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Osuna-Cabanillas JM, Marín-Enríquez E, Martínez-Falcón AP, Timi JT, Morales-Serna FN. Low similarity between parasite communities of ten sympatric carangid species. Parasitol Int 2024; 101:102885. [PMID: 38461933 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Host phylogeny and ecological convergence are two factors thought to influence the structure of parasite communities. The aims of this study were to determine the diversity of metazoan parasites of 10 sympatric fish species of the family Carangidae from the southeastern Gulf of California, and to analyze their similarity at infracommunity and component community levels, in order to determine if the host species, particularly those congeneric with similar ecological characteristics, exhibit similar assemblages of parasites. In total, 874 fish specimens were examined and 40 parasite species were identified. The component community was composed by 21 parasite species in Caranx caninus, 20 in C. caballus, 11 in C. vinctus, five in Chloroscombrus orqueta, four in Carangoides otrynter, seven in Hemicaranx leucurus, eight in Selene brevoortii, 14 in S. peruviana, and 11 in Trachinotus rhodopus. The metazoan parasite communities of C. vinctus, Ch. orqueta, H. leucurus, and S. brevoortii are reported here for the first time. The parasite communities of the remaining six carangid species have been reported from regions other than the Gulf of California. All fish species differed significantly regarding the diversity of their parasite infracommunities. This possibly is due to different patterns of habitat use among fish species, and because of the differential host specificity among parasite taxa. Nonetheless, when the analysis was restricted to common parasite species, some fish showed similar parasite infracommunities, particularly congeners of the genus Selene as well as C. caballus and C. vinctus. The component communities of species of Selene were highly similar (>65%), but the three species of Caranx were not. This result supports the hypothesis that congeneric fish species with similar ecological filters harbor similar parasite communities. However, the difference observed between C. caninus and C. caballus suggests that these species, despite being evolutionary and ecologically related, have different physiological or immunological characteristics (compatibility filters) that may result in different parasite communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Osuna-Cabanillas
- Posgrado en Ciencias en Recursos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán 82000, Mexico
| | - Emigdio Marín-Enríquez
- CONAHCYT, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán 82000, Mexico
| | - Ana P Martínez-Falcón
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Área Académica de Biología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, 42184, Mexico
| | - Juan T Timi
- Laboratorio de Ictioparasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Francisco N Morales-Serna
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán 82040, Mexico.
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2
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Garvey DC, Blanar CA, Warburton EM, Grunberg RL, Mckean EL, Kerstetter DW. Host ecology and biogeography drive parasite community composition in Atlantic killifishes. Oecologia 2024; 204:289-300. [PMID: 37515599 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of parasite community assembly can be confounded by phylogenetic distance among host species. Addressing this requires focusing on parasite communities within closely related taxa. Thus, we took a macroecological approach to examining parasite community structure within Killifish species in the genus Fundulus to disentangle the effects of host phylogeny and ecological variables. We constructed a database of parasite communities within Fundulus species from 15 published and unpublished surveys covering the Atlantic coast of the US and Canada. The database was expanded by sampling sites in underrepresented provinces and states, totaling 10 Fundulus species from 57 unique geographic sites. Univariate analysis of observed parasite species richness among Fundulus populations in the dataset found that latitude, climate type, and salinity were the dominant factors determining parasite species richness. Multivariate analysis found that host species and landscape type were the most important factors in determining the similarity of parasite assemblages. Unexpectedly, parasite species richness decreased in low latitudes, and host phylogenetic distance was not found to be a significant factor in the similarity of parasite communities. These results indicate that commonly reported large-scale drivers of parasite community structure, such as latitude and phylogeny, could have diminished significance at the host genus level relative to host ecology, biogeography, and local landscape factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Garvey
- Halmos College of Arts & Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Christopher A Blanar
- Halmos College of Arts & Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Warburton
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rita L Grunberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elise L Mckean
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David W Kerstetter
- Halmos College of Arts & Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA
