR5-CCR6-CD27+ phenotype. ScRNA-seq revealed their pro-inflammatory/B-helper profile. SLA81-100 and SLA177-204 contain dominant T-cell epitopes. Autoreactive TCR clonotypes were predominantly found in the memory PD-1+CXCR5-CD4 T cells, which were significantly increased in the blood of patients with AIH and supported B-cell differentiation through IL-21. Finally, we identified specific T-cell phenotypes linked to disease activity and IgG level during AIH. CONCLUSIONS We provide a deep characterisation of rare circulating autoreactive CD4 T cells and identify their peripheral reservoir in AIH. We also propose a specific phenotype of autoreactive T cells related to AIH disease activity, which will be essential to track, delineate, and potentially target these pathogenic cells. LAY SUMMARY One principal characteristic of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), like for many other autoimmune diseases, is the accumulation of autoantibodies produced by B lymphocytes following their interaction with autoreactive CD4 T lymphocytes. In this study, we identified and characterised with high resolution these CD4 T cells. This will be essential to track, delineate, and potentially target them during AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amédée Renand
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Iñaki Cervera-Marzal
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Laurine Gil
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Chuang Dong
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Erwan Kervagoret
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Aublé
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique gastro-nutrition, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sarah Habes
- Service Hepato-gastro-entérologie et Assistance Nutritionnelle, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Chevalier
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique gastro-nutrition, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Vavasseur
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique gastro-nutrition, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Anaïs Cardon
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Judor
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Mosnier
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France; Service Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Florence Tanné
- Service d'hépato gastroentérologie, CHU Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France; Service de Neurologie et CIC 1413, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Gournay
- Service Hepato-gastro-entérologie et Assistance Nutritionnelle, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Milpied
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Inserm, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Conchon
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France.
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13
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Mathematical model of broadly reactive plasma cell production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3935. [PMID: 32127549 PMCID: PMC7054388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain-specific plasma cells are capable of producing neutralizing antibodies that are essential for clearance of challenging pathogens. These neutralizing antibodies also function as a main defense against disease establishment in a host. However, when a rapidly mutating pathogen infects a host, successful control of the invasion requires shifting the production of plasma cells from strain-specific to broadly reactive. In this study, we develop a mathematical model of germinal center dynamics and use it to predict the events that lead to improved breadth of the plasma cell response. We examine scenarios that lead to germinal centers that are composed of B-cells that come from a single strain-specific clone, a single broadly reactive clone or both clones. We find that the initial B-cell clonal composition, T-follicular helper cell signaling, increased rounds of productive somatic hypermutation, and B-cell selection strength are among the mechanisms differentiating between strain-specific and broadly reactive plasma cell production during infections. Understanding the contribution of these factors to emergence of breadth may assist in boosting broadly reactive plasma cells production.
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14
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Perturbation in cellular redox homeostasis: Decisive regulator of T cell mediated immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 67:449-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Dwivedi N, Radic M. Burning controversies in NETs and autoimmunity: The mysteries of cell death and autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:267-280. [PMID: 30417698 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1523395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The causes and mechanisms of autoimmune disease pose continuing challenges to the scientific community. Recent clues implicate a peculiar feature of neutrophils, their ability to release nuclear chromatin in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), in the induction or progression of autoimmune disease. Efforts to define the beneficial versus detrimental effects of NET release have, as yet, only partially revealed mechanisms that guide this process. Evidence suggests that the process of NET release is highly regulated, but the details of regulation remain controversial and obscure. Without a better understanding of the factors that initiate and control NET formation, the judicious modification of neutrophil behaviour for medically useful purposes appears remote. We highlight gaps and inconsistencies in published work, which make NETs and their role in health and disease a puzzle that deserves more focused attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Dwivedi
- a TIP Immunology , EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc , Billerica , MA , USA
| | - Marko Radic
- b Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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16
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Sjaastad FV, Condotta SA, Kotov JA, Pape KA, Dail C, Danahy DB, Kucaba TA, Tygrett LT, Murphy KA, Cabrera-Perez J, Waldschmidt TJ, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Polymicrobial Sepsis Chronic Immunoparalysis Is Defined by Diminished Ag-Specific T Cell-Dependent B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2532. [PMID: 30429857 PMCID: PMC6220049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression is one hallmark of sepsis, decreasing the host response to the primary septic pathogens and/or secondary nosocomial infections. CD4 T cells and B cells are among the array of immune cells that experience reductions in number and function during sepsis. “Help” from follicular helper (Tfh) CD4 T cells to B cells is needed for productive and protective humoral immunity, but there is a paucity of data defining the effect of sepsis on a primary CD4 T cell-dependent B cell response. Using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model of sepsis induction, we observed reduced antibody production in mice challenged with influenza A virus or TNP-KLH in alum early (2 days) and late (30 days) after CLP surgery compared to mice subjected to sham surgery. To better understand how these CD4 T cell-dependent B cell responses were altered by a septic event, we immunized mice with a Complete Freund's Adjuvant emulsion containing the MHC II-restricted peptide 2W1S56−68 coupled to the fluorochrome phycoerythrin (PE). Immunization with 2W1S-PE/CFA results in T cell-dependent B cell activation, giving us the ability to track defined populations of antigen-specific CD4 T cells and B cells responding to the same immunogen in the same mouse. Compared to sham mice, differentiation and class switching in PE-specific B cells were blunted in mice subjected to CLP surgery. Similarly, mice subjected to CLP had reduced expansion of 2W1S-specific T cells and Tfh differentiation after immunization. Our data suggest CLP-induced sepsis impacts humoral immunity by affecting the number and function of both antigen-specific B cells and CD4 Tfh cells, further defining the period of chronic immunoparalysis after sepsis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances V Sjaastad
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Jessica A Kotov
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kathryn A Pape
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Cody Dail
- Medical Student Summer Research Program in Infection and Immunity, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Derek B Danahy
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lorraine T Tygrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Katherine A Murphy
