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Ogunbiyi OD, Cappelini LTD, Monem M, Mejias E, George F, Gardinali P, Bagner DM, Quinete N. Innovative non-targeted screening approach using High-resolution mass spectrometry for the screening of organic chemicals and identification of specific tracers of soil and dust exposure in children. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134025. [PMID: 38492398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Environmental contamination through direct contact, ingestion and inhalation are common routes of children's exposure to chemicals, in which through indoor and outdoor activities associated with common hand-to-mouth, touching objects, and behavioral tendencies, children can be susceptible and vulnerable to organic contaminants in the environment. The objectives of this study were the screening and identification of a wide range of organic contaminants in indoor dust, soil, food, drinking water, and urine matrices (N = 439), prioritizing chemicals to assess children's environmental exposure, and selection of unique tracers of soil and dust ingestion in young children by non-targeted analysis (NTA) using Q-Exactive Orbitrap followed data processing by the Compound Discoverer (v3.3, SP2). Chemical features were first prioritized based on their predominant abundance (peak area>500,000), detection frequency (in >50% of the samples), available information on their uses and potential toxicological effects. Specific tracers of soil and dust exposure in children were selected in this study including Tripropyl citrate and 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. The criteria for selection of the tracers were based on their higher abundance, detection frequency, unique functional uses, measurable amounts in urine (suitable biomarker), and with information on gastrointestinal absorption, metabolism, and excretion, and were further confirmed by authentic standards. We are proposing for the first time suitable unique tracers for dust ingestion by children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutobi Daniel Ogunbiyi
- Instittute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151ST St, Biscayne Bay Campus, Marine Science Building, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | | | - Mymuna Monem
- Dept. of Mathematics & Statistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emily Mejias
- Instittute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Florence George
- Dept. of Mathematics & Statistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Piero Gardinali
- Instittute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151ST St, Biscayne Bay Campus, Marine Science Building, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Daniel M Bagner
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Phycology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Instittute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151ST St, Biscayne Bay Campus, Marine Science Building, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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Overdahl KE, Kassotis CD, Hoffman K, Getzinger GJ, Phillips A, Hammel S, Stapleton HM, Ferguson PL. Characterizing azobenzene disperse dyes and related compounds in house dust and their correlations with other organic contaminant classes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122491. [PMID: 37709124 PMCID: PMC10655148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene disperse dyes are the fastest-growing category of commercial dyestuffs and are implicated in the literature as potentially allergenic. In the indoor environment, these dyes may be shed from various textiles, including clothing and upholstery and accumulate in dust particles potentially leading to exposure in young children who have higher exposure to chemicals associated with dust due to their crawling and mouthing behaviors. Children may be more vulnerable to dye exposure due to their developing immune systems, and therefore, it is critical to characterize azobenzene disperse dyes in children's home environments. Here, we investigate azobenzene disperse dyes and related compounds in house dust samples (n = 124) that were previously analyzed for flame retardants, phthalates, pesticides and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to support both targeted and suspect screening of dyes in dust. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine if dye concentrations were related to demographic information. Detection frequencies for 12 target dyes ranged from 11% to 89%; of the dyes that were detected in at least 50% of the samples, geometric mean levels ranged from 32.4 to 360 ng/g. Suspect screening analysis identified eight additional high-abundance azobenzene compounds in dust. Some dyes were correlated to numerous flame retardants and several antimicrobials, and statistically higher levels of some dyes were observed in homes of non-Hispanic Black mothers than in homes of non-Hispanic white mothers. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study of azobenzene disperse dyes in house dust to date. Future studies are needed to quantify additional dyes in dust and to examine exposure pathways of dyes in indoor environments where children are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Overdahl
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202. United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Gordon J Getzinger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Allison Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Stephanie Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States.
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708. United States.
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3
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Rusina TP, Jílková SR, Melymuk L, Vrana B, Smedes F. Accessibility investigation of semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor dust estimated by multi-ratio equilibrium passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115105. [PMID: 36549487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) accumulate in indoor dust, which serves as a repository for those compounds. The presence of SVOCs in indoor environments is of concern because many of them are suspected to have toxic effects. Total SVOC concentrations in the dust are generally used for exposure assessment to indoor contaminants, assuming that 100% of the SVOCs is accessible for human uptake. However, such an assumption may potentially lead to an overestimated risk related to dust exposure. We applied a multi-ratio equilibrium passive sampling (MR-EPS) for estimation of SVOC accessibility in indoor settled dust using silicone passive samplers and three particle size dust fractions, <0.25 mm, 0.25-0.5 mm, and 1-2 mm in dry and wet conditions. Equilibrations were performed at various sampler-dust mass ratios to achieve different degrees of SVOC depletion, allowing the construction of a desorption isotherm. The desorption isotherms provided accessible fractions (FAS), equivalent air concentrations (CAIR), dust-air partition coefficients (KDUST-AIR) and organic carbon-air partition coefficients (KOC-AIR). The highest FAS were observed in the <0.25 mm dust fraction in wet conditions which is relevant for exposure assessment via oral ingestion. The highest CAIR were estimated for several organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and synthetic musks. The logKOC-AIR did not differ between dust particle sizes in dry and wet conditions but within compound groups, different relationships with hydrophobicity were observed. Equivalent lipid-based concentrations (CL⇌DUST) calculated using available lipid-silicone partition coefficients (KLIP-SIL) were compared with lipid-based concentrations (CL) measured in human-related samples collected from Europeans. For hexachlorobenzene (HCB), CL⇌DUST, and CL were similar, indicating equilibrium attainment between environment and human samples. Lipid-based concentrations for persistent legacy contaminants were also similar but lower for PBDEs in human samples. Overall, accessibility estimation using MR-EPS in dust further contributes to human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana P Rusina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Simona Rozárka Jílková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Foppe Smedes
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Paavanen-Huhtala S, Kalichamy K, Pessi AM, Häkkilä S, Saarto A, Tuomela M, Andersson MA, Koskinen PJ. Biomonitoring of Indoor Air Fungal or Chemical Toxins with Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020161. [PMID: 36839433 PMCID: PMC9964051 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bad indoor air quality due to toxins and other impurities can have a negative impact on human well-being, working capacity and health. Therefore, reliable methods to monitor the health risks associated with exposure to hazardous indoor air agents are needed. Here, we have used transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans nematode strains carrying stress-responsive fluorescent reporters and evaluated their ability to sense fungal or chemical toxins, especially those that are present in moisture-damaged buildings. Liquid-based or airborne exposure of nematodes to mycotoxins, chemical agents or damaged building materials reproducibly resulted in time- and dose-dependent fluorescent responses, which could be quantitated by either microscopy or spectrometry. Thus, the C. elegans nematodes present an easy, ethically acceptable and comprehensive in vivo model system to monitor the response of multicellular organisms to indoor air toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna-Mari Pessi