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Diaz-Suarez A, Noreikiene K, Kahar S, Ozerov MY, Gross R, Kisand V, Vasemägi A. DNA metabarcoding reveals spatial and temporal variation of fish eye fluke communities in lake ecosystems. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:33-46. [PMID: 37633409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Eye flukes (Diplostomidae) are diverse and abundant trematode parasites that form multi-species communities in fish with negative effects on host fitness and survival. However, the environmental factors and host-related characteristics that determine species diversity, composition, and coexistence in such communities remain poorly understood. Here, we developed a cost-effective cox1 region-specific DNA metabarcoding approach to characterize parasitic diplostomid communities in two common fish species (Eurasian perch and common roach) collected from seven temperate lakes in Estonia. We found considerable inter- and intra-lake, as well as inter-host species, variation in diplostomid communities. Sympatric host species characterization revealed that parasite communities were typically more diverse in roach than perch. Additionally, we detected five positive and two negative diplostomid species associations in roach, whereas only a single negative association was observed in perch. These results indicate that diplostomid communities in temperate lakes are complex and dynamic systems exhibiting both spatial and temporal heterogeneity. They are influenced by various environmental factors and by host-parasite and inter-parasite interactions. We expect that the described methodology facilitates ecological and biodiversity research of diplostomid parasites. It is also adaptable to other parasite groups where it could serve to improve current understanding of diversity, distribution, and interspecies interactions of other understudied taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Diaz-Suarez
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Kristina Noreikiene
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia. https://twitter.com/snaudale
| | - Siim Kahar
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikhail Y Ozerov
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, 17893 Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Riho Gross
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Veljo Kisand
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stångholmsvägen 2, 17893 Drottningholm, Sweden
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4
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Lehun AL, Muniz CM, Silva JOS, Cavalcanti LD, Takemoto RM. The functional traits of host fish can act as good predictors for parasite composition in a neotropical floodplain. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:206-215. [PMID: 37807892 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasite diversity can be influenced by the interaction of environmental factors and host traits, but understanding which traits can be decisive for the establishment of the parasite may provide subsidies for a better understanding of the host-parasite relationship. In this study, we investigated whether functional traits, diet, and host phylogeny can predict the similarity of the endoparasite composition of a fish assemblage in a Brazilian floodplain. Of the three evaluated components, the host's diet was the factor that showed the greatest influence on the composition and similarity of endoparasites, demonstrating the highest value of the explanation. The functional traits and phylogeny, despite presenting significant values (unique effect and global effect), showed low explainability in the composition of the endoparasites. When analyzing the joint effects, all components showed significant influence. Hosts that live in the same environment that are phylogenetically related and have a similar ecology have a certain degree of homogeneity in their parasite assemblages and, because they are endoparasites (which are acquired trophically along the chain), diet is the main driver of parasite richness and similarity. Overall, host traits can be one of the main determinants of parasite composition, so studies that address the functional traits of the host provide a representation of local diversity and define the possible patterns of these parasite communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsler Luana Lehun
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Carolina Mendes Muniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - João Otávio Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Lidiany Doreto Cavalcanti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Santoro M, Bellisario B, Tanduo V, Crocetta F, Palomba M. Drivers of parasite communities in three sympatric benthic sharks in the Gulf of Naples (central Mediterranean Sea). Sci Rep 2022; 12:9969. [PMID: 35705658 PMCID: PMC9200773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharks play a key role in the functioning of marine ecosystems and maintenance of trophic web balance, including life cycles of parasites co-occurring in their habitats. We investigated the structure of parasite communities of three sympatric shark species (Etmopterus spinax, Galeus melastomus, and Scyliorhinus canicula) and explored both the influence of host features in shaping the communities and their role as biological indicators of environment stability in the Gulf of Naples (central Mediterranean Sea), a geographical area characterized by strong anthropic pressure. Parasites found were all trophic transmitted helminths with a complex life cycle, except Lernaeopoda galei, that is a ecto-parasite copepod. Communities were all similarly impoverished with 4–5 component species and low values of species richness and diversity. Higher abundance of cestode larvae of the genus Grillotia was found in G. melastomus, although their dominance in all host species suggests that the three sharks have a similar role as intermediate/paratenic hosts in local food webs. Similarly, high abundance of Grillotia larvae could also suggest the occurrence of high abundance of largest top predators in the area. Host morphological (fork length in S. canicula and G. melastomus and body condition index in G. melastomus) and physiological (sex and gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices in S. canicula) variables were differently correlated to parasite community structures depending by host species. Potential reasons for the present impoverished parasite communities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Santoro