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Javier Cabrera-Perez
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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17
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Qin L, Waseem TC, Sahoo A, Bieerkehazhi S, Zhou H, Galkina EV, Nurieva R. Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms of T Follicular Helper-Mediated Immunity and Pathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1884. [PMID: 30158933 PMCID: PMC6104131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play key role in providing help to B cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. Generation of protective antibodies against various infections is an important aspect of Tfh-mediated immune responses and the dysregulation of Tfh cell responses has been implicated in various autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and malignancy. Thus, their differentiation and maintenance must be closely regulated to ensure appropriate help to B cells. The generation and function of Tfh cells is regulated by multiple checkpoints including their early priming stage in T zones and throughout the effector stage of differentiation in GCs. Signaling pathways activated downstream of cytokine and costimulatory receptors as well as consequent activation of subset-specific transcriptional factors are essential steps for Tfh cell generation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying Tfh cell-mediated immunity and pathology will bring into spotlight potential targets for novel therapies. In this review, we discuss the recent findings related to the molecular mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and their role in normal immune responses and antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tayab C Waseem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shayahati Bieerkehazhi
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Elena V Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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18
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Lee YJ, Park JA, Kwon H, Choi YS, Jung KC, Park SH, Lee EB. Role of Stem Cell-Like Memory T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1459-1469. [DOI: 10.1002/art.40524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Ji Ah Park
- Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kwon
- Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | | | - Seong Hoe Park
- Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Eun Bong Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
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19
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Puthenparampil M, Zito A, Pantano G, Federle L, Stropparo E, Miante S, De Silvestro G, Plebani M, Gallo P. Peripheral imbalanced TFH/TFR ratio correlates with intrathecal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis at clinical onset. Mult Scler 2018; 25:918-926. [PMID: 29882478 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518779951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alteration of T-follicular helper (TFH) and regulatory (TFR) subpopulations may contribute to the development of auto-reactive B-cell. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether changes in TFH and TFR subsets are associated with abnormal IgG synthesis in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. METHODS Paired blood and CSF samples were obtained from 31 untreated relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients at diagnosis. Peripheral blood TFH (CD3+CD4+CXCR5+CD25-CD127+), TFR (CD3+CD4+CXCR5+CD25+CD127dim), conventional T-Helper (TH, CD3+CD4+CXCR5-CD25-CD127+), and regulatory T-cells (T-Reg, CD3+CD4+CXCR5-CD25+CD127dim) were analyzed in all RRMS patients and in 13 healthy controls (HCs). Qualitative and quantitative intrathecal IgG synthesis was evaluated in RRMS patients, who were then further subclassified according to the presence of IgG oligoclonal bands in blood and/or CSF. RESULTS Compared to HC, RRMS had lower TFR percentage ( p < 0.01) and higher TFH/TFR ratio ( p < 0.001). In RRMS, TFH/TFR ratio correlated with both qualitative ( r = 0.56, p < 0.005) and quantitative intrathecal IgG synthesis (IgG Index: r = 0.78; IgGLoc: r = 0.79; IgGIF: r = 0.76, all p < 0.001). Patients with the highest TFH/TFR ratios had higher percentages of circulating B-cells (36.1 ± 35.2%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In RRMS, increased TFH/TFR ratio associates with abnormal IgG production in blood and CSF, suggesting that antibody-producing cells, derived from deregulated peripheral germinal center reaction, colonize the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Puthenparampil
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroscience DNS, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Zito
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroscience DNS, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pantano
- Central Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lisa Federle
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Ospedale San Bortolo di Vicenza, Azienda ULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Erica Stropparo
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroscience DNS, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Miante
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroscience DNS, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mario Plebani
- Central Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Gallo
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroscience DNS, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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20
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Galectin-3 deficiency drives lupus-like disease by promoting spontaneous germinal centers formation via IFN-γ. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1628. [PMID: 29691398 PMCID: PMC5915532 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are important sites for high-affinity and long-lived antibody induction. Tight regulation of GC responses is critical for maintaining self-tolerance. Here, we show that Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is involved in GC development. Compared with WT mice, Gal-3 KO mice have more GC B cells and T follicular helper cells, increased percentages of antibody-secreting cells and higher concentrations of immunoglobulins and IFN-γ in serum, and develop a lupus-like disease. IFN-γ blockade in Gal-3 KO mice reduces spontaneous GC formation, class-switch recombination, autoantibody production and renal pathology, demonstrating that IFN-γ overproduction sustains autoimmunity. The results from chimeric mice show that intrinsic Gal-3 signaling in B cells controls spontaneous GC formation. Taken together, our data provide evidence that Gal-3 acts directly on B cells to regulate GC responses via IFN-γ and implicate the potential of Gal-3 as a therapeutic target in autoimmunity. Germinal center (GC) is where B cells interact with other immune cells for optimal induction of antibody responses. Here the authors show that galectin-3 regulates GC development by modulating interferon-γ and B cell-intrinsic signaling, such that galectin-3 deficiency mice exhibit lupus-like autoimmune symptoms.
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21
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic asthma is primarily characterized by abnormality in immunoglobin(Ig)E pathway, suggesting a possible role for follicular helper T cells (Tfh) in the genesis of excessive IgE accumulation. The blood chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5 (CXCR)5+CD4+ T cells, known as "circulating" Tfh, share common functional characteristics with Tfh cells from germinal centers. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypes and functions of circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells in allergic asthmatics. Here we found the frequency of the circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells was raised in allergic asthma compared with healthy control (HC). Phenotypic assays showed that activated circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells display the key features of Tfh cells, including invariably coexpressed programmed cell death (PD)-1 and inducible costimulator (ICOS). The frequency of interleukin IL-4+-, IL-21+-producing CXCR5+CD4+ T cells was increased in allergic asthma patients compared with HC. Furthermore, sorted circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells from allergic asthma patients boosted IgE production in coculture assay which could be inhibited by IL-4 or IL-21 blockage. Interestingly, IL-4+-, IL-21+-CXCR5+CD4+ T cells positively correlated with total IgE in the blood. Our data indicated that circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells may have a significant role in facilitating IgE production in allergic asthma patients.