- Aerobiology Unit, Biodiversity Unit of the University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Häkkilä
- Aerobiology Unit, Biodiversity Unit of the University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Saarto
- Aerobiology Unit, Biodiversity Unit of the University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Marja Tuomela
- Co-op Bionautit, Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria A. Andersson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi J. Koskinen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-450-4218
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Bai L, Lv K, Li J, Gao W, Liao C, Wang Y, Jiang G. Evaluating the dynamic distribution process and potential exposure risk of chlorinated paraffins in indoor environments of Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129907. [PMID: 36099735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are typical semi-volatile chemicals (SVOCs) that have been used in copious quantities in indoor material additives. SVOCs distribute dynamically between the gas phase and various condensate phases, especially organic films. Investigating the dynamic behaviors of existing CPs in indoor environments is necessary for understanding their potential risk to humans from indoor exposure. We investigate the distribution profiles of CPs in both gas phase and organic films in indoor environments of residential buildings in Beijing, China. The concentrations of CPs were in the range of 32.21-1447 ng/m3 in indoor air and in the range of 42.30-431.1 μg/m2 and in organic films. Cooking frequency was identified as a key factor that affected the distribution profiles of CPs. Furthermore, a film/gas partitioning model was constructed to explore the transportation and fate of CPs. Interestingly, a re-emission phenomenon from organic films was observed for chemical groups with lower log Koa components, and, importantly, their residue levels in indoor air were well predicted. The estimated exposure risk of CPs in indoor environment was obtained. For the first time, these results produced convincing evidence that the co-exposure risk of short-chain CPs (SCCPs), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs) in indoor air could be further increased by film/gas distribution properties, which is relevant for performing risk assessments of exposure to these SVOCs in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Alsafra Z, Scholl G, De Meulenaer B, Eppe G, Saegerman C. Hazard Ratio and Hazard Index as Preliminary Estimators Associated to the Presence of Furans and Alkylfurans in Belgian Foodstuffs. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162453. [PMID: 36010452 PMCID: PMC9407134 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an estimation of the hazard related to the presence of furan and five alkyl furans (2- and 3-methylfuran, 2-ethylfuran, 2,5- and 2,3-dimethylfuran) in foodstuffs available in the Belgian market. To achieve this objective, a specific sampling plan was designed to ensure that the samples collected (n = 1003) represent the diversity of the Belgian food chain. Herein, the concepts of the Hazard Ratio of a sample (HRs) and the Hazard Index of a sample (HIs) were introduced to primarily characterize the hazard related to the co-occurrence of these compounds. The HRs was measured as the ratio of the potential daily exposure to a substance (expressed in mg/Kg of food) to both the 10% reference dose level for chronic effects (expressed in mg/(kg b.w*day)) and the human standard weight (expressed in kg). Whereas the HIs is the sum of the HRs of compounds that affect the same target organ/system, a hazard index greater than one indicates a highly contaminated matrix that could induce a hazard. It is an alarm indicating that additional attention should be given to this matrix. This may involve additional analyses to confirm the high level, to identify sources, etc. It is also an alarm for the risk assessor to be very careful with flagged matrices and to avoid combination with other matrices. The HIs highlight a relatively low concern for all foods analyzed (HI median < 1.0) with a relatively higher suspected hazard for coffee drinks (HI median = 0.068, HI max = 0.57). This preliminary estimation of the potential hazard suggests that coffee beverages should be examined in more detail in a full risk assessment and that coffee consumption should be taken with caution given the levels of furan and alkylfurans reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouheir Alsafra
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Allée de la Chimie 3, B-6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Georges Scholl
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Allée de la Chimie 3, B-6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Nutrifoodchem Unit, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Allée de la Chimie 3, B-6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
- Correspondence: (G.E.); (C.S.)
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A, B-42, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
- Correspondence: (G.E.); (C.S.)
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A Study on the Measurement of Unregulated Pollutants in Korean Residential Environments. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the pollution caused by unregulated chemical substances in Korean residential environments. A TA tube was used for indoor air collection, and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry was used for the analysis of chemical substances. According to the results of this study, 13 substances out of the 16 analyzed chemicals were detected and, among them, the concentrations of phenol, α-pinene, and limonene within the indoor air were high. The average concentration of phenol was 32.7 µg/m3. α-pinene and limonene were detected, of which the highest concentrations were as 598.2 µg/m3 and 652.5 µg/m3, respectively. The maximum concentrations of these three substances exceeded the levels of the lowest concentration of interest. Notably, α-pinene and limonene were released from the wood itself. Wood has been widely used indoors as a natural building material and as furniture. Therefore, it was considered that this was the reason for the high the concentrations of the two substances in indoor air. However, we do not argue that the usage of wood should be reduced because of the results obtained in this study. Instead, we sµggest that it is important to reduce the emissions of α-pinene and limonene throµgh the processing of the wood, extending its drying period, and determining the most appropriate time of use.
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Zhang W, Wang Y, Hao M, Kong B, Liang P, Yang Y, Ma S. Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the simultaneous analysis of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic compounds in household dust. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4623-4633. [PMID: 34542118 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00860a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Household dust is a sink for multiple toxic chemicals with known or suspected potential health effects. However, most dust exposure studies focus on a few chemicals, which may limit overall understanding of human exposure characteristics because people spend most of their time indoors. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a multi-residue analysis of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 8 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDEs), 3 hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs), 8 synthetic musks (Musks), and 7 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in indoor dusts. After extraction with acetone/hexane (v/v, 1 : 1), all target compounds were fractionated with a Florisil solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge into two fractions: PAHs, PBDEs, HBCDs, OCPs and Musks, which were eluted with hexane/dichloromethane, and OPEs eluted with ethyl acetate. Further clean-up using acidified silica 44% cartridges was then performed to enable determination of PBDEs and HBCDs. Instrumental analysis of the target chemicals was performed using gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). A newly-optimized GC-MS/MS method was employed for the simultaneous determination of PAHs, OCPs, and Musks. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) values of PAHs, OCPs, and Musks were 0.14-0.92 ng g-1, 0.06-0.38 ng g-1 and 0.07-0.40 ng g-1, respectively. PBDEs were quantified by GC-MS with electron capture negative ionization, and HBCDs and OPEs by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative and positive ion mode, respectively. Recovery experiments showed that the average recoveries and relative standard deviations were 99-113% and 1-14% for PBDEs, 89-105% and 1-6% for HBCDs, 71-120% and 3-17% for PAHs, 71-112% and 2-17% for OCPs, 77-120% and 2-13% for Musks, and 80-127% and 1-14% for OPEs. Validation experiments showed that the method achieved good accuracy. The developed method was used to analyze SRM 2585 and real indoor dust samples to demonstrate its suitability for routine analysis. The target contaminants were widely detected in SRM 2585 and indoor dust collected from Wuhan of Central China, with PAHs the major species, followed by OPEs, OCPs, and PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zhang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, P. R. China.