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Bruno Bellisario
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Viterbo, Via San Camillo de Lellis Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Tanduo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Crocetta
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy
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López-Pérez AM, Pesapane R, Clifford DL, Backus L, Foley P, Voll A, Silva RB, Foley J. Host species and environment drivers of ectoparasite community of rodents in a Mojave Desert wetlands. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269160. [PMID: 35653332 PMCID: PMC9162374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drivers of patterns of ectoparasitism in rodents in patchy Mojave Desert wetlands were investigated. A total of 1,571 ectoparasites in Mesostigmata, Trombidiformes, Siphonaptera and Ixodida were collected from 341 rodents (Microtus californicus scirpensis, Mus musculus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, Peromyscus eremicus, and Neotoma lepida) at eleven marshes. Trombiculids accounted for 82.5% of mites, followed by the mesostigmatid Ornithonyssus bacoti (17.5%), with chiggers predominating on voles and harvest mice. There were at least three genera of chiggers (Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, Euschoengastia sp. novel, and Blankaartia sp. novel). Fleas included Orchopeas leucopus (90.3% of all fleas) and O. sexdentatus (9.7%), and ticks were the novel endemic Ixodes mojavensis (82.1% of ticks) and Dermacentor similis (17.9%). On all hosts and at all marshes, coverage-based rarefaction sampling was over 96%, indicating coverage sufficient for analysis. Dissimilarities in ectoparasite community structure were driven mainly by chiggers, I. mojavensis and O. leucopus. Northern marshes were dominated by chiggers; central marshes by I. mojavensis; and southern marshes by O. leucopus. Primary determinants of ectoparasite community structure were host species, patch size, and parasite interspecific interactions. Host species richness and environmental factors such as patch distance and water and plant availability were not significantly associated with patterns of ectoparasitism. There were nine (60%) significant negative pairwise associations between ectoparasite taxa and no significant positive relationships. Ixodes mojavensis had the highest number of negative associations (with five other species), followed by chiggers and O. bacoti with two negative associations each. The study area is among the most arid in North America and supports numerous rare and endemic species in increasingly isolated wetland habitat patches; knowledge of ectoparasite ecology in this region identifies potential ectoparasite vectors, and provides information needed to design and implement programs to manage vector-borne diseases for purposes of wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M. López-Pérez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Risa Pesapane
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Deana L. Clifford
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Wildlife Investigations Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Backus
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick Foley
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Voll
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Bassini Silva
- Zoological Collections Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences-UNESP, Department of Pathology, Reproduction and Unique Health, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janet Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Abstract
The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is a successful invader of the Great Lakes-St Lawrence River basin that harbours a number of local parasites. The most common are metacercariae of the genus Diplostomum. Species of Diplostomum are morphologically difficult to distinguish but can be separated using molecular techniques. While a few species have been sequenced from invasive round gobies in this study system, their relative abundance has not been documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the species composition of Diplostomum spp. and their relative abundance in round gobies in the St Lawrence River by sequencing the barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase I. In 2007-2011, Diplostomum huronense (=Diplostomum sp. 1) was the most common, followed in order by Diplostomum indistinctum (=Diplostomum sp. 4) and Diplostomum indistinctum sensu Galazzo, Dayanandan, Marcogliese & McLaughlin (2002). In 2012, the most common species infecting the round goby in the St Lawrence River was D. huronense, followed by D. indistinctum and Diplostomum gavium (=Diplostomum sp. 3). The invasion of the round goby in the St Lawrence River was followed by a decline of Diplostomum spp. in native fishes to low levels, leading to the previously published hypothesis that the presence of the round goby has led to a dilution effect. Herein, it is suggested that despite the low infection levels in the round goby, infections still may lead to spillback, helping to maintain Diplostomum spp. in native fishes, albeit at low levels.