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22
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Danahy DB, Strother RK, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Clinical and Experimental Sepsis Impairs CD8 T-Cell-Mediated Immunity. Crit Rev Immunol 2017; 36:57-74. [PMID: 27480902 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016017098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Septic patients experience chronic immunosuppression resulting in enhanced susceptibility to infections normally controlled by T cells. Clinical research on septic patients has shown increased apoptosis and reduced total numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells, suggesting contributing mechanism driving immunosuppression. Experimental models of sepsis, including cecal ligation and puncture, reverse translated this clinical observation to facilitate hypothesis-driven research and allow the use of an array of experimental tools to probe the impact of sepsis on T-cell immunity. In addition to numerical loss, sepsis functionally impairs the antigen-driven proliferative capacity and effector functions of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Sepsis-induced impairments in both the quantity and quality of T cells results in reduced protective capacity and increased susceptibility of mice to new or previously encountered infections. Therefore, the combined efforts of clinical and experimental sepsis research have begun to elucidate the impact of sepsis on T-cell-mediated immunity and potential T-cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms driving chronic immunosuppression. Future work will explore the impact of sepsis on the recently appreciated tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells, which provide robust protection against localized infections, and dendritic cells, which are needed to activate T cells and promote effective T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B Danahy
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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23
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Deng R, Hurtz C, Song Q, Yue C, Xiao G, Yu H, Wu X, Muschen M, Forman S, Martin PJ, Zeng D. Extrafollicular CD4 + T-B interactions are sufficient for inducing autoimmune-like chronic graft-versus-host disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:978. [PMID: 29042531 PMCID: PMC5645449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is an autoimmune-like syndrome mediated by pathogenic CD4+ T and B cells, but the function of extrafollicular and germinal center CD4+ T and B interactions in cGVHD pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Here we show that extrafollicular CD4+ T and B interactions are sufficient for inducing cGVHD, while germinal center formation is dispensable. The pathogenesis of cGVHD is associated with the expansion of extrafollicular CD44hiCD62loPSGL-1loCD4+ (PSGL-1loCD4+) T cells. These cells express high levels of ICOS, and the blockade of ICOS/ICOSL interaction prevents their expansion and ameliorates cGVHD. Expansion of PSGL-1loCD4+ T cells is also prevented by BCL6 or Stat3 deficiency in donor CD4+ T cells, with the induction of cGVHD ameliorated by BCL6 deficiency and completely suppressed by Stat3 deficiency in donor CD4+ T cells. These results support that Stat3- and BCL6-dependent extrafollicular CD4+ T and B interactions play critical functions in the pathogenesis of cGVHD.Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is mediated by specific CD4 and B cells, but the relative contribution of extrafollicular and germinal centre (GC) T-B interaction is unclear. Here the authors show that the extrafollicular expansion of a specific CD4 T subset is sufficient for inducing cGVHD while GC is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishu Deng
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical, Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92307, USA
| | - Christian Hurtz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qingxiao Song
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Chanyu Yue
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutic and Tumor Immunology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutic and Tumor Immunology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Markus Muschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Stephen Forman
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Paul J Martin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Defu Zeng
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA. .,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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24
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Erwin S, Ciupe SM. Germinal center dynamics during acute and chronic infection. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2017; 14:655-671. [PMID: 28092957 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2017037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the immune system to clear pathogens is limited during chronic virus infections where potent long-lived plasma and memory B-cells are produced only after germinal center B-cells undergo many rounds of somatic hypermutations. In this paper, we investigate the mechanisms of germinal center B-cell formation by developing mathematical models for the dynamics of B-cell somatic hypermutations. We use the models to determine how B-cell selection and competition for T follicular helper cells and antigen influences the size and composition of germinal centers in acute and chronic infections. We predict that the T follicular helper cells are a limiting resource in driving large numbers of somatic hypermutations and present possible mechanisms that can revert this limitation in the presence of non-mutating and mutating antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Erwin
- 460 McBryde Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States .
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25
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Immunity Enhancement in Immunocompromised Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients with Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Cell Transfusion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5945190. [PMID: 28529951 PMCID: PMC5424190 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5945190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. In order to enhance the immunity of cancer patients to prevent relapse or to prolong survival time, umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCMCs) were transplanted to cancer patients. Patients and Methods. UCMCs were transfused to 63 immunocompromised gastrointestinal cancer patients with nonmyeloablative (NMA) conditioning regimen. Results. The clinical study showed that the number of both T and B cells increased much more rapidly after transfusion of UCMCs than that of the control group without transplantation (p < 0.01). Proinflammation cytokines IFNγ and TNFα in serum increased to or above the normal range in 80.9% of patients at 12 weeks after UCMC transfusion. However, they recovered to the normal range in 21.7% of patients at the same time point in the control group only. In addition, the clinical investigation also showed that the transfusion of UCMC increased stable disease (SD) and reduced progressive disease (PD) significantly (p < 0.01); however, it did not have significant effects on complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or mortality rates compared with the control group (p > 0.05). Conclusions. UCMCs have powerful repairing effects on damaged cells and tissues and may reconstruct the impaired immunity. Transfusion of UCMCs could reconstruct the immunity of cancer patients with immunosuppression.
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26
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Eri T, Kawahata K, Kanzaki T, Imamura M, Michishita K, Akahira L, Bannai E, Yoshikawa N, Kimura Y, Satoh T, Uematsu S, Tanaka H, Yamamoto K. Intestinal microbiota link lymphopenia to murine autoimmunity via PD-1 +CXCR5 -/dim B-helper T cell induction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46037. [PMID: 28443628 PMCID: PMC5405410 DOI: 10.1038/srep46037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell lymphopenia results in peripheral homeostatic expansion to maintain the T cell immune system, which is termed lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP). LIP is a potential risk for expanding autoreactive clones to become pathogenic in human and murine autoimmune diseases. However, the ontogeny of T cells that induce autoantibody production by autoreactive B cells in LIP remains unclear. Transfer of CD4+CD25− conventional T (Tc) cells into T-cell-deficient athymic nude mice has been previously reported as a LIP-induced autoimmune model which develops organ-specific autoimmune diseases and systemic antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). We show here that via LIP in this model, Tc cells proliferated and differentiated into PD-1+CXCR5−/dim B-helper T cells, which promoted splenic germinal center (GC) formation, provided help for autoantibody-producing B cells, and had distinctive features of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells except that they do not express high CXCR5. Intestinal microbiota were essential for their generation, since depletion of them in recipient mice by antibiotics resulted in a reduction of LIP-induced PD-1+CXCR5−/dim B-helper T cells and an amelioration of autoimmune responses. Our findings will contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of lymphopenia-induced autoimmunity and autoantibody production, and will pave the way for microbiota-targeted novel therapeutic approaches to systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Eri