| | - Yonghui Wang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, P. R. China.
| | - Meilu Hao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, P. R. China.
| | - Biao Kong
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Liang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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Ly NH, Son SJ, Jang S, Lee C, Lee JI, Joo SW. Surface-Enhanced Raman Sensing of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds by Plasmonic Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102619. [PMID: 34685057 PMCID: PMC8541515 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Facile detection of indoor semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is a critical issue to raise an increasing concern to current researchers, since their emissions have impacted the health of humans, who spend much of their time indoors after the recent incessant COVID-19 pandemic outbreaks. Plasmonic nanomaterial platforms can utilize an electromagnetic field to induce significant Raman signal enhancements of vibrational spectra of pollutant molecules from localized hotspots. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing based on functional plasmonic nanostructures has currently emerged as a powerful analytical technique, which is widely adopted for the ultra-sensitive detection of SVOC molecules, including phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from household chemicals in indoor environments. This concise topical review gives updated recent developments and trends in optical sensors of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and SERS for effective sensing of SVOCs by functionalization of noble metal nanostructures. Specific features of plasmonic nanomaterials utilized in sensors are evaluated comparatively, including their various sizes and shapes. Novel aptasensors-assisted SERS technology and its potential application are also introduced for selective sensing. The current challenges and perspectives on SERS-based optical sensors using plasmonic nanomaterial platforms and aptasensors are discussed for applying indoor SVOC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyễn Hoàng Ly
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Sang Jun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (J.I.L.); (S.-W.J.)
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Cheolmin Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul 02713, Korea;
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Korea Testing & Research Institute, Gwacheon 13810, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (J.I.L.); (S.-W.J.)
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (J.I.L.); (S.-W.J.)
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Wu T, Fu M, Valkonen M, Täubel M, Xu Y, Boor BE. Particle Resuspension Dynamics in the Infant Near-Floor Microenvironment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1864-1875. [PMID: 33450149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carpet dust contains microbial and chemical material that can impact early childhood health. Infants may be exposed to greater quantities of resuspended dust, given their close proximity to floor surfaces. Chamber experiments with a robotic infant were integrated with a material balance model to provide new fundamental insights into the size-dependency of infant crawling-induced particle resuspension and exposure. The robotic infant was exposed to resuspended particle concentrations from 105 to 106 m-3 in the near-floor (NF) microzone during crawling, with concentrations generally decreasing following vacuum cleaning of the carpets. A pronounced vertical variation in particle concentrations was observed between the NF microzone and bulk air. Resuspension fractions for crawling are similar to those for adult walking, with values ranging from 10-6 to 10-1 and increasing with particle size. Meaningful amounts of dust are resuspended during crawling, with emission rates of 0.1 to 2 × 104 μg h-1. Size-resolved inhalation intake fractions ranged from 5 to 8 × 103 inhaled particles per million resuspended particles, demonstrating that a significant fraction of resuspended particles can be inhaled. A new exposure metric, the dust-to-breathing zone transport efficiency, was introduced to characterize the overall probability of a settled particle being resuspended and delivered to the respiratory airways. Values ranged from less than 0.1 to over 200 inhaled particles per million settled particles, increased with particle size, and varied by over 2 orders of magnitude among 12 carpet types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Manjie Fu
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Maria Valkonen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio 70701, Finland
| | - Martin Täubel
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio 70701, Finland
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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Lu M, Li G, Yang Y, Yu Y. A review on in-vitro oral bioaccessibility of organic pollutants and its application in human exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142001. [PMID: 32892057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Generally, human oral exposure assessments of contaminants have not considered the absorption factor in the human gastrointestinal tract, thus overestimating human exposure and associated health risk. Currently, more researchers are adding the absorption factor into human exposure assessment, and bioaccessibility measured by in-vitro methods is generally replacing bioavailability for estimation because of the cheap and rapid determination. However, no single unified in-vitro method is used for bioaccessibility measurement of organic pollutants, although several methods have been developed for these pollutants and have shown good in vitro-in vivo correlation between bioaccessibility and bioavailability. The present review has focused on the development of in-vitro methods, validation of these methods through in-vivo assays, determination of factors influencing bioaccessibility, application of bioaccessibility in human exposure assessment, and the challenges faced. Overall, most in-vitro methods were validated using bioavailability, and better in vitro-in vivo correlations were obtained when absorption sinks were added to the digestion solution to mimic dynamic absorption of organic chemicals by small intestine. Incorporating bioaccessibility into the estimation of human exposure by oral ingestion significantly decreases the estimated exposure dose. However, more investigations on bioaccessibility of hydrophobic organic compounds are urgently needed because many challenges for in-vitro methods remain to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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12
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Wei W, Dassonville C, Sivanantham S, Gregoire A, Mercier F, Le Bot B, Malingre L, Ramalho O, Derbez M, Mandin C. Semivolatile organic compounds in French schools: Partitioning between the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:156-169. [PMID: 33439520 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The indoor environmental quality in classrooms can largely affect children's daily exposure to indoor chemicals in schools. To date, there has not been a comprehensive study of the concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in French schools. Therefore, the French Observatory for Indoor Air Quality (OQAI) performed a field study of SVOCs in 308 nurseries and elementary schools between June 2013 and June 2017. The concentrations of 52 SVOCs, including phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), synthetic musks, and pesticides, were measured in air and settled dust (40 SVOCs in both air and dust, 12 in either air or dust). The results showed that phthalates had the highest concentrations among the SVOCs in both the air and dust. Other SVOCs, including tributyl phosphate, fluorene, phenanthrene, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH, lindane), galaxolide, and tonalide, also showed high concentrations in both the air and dust. Theoretical equations were developed to estimate the SVOC partitioning between the air and settled dust from either the octanol/air partition coefficient or the boiling point of the SVOCs. The regression constants of the equations were determined using the data set of the present study for phthalates and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Claire Dassonville
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Sutharsini Sivanantham
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Anthony Gregoire
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Laeticia Malingre
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Mickaël Derbez
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallée, France
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13
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Velázquez-Gómez M, Lacorte S. Organic pollutants in indoor dust from Ecuadorian Amazonia areas affected by oil extractivism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109499. [PMID: 32334168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-five household dust samples collected within six settlements surrounding oil production complexes along the Ecuadorian Amazonia were analysed to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, alkylphenols (APs), bisphenol A (BPA), nicotine, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and organophosphorus pesticides. Studied areas are mainly affected by gas flares emissions and oil spilling coming from extractivist operations and pesticides used in agriculture. Median ΣPAHs values ranged from 739 to 1182 ng g-1 and up to 52% of the PAH dust concentrations were associated to petrogenic activities from crude oil extraction, according to diagnostic ratios. ΣPAHs and toxic equivalents based on benzo[a]pyrene concentration (ΣTEQBaP, ng g-1) suggested similar toxicities among the different areas. Individual lifetime cancer risk (ILCRdust) was calculated for ingestion and dermal contact exposure routes and a non-acceptable total carcinogenic risk of up to 10-4 (one case per ten thousand people) was found for newborns from 0 to 3 years-old in Pimampiro area. Plasticisers and OPFRs were present in dust at maximum median concentrations of 332,507 ng g-1 (DEHP), 5,249 ng g-1 (DBP), 1,885 ng g-1 (BPA), 871 ng g-1 (TBOEP) and 122 ng g-1 (TEHP). Some dust samples from Ecuadorian houses had high maximum levels of legacy and modern pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (up to 44,176 ng g-1), 4,4'-DDT (12,958 ng g-1), malathion (34,748 ng g-1) and α+β-endosulfan (10,660 ng g-1) attributed to inappropriate use and storage of the pesticides. Finally, nicotine was seldom detected (36 ng g-1). The sources and risks of these compounds are discussed based on the activities carried out in the study areas and attending to an additional non-cancer risk assessment which showed high hazard quotients (HQ) and hazard indexes (HI) for DEHP, DBP, 4,4'-DDT, malathion, chlorpyrifos, naphthalene and benzo[a]pyrene in newborns and children up to 16 years-old.