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Romanò C, Jiang H, Tahvili S, Wei P, Keiding UB, Clergeaud G, Skovbakke SL, Blomberg AL, Hafkenscheid L, Henriksen JR, Andresen TL, Goletz S, Hansen AE, Christensen D, Clausen MH. Chemical synthesis and immunological evaluation of cancer vaccines based on ganglioside antigens and α-galactosylceramide. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2718-2728. [PMID: 39149099 PMCID: PMC11324045 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00387j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
iNKT cells - often referred as the "Swiss Army knife" of the immune system - have emerged as central players in cancer vaccine therapies. Glycolipids activating iNKT cells, such as α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), can enhance the immune response against co-delivered cancer antigens and have been applied in the design of self-adjuvanting anti-tumor vaccines. In this context, this work focuses on the chemical synthesis of ganglioside tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), namely GM3 and (Neu5Gc)GM3 antigens, their conjugation to αGalCer, and their formulation into liposomes as an efficient platform for their in vivo delivery. Liposomes containing GM3-αGalCer, (Neu5Gc)GM3-αGalCer, and equimolar amounts of the two conjugates have been fully characterized and their ability to activate iNKT cell has been confirmed ex vivo in mouse and human cell assays. The candidates were tested in in vivo immunization studies, demonstrating an ability to induce both TH1 and TH2 cytokines leading to the production of all subclasses of IgG antibodies. Notably, the study also demonstrated that serum antibodies raised against the two TACAs, alone and in combination, were cross-reactive. This finding has consequences for future vaccine designs - even if a highly tumor-selective antigen is chosen, the resulting antibody response may be broader than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romanò
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Hao Jiang
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Sahar Tahvili
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Peng Wei
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ulrik B Keiding
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Gael Clergeaud
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Sarah Line Skovbakke
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Medical Biotechnology, Biotherapeutic Glycoengineering and Immunology, Technical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Blomberg
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Medical Biotechnology, Biotherapeutic Glycoengineering and Immunology, Technical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Lise Hafkenscheid
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Medical Biotechnology, Biotherapeutic Glycoengineering and Immunology, Technical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jonas R Henriksen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Steffen Goletz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Section for Medical Biotechnology, Biotherapeutic Glycoengineering and Immunology, Technical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anders E Hansen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Adjuvant Systems Research & Development, Croda Pharma 2800 Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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2
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Wilkin C, Piette J, Legrand-Poels S. Unravelling metabolic factors impacting iNKT cell biology in obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116436. [PMID: 39029630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Obesity and related diseases have reached epidemic proportions and continue to rise. Beyond creating an economical burden, obesity and its co-morbidities are associated with shortened human life expectancy. Despite major advances, the underlying mechanisms of obesity remain not fully elucidated. Recently, several studies have highlighted that various immune cells are metabolically reprogrammed in obesity, thereby profoundly affecting the immune system. This sheds light on a new field of interest: the impact of obesity-related systemic metabolic changes affecting immune system that could lead to immunosurveillance loss. Among immune cells altered by obesity, invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells have recently garnered intense focus due to their ability to recognize lipid antigen. While iNKT cells are well-described to be affected by obesity, how and to what extent immunometabolic factors (e.g., lipids, glucose, cytokines, adipokines, insulin and free fatty acids) can drive iNKT cells alterations remains unclear, but represent an emerging field of research. Here, we review the current knowledge on iNKT cells in obesity and discuss the immunometabolic factors that could modulate their phenotype and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Wilkin
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism and Nutrition, GIGA, ULiège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jacques Piette
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA, ULiège, Liège, Belgium
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3
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Boonchalermvichian C, Yan H, Gupta B, Rubin A, Baker J, Negrin RS. invariant Natural Killer T cell therapy as a novel therapeutic approach in hematological malignancies. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2024; 3:1353803. [PMID: 38993780 PMCID: PMC11235242 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2024.1353803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T cell therapy is an emerging platform of immunotherapy for cancer treatment. This unique cell population is a promising candidate for cell therapy for cancer treatment because of its inherent cytotoxicity against CD1d positive cancers as well as its ability to induce host CD8 T cell cross priming. Substantial evidence supports that iNKT cells can modulate myelomonocytic populations in the tumor microenvironment to ameliorate immune dysregulation to antagonize tumor progression. iNKT cells can also protect from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) through several mechanisms, including the expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg). Ultimately, iNKT cell-based therapy can retain antitumor activity while providing protection against GVHD simultaneously. Therefore, these biological properties render iNKT cells as a promising "off-the-shelf" therapy for diverse hematological malignancies and possible solid tumors. Further the introduction of a chimeric antigen recetor (CAR) can further target iNKT cells and enhance function. We foresee that improved vector design and other strategies such as combinatorial treatments with small molecules or immune checkpoint inhibitors could improve CAR iNKT in vivo persistence, functionality and leverage anti-tumor activity along with the abatement of iNKT cell dysfunction or exhaustion.
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4
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Hebbandi Nanjundappa R, Shao K, Krishnamurthy P, Gershwin ME, Leung PSC, Sokke Umeshappa C. Invariant natural killer T cells in autoimmune cholangiopathies: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103485. [PMID: 38040101 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) constitute a specialized subset of lymphocytes that bridges innate and adaptive immunity through a combination of traits characteristic of both conventional T cells and innate immune cells. iNKT cells are characterized by their invariant T cell receptors and discerning recognition of lipid antigens, which are presented by the non-classical MHC molecule, CD1d. Within the hepatic milieu, iNKT cells hold heightened prominence, contributing significantly to the orchestration of organ homeostasis. Their unique positioning to interact with diverse cellular entities, ranging from epithelial constituents like hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to immunocytes including Kupffer cells, B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells, imparts them with potent immunoregulatory abilities. Emergering knowledge of liver iNKT cells subsets enable to explore their therapeutic potential in autoimmne liver diseases. This comprehensive review navigates the landscape of iNKT cell investigations in immune-mediated cholangiopathies, with a particular focus on primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, across murine models and human subjects to unravel the intricate involvements of iNKT cells in liver autoimmunity. Additionally, we also highlight the prospectives of iNKT cells as therapeutic targets in cholangiopathies. Modulation of the equilibrium between regulatory and proinflammatory iNKT subsets can be defining determinant in the dynamics of hepatic autoimmunity. This discernment not only enriches our foundational comprehension but also lays the groundwork for pioneering strategies to navigate the multifaceted landscape of liver autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, IWK Research Center, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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5
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Rathakrishnan P, McShan AC. In silico identification and characterization of small molecule binding to the CD1d immunoreceptor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-19. [PMID: 38109194 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2294388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
CD1 immunoreceptors are a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that present antigens to T cells to elucidate immune responses against disease. The antigen repertoire of CD1 has been composed primarily of lipids until recently when CD1d-restricted T cells were shown to be activated by non-lipidic small molecules, such as phenyl pentamethyl dihydrobenzofuran sulfonate (PPBF) and related benzofuran sulfonates. To date structural insights into PPBF/CD1d interactions are lacking, so it is unknown whether small molecule and lipid antigens are presented and recognized through similar mechanisms. Furthermore, it is unknown whether CD1d can bind to and present a broader range of small molecule metabolites to T cells, acting out functions analogous to the MHC class I related protein MR1. Here, we perform in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulations to structurally characterize small molecule interactions with CD1d. PPBF was supported to be presented to T cell receptors through the CD1d F' pocket. Virtual screening of CD1d against more than 17,000 small molecules with diverse geometry and chemistry identified several novel scaffolds, including phytosterols, cholesterols, triterpenes, and carbazole alkaloids, that serve as candidate CD1d antigens. Protein-ligand interaction profiling revealed conserved residues in the CD1d F' pocket that similarly anchor small molecules and lipids. Our results suggest that CD1d could have the intrinsic ability to bind and present a broad range of small molecule metabolites to T cells to carry out its function beyond lipid antigen presentation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew C McShan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Wu X, Liu J, Li W, Khan MF, Dai H, Tian J, Priya R, Tian DJ, Wu W, Yaacoub A, Gu J, Syed F, Yu CH, Gao X, Yu Q, Xu XM, Brutkiewicz RR. CD1d-dependent neuroinflammation impairs tissue repair and functional recovery following a spinal cord injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.13.562047. [PMID: 37905092 PMCID: PMC10614755 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage resulting from a spinal cord injury (SCI) is primarily driven by a robust neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response. This intricate process is mainly governed by a multitude of cytokines and cell surface proteins in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the critical components of the neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response during SCI are still not well-defined. In this study, we investigated the impact of CD1d, an MHC class I-like molecule mostly known for presenting lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells and regulating immune/inflammatory responses, on neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory responses induced by SCI. We observed an increased expression of CD1d on various cell types within the spinal cord, including microglia/macrophages, oligodendrocytes (ODCs), and endothelial cells (DCs), but not on neurons or astrocytes post-SCI. In comparison to wildtype (WT) mice, a T10 contusive SCI in CD1d knockout (CD1dKO or Cd1d -/- ) mice resulted in markedly reduced proinflammatory cytokine release, microglia/macrophage activation and proliferation. Following SCI, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and activation/proliferation of microglia/macrophages were dramatically reduced, while anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and growth factors like VEGF were substantially increased in the spinal cord tissues of CD1dKO mice when compared to WT mice. In the post-acute phase of SCI (day 7 post-SCI), CD1dKO mice had a significantly higher frequency of tissue-repairing macrophages, but not other types of immune cells, in the injured spinal cord tissues compared to WT mice. Moreover, CD1d-deficiency protected spinal cord neuronal cells and tissue, promoting functional recovery after a SCI. However, the neuroinflammation in WT mouse spinal cords was independent of the canonical CD1d/NKT cell axis. Finally, treatment of injured mice with a CD1d-specific monoclonal antibody significantly enhanced neuroprotection and improved functional recovery. Therefore, CD1d promotes the proinflammatory response following a SCI and represents a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord repair. Significance Statement The cell surface molecule, CD1d, is known to be recognized by cells of the immune system. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that the CD1d molecule significantly contributes to neuroinflammation following a spinal cord injury (SCI) in a manner independent of the CD1d/NKT cell axis. This is important, because this work reveals CD1d as a potential therapeutic target following an acute SCI for which there are currently no effective treatments.