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimito Kawahata
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Kanzaki
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Imamura
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Michishita
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisa Akahira
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ei Bannai
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noritada Yoshikawa
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kimura
- Division of Systems Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Satoh
- Division of Systems Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Tanaka
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Rheumatology, Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, IMSUT hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Weissert R. Adaptive Immunity Is the Key to the Understanding of Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Inflammatory Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Immunol 2017; 8:336. [PMID: 28386263 PMCID: PMC5362596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are common aspects and mechanisms between different types of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs), and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) as well as paraneoplastic inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system. To our present knowledge, depending on the disease, T and B cells as well as antibodies contribute to various aspects of the pathogenesis. Possibly the events leading to the breaking of tolerance between the different diseases are of great similarity and so far, only partially understood. Beside endogenous factors (genetics, genomics, epigenetics, malignancy) also exogenous factors (vitamin D, sun light exposure, smoking, gut microbiome, viral infections) contribute to susceptibility in such diseases. What differs between these disorders are the target molecules of the immune attack. For T cells, these target molecules are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules as MHC-bound ligands. B cells have an important role by amplifying the immune response of T cells by capturing antigen with their surface immunoglobulin and presenting it to T cells. Antibodies secreted by plasma cells that have differentiated from B cells are highly structure specific and can have important effector functions leading to functional impairment or/and lesion evolvement. In MS, the target molecules are mainly myelin- and neuron/axon-derived proteins; in NMOSD, mainly aquaporin-4 expressed on astrocytes; and in AE, various proteins that are expressed by neurons and axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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28
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TAKEUCHI T. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with biological agents - as a typical and common immune-mediated inflammatory disease. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:600-608. [PMID: 29021510 PMCID: PMC5743860 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecules involved in the disease process facilitated our understanding of pathogenesis of the disease with unknown etiology such as immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Moreover, the targeted therapies against the proposed molecular targets by biological agents provide enormous benefits to the patients and societies. Here, I will review recent progress of the biological treatment in the immune-inflammatory diseases by focusing on the rheumatoid arthritis, the disease characterized by persistent polyarthritis leading to joint destruction and disability with autoimmune features, as a role model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu TAKEUCHI
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Egr2 and Egr3 in regulatory T cells cooperatively control systemic autoimmunity through Ltbp3-mediated TGF-β3 production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8131-E8140. [PMID: 27911796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611286114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by multiorgan inflammation induced by autoantibodies. Early growth response gene 2 (Egr2), a transcription factor essential for T-cell anergy induction, controls systemic autoimmunity in mice and humans. We have previously identified a subpopulation of CD4+ regulatory T cells, CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells, that characteristically express both Egr2 and LAG3 and control mice model of lupus via TGF-β3 production. However, due to the mild phenotype of lymphocyte-specific Egr2-deficient mice, the presence of an additional regulator has been speculated. Here, we show that Egr2 and Egr3 expressed in T cells cooperatively prevent humoral immune responses by supporting TGF-β3 secretion. T cell-specific Egr2/Egr3 double-deficient (Egr2/3DKO) mice spontaneously developed an early onset lupus-like disease that was more severe than in T cell-specific Egr2-deficient mice. In accordance with the observation that CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells from Egr2/3DKO mice completely lost the capacity to produce TGF-β3, the excessive germinal center reaction in Egr2/3DKO mice was suppressed by the adoptive transfer of WT CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells or treatment with a TGF-β3-expressing vector. Intriguingly, latent TGF-β binding protein (Ltbp)3 expression maintained by Egr2 and Egr3 was required for TGF-β3 production from CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells. Because Egr2 and Egr3 did not demonstrate cell intrinsic suppression of the development of follicular helper T cells, Egr2- and Egr3-dependent TGF-β3 production by CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells is critical for controlling excessive B-cell responses. The unique attributes of Egr2/Egr3 in T cells may provide an opportunity for developing novel therapeutics for autoantibody-mediated diseases including SLE.
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30
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Zhou Y, Zhao W, Al-Muhtasib N, Rebeck GW. APOE Genotype Alters Immunoglobulin Subtypes in Knock-In Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:365-74. [PMID: 25737044 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles are strongly related to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE genotype also affects inflammatory processes in response to damage. We tested whether APOE genotype affected the levels of specific immunoglobulins in healthy, uninfected APOE knock-in mice. We measured specific immunoglobulins in brain, spleen, and plasma. Levels of total IgG in brain and spleen were highest in APOE-ɛ3 mice, significantly higher than in APOE-ɛ2 and APOE-ɛ4 mice; no differences were observed for levels of total IgG in plasma. We also measured specific subtypes of IgG. IgG1 was only detectable in plasma and did not differ by APOE genotype. IgG3 was detectable in plasma and spleen, and also did not differ by APOE genotype. IgG2b showed the same pattern as levels of total IgG by APOE genotype, with the highest levels of IgG2b in brain, spleen, and plasma of APOE-ɛ3 mice. IgG2a showed an entirely different pattern, with significantly higher levels in spleen and plasma of APOE-ɛ4 mice compared to APOE-ɛ2 and APOE-ɛ3 mice. We also measured IgM and IgA in spleens and plasma of these mice. In spleen, APOE-ɛ4 mice had the lowest IgA levels and the highest levels of IgM; both being significantly different from APOE-ɛ2 mice. In total, murine IgG2a and IgM were highest in APOE-ɛ4 mice, while total IgG and Ig2b were highest in APOE-ɛ3 mice. These dramatically different distributions of immunoglobulins could allow for human AD risk biomarkers based on specific immunoglobulin subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nour Al-Muhtasib
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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31
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Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Circulating TFH. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4951587. [PMID: 27069935 PMCID: PMC4812460 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4951587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T follicular helper cells (TFH) were assessed in adult patients with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) classified according to the presence of granulomatous disease (GD), autoimmunity (AI), or both GD and AI (Group I) or the absence of AI and GD (Group II). TFH lymphocytes were characterized by expression of CXCR5 and PD-1. TFH were higher (in both absolute number and percentage) in Group I than in Group II CVID patients and normal controls (N). Within CXCR5+CD4+ T cells, the percentage of PD-1 (+) was higher and that of CCR7 (+) was lower in Group I than in Group II and N. The percentages of Treg and TFH reg were similar in both CVID groups and in N. TFH responded to stimulation increasing the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40L and ICOS as did N. After submitogenic PHA+IL-2 stimulation, intracellular expression of TFH cytokines (IL-10, IL-21) was higher than N in Group I, and IL-4 was higher than N in Group II. These results suggest that TFH are functional in CVID and highlight the association of increased circulating TFH with AI and GD manifestations.