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Velázquez-Gómez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - S Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Gallon V, Le Cann P, Sanchez M, Dematteo C, Le Bot B. Emissions of VOCs, SVOCs, and mold during the construction process: Contribution to indoor air quality and future occupants' exposure. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:691-710. [PMID: 31943356 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Building materials and human activities are important sources of contamination indoors, but little information is available regarding contamination during construction process which could persist during the whole life of buildings. In this study, six construction stages on two construction sites were investigated regarding the emissions of 43 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 46 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and the presence of 4 genera of mold. Results show that the future indoor air quality does not only depend on the emissions of each building product but that it is also closely related to the whole implementation process. Mold spore measurements can reach 1400 CFU/m3 , which is particularly high compared with the concentrations usually measured in indoor environments. Relatively low concentrations of VOCs were observed, in relation to the use of low emissive materials. Among SVOCs analyzed, some phthalates, permethrin, and hydrocarbons were found in significant concentrations upon the delivery of building as well as triclosan, suspected to be endocrine disruptor, and yet prohibited in the treatment of materials and construction since 2014. As some regulations exist for VOC emissions, it is necessary to implement them for SVOCs due to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gallon
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Le Cann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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15
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Tuuminen T, Andersson M, Hyvönen S, Lohi J, Vaali K. Indoor air nontoxicity should be proven with special techniques prior claiming that it may cause a variety of mental disorders. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113545. [PMID: 32409255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tuuminen
- Kruunuhaka Medical Center, Kaisanimenkatu 1Ba, 00180, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maria Andersson
- University of Helsinki, Biokeskus 1 Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, 00140, Finland
| | | | - Jouni Lohi
- Department of Pathology, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
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16
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Mercier F, Gilles E, Soulard P, Mandin C, Dassonville C, Le Bot B. On-line coupling of thermal extraction with gas chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in a few milligrams of indoor dust. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1615:460768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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17
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Kristensen K, Lunderberg DM, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Tian Y, Arata C, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Sources and dynamics of semivolatile organic compounds in a single-family residence in northern California. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:645-655. [PMID: 31004533 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted from building materials, consumer products, and occupant activities alter the composition of air in residences where people spend most of their time. Exposures to specific SVOCs potentially pose risks to human health. However, little is known about the chemical complexity, total burden, and dynamic behavior of SVOCs in residential environments. Furthermore, little is known about the influence of human occupancy on the emissions and fates of SVOCs in residential air. Here, we present the first-ever hourly measurements of airborne SVOCs in a residence during normal occupancy. We employ state-of-the-art semivolatile thermal-desorption aerosol gas chromatography (SV-TAG). Indoor air is shown consistently to contain much higher levels of SVOCs than outdoors, in terms of both abundance and chemical complexity. Time-series data are characterized by temperature-dependent elevated background levels for a broad suite of chemicals, underlining the importance of continuous emissions from static indoor sources. Substantial increases in SVOC concentrations were associated with episodic occupant activities, especially cooking and cleaning. The number of occupants within the residence showed little influence on the total airborne SVOC concentration. Enhanced ventilation was effective in reducing SVOCs in indoor air, but only temporarily; SVOCs recovered to previous levels within hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - David M Lunderberg
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
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18
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Demirtepe H, Melymuk L, Diamond ML, Bajard L, Vojta Š, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Klánová J, Palkovičová Murínová Ľ, Richterová D, Rašplová V, Trnovec T. Linking past uses of legacy SVOCs with today's indoor levels and human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:653-663. [PMID: 30991221 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted from consumer products, building materials, and indoor and outdoor activities can be highly persistent in indoor environments. Human exposure to and environmental contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was previously reported in a region near a former PCB production facility in Slovakia. However, we found that the indoor residential PCB levels did not correlate with the distance from the facility. Rather, indoor levels in this region and those reported in the literature were related to the historic PCB use on a national scale and the inferred presence of primary sources of PCBs in the homes. Other SVOCs had levels linked with either the activities in the home, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with wood heating; or outdoor activities, e.g., organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) with agricultural land use and building age. We propose a classification framework to prioritize SVOCs for monitoring in indoor environments and to evaluate risks from indoor SVOC exposures. Application of this framework to 88 measured SVOCs identified several PCB congeners (CB-11, -28, -52), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), benzo(a)pyrene, and γ-HCH as priority compounds based on high exposure and toxicity assessed by means of toxicity reference values (TRVs). Application of the framework to many emerging compounds such as novel flame retardants was not possible because of either no or outdated TRVs. Concurrent identification of seven SVOC groups in indoor environments provided information on their comparative levels and distributions, their sources, and informed our assessment of associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Demirtepe
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lola Bajard
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Vojta
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubica Palkovičová Murínová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Richterová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Rašplová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
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19
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Raffy G, Mercier F, Glorennec P, Mandin C, Le Bot B. Oral bioaccessibility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in settled dust: A review of measurement methods, data and influencing factors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 352:215-227. [PMID: 29621676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), suspected of reprotoxic, neurotoxic or carcinogenic effects, were measured in indoor settled dust. Dust ingestion is a non-negligible pathway of exposure to some of these SVOCs, and an accurate knowledge of the real exposure is necessary for a better evaluation of health risks. To this end, the bioaccessibility of SVOCs in dust needs to be considered. In the present work, bioaccessibility measurement methods, SVOCs' oral bioaccessibility data and influencing factors were reviewed. SVOC bioaccessibilities (%) ranged from 11 to 94, 8 to 100, 3 to 92, 1 to 81, 6 to 52, and 2 to 17, for brominated flame retardants, organophosphorus flame retardants, polychlorobiphenyls, phthalates, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. Measurements method produced varying results depending on the inclusion of food and/or sink in the model. Characteristics of dust, e.g., organic matter content and particle size, also influenced bioaccessibility data. Last, results were influenced by SVOC properties, such as octanol/water partition coefficient and migration pathway into dust. Factors related to dust and SVOCs could be used in prediction models. To this end, more bioaccessibility studies covering more substances should be performed, using methods that are harmonized and validated by comparison to in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Raffy
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Fabien Mercier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Université Paris Est, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Center for Building, OQAI - French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès Champs-sur-Marne 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France
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20