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Morris I, Croes CA, Boes M, Kalkhoven E. Advanced omics techniques shed light on CD1d-mediated lipid antigen presentation to iNKT cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159292. [PMID: 36773690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) can be activated through binding antigenic lipid/CD1d complexes to their TCR. Antigenic lipids are processed, loaded, and displayed in complex with CD1d by lipid antigen presenting cells (LAPCs). The mechanism of lipid antigen presentation via CD1d is highly conserved with recent work showing adipocytes are LAPCs that, besides having a role in lipid storage, can activate iNKT cells and play an important role in systemic metabolic disease. Recent studies shed light on parameters potentially dictating cytokine output and how obesity-associated metabolic disease may affect such parameters. By following a lipid antigen's journey, we identify five key areas which may dictate cytokine skew: co-stimulation, structural properties of the lipid antigen, stability of lipid antigen/CD1d complexes, intracellular and extracellular pH, and intracellular and extracellular lipid environment. Recent publications indicate that the combination of advanced omics-type approaches and machine learning may be a fruitful way to interconnect these 5 areas, with the ultimate goal to provide new insights for therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Morris
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cresci-Anne Croes
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584, EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Lundlaan 6, 3584, EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Weiss AM, Hossainy S, Rowan SJ, Hubbell JA, Esser-Kahn AP. Immunostimulatory Polymers as Adjuvants, Immunotherapies, and Delivery Systems. Macromolecules 2022; 55:6913-6937. [PMID: 36034324 PMCID: PMC9404695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Activating innate immunity in a controlled manner is
necessary
for the development of next-generation therapeutics. Adjuvants, or
molecules that modulate the immune response, are critical components
of vaccines and immunotherapies. While small molecules and biologics
dominate the adjuvant market, emerging evidence supports the use of
immunostimulatory polymers in therapeutics. Such polymers can stabilize
and deliver cargo while stimulating the immune system by functioning
as pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists. At the same time,
in designing polymers that engage the immune system, it is important
to consider any unintended initiation of an immune response that results
in adverse immune-related events. Here, we highlight biologically
derived and synthetic polymer scaffolds, as well as polymer–adjuvant
systems and stimuli-responsive polymers loaded with adjuvants, that
can invoke an immune response. We present synthetic considerations
for the design of such immunostimulatory polymers, outline methods
to target their delivery, and discuss their application in therapeutics.
Finally, we conclude with our opinions on the design of next-generation
immunostimulatory polymers, new applications of immunostimulatory
polymers, and the development of improved preclinical immunocompatibility
tests for new polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Weiss
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 5735 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Samir Hossainy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 5735 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Romanò C, Clausen MH. Chemical Biology of αGalCer: a Chemist’s Toolbox for the Stimulation of Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cells. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romanò
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Department of Chemisty Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby DENMARK
| | - Mads Hartvig Clausen
- Technical University of Denmark Department of Chemistry Kemitorvet, Building 201 2800 Kgs. Lyngby DENMARK
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10
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Zheng Q, Xue C, Gu X, Shan D, Chu Q, Wang J, Zhu H, Chen Z. Multi-Omics Characterizes the Effects and Mechanisms of CD1d in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:830702. [PMID: 35465315 PMCID: PMC9024148 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.830702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a class of metabolic-associated liver diseases. Aberrant lipid consumption plays an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis. It has been shown CD1d can bind to multiple different lysophospholipids and associated with NAFLD progression. However, the mechanism of CD1d regulation in NAFLD is not completely understood. In this study, we established a NAFLD mouse model by feeding C57/BL6J mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks. Subsequently, we performed integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses to thoroughly probe the role of CD1d in NAFLD progression. In the present study, we demonstrate that CD1d expression was significantly decreased in our murine model of NAFLD. Additionally, we show CD1d knockdown (CD1d KO) in HFD-fed wild-type (WT) mice induced NAFLD, which resulted in weight gain, exaggerated liver injury, and hepatic steatosis. We uncover the crucial roles of CD1d deficiency results in accumulated lipid accumulation. We further explored the CD1d deficiency in NAFLD regarding the transcriptional landscapes, microbiota environment, metabolomics change, and transcriptomics differences. In conclusion, our data demonstrate CD1d plays an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis and may represent a potential therapeutic target for the further therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhi Chen
- *Correspondence: Zhi Chen, ; Haihong Zhu,
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11
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Host immunomodulatory lipids created by symbionts from dietary amino acids. Nature 2021; 600:302-307. [PMID: 34759313 PMCID: PMC8999822 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules derived from symbiotic microbiota critically contribute to intestinal immune maturation and regulation1. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control immune development in the host-microbiota environment. Here, using a targeted lipidomic analysis and synthetic approach, we carried out a multifaceted investigation of immunomodulatory α-galactosylceramides from the human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis (BfaGCs). The characteristic terminal branching of BfaGCs is the result of incorporation of branched-chain amino acids taken up in the host gut by B. fragilis. A B. fragilis knockout strain that cannot metabolize branched-chain amino acids showed reduced branching in BfaGCs, and mice monocolonized with this mutant strain had impaired colonic natural killer T (NKT) cell regulation, implying structure-specific immunomodulatory activity. The sphinganine chain branching of BfaGCs is a critical determinant of NKT cell activation, which induces specific immunomodulatory gene expression signatures and effector functions. Co-crystal structure and affinity analyses of CD1d-BfaGC-NKT cell receptor complexes confirmed the interaction of BfaGCs as CD1d-restricted ligands. We present a structural and molecular-level paradigm of immunomodulatory control by interactions of endobiotic metabolites with diet, microbiota and the immune system.