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Starkloff NC, Turner WC, FitzGerald AM, Oftedal MC, Martinsen ES, Kirchman JJ. Disentangling the effects of host relatedness and elevation on haemosporidian parasite turnover in a clade of songbirds. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naima C. Starkloff
- Department of Biological Sciences University at Albany, State University of New York Albany New York12222USA
- New York State Museum Albany New York12230USA
| | - Wendy C. Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences University at Albany, State University of New York Albany New York12222USA
| | - Alyssa M. FitzGerald
- Department of Biological Sciences University at Albany, State University of New York Albany New York12222USA
- New York State Museum Albany New York12230USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California95064USA
| | - Michelle C. Oftedal
- Department of Biological Sciences University at Albany, State University of New York Albany New York12222USA
- New York State Museum Albany New York12230USA
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George-Nascimento M, López-Rodríguez R, Górski K. Geographic variation in composition of metazoan parasite infracommunities in Galaxias maculatus Jenyns 1842 (Osmeriformes: Galaxiidae) in southern Chile (38-47° S). REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40693-020-00090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGalaxias maculatus is an abundant freshwater fish species in Chilean continental waters where it plays important ecological functions, yet few parasitological records of this species exist in Chile and all of them cover a very limited geographic range. The objective of this study was to assess large scale geographic variation in composition of parasite infracommunities of Galaxias maculatus. Specifically, parasite infracommunities of this species were compared among 11 locations across 9 degrees of latitude and 3 ecosystem types (lake, river and estuary). Most taxa found had been previously reported in Chile and Argentina. However, this is the first report for Tylodelphys sp. in this host in Chile. Furthermore, the cranial parasite Tylodelphys sp. had the highest overall prevalence and abundance compared to other parasite species. Despite the fact that the abundance of Tylodelphys sp. was not significantly correlated with Fulton’s condition factor of fish, infected fish seem to have a better body condition compared to uninfected ones. The most important source of variation in composition of infracommunities was the sampling location. Furthermore, fish from lakes have a different composition of parasite infracommunities mainly due to higher abundances of Tylodelphys sp.
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Abstract
AbstractDespite the great interest to quantify the structure of host–parasite interaction networks, the real influence of some factors such as taxonomy, host body size and ecological opportunity remains poorly understood. In this paper, we investigate the general patterns of organization and structure of interactions in two anuran–parasite networks in the Brazilian Pantanal (seasonally flooded environment) and Atlantic Forest (non-flooded forest). We present theoretical models to test whether the structures of these host–parasite interaction networks are influenced by neutrality, host taxonomy and host body size. Subsequently, we calculated metrics of connectance, nestedness and modularity to characterize the network structure. We demonstrated the structure networks were influenced mainly by body size and taxonomy of the host. Moreover, our results showed that the seasonally flooded environment present networks with higher connectance/nestedness and lower modularity compared to the other environment. The results also suggest that seasonal floods may promote ecological opportunities for new species associations.