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Pelletier M, Bonvallot N, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Wei W, Raffy G, Mercier F, Blanchard O, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. Indoor residential exposure to semivolatile organic compounds in France. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 109:81-88. [PMID: 28950160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple chemicals are emitted in residential accommodation. Aggregate Daily Doses (ADD) (ng/kg-bw/d) were estimated for 32 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) of different chemical families that are frequently detected in French dwellings in both air and settled dust. Daily doses were determined using steady-state models for the population, categorized into 11 age groups covering birth to age 30. Three routes of exposure were taken into account: dust ingestion, inhalation (gaseous and particulate phases) and dermal contact with the gaseous phase of air. Contamination levels were preferentially retrieved from large, nationwide representative datasets. A two-dimensional probabilistic approach was used to assess parametric uncertainty and identify the most influential factors. For children aged 2 to 3years, ADD estimates spanned orders of magnitude, with median values ranging from 8.7pg/kg-bw/d for 2,2',3,4,4'-pentabromodiphenylether (BDE 85) to 1.3μg/kg-bw/d for di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Inhalation, ingestion and dermal pathway contributed at varying levels, and depending on compound, air was the dominant medium for 28 of the 32 compounds (either by inhalation or dermal contact). Indoor exposure estimate variance was mainly driven by indoor contamination variability, and secondarily by uncertainty in physical and chemical parameters. These findings lend support to the call for cumulative risk assessment of indoor SVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Pelletier
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Gaëlle Raffy
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP - School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France.
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21
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Ginsberg GL, Belleggia G. Use of Monte Carlo analysis in a risk-based prioritization of toxic constituents in house dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 109:101-113. [PMID: 28890219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals have been detected in house dust with exposures to the general public and particularly young children of potential health concern. House dust is also an indicator of chemicals present in consumer products and the built environment that may constitute a health risk. The current analysis compiles a database of recent house dust concentrations from the United States and Canada, focusing upon semi-volatile constituents. Seven constituents from the phthalate and flame retardant categories were selected for risk-based screening and prioritization: diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), a pentabrominated diphenyl ether congener (BDE-99), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Monte Carlo analysis was used to represent the variability in house dust concentration as well as the uncertainty in the toxicology database in the estimation of children's exposure and risk. Constituents were prioritized based upon the percentage of the distribution of risk results for cancer and non-cancer endpoints that exceeded a hazard quotient (HQ) of 1. The greatest percent HQ exceedances were for DEHP (cancer and non-cancer), BDE-99 (non-cancer) and TDCIPP (cancer). Current uses and the potential for reducing levels of these constituents in house dust are discussed. Exposure and risk for other phthalates and flame retardants in house dust may increase if they are used to substitute for these prioritized constituents. Therefore, alternative assessment and green chemistry solutions are important elements in decreasing children's exposure to chemicals of concern in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Ginsberg
- Department of Community Medicine, MPH Program, University of Connecticut Health Center School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Giuliana Belleggia
- Department of Community Medicine, MPH Program, University of Connecticut Health Center School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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Fournier K, Baumont E, Glorennec P, Bonvallot N. Relative toxicity for indoor semi volatile organic compounds based on neuronal death. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:33-42. [PMID: 28709981 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semi Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) are contaminants commonly found in dwellings as a result of their use as plasticizers, flame retardants, or pesticides in building materials and consumer products. Many SVOCs are suspected of being neurotoxic, based on mammal experimentation (impairment of locomotor activity, spatial learning/memory or behavioral changes), raising the question of cumulative risk assessment. The aim of this work is to estimate the relative toxicity of such SVOCs, based on neuronal death. METHOD SVOCs fulfilling the following conditions were included: detection frequency >10% in dwellings, availability of data on effects or mechanism of action for neurotoxicity, and availability of dose-response relationships based on cell viability assays as a proxy of neuronal death. Benchmark concentration values (BMC) were estimated using a Hill model, and compared to assess relative toxicity. RESULTS Of the 58 SVOCs selected, 28 were suspected of being neurotoxic in mammals, and 21 have been documented as inducing a decrease in cell viability in vitro. 13 have at least one dose-response relationship that can be used to derive a BMC based on a 10% fall in neuronal viability. Based on this in vitro endpoint, PCB-153 appeared to be the most toxic compound, having the lowest BMC10 (0.072μM) and diazinon the least toxic compound, having the highest BMC10 (94.35μM). We showed that experimental designs (in particular choice of cell lines) had a significant influence on BMC calculation. CONCLUSION For the first time, the relative in vitro toxicity of 13 indoor contaminants belonging to different chemical families has been assessed on the basis of neuronal cell viability. Lack of comparable toxicity datasets limits the number of SVOCs that can be included. More standardized protocols in terms of cell lines, species and exposure duration should be developed with a view to cumulative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Fournier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Emmanuel Baumont
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
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23
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Larsson K, Lindh CH, Jönsson BA, Giovanoulis G, Bibi M, Bottai M, Bergström A, Berglund M. Phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in Swedish preschool dust in relation to children's exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 102:114-124. [PMID: 28274486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Children are exposed to a wide range of chemicals in their everyday environments, including the preschool. In this study, we evaluated the levels of phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in dust from 100 Swedish preschools and identified important exposure factors in the indoor environment. In addition, children's total exposure to these chemicals was determined by urine analysis to investigate their relation with dust exposure, and to explore the time trends by comparing with children who provided urine fifteen years earlier. The most abundant plasticizers in preschool dust were the phthalates di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) with geometric mean levels of 450 and 266μg/g dust, respectively, and the non-phthalate plasticizers bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) and diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DiNCH) found at 105 and 73μg/g dust, respectively. The levels of several substitute plasticizers were higher in newer preschools, whereas the levels of the strictly regulated phthalate di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were higher in older preschools. The presence of foam mattresses and PVC flooring in the sampling room were associated with higher levels of DiNP in dust. Children's exposure from preschool dust ingestion was below established health based reference values and the estimated exposure to different phthalates and BPA via preschool dust ingestion accounted for 2-27% of the total exposure. We found significantly lower urinary levels of BPA and metabolites of strictly regulated phthalates, but higher levels of DiNP metabolites, in urine from the children in this study compared to the children who provided urine samples fifteen years earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Ag Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Momina Bibi
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Bergström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marika Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Pelletier M, Bonvallot N, Ramalho O, Blanchard O, Mercier F, Mandin C, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. Dermal absorption of semivolatile organic compounds from the gas phase: Sensitivity of exposure assessment by steady state modeling to key parameters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 102:106-113. [PMID: 28249739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the importance of dermal exposure for some semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) present in the gas phase of indoor air. Though models for estimating dermal intake from gaseous SVOCs exist, their predictions can be subject to variations in input parameters, which can lead to large variation in exposure estimations. In this sensitivity analysis for a steady state model, we aimed to assess these variations and their determinants using probabilistic Monte Carlo sampling for 8 SVOCs from different chemical families: phthalates, bisphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus (OPs), organochlorines (OCs), synthetic musks, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). Indoor SVOC concentrations were found to be the most influential parameters. Both Henry's law constant (H) and octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) uncertainty also had significant influence. While exposure media properties such as volume fraction of organic matter in the particle phase (fom-part), particle density (ρpart), concentration ([TSP]) and transport coefficient (ɣd) had a slight influence for some compounds, human parameters such as body weight (W), body surface area (A) and daily exposure (t) make a marginal or null contribution to the variance of dermal intake for a given age group. Inclusion of a parameter sensitivity analysis appears essential to reporting uncertainties in dermal exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Pelletier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Mercier
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-U1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France.