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32
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Ramiscal RR, Parish IA, Lee-Young RS, Babon JJ, Blagih J, Pratama A, Martin J, Hawley N, Cappello JY, Nieto PF, Ellyard JI, Kershaw NJ, Sweet RA, Goodnow CC, Jones RG, Febbraio MA, Vinuesa CG, Athanasopoulos V. Attenuation of AMPK signaling by ROQUIN promotes T follicular helper cell formation. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26496200 PMCID: PMC4716841 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells (Tfh) are critical for the longevity and quality of antibody-mediated protection against infection. Yet few signaling pathways have been identified to be unique solely to Tfh development. ROQUIN is a post-transcriptional repressor of T cells, acting through its ROQ domain to destabilize mRNA targets important for Th1, Th17, and Tfh biology. Here, we report that ROQUIN has a paradoxical function on Tfh differentiation mediated by its RING domain: mice with a T cell-specific deletion of the ROQUIN RING domain have unchanged Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs during a T-dependent response but show a profoundly defective antigen-specific Tfh compartment. ROQUIN RING signaling directly antagonized the catalytic α1 subunit of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central stress-responsive regulator of cellular metabolism and mTOR signaling, which is known to facilitate T-dependent humoral immunity. We therefore unexpectedly uncover a ROQUIN–AMPK metabolic signaling nexus essential for selectively promoting Tfh responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08698.001 The immune system protects the body from invading microbes like bacteria and viruses. Upon recognizing the presence of these microbes, cells in the immune system are activated to destroy the foreign threat and clear it from the body. A type of immune cell called T follicular helper cells (or Tfh for short) are formed during an infection and are essential for coordinating other immune cells to produce high-quality antibody proteins that attack the microbes. Without Tfh cells, life-long production of these protective antibodies is severely crippled, which can cause common variable immune deficiency and other serious immunodeficiency diseases. On the other hand, the body must also avoid generating excessive numbers of Tfh cells, which can lead to the production of antibodies that attack healthy cells of the body. ROQUIN is a protein that inhibits the formation of Tfh cells and other types of active T cells. A region on the protein called the ROQ domain destabilizes particular molecules of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that are required for these specialist T cells to form and work properly. ROQUIN belongs to a large family of enzymes that have a so-called RING domain, which is a feature that enables these enzymes to attach tags onto specific target proteins to modify their activity or stability. However, it was not known whether the RING domain of ROQUIN was active. Ramiscal et al. now address this question in mice. Unexpectedly, the experiments show that the RING domain is required to promote the formation of Tfh cells, but not other types of active T cells. This domain allows ROQUIN to repress an enzyme called AMPK, which normally blocks cell growth by regulating cell metabolism. The findings suggest that the different roles of the ROQ and RING domains allow ROQUIN to fine-tune the numbers of Tfh cells so that they remain within a safe range. In the future, these findings may aid the development of vaccines that are more efficient at generating protective Tfh cells to prevent infectious diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08698.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Roybel R Ramiscal
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robert S Lee-Young
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- Division of Structural Biology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julianna Blagih
- Department of Physiology, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alvin Pratama
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jaime Martin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Naomi Hawley
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jean Y Cappello
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Pablo F Nieto
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julia I Ellyard
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nadia J Kershaw
- Division of Structural Biology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell G Jones
- Department of Physiology, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Vicki Athanasopoulos
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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33
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Giles JR, Kashgarian M, Koni PA, Shlomchik MJ. B Cell-Specific MHC Class II Deletion Reveals Multiple Nonredundant Roles for B Cell Antigen Presentation in Murine Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2571-9. [PMID: 26268653 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells have both Ab-dependent and Ab-independent functions in systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ab-independent functions are known to be important, because mice with B cells but no secreted Ig have severe disease. These functions could include roles in lymphoid development, cytokine secretion, and Ag presentation; however, these possibilities have not been directly tested in SLE models. In this study, we show by lineage-specific ablation of MHC class II (MHCII) that B cell Ag presentation plays a nonredundant role in CD4(+) T cell activation and effector differentiation in the MRL.Fas(lpr) mouse model of SLE. MHCII-mediated interactions between B and T cells further promote B cell proliferation and differentiation, and, in fact, inefficient MHCII deletion on B cells led to strong selection of escaped cells in activated and plasmablast compartments, further underscoring the central role of B cell Ag presentation. Despite the leakiness in the system, B cell-specific MHCII deletion resulted in substantially ameliorated clinical disease. Hence, B cell Ag presentation is critical for T and B cell activation and differentiation, as well as target organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine R Giles
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Michael Kashgarian
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Pandelakis A Koni
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30192; and Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30192
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
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34
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Dhaeze T, Peelen E, Hombrouck A, Peeters L, Van Wijmeersch B, Lemkens N, Lemkens P, Somers V, Lucas S, Broux B, Stinissen P, Hellings N. Circulating Follicular Regulatory T Cells Are Defective in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:832-40. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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35
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Sarantopoulos S, Blazar BR, Cutler C, Ritz J. Reprint of: B cells in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:S11-8. [PMID: 25620647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) continues to be a common complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Unlike acute graft-versus-host disease, which is mediated almost entirely by donor T cells, the immune pathology of cGVHD is more complex and donor B cells have also been found to play an important role. Recent studies from several laboratories have enhanced our understanding of how donor B cells contribute to this clinical syndrome and this has led to new therapeutic opportunities. Here, Dr Sarantopoulos reviews some of the important mechanisms responsible for persistent B cell activation and loss of B cell tolerance in patients with cGVHD. Dr Blazar describes recent studies in preclinical models that have identified novel B cell-directed agents that may be effective for prevention or treatment of cGVHD. Some B cell-directed therapies have already been tested in patients with cGVHD and Dr Cutler reviews the results of these studies documenting the potential efficacy of this approach. Supported by mechanistic studies in patients and preclinical models, new B cell-directed therapies for cGVHD will now be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Division of Cell Therapy and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Corey Cutler
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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36