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11
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Moss WE, McDevitt-Galles T, Calhoun DM, Johnson PTJ. Tracking the assembly of nested parasite communities: Using β-diversity to understand variation in parasite richness and composition over time and scale. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1532-1542. [PMID: 32160311 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Community composition is driven by a few key assembly processes: ecological selection, drift and dispersal. Nested parasite communities represent a powerful study system for understanding the relative importance of these processes and their relationship with biological scale. Quantifying β-diversity across scales and over time additionally offers mechanistic insights into the ecological processes shaping the distributions of parasites and therefore infectious disease. To examine factors driving parasite community composition, we quantified the parasite communities of 959 amphibian hosts representing two species (the Pacific chorus frog, Pseudacris regilla and the California newt, Taricha torosa) sampled over 3 months from 10 ponds in California. Using additive partitioning, we estimated how much of regional parasite richness (γ-diversity) was composed of within-host parasite richness (α-diversity) and turnover (β-diversity) at three biological scales: across host individuals, across species and across habitat patches (ponds). We also examined how β-diversity varied across time at each biological scale. Differences among ponds comprised the majority (40%) of regional parasite diversity, followed by differences among host species (23%) and among host individuals (12%). Host species supported parasite communities that were less similar than expected by null models, consistent with ecological selection, although these differences lessened through time, likely due to high dispersal rates of infectious stages. Host individuals within the same population supported more similar parasite communities than expected, suggesting that host heterogeneity did not strongly impact parasite community composition and that dispersal was high at the individual host-level. Despite the small population sizes of within-host parasite communities, drift appeared to play a minimal role in structuring community composition. Dispersal and ecological selection appear to jointly drive parasite community assembly, particularly at larger biological scales. The dispersal ability of aquatic parasites with complex life cycles differs strongly across scales, meaning that parasite communities may predictably converge at small scales where dispersal is high, but may be more stochastic and unpredictable at larger scales. Insights into assembly mechanisms within multi-host, multi-parasite systems provide opportunities for understanding how to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases within human and wildlife hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynne E Moss
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Dana M Calhoun
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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12
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Carrassón M, Dallarés S, Cartes JE, Constenla M, Pérez-Del-Olmo A, Zucca L, Kostadinova A. Drivers of parasite community structure in fishes of the continental shelf of the Western Mediterranean: the importance of host phylogeny and autecological traits. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:669-683. [PMID: 31228422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We explored the relationships between features of host species and their environment, and the diversity, composition and structure of parasite faunas and communities using a large taxonomically consistent dataset of host-parasite associations and host-prey associations, and original environmental and host trait data (diet, trophic level, population density and habitat depth vagility) for the most abundant demersal fish species off the Catalonian coast of the Western Mediterranean. Altogether 98 species/taxa belonging to seven major parasite groups were recovered in 683 fish belonging to 10 species from seven families and four orders. Our analyses revealed that (i) the parasite fauna of the region is rich and dominated by digeneans; (ii) the host parasite faunas and communities exhibited wide variations in richness, abundance and similarity due to a strong phylogenetic component; (iii) the levels of host sharing were low and involved host generalists and larval parasites; (iv) the multivariate similarity pattern of prey samples showed significant associations with hosts and host trophic guilds; (v) prey compositional similarity was not associated with the similarity of trophically transmitted parasite assemblages; and (vi) phylogeny and fish autecological traits were the best predictors of parasite community metrics in the host-parasite system studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Carrassón
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sara Dallarés
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan E Cartes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Del-Olmo
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Parc Científic, Universitat de València, PO Box 22085, Valencia 46071, Spain
| | - Leda Zucca
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aneta Kostadinova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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13
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Abstract
AbstractNew technological methods, such as rapidly developing molecular approaches, often provide new tools for scientific advances. However, these new tools are often not utilized equally across different research areas, possibly leading to disparities in progress between these areas. Here, we use empirical evidence from the scientific literature to test for potential discrepancies in the use of genetic tools to study parasitic vs non-parasitic organisms across three distinguishable molecular periods, the allozyme, nucleotide and genomics periods. Publications on parasites constitute only a fraction (<5%) of the total research output across all molecular periods and are dominated by medically relevant parasites (especially protists), particularly during the early phase of each period. Our analysis suggests an increasing complexity of topics and research questions being addressed with the development of more sophisticated molecular tools, with the research focus between the periods shifting from predominantly species discovery to broader theory-focused questions. We conclude that both new and older molecular methods offer powerful tools for research on parasites, including their diverse roles in ecosystems and their relevance as human pathogens. While older methods, such as barcoding approaches, will continue to feature in the molecular toolbox of parasitologists for years to come, we encourage parasitologists to be more responsive to new approaches that provide the tools to address broader questions.