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25
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Walsh JJ, Lenes JM, Weisberg RH, Zheng L, Hu C, Fanning KA, Snyder R, Smith J. More surprises in the global greenhouse: Human health impacts from recent toxic marine aerosol formations, due to centennial alterations of world-wide coastal food webs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 116:9-40. [PMID: 28111002 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of zooplankton biomasses and grazing pressures were observed during overfishing-induced trophic cascades and concurrent oil spills at global scales. Recent phytoplankton increments followed, once Fe-, P-, and N-nutrient limitations of commensal diazotrophs and dinoflagellates were also eliminated by respective human desertification, deforestation, and eutrophication during climate changes. Si-limitation of diatoms instead ensued during these last anthropogenic perturbations of agricultural effluents and sewage loadings. Consequently, ~15% of total world-wide annual asthma trigger responses, i.e. amounting to ~45 million adjacent humans during 2004, resulted from brevetoxin and palytoxin poisons in aerosol forms of western boundary current origins. They were denoted by greater global harmful algal bloom [HAB] abundances and breathing attacks among sea-side children during prior decadal surveys of asthma prevalence, compiled here in ten paired shelf ecosystems of western and eutrophied boundary currents. Since 1965, such inferred onshore fluxes of aerosolized DOC poisons of HABs may have served as additional wind-borne organic carriers of toxic marine MeHg, phthalate, and DDT/DDE vectors, traced by radio-iodine isotopes to potentially elicit carcinomas. During these exchanges, as much as 40% of mercury poisonings may instead have been effected by inhalation of collateral HAB-carried marine neurotoxic aerosols of MeHg, not just from eating marine fish. Health impacts in some areas were additional asthma and pneumonia episodes, as well as endocrine disruptions among the same adjacent humans, with known large local rates of thyroid cancers, physician-diagnosed pulmonary problems, and ubiquitous high indices of mercury in hair, pesticides in breast milk, and phthalates in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Walsh
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States.
| | - J M Lenes
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - R H Weisberg
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - L Zheng
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - C Hu
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - K A Fanning
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersberg, FL 33701, United States
| | - R Snyder
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science Eastern Shore Laboratory, Wachapreague, VA 23480, United States
| | - J Smith
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
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26
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Raffy G, Mercier F, Blanchard O, Derbez M, Dassonville C, Bonvallot N, Glorennec P, Le Bot B. Semi-volatile organic compounds in the air and dust of 30 French schools: a pilot study. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:114-127. [PMID: 26880519 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of indoor environments with chemical compounds released by materials and furniture, such as semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), is less documented in schools than in dwellings-yet children spend 16% of their time in schools, where they can also be exposed. This study is one of the first to describe the contamination of the air and dust of 90 classrooms from 30 nursery and primary schools by 55 SVOCs, including pesticides, phosphoric esters, musks, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), phthalates, and polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). Air samples were collected using an active sampling method, and dust samples were collected via two sampling methods (wiping and vacuum cleaning). In air, the highest concentrations (median >100 ng/m3 ) were measured for diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and galaxolide. In dust, the highest concentrations (median >30 μg/g) were found for DEHP, diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), DiBP, and DBP. An attempt to compare two floor dust sampling methods using a single unit (ng/m²) was carried out. SVOC concentrations were higher in wiped dust, but frequencies of quantification were greater in vacuumed dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raffy
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
- LERES - Environment and Health Research Laboratory, Rennes, France
| | - F Mercier
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
- LERES - Environment and Health Research Laboratory, Rennes, France
| | - O Blanchard
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - M Derbez
- CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centre for Building, OQAI - French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, Université Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - C Dassonville
- CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centre for Building, OQAI - French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, Université Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - N Bonvallot
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - P Glorennec
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - B Le Bot
- EHESP - School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France
- Irset-Inserm UMR 1085 - Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
- LERES - Environment and Health Research Laboratory, Rennes, France
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27
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Approaches to Children's Exposure Assessment: Case Study with Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070670. [PMID: 27376320 PMCID: PMC4962211 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Children's exposure assessment is a key input into epidemiology studies, risk assessment and source apportionment. The goals of this article are to describe a methodology for children's exposure assessment that can be used for these purposes and to apply the methodology to source apportionment for the case study chemical, diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP). A key feature is the comparison of total (aggregate) exposure calculated via a pathways approach to that derived from a biomonitoring approach. The 4-step methodology and its results for DEHP are: (1) Prioritization of life stages and exposure pathways, with pregnancy, breast-fed infants, and toddlers the focus of the case study and pathways selected that are relevant to these groups; (2) Estimation of pathway-specific exposures by life stage wherein diet was found to be the largest contributor for pregnant women, breast milk and mouthing behavior for the nursing infant and diet, house dust, and mouthing for toddlers; (3) Comparison of aggregate exposure by pathways vs biomonitoring-based approaches wherein good concordance was found for toddlers and pregnant women providing confidence in the exposure assessment; (4) Source apportionment in which DEHP presence in foods, children's products, consumer products and the built environment are discussed with respect to early life mouthing, house dust and dietary exposure. A potential fifth step of the method involves the calculation of exposure doses for risk assessment which is described but outside the scope for the current case study. In summary, the methodology has been used to synthesize the available information to identify key sources of early life exposure to DEHP.