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12
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Luo S, Kwon J, Crossman A, Park PW, Park JH. CD138 expression is a molecular signature but not a developmental requirement for RORγt+ NKT17 cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148038. [PMID: 34549726 PMCID: PMC8492317 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are potent immunomodulatory cells that acquire effector function during their development in the thymus. IL-17-producing iNKT cells are commonly referred to as NKT17 cells, and they are unique among iNKT cells to express the heparan sulfate proteoglycan CD138 and the transcription factor RORγt. Whether and how CD138 and RORγt contribute to NKT17 cell differentiation, and whether there is an interplay between RORγt and CD138 expression to control iNKT lineage fate, remain mostly unknown. Here, we showed that CD138 expression was only associated with and not required for the differentiation and IL-17 production of NKT17 cells. Consequently, CD138-deficient mice still generated robust numbers of IL-17-producing RORγt+ NKT17 cells. Moreover, forced expression of RORγt significantly promoted the generation of thymic NKT17 cells, but did not induce CD138 expression on non-NKT17 cells. These results indicated that NKT17 cell generation and IL-17 production were driven by RORγt, employing mechanisms that were independent of CD138. Therefore, our study effectively dissociated CD138 expression from the RORγt-driven molecular pathway of NKT17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqun Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juntae Kwon
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Assiatu Crossman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pyong Woo Park
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:197-216. [PMID: 37117529 PMCID: PMC7829660 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also less immunogenic and require an adjuvant to increase the immunogenicity of the antigen and potentiate the immune response. Unfortunately, few adjuvants have sufficient potency and low enough toxicity for clinical use, highlighting the urgent need for new, potent and safe adjuvants. Notably, a number of natural and synthetic carbohydrate structures have been used as adjuvants in clinical trials, and two have recently been approved in human vaccines. However, naturally derived carbohydrate adjuvants are heterogeneous, difficult to obtain and, in some cases, unstable. In addition, their molecular mechanisms of action are generally not fully understood, partly owing to the lack of tools to elucidate their immune-potentiating effects, thus hampering the rational development of optimized adjuvants. To address these challenges, modification of the natural product structure using synthetic chemistry emerges as an attractive approach to develop well-defined, improved carbohydrate-containing adjuvants and chemical probes for mechanistic investigation. This Review describes selected examples of natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based adjuvants and their application in synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccines, while also discussing current understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action.
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14
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Lei Z, Tang R, Qi Q, Gu P, Wang J, Xu L, Wei C, Pu Y, Qi X, Chen Y, Yu B, Yu Y, Chen X, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhou S, Su C. Hepatocyte CD1d protects against liver immunopathology in mice with schistosomiasis japonica. Immunology 2020; 162:328-338. [PMID: 33283278 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with over 250 million people infected worldwide. The main clinically important species Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) and Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) cause inflammatory responses against tissue-trapped eggs, resulting in formation of granulomas mainly in host liver. Persistent granulomatous response results in severe fibrosis in the liver, leading to irreversible impairment of the liver and even death of the host. CD1d, a highly conserved MHC class I-like molecule, is expressed by both haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells. CD1d on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of haematopoietic origin presents pathogen-derived lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells, which enables them to rapidly produce large amounts of various cytokines and facilitate CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation upon invading pathogens. Noteworthy, hepatocytes of non-haematopoietic origin have recently been shown to be involved in maintaining liver NKT cell homeostasis through a CD1d-dependent manner. However, whether hepatocyte CD1d-dependent regulation of NKT cell homeostasis also modulates CD4+ Th cell responses and liver immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis remains to be addressed. Here, we show in mice that CD1d expression on hepatocytes was decreased dramatically upon S. japonicum infection, accompanied by increased NKT cells, as well as upregulated Th1 and Th2 responses. Overexpression of CD1d in hepatocytes significantly decreased local NKT numbers and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13), concomitantly with downregulation of both Th1 and Th2 responses and alleviation in pathological damage in livers of S. japonicum-infected mice. These findings highlight the potential of hepatocyte CD1d-targeted therapies for liver immunopathology control in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Qi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanan Pu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanxiong Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalin Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Su
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Lehmann N, Paret C, El Malki K, Russo A, Neu MA, Wingerter A, Seidmann L, Foersch S, Ziegler N, Roth L, Backes N, Sandhoff R, Faber J. Tumor Lipids of Pediatric Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Stimulate Unconventional T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1819. [PMID: 32973759 PMCID: PMC7468390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is a rare entity in children with no established therapy protocols for advanced diseases. Immunotherapy is emerging as an important therapeutic tool for childhood cancer. Tumor cells can be recognized and killed by conventional and unconventional T cells. Unconventional T cells are able to recognize lipid antigens presented via CD1 molecules independently from major histocompatibility complex, which offers new alternatives for cancer immunotherapies. The nature of those lipids is largely unknown and α-galactosylceramide is currently used as a synthetic model antigen. In this work, we analyzed infiltrating lymphocytes of two pediatric PRCCs using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Moreover, we analyzed the CD1d expression within both tumors. Tumor lipids of PRCC samples and three normal kidney samples were fractionated and the recognition of tumor own lipid fractions by unconventional T cells was analyzed in an in vitro assay. We identified infiltrating lymphocytes including γδ T cells and iNKT cells, as well as CD1d expression in both samples. One lipid fraction, containing ceramides and monoacylglycerides amongst others, was able to induce the proliferation of iNKT cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors and of one matched PRCC patient. Furthermore, CD1d tetramer stainings revealed that a subset of iNKT cells is able to bind lipids being present in fraction 2 via CD1d. We conclude that PRCCs are infiltrated by conventional and unconventional T cells and express CD1d. Moreover, certain lipids, present in pediatric PRCC, are able to stimulate unconventional T cells. Manipulating these lipids and T cells may open new strategies for therapy of pediatric PRCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Lehmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Paret
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Khalifa El Malki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Russo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marie Astrid Neu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arthur Wingerter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Larissa Seidmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Foersch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Ziegler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lea Roth
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nora Backes
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Faber
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Zhao D, Hajiaghamohseni LM, Liu X, Szulc ZM, Bai A, Bielawska A, Norris JS, Reddy SV, Hannun YA, Haque A. Inhibition of acid ceramidase regulates MHC class II antigen presentation and suppression of autoimmune arthritis. Cytokine 2020; 135:155219. [PMID: 32738771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive sphingolipid ceramide affects immune responses although its effect on antigen (Ag) processing and delivery by HLA class II to CD4+T-cells remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the actions of a novel cell-permeable acid ceramidase (AC) inhibitor [(1R,2R) N myristoylamino-(4'-nitrophenyl)-propandiol-1,3] on antigen presentation and inflammatory cytokine production by Ag-presenting cells (APCs) such as B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. We found that AC inhibition in APCs perturbed Ag-processing and presentation via HLA-DR4 (MHC class II) proteins as measured by coculture assay and T-cell production of IL-2. Mass spectral analyses showed that B13 treatment significantly raised levels of four types of ceramides in human B-cells. B13 treatment did not alter Ag internalization and class II protein expression, but significantly inhibited lysosomal cysteinyl cathepsins (B, S and L) and thiol-reductase (GILT), HLA class II Ag-processing, and generation of functional class II-peptide complexes. Ex vivo Ag presentation assays showed that inhibition of AC impaired primary and recall CD4+T-cell responses and cytokine production in response against type II collagen. Further, B13 delayed onset and reduced severity of inflamed joints and cytokine production in the collagen-induced arthritis mouse model in vivo. These findings suggest that inhibition of AC in APCs may dysregulate endolysosomal proteases and HLA class II-associated self-antigen presentation to CD4+T-cells, attenuating inflammatory cytokine production and suppressing host autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Laela M Hajiaghamohseni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Zdzislaw M Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Aiping Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - James S Norris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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17
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Structural Dynamics of the Lipid Antigen-Binding Site of CD1d Protein. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040532. [PMID: 32244759 PMCID: PMC7226365 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 molecules present lipid antigens to T-cells in early stages of immune responses. Whereas CD1‒lipid‒T-cell receptors interactions are reasonably understood, molecular details on initial trafficking and loading of lipids onto CD1 proteins are less complete. We present a molecular dynamics (MD) study of human CD1d, the isotype that activates iNKT cells. MD simulations and calculations of properties and Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatic potentials were used to explore the dynamics of the antigen-binding domain of the apo-form, CD1d complexes with three lipid–antigens that activate iNKT cells and CD1d complex with GM2AP, a protein that assists lipid loading onto CD1 molecules in endosomes/lysosomes. The study was done at pH 7 and 4.5, values representative of strongly acidic environments in endosomal compartments. Our findings revealed dynamic features of the entrance to the hydrophobic channels of CD1d modulated by two α helices with sensitivity to the type of lipid. We also found lipid- and pH-dependent dynamic changes in three exposed tryptophans unique to CD1d among the five human CD1 isotypes. On the basis of modelled structures, our data also revealed external effects produced by the helper protein GM2AP only when it interacts in its open form, thus suggesting that the own assistant protein also adapts conformation to association with CD1d.