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Hamilton JA, Li J, Wu Q, Yang P, Luo B, Li H, Bradley JE, Taylor JJ, Randall TD, Mountz JD, Hsu HC. General Approach for Tetramer-Based Identification of Autoantigen-Reactive B Cells: Characterization of La- and snRNP-Reactive B Cells in Autoimmune BXD2 Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:5022-34. [PMID: 25888644 PMCID: PMC4417409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are associated with the development of several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The low frequency of these cells represents a major barrier to their analysis. Ag tetramers prepared from linear epitopes represent a promising strategy for the identification of small subsets of Ag-reactive immune cells. This is challenging given the requirement for identification and validation of linear epitopes and the complexity of autoantibody responses, including the broad spectrum of autoantibody specificities and the contribution of isotype to pathogenicity. Therefore, we tested a two-tiered peptide microarray approach, coupled with epitope mapping of known autoantigens, to identify and characterize autoepitopes using the BXD2 autoimmune mouse model. Microarray results were verified through comparison with established age-associated profiles of autoantigen specificities and autoantibody class switching in BXD2 and control (C57BL/6) mice and high-throughput ELISA and ELISPOT analyses of synthetic peptides. Tetramers were prepared from two linear peptides derived from two RNA-binding proteins (RBPs): lupus La and 70-kDa U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. Flow cytometric analysis of tetramer-reactive B cell subsets revealed a significantly higher frequency and greater numbers of RBP-reactive marginal zone precursor, transitional T3, and PDL-2(+)CD80(+) memory B cells, with significantly elevated CD69 and CD86 observed in RBP(+) marginal zone precursor B cells in the spleens of BXD2 mice compared with C57BL/6 mice, suggesting a regulatory defect. This study establishes a feasible strategy for the characterization of autoantigen-specific B cell subsets in different models of autoimmunity and, potentially, in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie A Hamilton
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Qi Wu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - PingAr Yang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Bao Luo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Hao Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John E Bradley
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Troy D Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John D Mountz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Department of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
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37
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Xu H, Liu J, Cui X, Zuo Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Tao R, Li Y, Pang J. Increased frequency of circulating follicular helper T cells in lupus patients is associated with autoantibody production in a CD40L-dependent manner. Cell Immunol 2015; 295:46-51. [PMID: 25748125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was to determine the frequency of circulating follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and investigate the relationship between Tfh cells and autoantibody production. An increased frequency of circulating Tfh cells was found in SLE patients, and there were positive co-relationship between Tfh cells and SLEDAI, serum IgG, Anti-nuclear antibody titers and anti-dsDNA (P=0.0004, 0.0006, 0.0237, 0.0000, respectively). B cells sorted from SLE patients produced more IgG than healthy controls in the presence of autologous CD4(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cells were further sorted into CXCR5(+) and CXCR5(-) cells, and CD4(+)CXCR5(+) T cells helped B cells producing more IgG than CD4(+)CXCR5(-) T cells. Blocking the interaction of T cells and B cells by anti-CD40L but not anti-ICOSL dramatically decreased antibody production in the co-culture system. This study suggests that increased frequency of circulating Tfh cells in SLE patients is associated with excess B-cell help and autoantibody production in a CD40L dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaheng Xu
- Division of Rheumatology, CangZhou Central Hospital, 061001 HeBei, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, CangZhou Central Hospital, 061001 HeBei, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Division of Rheumatology, CangZhou Central Hospital, 061001 HeBei, China
| | - Yanhua Zuo
- Division of Rheumatology, CangZhou Central Hospital, 061001 HeBei, China
| | - Zongfang Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, CangZhou Central Hospital, 061001 HeBei, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Division of Rheumatology, CangZhou Central Hospital, 061001 HeBei, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Division of Rheumatology, CangZhou Central Hospital, 061001 HeBei, China
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Rheumatology, CangZhou Central Hospital, 061001 HeBei, China
| | - Jie Pang
- Division of Rheumatology, CangZhou Central Hospital, 061001 HeBei, China
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Zhang X, Lindwall E, Gauthier C, Lyman J, Spencer N, Alarakhia A, Fraser A, Ing S, Chen M, Webb-Detiege T, Zakem J, Davis W, Choi YS, Quinet R. Circulating CXCR5+CD4+helper T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients share phenotypic properties with germinal center follicular helper T cells and promote antibody production. Lupus 2015; 24:909-17. [PMID: 25654980 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314567750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies. Recently, a specific highly activated T helper cell subset, follicular helper T (Tfh) cell, has emerged as a key immunoregulator of germinal center (GC) formation and high-affinity antibody production. To identify the pathophysiological role of Tfh cells in SLE patients, we compared the phenotypic and functional properties of circulating Tfh-like cells in lupus patients to GC-Tfh cells, and correlated the percentage of Tfh-like cells with autoantibody production and SLE disease activity. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 29 lupus patients and 25 healthy controls. Tonsils were obtained surgically from non-SLE controls and used as a source of GC-Tfh cells. Tfh cells were defined by their signature surface markers (CXCR5, ICOS, CD57, PD-1 and BTLA) via flow cytometry. IL-21 expression levels from Tfh cells were measured by real-time PCR and intracellular staining. The function of Tfh cells was carried out by co-culture of Tfh cells and autologous B cells in vitro. IgG in the culture supernatant was detected by ELISA. RESULTS The frequency of circulating Tfh-like cells was significantly increased in SLE patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). The Tfh-like cells not only display similar phenotypes and signature cytokines with GC-Tfh cells, but also are capable of driving B cells to differentiate into IgG-secreting plasma cells in vitro. In addition, the frequency of Tfh-like cells correlated positively with the percentage of circulating plasmablasts, levels of serum anti-dsDNA antibodies and ANA. CONCLUSION The accumulated circulating Tfh-like cells in lupus patients share phenotypic and functional properties with GC-Tfh cells. Tfh-like cells may serve as perpetuators in the pathogenesis of SLE by enhancing the self-reactive B cell clones to further differentiate into auto antibody-producing plasmablasts, and ultimately cause autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - E Lindwall
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - C Gauthier
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - J Lyman
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - N Spencer
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - A Alarakhia
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - A Fraser
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - S Ing
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - M Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - T Webb-Detiege
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA The Univeristy of Queensland, School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - J Zakem
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - W Davis
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA The Univeristy of Queensland, School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Y Sung Choi
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - R Quinet
- Department of Rheumatology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA The Univeristy of Queensland, School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Cabrera-Perez J, Condotta SA, James BR, Kashem SW, Brincks EL, Rai D, Kucaba TA, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Alterations in antigen-specific naive CD4 T cell precursors after sepsis impairs their responsiveness to pathogen challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1609-20. [PMID: 25595784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients surviving the acute stages of sepsis develop compromised T cell immunity and increased susceptibility to infection. Little is known about the decreased CD4 T cell function after sepsis. We tracked the loss and recovery of endogenous Ag-specific CD4 T cell populations after cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis and analyzed the CD4 T cell response to heterologous infection during or after recovery. We observed that the sepsis-induced early loss of CD4 T cells was followed by thymic-independent numerical recovery in the total CD4 T cell compartment. Despite this numerical recovery, we detected alterations in the composition of naive CD4 T cell precursor pools, with sustained quantitative reductions in some populations. Mice that had experienced sepsis and were then challenged with epitope-bearing, heterologous pathogens demonstrated significantly reduced priming of recovery-impaired Ag-specific CD4 T cell responses, with regard to both magnitude of expansion and functional capacity on a per-cell basis, which also correlated with intrinsic changes in Vβ clonotype heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate that the recovery of CD4 T cells from sepsis-induced lymphopenia is accompanied by alterations to the composition and function of the Ag-specific CD4 T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera-Perez