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28
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Melymuk L, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Vojta Š, Krátká M, Kukučka P, Audy O, Přibylová P, Klánová J. Distribution of legacy and emerging semivolatile organic compounds in five indoor matrices in a residential environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:179-186. [PMID: 27016813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Seven types of indoor samples, covering five indoor matrices, were collected in a residential room, and analyzed for five classes of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The goal was to improve the understanding of the relationship between indoor air, surface films and dust, based on differences in sources, physicochemical properties, and indoor environmental characteristics. Comparisons of the five matrices (gas- and particle-phase air, floor dust, surface dust/films and window films) demonstrated that within our test room a semi-quantitative measurement of the SVOC distributions and concentrations could be obtained by air, and composite dust or furniture surface wipes. Dust concentrations varied within the room, and spot samples were not necessarily representative of the average room conditions. Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) successfully quantified the total air concentrations of the studied SVOC compound groups, as indoor air concentrations were dominated by gas-phase compounds, however air concentrations of individual particle-bound compounds had higher uncertainty. Measured concentrations of dust/surfaces could be used to estimate air concentrations of legacy SVOCs, demonstrating equilibrium in the room. However, air concentrations of current-use compounds (flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) could not be estimated from dust/surface concentrations, demonstrating the influence of ongoing primary emissions and non-equilibrium status in the room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Instituttveien 18, PO Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Šimon Vojta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Krátká
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Audy
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Consumer products are often overlooked as sources of children's exposures to toxic chemicals. Various regulatory bodies have developed lists of chemicals of concern that can be found in products contacted by children. However, this information has not been summarized for health practitioners. This review organizes such chemicals and products into four categories, with the antibacterial agent triclosan used to illustrate the potential risks to children from a common ingredient in consumer products. RECENT FINDINGS Biomonitoring, house dust, indoor air, and product testing document children's exposures to a wide variety of chemicals. An increasing number of epidemiology studies have shown associations between these exposures and health effects in children. Triclosan is an example of a chemical contained in high contact products (e.g., soaps, lotions, and toothpaste) not necessarily designed for children. Triclosan exposure in children has been associated with increased responsiveness to airway allergens, with it also capable of endocrine disruption. However, the utility and necessity of this chemical in consumer products has not been demonstrated in most cases. SUMMARY Triclosan and the other examples provided show that a changing marketplace with little regulatory oversight of chemical uses can lead to unanticipated exposures and potential health risks to children.
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Chevrier C, Warembourg C, Le Maner-Idrissi G, Lacroix A, Dardier V, Le Sourn-Bissaoui S, Rouget F, Monfort C, Gaudreau E, Mercier F, Bonvallot N, Glorennec P, Muckle G, Le Bot B, Cordier S. Childhood exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and neurodevelopment at six years of age. Neurotoxicology 2016; 54:81-88. [PMID: 26955917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are present in indoor environments. Studies of the developmental effects of exposure to these chemicals in large prospective mother-child cohorts are required, with data on prenatal exposure and long-term follow-up of the children. We aimed to investigate the relationship between prenatal and childhood exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment at the age of six years. We determined the levels of PBDEs and other neurotoxicants in cord blood and dust collected from the homes of children for 246 families included in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort in France. We assessed two cognitive domains of the six-year-old children using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. Verbal comprehension scores were lower in children from homes with higher concentrations of BDE99 (βDetects<median_vs_NonDetects=-1.6; 95% CI: -6.1, 2.9; βDetects≥median_vs_NonDetects=-5.4; -9.9, -1.0; p trend=0.02) and of BDE209 (β2nd_vs_1st_tertile=-1.8; 95% CI: -6.1, 2.5; β3rd_vs_1st_tertile=-3.2; -7.5, 1.2; p trend=0.15) in dust, particularly for boys (p trend=0.02 and 0.04, respectively). Working memory scores seemed to be lower in children with higher BDE99 concentrations in dust (p trend=0.10). No association was observed with cord blood levels of BDE209. Our findings are in agreement with those of four previous studies suggesting adverse cognitive outcomes among children associated with early-life exposure to penta-BDE mixtures, and provide new evidence for the potential neurotoxicity of BDE209. Several countries are in the process of banning the use of PBDE mixtures as flame-retardants. However, these compounds are likely to remain present in the environment for a long time to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Chevrier
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
| | - Charline Warembourg
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Gaïd Le Maner-Idrissi
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Agnès Lacroix
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Dardier
- Research Centre for Psychology, Cognition and Communication, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | | | - Florence Rouget
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; Réseau « Bien Naître en Ille et Vilaine », Rennes, France
| | - Christine Monfort
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Gaudreau
- Laboratoire du Centre de Toxicologie (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Canada
| | - Fabien Mercier
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Rennes, France
| | - Gina Muckle
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- U1085 Irset Research Institute of Health Environment and Work, Inserm, Rennes, France; University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Fournier K, Tebby C, Zeman F, Glorennec P, Zmirou-Navier D, Bonvallot N. Multiple exposures to indoor contaminants: Derivation of benchmark doses and relative potency factors based on male reprotoxic effects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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KIM H, TANABE SI. THE MEASUREMENT OF SVOC EMISSION RATE FROM BUILDING PRODUCTS AND DAILY GOODS BY USING MICRO CHAMBER. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3130/aije.81.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuntae KIM
- Assist. Prof., Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Dr.Eng
| | - Shin-ichi TANABE
- Prof., School of Creative Science and Engineering, Dept. of Architecture, Waseda University, Dr.Eng
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KIM H, TANABE SI. FIELD MEASURMENT OF SVOC IN INDOOR AIR AND HOUSE DUST IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3130/aije.81.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuntae KIM
- Assist. Prof., Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Dr.Eng
| | - Shin-ichi TANABE
- Prof., School of Creative Science and Engineering, Dept. of Architecture, Waseda University, Dr.Eng
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Hinwood AL, Callan AC, Heyworth J, Rogic D, de Araujo J, Crough R, Mamahit G, Piro N, Yates A, Stevenson G, Odland JØ. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and dioxin concentrations in residential dust of pregnant women. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:2758-2763. [PMID: 25343442 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins are well known for their persistence in the environment. PCBs can be found in the residential environment long after the use of these chemicals in domestic products and industrial processes has ceased. Dioxins have been assessed in Australia as being of very low concentrations. Despite concerns about residential dust as a source of human exposure to persistent chemicals, there has been limited testing of PCBs and dioxins in dust in Australia. As part of an assessment of maternal exposure to a variety of persistent toxic substances, we analysed 30 residential dust samples from a variety of geographical settings for their dioxin and PCB concentrations. PCBs were found in most samples, the median and range concentrations (pg g(-1)) of dominant congeners of PCB were as follows: PCB118 (315; <35.0-29 000), PCB105 (130; 14.0-16 000) and PCB156 (440; <5.00-2800). Dioxin concentrations were generally low with median concentrations for the total sum of dioxin-like polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) of 3.75 pg g(-1) each. There was a very high percentage of non-detects. Concentrations of both PCBs and dioxins were low compared with most studies reporting residential dust concentrations internationally. Age of dwelling was the only factor observed to influence both PCB congener concentrations and dioxin isomers in multivariate regression analyses. No other housing or sociodemographic variables, including proximity to industry, were important predictors in multivariate linear regression models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hinwood
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
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Fournier K, Glorennec P, Bonvallot N. An exposure-based framework for grouping pollutants for a cumulative risk assessment approach: case study of indoor semi-volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 130:20-28. [PMID: 24525241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a large number of contaminants, many of which may have similar health effects. This paper presents a framework for identifying pollutants to be included in a cumulative risk assessment approach. To account for the possibility of simultaneous exposure to chemicals with common toxic modes of action, the first step of the traditional risk assessment process, i.e. hazard identification, is structured in three sub-steps: (1a) Identification of pollutants people are exposed to, (1b) identification of effects and mechanisms of action of these pollutants, (1c) grouping of pollutants according to similarity of their mechanism of action and health effects. Based on this exposure-based grouping we can derive "multi-pollutant" toxicity reference values, in the "dose-response assessment" step. The approach proposed in this work is original in that it is based on real exposures instead of a limited number of pollutants from a unique chemical family, as traditionally performed. This framework is illustrated by the case study of semi-volatile organic compounds in French dwellings, providing insights into practical considerations regarding the accuracy of the available toxicological information. This case study illustrates the value of the exposure-based approach as opposed to the traditional cumulative framework, in which chemicals with similar health effects were not always included in the same chemical class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Fournier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; INSERM UMR1085 IRSET (Research Institute in Environmental and Occupational Health), Rennes, France.