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18
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Pérez-Rodríguez L, Martínez-Blanco M, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Molina E, López-Fandiño R. Egg yolk augments type 2 immunity by activating innate cells. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3245-3256. [PMID: 31903504 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Egg yolk (EY) may play a role during the sensitizing phase of egg allergy by exerting intestinal type 2-biasing effects. We aimed to identify the mechanism and role of EY in the induction of allergy to egg white (EW). METHODS BALB/c mice were exposed intragastrically to EW, EY, or the mixture of EW:EY. In addition in vitro experiments were conducted with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), dendritic cells (DCs), and T cells from naïve mice. Inflammatory and type 2 responses were evaluated. RESULTS Administration of EW upregulated duodenal expression of factors that influence epithelial barrier integrity and function, such as Muc2 and Cldn2, type 2-promoting epithelial cytokines Il33 and Il25, DC genes Irf4 and Tnfsf4, and Th2-cytokines Il14 and Il13. EW:EY further increased the expression of Il25 and Tslp in the duodenum, Il33 and Tslp in the jejunum, and the proportion of lamina propria group 2 innate immune cells (ILC2s) over EW alone. Moreover, it distinctively enhanced the expression of Irf4 and Cd1d1 in the Peyer's patches (PPs), and of Il6, Il33, Gata3, and Il13, both in PPs and mesenteric lymph nodes. In co-cultures of DCs and T cells, EW:EY induced a higher expression of Gata3, Il4, and Il13, secretion of IL-13 and expansion of CD4+ T cells expressing ST2, the IL-33 receptor, than EW or EY added individually. CONCLUSION Co-administration of EY may promote sensitization to EW through activation of innate immune cells, such as IECs, DCs and ILC2s, that are central to the progress of allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Cheng JMH, Chee SH, Dölen Y, Verdoes M, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. An efficient synthesis of a 6″-BODIPY-α-Galactosylceramide probe for monitoring α-Galactosylceramide uptake by cells. Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107840. [PMID: 31689579 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an efficient synthesis of BODIPY-α-Galactosylceramide 3, which can be used to study the cellular uptake of the potent immunostimulatory parent compound α-Galactosylceramide, is reported. Key in our synthetic strategy is the six-step synthesis of the core BODIPY scaffold (64% yield overall) and its quantitative conversion to an N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester to facilitate conjugation and purification of the target glycolipid. For the preparation of the core of the glycolipid, the solubility of the lipid acceptor proved to be critical. The ability of BODIPY-αGalCer 3 to activate invariant natural killer cells was then demonstrated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M H Cheng
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie H Chee
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf Dölen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand
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20
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Tiwary S, Berzofsky JA, Terabe M. Altered Lipid Tumor Environment and Its Potential Effects on NKT Cell Function in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2187. [PMID: 31620124 PMCID: PMC6759687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are CD1d restricted T cells that mostly recognize lipid antigens. These cells share characteristics with both adaptive and innate immune cells and have multiple immunoregulatory roles. In a manner similar to innate immune cells, they respond quickly to stimuli and secrete large amounts of cytokines, amplifying and modulating the immune response. As T cells, they express T cell receptors (TCRs) and respond in an antigen-specific manner like conventional T cells. There are at least two subtypes of NKT cells, type I and type II, that differ in the nature of their TCR, either semi-invariant (type I) or diverse (type II). The two sub-types generally have opposing functions in tumor immunity, with type I promoting and type II suppressing tumor immunity, and they cross-regulate each other, forming an immunoregulatory axis. The tumor has multiple mechanisms by which it can evade immune-surveillance. One such mechanism involves alteration in tumor lipid repertoire and accumulation of lipids and fatty acids that favor tumor growth and evade anti-tumor immunity. Since NKT cells mostly recognize lipid antigens, an altered tumor lipid metabolic profile will also alter the repertoire of lipid antigens that can potentially affect their immune-modulatory function. In this review, we will explore the effects of alterations in the lipid metabolites on tumor growth, antigen cross-presentation, and overall effect on anti-tumor immunity, especially in the context of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tiwary
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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21
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Feng H, Nakajima N, Wu L, Yamashita M, Lopes TJS, Tsuji M, Hasegawa H, Watanabe T, Kawaoka Y. A Glycolipid Adjuvant, 7DW8-5, Enhances the Protective Immune Response to the Current Split Influenza Vaccine in Mice. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2157. [PMID: 31620111 PMCID: PMC6759631 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy to control influenza disease. Adjuvants enhance the efficacy of vaccines, but few adjuvants are approved for human use, so novel, safe, and effective adjuvants are urgently needed. The glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 has shown adjuvanticity to malaria vaccine; however, its adjuvant effect for seasonal influenza vaccine remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the adjuvanticity of 7DW8-5 to a quadrivalent split influenza vaccine in a mouse model. 7DW8-5 significantly enhanced virus-specific antibody production when administrated with influenza vaccine compared with that of vaccine alone; 10 μg of 7DW8-5 induced similar antibody levels to those induced by alum. Mouse body weight loss was reduced and, notably, the survival rate was increased in the vaccine plus 7DW8-5 group compared with that in the vaccine plus alum group. Our results indicate that the glycolipid 7DW8-5 is a promising adjuvant for influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Feng
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, The National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Li Wu
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tiago J S Lopes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, The National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Ying G, Wang J, Mallevaey T, Van Calenbergh S, Zajonc DM. Structural basis of NKT cell inhibition using the T-cell receptor-blocking anti-CD1d antibody 1B1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12947-12956. [PMID: 31296659 PMCID: PMC6721955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule (CD1d). They rapidly respond to antigen challenge and can activate both innate and adaptive immune cells. To study the role of antigen presentation in NKT cell activation, previous studies have developed several anti-CD1d antibodies that block CD1d binding to T-cell receptors (TCRs). Antibodies that are specific to both CD1d and the presented antigen can only be used to study the function of only a limited number of antigens. In contrast, antibodies that bind CD1d and block TCR binding regardless of the presented antigen can be widely used to assess the role of TCR-mediated NKT cell activation in various disease models. Here, we report the crystal structure of the widely used anti-mouse CD1d antibody 1B1 bound to CD1d at a resolution of 2.45 Å and characterized its binding to CD1d-presented glycolipids. We observed that 1B1 uses a long hydrophobic H3 loop that is inserted deep into the binding groove of CD1d where it makes intimate nonpolar contacts with the lipid backbone of an incorporated spacer lipid. Using an NKT cell agonist that has a modified sphingosine moiety, we further demonstrate that 1B1 in its monovalent form cannot block TCR-mediated NKT cell activation, because 1B1 fails to bind with high affinity to mCD1d. Our results suggest potential limitations of using 1B1 to assess antigen recognition by NKT cells, especially when investigating antigens that do not follow the canonical two alkyl-chain rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ying
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer, San Diego, CA 92121. E-mail:
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Gerth E, Mattner J. The Role of Adaptor Proteins in the Biology of Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1449. [PMID: 31293596 PMCID: PMC6603179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor proteins contribute to the selection, differentiation and activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells, an innate(-like) lymphocyte population endowed with powerful immunomodulatory properties. Distinct from conventional T lymphocytes NKT cells preferentially home to the liver, undergo a thymic maturation and differentiation process and recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d on antigen presenting cells. NKT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which combines the Vα14-Jα18 chain with a Vβ2, Vβ7, or Vβ8 chain in mice and the Vα24 chain with the Vβ11 chain in humans. The avidity of interactions between their TCR, the presented glycolipid antigen and CD1d govern the selection and differentiation of NKT cells. Compared to TCR ligation on conventional T cells engagement of the NKT cell TCR delivers substantially stronger signals, which trigger the unique NKT cell developmental program. Furthermore, NKT cells express a panoply of primarily inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) that control their self-reactivity and avoid autoimmune activation. Adaptor proteins influence NKT cell biology through the integration of TCR, NKR and/or SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule) receptor signals or the variation of CD1d-restricted antigen presentation. TCR and NKR ligation engage the SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa slp-76 whereas the SLAM associated protein SAP serves as adaptor for the SLAM receptor family. Indeed, the selection and differentiation of NKT cells selectively requires co-stimulation via SLAM receptors. Furthermore, SAP deficiency causes X-linked lymphoproliferative disease with multiple immune defects including a lack of circulating NKT cells. While a deletion of slp-76 leads to a complete loss of all peripheral T cell populations, mutations in the SH2 domain of slp-76 selectively affect NKT cell biology. Furthermore, adaptor proteins influence the expression and trafficking of CD1d in antigen presenting cells and subsequently selection and activation of NKT cells. Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3), for example, is required for the efficient presentation of glycolipid antigens which require internalization and processing. Thus, our review will focus on the complex contribution of adaptor proteins to the delivery of TCR, NKR and SLAM receptor signals in the unique biology of NKT cells and CD1d-restricted antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Gerth
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Does MHC heterozygosity influence microbiota form and function? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215946. [PMID: 31095603 PMCID: PMC6522005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC molecules are essential for the adaptive immune response, and they are the most polymorphic genetic loci in vertebrates. Extreme genetic variation at these loci is paradoxical given their central importance to host health. Classic models of MHC gene evolution center on antagonistic host-pathogen interactions to promote gene diversification and allelic diversity in host populations. However, all multicellular organisms are persistently colonized by their microbiota that perform essential metabolic functions for their host and protect from infection. Here, we provide data to support the hypothesis that MHC heterozygote advantage (a main force of selection thought to drive MHC gene evolution), may operate by enhancing fitness advantages conferred by the host’s microbiome. We utilized fecal 16S rRNA gene sequences and their predicted metagenome datasets collected from multiple MHC congenic homozygote and heterozygote mouse strains to describe the influence of MHC heterozygosity on microbiome form and function. We find that in contrast to homozygosity at MHC loci, MHC heterozygosity promotes functional diversification of the microbiome, enhances microbial network connectivity, and results in enrichment for a variety of microbial functions that are positively associated with host fitness. We demonstrate that taxonomic and functional diversity of the microbiome is positively correlated in MHC heterozygote but not homozygote animals, suggesting that heterozygote microbiomes are more functionally adaptive under similar environmental conditions than homozygote microbiomes. Our data complement previous observations on the role of MHC polymorphism in sculpting microbiota composition, but also provide functional insights into how MHC heterozygosity may enhance host health by modulating microbiome form and function. We also provide evidence to support that MHC heterozygosity limits functional redundancy among commensal microbes and may enhance the metabolic versatility of their microbiome. Results from our analyses yield multiple testable predictions regarding the role of MHC heterozygosity on the microbiome that will help guide future research in the area of MHC-microbiome interactions.