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Britnie R James
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sakeen W Kashem
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Erik L Brincks
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417
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40
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Sarantopoulos S, Blazar BR, Cutler C, Ritz J. B cells in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:16-23. [PMID: 25452031 PMCID: PMC4295503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) continues to be a common complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Unlike acute graft-versus-host disease, which is mediated almost entirely by donor T cells, the immune pathology of cGVHD is more complex and donor B cells have also been found to play an important role. Recent studies from several laboratories have enhanced our understanding of how donor B cells contribute to this clinical syndrome and this has led to new therapeutic opportunities. Here, Dr Sarantopoulos reviews some of the important mechanisms responsible for persistent B cell activation and loss of B cell tolerance in patients with cGVHD. Dr Blazar describes recent studies in preclinical models that have identified novel B cell-directed agents that may be effective for prevention or treatment of cGVHD. Some B cell-directed therapies have already been tested in patients with cGVHD and Dr Cutler reviews the results of these studies documenting the potential efficacy of this approach. Supported by mechanistic studies in patients and preclinical models, new B cell-directed therapies for cGVHD will now be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Division of Cell Therapy and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Corey Cutler
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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41
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Cabrera-Perez J, Condotta SA, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Impact of sepsis on CD4 T cell immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:767-77. [PMID: 24791959 PMCID: PMC4197564 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr0114-067r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains the primary cause of death from infection in hospital patients, despite improvements in antibiotics and intensive-care practices. Patients who survive severe sepsis can display suppressed immune function, often manifested as an increased susceptibility to (and mortality from) nosocomial infections. Not only is there a significant reduction in the number of various immune cell populations during sepsis, but there is also decreased function in the remaining lymphocytes. Within the immune system, CD4 T cells are important players in the proper development of numerous cellular and humoral immune responses. Despite sufficient clinical evidence of CD4 T cell loss in septic patients of all ages, the impact of sepsis on CD4 T cell responses is not well understood. Recent findings suggest that CD4 T cell impairment is a multipronged problem that results from initial sepsis-induced cell loss. However, the subsequent lymphopenia-induced numerical recovery of the CD4 T cell compartment leads to intrinsic alterations in phenotype and effector function, reduced repertoire diversity, changes in the composition of naive antigen-specific CD4 T cell pools, and changes in the representation of different CD4 T cell subpopulations (e.g., increases in Treg frequency). This review focuses on sepsis-induced alterations within the CD4 T cell compartment that influence the ability of the immune system to control secondary heterologous infections. The understanding of how sepsis affects CD4 T cells through their numerical loss and recovery, as well as function, is important in the development of future treatments designed to restore CD4 T cells to their presepsis state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera-Perez
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program Medical Scientist Training Program
| | | | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program Center for Immunology, and Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; and
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42
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Claes N, Dhaeze T, Fraussen J, Broux B, Van Wijmeersch B, Stinissen P, Hupperts R, Hellings N, Somers V. Compositional changes of B and T cell subtypes during fingolimod treatment in multiple sclerosis patients: a 12-month follow-up study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111115. [PMID: 25360562 PMCID: PMC4215872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective The long term effects of fingolimod, an oral treatment for relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS), on blood circulating B and T cell subtypes in MS patients are not completely understood. This study describes for the first time the longitudinal effects of fingolimod treatment on B and T cell subtypes. Furthermore, expression of surface molecules involved in antigen presentation and costimulation during fingolimod treatment are assessed in MS patients in a 12 month follow-up study. Methods Using flow cytometry, B and T cell subtypes, and their expression of antigen presentation, costimulation and migration markers were measured during a 12 month follow-up in the peripheral blood of MS patients. Data of fingolimod-treated MS patients (n = 49) were compared to those from treatment-naive (n = 47) and interferon-treated (n = 27) MS patients. Results In the B cell population, we observed a decrease in the proportion of non class-switched and class-switched memory B cells (p<0.001), both implicated in MS pathogenesis, while the proportion of naive B cells was increased during fingolimod treatment in the peripheral blood (PB) of MS patients (p<0.05). The remaining T cell population, in contrast, showed elevated proportions of memory conventional and regulatory T cells (p<0.01) and declined proportions of naive conventional and regulatory cells (p<0.05). These naive T cell subtypes are main drivers of MS pathogenesis. B cell expression of CD80 and CD86 and programmed death (PD) -1 expression on circulating follicular helper T cells was increased during fingolimod follow-up (p<0.05) pointing to a potentially compensatory mechanism of the remaining circulating lymphocyte subtypes that could provide additional help during normal immune responses. Conclusions MS patients treated with fingolimod showed a change in PB lymphocyte subtype proportions and expression of functional molecules on T and B cells, suggesting an association with the therapeutic efficacy of fingolimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Claes
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tessa Dhaeze
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Judith Fraussen
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Rehabilitation & MS-Center, Overpelt, Belgium
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Orbis Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Hellings
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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McCarron MJ, Marie JC. TGF-β prevents T follicular helper cell accumulation and B cell autoreactivity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4375-86. [PMID: 25157822 DOI: 10.1172/jci76179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells contribute to the establishment of humoral immunity by controlling the delivery of helper signals to activated B cells; however, Tfh development must be restrained, as aberrant accumulation of these cells is associated with positive selection of self-reactive germinal center B cells and autoimmunity in both humans and mice. Here, we show that TGF-β signaling in T cells prevented Tfh cell accumulation, self-reactive B cell activation, and autoantibody production. Using mice with either T cell-specific loss or constitutive activation of TGF-β signaling, we demonstrated that TGF-β signaling is required for the thymic maturation of CD44⁺CD122⁺Ly49⁺CD8⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which induce Tfh apoptosis and thus regulate this cell population. Moreover, peripheral Tfh cells escaping TGF-β control were resistant to apoptosis, exhibited high levels of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2, and remained refractory to regulation by CD8+ Tregs. The unrestrained accumulation of Tfh cells in the absence of TGF-β was dependent on T cell receptor engagement and required B cells. Together, these data indicate that TGF-β signaling restrains Tfh cell accumulation and B cell-associated autoimmunity and thereby controls self-tolerance.