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Perrot-Minnot MJ, Guyonnet E, Bollache L, Lagrue C. Differential patterns of definitive host use by two fish acanthocephalans occurring in sympatry: Pomphorhynchus laevis and Pomphorhynchus tereticollis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 8:135-144. [PMID: 30792953 PMCID: PMC6370571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Parasites with complex life-cycles and trophic transmission are expected to show low specificity towards final hosts. However, testing this hypothesis may be hampered by low taxonomic resolution, particularly in helminths. We investigated this issue using two intestinal fish parasites with similar life-cycles and occurring in sympatry, Pomphorhynchus laevis and Pomphorhynchus tereticollis (Acanthocephala). We used species-specific ITS1 length polymorphism to discriminate parasite species from 910 adult acanthocephalans collected in 174 individual hosts from 12 fish species. Both P. laevis and P. tereticollis exhibited restricted host range within the community of available fish host species, and transmission bias compared to their relative abundance in intermediate hosts. The two parasites also exhibited low niche overlap, primarily due to their contrasting use of bentho-pelagic (P. laevis) and benthic (P. tereticollis) fish. Furthermore, parasite prevalence in intermediate hosts appeared to increase with taxonomic specificity in definitive host use. Comparison of P. laevis and P. tereticollis adult size in the two main definitive hosts, barbel and chub, suggested lower compatibility towards the fish species with the lowest parasite abundance, in particular in P. laevis. The determinants of low niche overlap between these two sympatric acanthocephalan species, and the contribution of definitive host range diversity to parasite transmission success, are discussed. The fish acanthocephalans P. laevis and P. tereticollis show moderate specificity and low niche overlap. Transmission bias from shared intermediate hosts towards either benthic or bentho-pelagic fish is evidenced. Decreased taxonomic specificity towards fish hosts matches with lower prevalence in intermediate hosts. Lower worm size in the host with the lowest abundance calls for further investigation of compatibility filter. Low taxonomic resolution within some parasite species complex hinders accurate estimate of host use pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jeanne Perrot-Minnot
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Emilie Guyonnet
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Loïc Bollache
- Chrono-environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Clément Lagrue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Dai X, Long C, Xu J, Guo Q, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Bater. Are dominant plant species more susceptible to leaf-mining insects? A case study at Saihanwula Nature Reserve, China. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7633-7648. [PMID: 30151177 PMCID: PMC6106163 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant species significantly affect interspecific relationships, community structure, and ecosystem function. In the field, dominant species are often identified by their high importance values. Selective foraging on dominant species is a common phenomenon in ecology. Our hypothesis is that dominant plant groups with high importance values are more susceptible to leaf-mining insects at the regional level. Here, we used the Saihanwula National Nature Reserve as a case study to examine the presence-absence patterns of leaf-mining insects on different plants in a forest-grassland ecotone in Northeast China. We identified the following patterns: (1) After phylogenetic correction, plants with high importance values are more likely to host leafminers at the species, genus, or family level. (2) Other factors including phylogenetic isolation, life form, water ecotype, and phytogeographical type of plants have different influences on the relationship between plant dominance and leafminer presence. In summary, the importance value is a valid predictor of the presence of consumers, even when we consider the effects of plant phylogeny and other plant attributes. Dominant plant groups are large and susceptible targets of leaf-mining insects. The consistent leaf-mining distribution pattern across different countries, vegetation types, and plant taxa can be explained by the "species-area relationship" or the "plant apparency hypothesis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research CenterGanzhouChina
| | - Chengpeng Long
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Bater
- Saihanwula National Nature Reserve AdministrationDabanChina