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Lee KC, Chen P, Maricic I, Inamine T, Hu J, Gong S, Sun JC, Dasgupta S, Lin HC, Lin YT, Loomba R, Stärkel P, Kumar V, Schnabl B. Intestinal iNKT cells migrate to liver and contribute to hepatocyte apoptosis during alcoholic liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G585-G597. [PMID: 30817180 PMCID: PMC6580241 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00269.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the migration of intestinal immune cells to the liver and their contribution to alcoholic liver disease. In mice fed ethanol, we found that an increased number of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which respond to the antigen presented by CD1d, migrated from mesenteric lymph nodes to the liver. iNKT cells react to lipid antigens, so we studied their activities in mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion of Pparg (PpargΔIEC) as a model for altering intestinal lipidomic profiles. Levels of CD1d increased in intestines of ethanol-fed PpargΔIEC mice, and in cell-tracking experiments, more iNKT cells migrated to the liver, compared with mice without disruption of Pparg. Livers of PpargΔIEC mice had increased markers of apoptosis and liver injury after ethanol feeding. iNKT cells isolated from livers of ethanol-fed PpargΔIEC mice induced apoptosis of cultured hepatocytes. An inhibitor of iNKT cells reduced ethanol-induced liver injury in PpargΔIEC mice. Duodenal tissues from patients with alcohol-use disorder have been found to have increased levels of CD1d compared with tissues from patients without alcohol overuse. Ethanol use, therefore, activates iNKT cells in the intestine to migrate to liver, where they-along with the resident hepatic iNKT cells-contribute to hepatocyte death and injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this article, we studied migration of intestinal immune cells into the liver in response to ethanol-induced liver disease. We found that chronic ethanol feeding induces expression of CD1d by enterocytes, which activate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in mesenteric lymph nodes; activation is further increased with loss of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene and altered lipid profiles. The activated iNKT cells migrate into the liver, where they promote hepatocyte apoptosis. Patients with alcohol use disorder have increased expression of CD1d in the small intestine. Strategies to block these processes might be developed to treat alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chuan Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Igor Maricic
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Tatsuo Inamine
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Jingjuan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shenhai Gong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Julia C Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | | | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tsung Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St. Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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Abstract
The prevalence of food allergy is raising in industrialized countries, but the mechanisms behind this increased incidence are not fully understood. Environmental factors are believed to play a role in allergic diseases, including lifestyle influences, such as diet. There is a close relationship between allergens and lipids, with many allergenic proteins having the ability to bind lipids. Dietary lipids exert pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions on cells of the innate immunity and influence antigen presentation to cells of the adaptive immunity. In addition to modifying the immunostimulating properties of proteins, lipids also alter their digestibility and intestinal absorption, changing allergen bioavailability. This study provides an overview of the role of dietary lipids in food allergy, taking into account epidemiological information, as well as results of mechanistic investigations using in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models. The emerging link among high-fat diets, obesity, and allergy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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27
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Jiang J, Natarajan K, Margulies DH. MHC Molecules, T cell Receptors, Natural Killer Cell Receptors, and Viral Immunoevasins-Key Elements of Adaptive and Innate Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1172:21-62. [PMID: 31628650 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9367-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecules encoded by the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) bind self or foreign peptides and display these at the cell surface for recognition by receptors on T lymphocytes (designated T cell receptors-TCR) or on natural killer (NK) cells. These ligand/receptor interactions govern T cell and NK cell development as well as activation of T memory and effector cells. Such cells participate in immunological processes that regulate immunity to various pathogens, resistance and susceptibility to cancer, and autoimmunity. The past few decades have witnessed the accumulation of a huge knowledge base of the molecular structures of MHC molecules bound to numerous peptides, of TCRs with specificity for many different peptide/MHC (pMHC) complexes, of NK cell receptors (NKR), of MHC-like viral immunoevasins, and of pMHC/TCR and pMHC/NKR complexes. This chapter reviews the structural principles that govern peptide/MHC (pMHC), pMHC/TCR, and pMHC/NKR interactions, for both MHC class I (MHC-I) and MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules. In addition, we discuss the structures of several representative MHC-like molecules. These include host molecules that have distinct biological functions, as well as virus-encoded molecules that contribute to the evasion of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Jiang
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 11D07, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892, USA.
| | - Kannan Natarajan
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 11D07, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892, USA
| | - David H Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 11D12, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892, USA
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28
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Shahine A. The intricacies of self-lipid antigen presentation by CD1b. Mol Immunol 2018; 104:27-36. [PMID: 30399491 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 family of glycoproteins are MHC class I-like molecules that present a wide array of self and foreign lipid antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs) on T-cells. Humans express three classes of CD1 molecules, denoted as Group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c), Group 2 (CD1d), and Group 3 (CD1e). Of the CD1 family of molecules, CD1b exhibits the largest and most complex antigen binding groove; allowing it the capabilities to present a broad spectrum of lipid antigens. While its role in foreign-lipid presentation in the context of mycobacterial infection are well characterized, understanding the roles of CD1b in autoreactivity are recently being elucidated. While the mechanisms governing proliferation of CD1b-restricted autoreactive T cells, regulation of CD1 gene expression, and the processes controlling CD1+ antigen presenting cell maturation are widely undercharacterized, the exploration of self-lipid antigens in the context of disease have recently come into focus. Furthermore, the recently expanded pool of CD1b crystal structures allow the opportunity to further analyze the molecular mechanisms of T-cell recognition and self-lipid presentation; where the intricacies of the two-compartment system, that accommodate both the presented self-lipid antigen and scaffold lipids, are scrutinized. This review delves into the immunological and molecular mechanisms governing presentation and T-cell recognition of the broad self-lipid repertoire of CD1b; with evidence mounting pointing towards a role in diseases such as microbial infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia.