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44
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García-Muñoz R, Llorente L. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: could immunological tolerance mechanisms be the origin of lymphoid neoplasms? Immunology 2014; 142:536-50. [PMID: 24645778 PMCID: PMC4107664 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance theory in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): we suggest that B cells that express B-cell receptors (BCR) that recognize their own BCR epitopes are viewed by immune system as 'dangerous cells'. BCR autonomous signalling may induce constant receptor editing and mistakes in allelic exclusion. The fact that whole BCR recognizes a self-antigen or foreing antigen may be irrelevant in early B cell development. In early B cells, autonomous signalling induced by recognition of the BCR's own epitopes simulates an antigen-antibody engagement. In the bone marrow this interaction is viewed as recognition of self-molecules and induces receptor editing. In mature B cells autonomous signalling by the BCR may promote 'reversible anergy' and also may correct self-reactivity induced by the somatic hypermutation mechanisms in mutated CLL B cells. However, in unmutated CLL B cells, BCR autonomous signalling in addition to self-antigen recognition augments B cell activation, proliferation and genomic instability. We suggest that CLL originates from a coordinated normal immunologic tolerance mechanism to destroy self-reactive B cells. Additional genetic damage induced by tolerance mechanisms may immortalize self-reactive B cells and transform them into a leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Llorente
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City, México
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45
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Antibodies specific for carbamylated proteins precede the onset of clinical symptoms in mice with collagen induced arthritis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102163. [PMID: 25025869 PMCID: PMC4099068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The immune response to post-translationally modified antigens is a key characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis. Carbamylation is such a posttranslational modification. Recently, we demonstrated that autoantibodies recognizing carbamylated proteins are present in sera of rheumatoid arthritis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the break of tolerance and hence the induction of anti-CarP antibody responses are unknown as well as their appearance in mouse models for systemic arthritis. Therefore we analyzed their appearance in the mouse collagen-induced arthritis model. Methods collagen induced arthritis was induced by immunization with type II collagen in complete Freund's adjuvant. Arthritis severity was monitored by clinical scoring and anti-CarP antibody levels were determined by ELISA. Results Anti-CarP antibodies were detectable in mice with collagen induced arthritis. We did not detect ACPA in mice with collagen induced arthritis. The specificity of the antibodies for carbamylated proteins was confirmed by inhibition assays and immunoblotting. Injection with complete Freund's adjuvant without type II collagen could also induce anti-CarP antibodies, however, in mice with arthritis, the anti-CarP antibody response was stronger and developed more rapidly. The onset of collagen induced arthritis was preceded by an increase of anti-CarP IgG2a levels in the serum. Conclusion In mice with collagen induced arthritis we did not observe an immune response against citrullinated antigens, but we did observe an immune response against carbamylated antigens. This anti-CarP response already appeared before disease onset, indicating that collagen induced arthritis can be used as an in vivo model to study anti-CarP antibodies. Our data also indicate that the tolerance to carbamylated proteins, in contrast to the response to citrullinated proteins, is easily broken and that arthritis boosts the immune response against these proteins. The anti-CarP response in mice with CIA can be used as a model for immune responses to post-translationally modified proteins.
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Marín N, Eixarch H, Mansilla MJ, Rodríguez-Martín E, Mecha M, Guaza C, Álvarez-Cermeño JC, Montalban X, Villar LM, Espejo C. Anti-myelin antibodies play an important role in the susceptibility to develop proteolipid protein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:202-7. [PMID: 24188195 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is an autoimmune disorder in which activated T cells cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to initiate an inflammatory response that leads to demyelination and axonal damage. The key mechanisms responsible for disease initiation are still unknown. We addressed this issue in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. It is widely known that EAE manifests only in certain strains when immunized with myelin proteins or peptides. We studied the differential immune responses induced in two mouse strains that are susceptible or resistant to EAE induction when they are immunized with the 139-151 peptide of proteolipid protein, an encephalitogenic peptide capable of inducing EAE in the susceptible strain. The adequate combination of major histocompatibility complex alleles and myelin peptides triggered in susceptible mice a T helper type 17 (Th17) response capable of inducing the production of high-affinity anti-myelin immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies. These were not detected in resistant mice, despite immunization with the encephalitogenic peptide in junction with complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis toxin, which mediate BBB disruption. These data show the pivotal role of Th17 responses and of high-affinity anti-myelin antibodies in EAE induction and that mechanisms that prevent their appearance can contribute to resistance to EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Marín
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Immunology and Neurology Departments, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), RETICS, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Cupi ML, Sarra M, Marafini I, Monteleone I, Franzè E, Ortenzi A, Colantoni A, Sica G, Sileri P, Rosado MM, Carsetti R, MacDonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G. Plasma cells in the mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease produce granzyme B and possess cytotoxic activities. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:6083-91. [PMID: 24835396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the gut is massively infiltrated with B cells and plasma cells, but the role of these cell types in the pathogenesis of gut tissue damage remains largely unknown. Human B cells express granzyme B (GrB) when cultured with IL-21, a cytokine overproduced in CD and UC mucosa. We therefore examined whether mucosal B cells express GrB and have cytotoxic activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GrB-expressing CD19(+) and IgA(+) cells were seen in the normal intestinal mucosa, but they were significantly more frequent in both CD and UC. In contrast, only a minority of CD19(+) and IgA(+) cells expressed perforin with no difference between IBD and controls. GrB-producing CD19(+) cells expressed CD27 and were CD38(high) and CD20 negative. CD19(+) B cells from IBD patients induced HCT-116 cell death. IL-21 enhanced GrB expression in control CD19(+) B cells and increased their cytotoxic activity. These data indicate that IBD-related inflammation is marked by mucosal accumulation of cytotoxic, GrB-expressing CD19(+) and IgA(+) cells, suggesting a role for these cells in IBD-associated epithelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Cupi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sarra
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Marafini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzè
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Ortenzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Colantoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sica
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Sileri
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M Manuela Rosado
- Immunology Area, Research Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Immunology Area, Research Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Thomas T MacDonald
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Pallone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy;
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Mamula MJ. Editorial: B cells: not just making immunoglobulin anymore. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2-5. [PMID: 24449569 DOI: 10.1002/art.38208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Mamula
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Weinstein JS, Bertino SA, Hernandez SG, Poholek AC, Teplitzky TB, Nowyhed HN, Craft J. B cells in T follicular helper cell development and function: separable roles in delivery of ICOS ligand and antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3166-79. [PMID: 24610013 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
B cells are required for follicular Th (Tfh) cell development, as is the ICOS ligand (ICOS-L); however, the separable contributions of Ag and ICOS-L delivery by cognate B cells to Tfh cell development and function are unknown. We find that Tfh cell and germinal center differentiation are dependent on cognate B cell display of ICOS-L, but only when Ag presentation by the latter is limiting, with the requirement for B cell expression of ICOS-L overcome by robust Ag delivery. These findings demonstrate that Ag-specific B cells provide different, yet compensatory, signals for Tfh cell differentiation, while reconciling conflicting data indicating a requirement for ICOS-L expression on cognate B cells for Tfh cell development with those demonstrating that the latter requirement could be bypassed in lieu of that tendered by noncognate B cells. Our findings clarify the separable roles of delivery of Ag and ICOS-L by cognate B cells for Tfh cell maturation and function, and have implications for using therapeutic ICOS blockade in settings of abundantly available Ag, such as in systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Weinstein
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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50
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Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were initially identified as the prominent natural type I interferon-producing cells during viral infection. Over the past decade, the aberrant production of interferon α/β by pDCs in response to self-derived molecular entities has been critically implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and recognized as a general feature underlying other autoimmune diseases. On top of imperative studies on human pDCs, the functional involvement and mechanism by which the pDC-interferon α/β pathway facilitates the progression of autoimmunity have been unraveled recently from investigations with several experimental lupus models. This article reviews correlating information obtained from human in vitro characterization and murine in vivo studies and highlights the fundamental and multifaceted contribution of pDCs to the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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