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Mercier F, Gilles E, Saramito G, Glorennec P, Le Bot B. A multi-residue method for the simultaneous analysis in indoor dust of several classes of semi-volatile organic compounds by pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1336:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Blanchard O, Glorennec P, Mercier F, Bonvallot N, Chevrier C, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Bot BL. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and settled dust in 30 French dwellings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3959-69. [PMID: 24588211 DOI: 10.1021/es405269q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous contaminants in indoor environments, emanating from different sources and partitioning among several compartments, including the gas phase, airborne particles, and settled dust. Nevertheless, simultaneous measurements in the three compartments are rarely reported. In this study, we investigated indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in 30 French dwellings. In settled dust, 40 out of 57 target compounds were detected. The highest median concentrations were measured for phthalates and to a lesser extent for bisphenol A, synthetic musks, some pesticides, and PAHs. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) were the most abundant compounds. A total of 34 target compounds were detected both in the gas phase and airborne particles. The highest concentrations were measured for diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and synthetic musks in the gas phase and for DEHP, DiBP, DBP, and DINP in the airborne particles. This is the first study on the indoor concentrations of a wide range of SVOCs in settled dust, gas phase, and airborne particles collected simultaneously in each dwelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, 35043 Rennes, France
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Blanchard O, Mercier F, Ramalho O, Mandin C, Le Bot B, Glorennec P. Measurements of semi-volatile organic compounds in settled dust: influence of storage temperature and duration. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:125-135. [PMID: 24033516 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust samples cannot always be analyzed immediately after collection. However, little information is currently available on how storage conditions may affect measurements. This study was designed to determine how sample storage conditions may affect the concentration of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the dust. A composite dust was prepared using a Standard Reference Material (SRM 2585) with real indoor dust samples. The composite dust was stored in various types of packaging, at different temperatures (-18°C, 5°C, 20°C, and 35°C), and in different light conditions. The concentration of SVOCs was measured after various storage durations. No effect on SVOC concentrations was observed for the composite dust stored in an amber glass vial at -18°C for 36 months. At 5°C, 20°C, and 35°C, losses occurred for the more volatile compounds. The experimental storage conditions clearly showed that temperature and duration affected the concentrations of SVOCs in the composite dust. The type of packaging material (polyethylene zip bag or polyethylene garbage bag) did not seem to have a systematic effect on the preservation of SVOCs in the composite dust. Maximum storage duration times are proposed for each compound at various temperatures. For most compounds, samples can be stored for 2 months at 20°C. For samples that cannot be analyzed immediately, we recommend to store them in the dark at -18°C to ensure a good recovery of all tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Blanchard
- EHESP-School of Public Health Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM U1085, IRSET-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
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Araki A, Saito I, Kanazawa A, Morimoto K, Nakayama K, Shibata E, Tanaka M, Takigawa T, Yoshimura T, Chikara H, Saijo Y, Kishi R. Phosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and their relation to asthma and allergies of inhabitants. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:3-15. [PMID: 23724807 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers, and they are ubiquitous in the indoor environment. Phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are present in residential dust, but few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. We measured the levels of 11 PFRs in indoor floor dust and multi-surface dust in 182 single-family dwellings in Japan. We evaluated their correlations with asthma and allergies of the inhabitants. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was detected in all samples (median value: 580 μg/g in floor dust, 111 μg/g in multi-surface dust). Tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was detected at 8.69 μg/g in floor dust and 25.8 μg/g in multi-surface dust. After adjustment for potential confounders, significant associations were found between the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and the presence of TCIPP and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate in floor dust [per log10 -unit, odds ratio (OR): 2.43 and 1.84, respectively]. Tributyl phosphate was significantly associated with the prevalence of asthma (OR: 2.85 in floor dust, 5.34 in multi-surface dust) and allergic rhinitis (OR: 2.55 in multi-surface dust). PFR levels in Japan were high compared with values reported previously for Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the USA. Higher levels of PFRs in house dust were related to the inhabitants' health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Analysis of semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor suspended particulate matter by thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1254:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mercier F, Glorennec P, Thomas O, Le Bot B. Organic contamination of settled house dust, a review for exposure assessment purposes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6716-6727. [PMID: 21667945 DOI: 10.1021/es200925h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
People spend a considerable amount of time indoors. As a result, exposure to indoor contaminants is of great concern, notably via settled dust ingestion in particular for infants and toddlers. This paper proposes a critical review on the organic contamination of settled house dust and human exposure over the past 10 years and focused on sources, contaminations and measurement methods (sampling, pretreatment, storage and analysis). As many compounds were identified, arises the question of which ones to consider. Sensitive and selective analytical methods for simultaneous determination of targeted substances should be developed and evaluated. Various methods were described for sampling and sample preparation. Harmonization and standardization are needed to enable comparison of results from similar studies. Finally, an integrated multipollutant and multicompartment (settled dust, suspended particles and air) approach appears essential in order to determine the extent of the threat to public health posed by indoor contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Mercier
- EHESP School of Public Health, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
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