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29
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Gras S, Van Rhijn I, Shahine A, Le Nours J. Molecular recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1623-1639. [PMID: 29340708 PMCID: PMC6328055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect hosts from pathogens. T cells represent a critical component of the immune system by their engagement in host defence mechanisms against microbial infections. Our knowledge of the molecular recognition by T cells of pathogen-derived peptidic antigens that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins is now well established. However, lipids represent an additional, distinct chemical class of molecules that when presented by the family of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can serve as antigens, and be recognized by specialized subsets of T cells leading to antigen-specific activation. Over the past decades, numerous CD1-presented self- and bacterial lipid-based antigens have been isolated and characterized. However, our understanding at the molecular level of T cell immunity to CD1 molecules presenting microbial lipid-based antigens is still largely unexplored. Here, we review the insights and the molecular basis underpinning the recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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30
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Nair S, Dhodapkar MV. Natural Killer T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1178. [PMID: 29018445 PMCID: PMC5614937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are specialized CD1d-restricted T cells that recognize lipid antigens. Following stimulation, NKT cells lead to downstream activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. This has impelled the development of NKT cell-targeted immunotherapies for treating cancer. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the stimulatory and regulatory functions of NKT cells in tumor immunity as well as highlight preclinical and clinical studies based on NKT cells. Finally, we discuss future perspectives to better harness the potential of NKT cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Nair
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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31
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Dhodapkar MV, Kumar V. Type II NKT Cells and Their Emerging Role in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1015-1021. [PMID: 28115591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells recognize lipid Ags presented by a class I MHC-like molecule CD1d, a member of the CD1 family. Although most initial studies on NKT cells focused on a subset with semi-invariant TCR termed invariant NKT cells, the majority of CD1d-restricted lipid-reactive human T cells express diverse TCRs and are termed type II NKT cells. These cells constitute a distinct population of circulating and tissue-resident effector T cells with immune-regulatory properties. They react to a growing list of self- as well as non-self-lipid ligands, and share some properties with both invariant NKT and conventional T cells. An emerging body of evidence points to their role in the regulation of immunity to pathogens/tumors and in autoimmune/metabolic disorders. An improved understanding of the biology of these cells and the ability to manipulate their function may be of therapeutic benefit in diverse disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
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32
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Popovic ZV, Rabionet M, Jennemann R, Krunic D, Sandhoff R, Gröne HJ, Porubsky S. Glucosylceramide Synthase Is Involved in Development of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:848. [PMID: 28785267 PMCID: PMC5519558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a unique population of CD1d-restricted T lymphocytes expressing an invariant T cell receptor encoded by Vα14-Jα18 and Vα24-Jα18 gene segments in mice and humans, respectively. Recognition of CD1d-loaded endogenous lipid antigen(s) on CD4/CD8-double positive (DP) thymocytes is essential for the development of iNKT cells. The lipid repertoire of DP thymocytes and the identity of the decisive endogenous lipid ligands have not yet been fully elucidated. Glycosphingolipids (GSL) were implicated to serve as endogenous ligands. However, further in vivo investigations were hampered by early embryonal lethality of mice deficient for the key GSL-synthesizing enzyme glucosylceramide (GlcCer) synthase [GlcCer synthase (GCS), EC 2.4.1.80]. We have now analyzed the GSL composition of DP thymocytes and shown that GlcCer represented the sole neutral GSL and the acidic fraction was composed of gangliosides. Furthermore, we report on a mouse model that by combination of Vav-promoter-driven iCre and floxed GCS alleles (VavCreGCSf/f) enabled an efficient depletion of GCS-derived GSL very early in the T cell development, reaching a reduction by 99.6% in DP thymocytes. Although the general T cell population remained unaffected by this depletion, iNKT cells were reduced by approximately 50% in thymus, spleen, and liver and showed a reduced proliferation and an increased apoptosis rate. The Vβ-chains repertoire and development of iNKT cells remained unaltered. The GSL-depletion neither interfered with expression of CD1d, SLAM, and Ly108 molecules nor impeded the antigen presentation on DP thymocytes. These results indicate that GlcCer-derived GSL, in particular GlcCer, contribute to the homeostatic development of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran V Popovic
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mariona Rabionet
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Jennemann
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Damir Krunic
- Light Microscopy Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Porubsky
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Reuben A, Chung JW, Lapointe R, Santos MM. The hemochromatosis protein HFE 20 years later: An emerging role in antigen presentation and in the immune system. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:218-232. [PMID: 28474781 PMCID: PMC5569368 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Since its discovery, the hemochromatosis protein HFE has been primarily defined by its role in iron metabolism and homeostasis, and its involvement in the genetic disease termed hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). While HH patients are typically afflicted by dysregulated iron levels, many are also affected by several immune defects and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases that have thereby implicated HFE in the immune response. Growing evidence has supported an immunological role for HFE with recent studies describing HFE specifically as it relates to MHC I antigen presentation. Methods/Results Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the relationship between iron metabolism, HFE, and the immune system to better understand the origin and cause of immune defects in HH patients. We further describe the role of HFE in MHC I antigen presentation and its potential to impair autoimmune responses in homeostatic conditions, a mechanism which may be exploited by tumors to evade immune surveillance. Conclusion Overall, this increased understanding of the role of HFE in the immune response sets the stage for better treatment and management of HH and other iron‐related diseases, as well as of the immune defects related to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Reuben
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacqueline W Chung
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Réjean Lapointe
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuela M Santos
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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34
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Nishioka Y, Yamaguchi M, Kawakami A, Munehiro M, Masuda S, Tomaru U, Ishizu A. Type II Natural Killer T Cells that Recognize Sterol Carrier Protein 2 Are Implicated in Vascular Inflammation in the Rat Model of Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:176-186. [PMID: 27863214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously generated a rat model that developed systemic connective tissue diseases, including synovitis, myositis, and small-vessel vasculitis (SVV), and established a vascular endothelial cell-reactive T-cell clone, VASC-1, from the model. VASC-1 was determined to be a type II natural killer T-cell clone. In this study, we attempted to identify the antigen recognized by VASC-1. The monkey-derived cell line COS-7 was used because VASC-1 does not bind naturally to COS-7, although the amino acid sequences are well conserved between monkey CD1d and rat CD1d. We generated 98 COS-7 clones transfected with miscellaneous rat cDNA and screened them for VASC-1 binding. Consequently, we found one clone, 4D2, which could bind to VASC-1. Sequencing identified the rat cDNA introduced into 4D2 as sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2). When VASC-1 was co-cultured with SCP2 knockdown rat vascular endothelial cells, VASC-1 binding was reduced significantly. Moreover, we designed a series of rat SCP2 peptides and introduced them into COS-7 cells. On the basis of VASC-1 binding and proliferation, we revealed that the peptide rSCP2518-532 included the epitope recognized by VASC-1. Furthermore, immunization with rSCP2518-532 accelerated the development of SVV in the rat model. The collective findings suggest that type II natural killer T cells reactive with autologous SCP2 are implicated in vascular inflammation in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishioka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Madoka Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ai Kawakami
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Maya Munehiro
- Undergraduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Masuda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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35
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Cruz Tleugabulova M, Escalante NK, Deng S, Fieve S, Ereño-Orbea J, Savage PB, Julien JP, Mallevaey T. Discrete TCR Binding Kinetics Control Invariant NKT Cell Selection and Central Priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3959-3969. [PMID: 27798168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells develop and differentiate in the thymus, segregating into iNKT1/2/17 subsets akin to Th1/2/17 classical CD4+ T cells; however, iNKT TCRs recognize Ags in a fundamentally different way. How the biophysical parameters of iNKT TCRs influence signal strength in vivo and how such signals affect the development and differentiation of these cells are unknown. In this study, we manipulated TCRs in vivo to generate clonotypic iNKT cells using TCR retrogenic chimeras. We report that the biophysical properties of CD1d-lipid-TCR interactions differentially impacted the development and effector differentiation of iNKT cells. Whereas selection efficiency strongly correlated with TCR avidity, TCR signaling, cell-cell conjugate formation, and iNKT effector differentiation correlated with the half-life of CD1d-lipid-TCR interactions. TCR binding properties, however, did not modulate Ag-induced iNKT cytokine production. Our work establishes that discrete TCR interaction kinetics influence iNKT cell development and central priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichole K Escalante
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shenglou Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Stephanie Fieve
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; and
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; and.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
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36
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Dasgupta S, Kumar V. Type II NKT cells: a distinct CD1d-restricted immune regulatory NKT cell subset. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:665-76. [PMID: 27405300 PMCID: PMC6334657 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type II natural killer T cells (NKT) are a subset of the innate-like CD1d-restricted lymphocytes that are reactive to lipid antigens. Unlike the type I NKT cells, which express a semi-invariant TCR, type II NKT cells express a broader TCR repertoire. Additionally, other features, such as their predominance over type I cells in humans versus mice, the nature of their ligands, CD1d/lipid/TCR binding, and modulation of immune responses, distinguish type II NKT cells from type I NKT cells. Interestingly, it is the self-lipid-reactivity of type II NKT cells that has helped define their physiological role in health and in disease. The discovery of sulfatide as one of the major antigens for CD1d-restricted type II NKT cells in mice has been instrumental in the characterization of these cells, including the TCR repertoire, the crystal structure of the CD1d/lipid/TCR complex, and their function. Subsequently, several other glycolipids and phospholipids from both endogenous and microbial sources have been shown to activate type II NKT cells. The activation of a specific subset of type II NKT cells following administration with sulfatide or lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) leads to engagement of a dominant immunoregulatory pathway associated with the inactivation of type I NKT cells, conventional dendritic cells, and inhibition of the proinflammatory Th1/Th17 cells. Thus, type II NKT cells have been shown to be immunosuppressive in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory liver diseases, and in cancer. Knowing their relatively higher prevalence in human than type I NKT cells, understanding their biology is imperative for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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37
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Kharkwal SS, Arora P, Porcelli SA. Glycolipid activators of invariant NKT cells as vaccine adjuvants. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:597-610. [PMID: 27377623 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes with unique phenotypic properties and a remarkably broad range of immune effector and regulatory functions. One subset of these cells, known as invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells), has become a significant focus in the search for new and better ways to enhance immunotherapies and vaccination. These unconventional T cells are characterized by their ability to be specifically activated by a range of foreign and self-derived glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d, an MHC class I-related antigen presenting molecule that has evolved to bind and present lipid antigens. The development of synthetic α-galactosylceramides as a family of powerful glycolipid agonists for iNKT cells has led to approaches for augmenting a wide variety of immune responses, including those involved in vaccination against infections and cancers. Here we review the basic background biology of iNKT cells that is relevant to their potential for improving immune responses, and summarize recent work supporting the further development of glycolipid activators of iNKT cells as a new class of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Sharma Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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38
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Zajonc DM. The CD1 family: serving lipid antigens to T cells since the Mesozoic era. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:561-76. [PMID: 27368414 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Class I-like CD1 molecules are in a family of antigen-presenting molecules that bind lipids and lipopeptides, rather than peptides for immune surveillance by T cells. Since CD1 lacks the high degree of polymorphism found in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, different species express different numbers of CD1 isotypes, likely to be able to present structurally diverse classes of lipid antigens. In this review, we will present a historical overview of the structures of the different human CD1 isotypes and also discuss species-specific adaptations of the lipid-binding groove. We will discuss how single amino acid changes alter the shape and volume of the CD1 binding groove, how these minor changes can give rise to different numbers of binding pockets, and how these pockets affect the lipid repertoire that can be presented by any given CD1 protein. We will compare the structures of various lipid antigens and finally, we will discuss recognition of CD1-presented lipid antigens by antigen receptors on T cells (TCRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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39
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Girardi E, Wang J, Zajonc DM. Structure of an α-Helical Peptide and Lipopeptide Bound to the Nonclassical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I Molecule CD1d. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10677-83. [PMID: 27006394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse CD1d is a nonclassical MHC molecule able to present lipids and glycolipids to a specialized subset of T cells known as natural killer T cells. The antigens presented by CD1d have been shown to cover a broad range of chemical structures and to follow precise rules determining the potency of the antigen in the context of T cell activation. Together with lipids, initial reports suggested that CD1d can also bind and present hydrophobic peptides with (F/W)XX(I/L/M)XXW. However, the exact location of peptide binding and the molecular basis for the required motif are currently unknown. Here we present the crystal structure of the first peptide identified to bind CD1d, p99, and show that it binds in the antigen-binding groove of CD1d in a manner compatible with its presentation to T cell receptors. Interestingly, the peptide adopts an α-helical conformation, which orients the motif residues toward its deep binding groove, therefore explaining the molecular requirements for peptide binding. Moreover, we demonstrate that a lipopeptide version of the same peptide is able to bind CD1d in a similar conformation, identifying another class of molecules binding this antigen-presenting molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Girardi
- From the Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037 and
| | - Jing Wang
- From the Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037 and
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- From the Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037 and the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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40
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Birkholz AM, Kronenberg M. Antigen specificity of invariant natural killer T-cells. Biomed J 2016; 38:470-83. [PMID: 27013447 PMCID: PMC6138764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T-cells, with an invariant T-cell antigen receptor α-chain (iNKT cells), are unique and conserved subset of lymphocytes capable of altering the immune system through their rapid and potent cytokine responses. They are reactive to lipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that is not highly polymorphic. iNKT cell responses frequently involve mixtures of cytokines that work against each other, and therefore attempts are underway to develop synthetic antigens that elicit only strong interferon-gamma (IFNγ) or only strong interleukin-4 responses but not both. Strong IFNγ responses may correlate with tighter binding to CD1d and prolonged stimulation of iNKT cells, and this may be useful for vaccine adjuvants and for stimulating anti-tumor responses. iNKT cells are self-reactive although the structure of the endogenous antigen is controversial. By contrast, bacterial and fungal lipids that engage the T-cell receptor and activate IFNγ from iNKT cells have been identified from both pathogenic and commensal organisms and the responses are in some cases highly protective from pathogens in mice. It is possible that the expanding knowledge of iNKT cell antigens and iNKT cell activation will provide the basis for therapies for patients suffering from infectious and immune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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41
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Atypical natural killer T-cell receptor recognition of CD1d-lipid antigens. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10570. [PMID: 26875526 PMCID: PMC4756352 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial to Natural Killer T (NKT) cell function is the interaction between their T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD1d-antigen complex. However, the diversity of the NKT cell repertoire and the ensuing interactions with CD1d-antigen remain unclear. We describe an atypical population of CD1d–α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-reactive human NKT cells that differ markedly from the prototypical TRAV10-TRAJ18-TRBV25-1+ type I NKT cell repertoire. These cells express a range of TCR α- and β-chains that show differential recognition of glycolipid antigens. Two atypical NKT TCRs (TRAV21-TRAJ8-TRBV7–8 and TRAV12-3-TRAJ27-TRBV6-5) bind orthogonally over the A′-pocket of CD1d, adopting distinct docking modes that contrast with the docking mode of all type I NKT TCR-CD1d-antigen complexes. Moreover, the interactions with α-GalCer differ between the type I and these atypical NKT TCRs. Accordingly, diverse NKT TCR repertoire usage manifests in varied docking strategies and specificities towards CD1d–α-GalCer and related antigens, thus providing far greater scope for diverse glycolipid antigen recognition. The invariant αβTCR of type I NKT cells recognizes a lipid α-GalCer presented by CD1d. Here the authors describe atypical α-GalCer-reactive NKT cells with diverse TCRs, which bind to CD1d-α-GalCer in a manner distinct from type I NKT cells, thus unveiling greater diversity in lipid antigen recognition.
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42
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Roy S, Zhuang Y. Orchestration of invariant natural killer T cell development by E and Id proteins. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 35:33-48. [PMID: 25746046 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2015012207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are αβ T cells that express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) along with natural killer (NK) cell markers and have an innate cell-like ability to produce a myriad of cytokines very quickly upon antigen exposure and subsequent activation. These cells are diverted from conventional single positive (SP) T-cell fate at the double positive (DP) stage, where TCR-mediated recognition of a lipid antigen presented on a CD1d molecule promotes their selection into the NKT lineage. Although many key regulatory molecules have been shown to play important roles in the development of NKT cells, the mechanism of lineage specification and acquisition of effector functions in these cells still remain to be fully addressed. In this review, we specifically discuss the role of a family of class-I helix-loop-helix proteins known as E proteins, and their antagonists Id proteins in NKT celldevelopment. Recent work has shown that these proteins play key roles in invariant NKT (iNKT) development, from the invariant TCR rearrangement to terminal differentiation and maturation. Elucidating these roles provides an opportunity to uncover the transcriptional network that separates NKT cells from concurrently developed conventional αβ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Roy
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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43
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CDR3β sequence motifs regulate autoreactivity of human invariant NKT cell receptors. J Autoimmun 2015; 68:39-51. [PMID: 26748722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that recognize lipid ligands presented by monomorphic CD1d. Human iNKT T cell receptor (TCR) is largely composed of invariant Vα24 (Vα24i) TCRα chain and semi-variant Vβ11 TCRβ chain, where complementarity-determining region (CDR)3β is the sole variable region. One of the characteristic features of iNKT cells is that they retain autoreactivity even after the thymic selection. However, the molecular features of human iNKT TCR CDR3β sequences that regulate autoreactivity remain unknown. Since the numbers of iNKT cells with detectable autoreactivity in peripheral blood is limited, we introduced the Vα24i gene into peripheral T cells and generated a de novo human iNKT TCR repertoire. By stimulating the transfected T cells with artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) presenting self-ligands, we enriched strongly autoreactive iNKT TCRs and isolated a large panel of human iNKT TCRs with a broad range autoreactivity. From this panel of unique iNKT TCRs, we deciphered three CDR3β sequence motifs frequently encoded by strongly-autoreactive iNKT TCRs: a VD region with 2 or more acidic amino acids, usage of the Jβ2-5 allele, and a CDR3β region of 13 amino acids in length. iNKT TCRs encoding 2 or 3 sequence motifs also exhibit higher autoreactivity than those encoding 0 or 1 motifs. These data facilitate our understanding of the molecular basis for human iNKT cell autoreactivity involved in immune responses associated with human disease.
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44
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Abstract
The structure and amino acid diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR), similar in nature to that of Fab portions of antibodies, would suggest that these proteins have a nearly infinite capacity to recognize antigen. Yet all currently defined native T cells expressing an α and β chain in their TCR can only sense antigen when presented in the context of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. This MHC molecule can be one of many that exist in vertebrates, presenting small peptide fragments, lipid molecules, or small molecule metabolites. Here we review the pattern of TCR recognition of MHC molecules throughout a broad sampling of species and T-cell lineages and also touch upon T cells that do not appear to require MHC presentation for their surveillance function. We review the diversity of MHC molecules and information on the corresponding T-cell lineages identified in divergent species. We also discuss TCRs with structural domains unlike that of conventional TCRs of mouse and human. By presenting this broad view of TCR sequence, structure, domain organization, and function, we seek to explore how this receptor has evolved across time and been selected for alternative antigen-recognition capabilities in divergent lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C. Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adrienne M. Luoma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin J. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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45
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Giraudo L, Gammaitoni L, Cangemi M, Rotolo R, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D. Cytokine-induced killer cells as immunotherapy for solid tumors: current evidence and perspectives. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:999-1010. [PMID: 26310715 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo expanded T lymphocytes endowed with potent MHC-independent antitumor activity. CIK cells are emerging as promising therapeutic approach in the field of cancer adoptive immunotherapy, with biologic features favoring their transferability into clinical applications. Aim of this review is to present the biologic characteristic of CIK cells, discussing the main preclinical findings and initial clinical applications in the field of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Giraudo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Loretta Gammaitoni
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Cangemi
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Ramona Rotolo
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Division & Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
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46
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Zajonc DM, Girardi E. Recognition of Microbial Glycolipids by Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:400. [PMID: 26300885 PMCID: PMC4523824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells can recognize microbial antigens when presented by dedicated antigen-presenting molecules. While peptides are presented by classical members of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) family (MHC I and II), lipids, glycolipids, and lipopeptides can be presented by the non-classical MHC member, CD1. The best studied subset of lipid-reactive T cells are type I natural killer T (iNKT) cells that recognize a variety of different antigens when presented by the non-classical MHCI homolog CD1d. iNKT cells have been shown to be important for the protection against various microbial pathogens, including B. burgdorferi, the causative agents of Lyme disease, and S. pneumoniae, which causes pneumococcal meningitis and community-acquired pneumonia. Both pathogens carry microbial glycolipids that can trigger the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), leading to iNKT cell activation. iNKT cells have an evolutionary conserved TCR alpha chain, yet retain the ability to recognize structurally diverse glycolipids. They do so using a conserved recognition mode, in which the TCR enforces a conserved binding orientation on CD1d. TCR binding is accompanied by structural changes within the TCR binding site of CD1d, as well as the glycolipid antigen itself. In addition to direct recognition of microbial antigens, iNKT cells can also be activated by a combination of cytokines (IL-12/IL-18) and TCR stimulation. Many microbes carry TLR antigens, and microbial infections can lead to TLR activation. The subsequent cytokine response in turn lower the threshold of TCR-mediated iNKT cell activation, especially when weak microbial or even self-antigens are presented during the cause of the infection. In summary, iNKT cells can be directly activated through TCR triggering of strong antigens, while cytokines produced by the innate immune response may be necessary for TCR triggering and iNKT cell activation in the presence of weak antigens. Here, we will review the molecular basis of iNKT cell recognition of glycolipids, with an emphasis on microbial glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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47
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Birkholz A, Nemčovič M, Yu ED, Girardi E, Wang J, Khurana A, Pauwels N, Farber E, Chitale S, Franck RW, Tsuji M, Howell A, Van Calenbergh S, Kronenberg M, Zajonc DM. Lipid and Carbohydrate Modifications of α-Galactosylceramide Differently Influence Mouse and Human Type I Natural Killer T Cell Activation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17206-17. [PMID: 26018083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.654814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of different glycosphingolipids (GSLs) to activate type I natural killer T cells (NKT cells) has been known for 2 decades. The possible therapeutic use of these GSLs has been studied in many ways; however, studies are needed in which the efficacy of promising GSLs is compared under identical conditions. Here, we compare five unique GSLs structurally derived from α-galactosylceramide. We employed biophysical and biological assays, as well as x-ray crystallography to study the impact of the chemical modifications of the antigen on type I NKT cell activation. Although all glycolipids are bound by the T cell receptor of type I NKT cells in real time binding assays with high affinity, only a few activate type I NKT cells in in vivo or in vitro experiments. The differences in biological responses are likely a result of different pharmacokinetic properties of each lipid, which carry modifications at different parts of the molecule. Our results indicate a need to perform a variety of assays to ascertain the therapeutic potential of type I NKT cell GSL activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Birkholz
- From the Division of Cell Biology and Division of Developmental Immunology,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | | | | | | - Jing Wang
- From the Division of Cell Biology and
| | - Archana Khurana
- Division of Developmental Immunology,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nora Pauwels
- the Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisa Farber
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and
| | - Sampada Chitale
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and
| | - Richard W Franck
- the Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016
| | - Amy Howell
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- the Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology,La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- From the Division of Cell Biology and the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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48
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Birkholz AM, Howell AR, Kronenberg M. The Alpha and Omega of Galactosylceramides in T Cell Immune Function. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15365-15370. [PMID: 25947378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.647057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are a subgroup of glycolipids that contain an amino alcohol sphingoid base linked to sugars. They are found in the membranes of cells ranging from bacteria to vertebrates. This group of lipids is known to stimulate the immune system through activation of a type of white blood cell known as natural killer T cell (NKT cell). Here we summarize the extensive research that has been done to identify the structures of natural glycolipids that stimulate NKT cells and to determine how these antigens are recognized. We also review studies designed to understand how glycolipid variants, both natural and synthetic, can alter the responses of NKT cells, leading to dramatic changes in the global immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037.
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49
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, it has been established that peptides are not the only antigens recognized by T lymphocytes. Here, we review information on two T lymphocyte populations that recognize nonpeptide antigens: invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells), which respond to glycolipids, and mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), which recognize microbial metabolites. These two populations have a number of striking properties that distinguish them from the majority of T cells. First, their cognate antigens are presented by nonclassical class I antigen-presenting molecules; CD1d for iNKT cells and MR1 for MAIT cells. Second, these T lymphocyte populations have a highly restricted diversity of their T cell antigen receptor α chains. Third, these cells respond rapidly to antigen or cytokine stimulation by producing copious amounts of cytokines, such as IFNγ, which normally are only made by highly differentiated effector T lymphocytes. Because of their response characteristics, iNKT and MAIT cells act at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity, participating in both types of responses. In this review, we will compare these two subsets of innate-like T cells, with an emphasis on the various ways that lead to their activation and their participation in antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Chandra
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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50
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Busman-Sahay KO, Walrath T, Huber S, O'Connor W. Cytokine crowdsourcing: multicellular production of TH17-associated cytokines. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:499-510. [PMID: 25548251 PMCID: PMC5477895 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0814-386r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 2 decades since its discovery, IL-17A has become appreciated for mounting robust, protective responses against bacterial and fungal pathogens. When improperly regulated, however, IL-17A can play a profoundly pathogenic role in perpetuating inflammation and has been linked to a wide variety of debilitating diseases. IL-17A is often present in a composite milieu that includes cytokines produced by TH17 cells (i.e., IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-26) or associated with other T cell lineages (e.g., IFN-γ). These combinatorial effects add mechanistic complexity and more importantly, contribute differentially to disease outcome. Whereas TH17 cells are among the best-understood cell types that secrete IL-17A, they are frequently neither the earliest nor dominant producers. Indeed, non-TH17 cell sources of IL-17A can dramatically alter the course and severity of inflammatory episodes. The dissection of the temporal regulation of TH17-associated cytokines and the resulting net signaling outcomes will be critical toward understanding the increasingly intricate role of IL-17A and TH17-associated cytokines in disease, informing our therapeutic decisions. Herein, we discuss important non-TH17 cell sources of IL-17A and other TH17-associated cytokines relevant to inflammatory events in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen O Busman-Sahay
- *Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Travis Walrath
- *Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- *Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - William O'Connor
- *Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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