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Hancke D, Suarez OV. Structure of parasite communities in urban environments: the case of helminths in synanthropic rodents. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2018; 65. [PMID: 30183669 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2018.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Identifying patterns with sufficient predictive power is a constant challenge for ecologists to address ecological problems related to species conservation, pollution or infectious disease control. During the last years, the amounts of parasitological studies in this sense increased, but they are still scarce in urban environments. The main aim of this study was to investigate if the helminth communities of urban rodents are structured within host assembly (compound community) or they are a result of random events occurring at each individual host scale (infracommunity). A total of 203 rodents belonging to four species, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus), Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout), Mus musculus Linnaeus and the native Oligoryzomys flavescens (Waterhouse) and captured in different landscape units of the City of Buenos Aires (industrial-residential neighbourhoods, shantytowns and parklands) were analysed. The results showed that infracommunities could be grouped according to composition and relative abundances and that they respond to the structure of the host community. Thus, the component communities defined in this study could be identified as subsets of the compound community (rodent assemblage) and infracommunities (each host) as random samples within each one. Quantitative differences among component communities were denoted by comparing the infection levels of helminths described as central species. Therefore, infracommunities of R. norvegicus and O. flavescens were the most predictable because of the high abundance of the nematodes Heterakis spumosa Schneider, 1866 and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914), and Stilestrongylus flavescens (Sutton et Durette-Desset, 1991), respectively. Several mechanisms contribute to complexity of the structure of parasite communities, where specific parasites, definitive and intermediate hosts, and environmental and anthropogenic factors all play a role in the dynamics of the compound community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hancke
- Laboratorio de Ecologia de Roedores Urbanos, Departamento de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olga Virginia Suarez
- Laboratorio de Ecologia de Roedores Urbanos, Departamento de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucion, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Exploring the diversity of Diplostomum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in fishes from the River Danube using mitochondrial DNA barcodes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:592. [PMID: 29197405 PMCID: PMC5712130 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metacercariae of Diplostomum are important fish pathogens, but reliable data on their diversity in natural fish populations are virtually lacking. This study was conducted to explore the species diversity and host-parasite association patterns of Diplostomum spp. in a large riverine system in Europe, using molecular and morphological data. METHODS Twenty-eight species of fish of nine families were sampled in the River Danube at Nyergesújfalu in Hungary in 2012 and Štúrovo in Slovakia in 2015. Isolates of Diplostomum spp. were characterised morphologically and molecularly. Partial sequences of the 'barcode' region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and complete sequences of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 3 (nad3) mitochondrial genes were amplified for 76 and 30 isolates, respectively. The partial cox1 sequences were used for molecular identification of the isolates and an assessment of haplotype diversity and possible host-associated structuring of the most prevalent parasite species. New primers were designed for amplification of the mitochondrial nad3 gene. RESULTS Only lens-infecting Diplostomum spp. were recovered in 16 fish species of five families. Barcoding of representative isolates provided molecular identification for three species/species-level genetic lineages, D. spathaceum, D. pseudospathaceum and 'D. mergi Lineage 2', and three single isolates potentially representing distinct species. Molecular data helped to elucidate partially the life-cycle of 'D. mergi Lineage 2'. Many of the haplotypes of D. spathaceum (16 in total), D. pseudospathaceum (15 in total) and 'D. mergi Lineage 2' (7 in total) were shared by a number of fish hosts and there was no indication of genetic structuring associated with the second intermediate host. The most frequent Diplostomum spp. exhibited a low host-specificity, predominantly infecting a wide range of cyprinid fishes, but also species of distant fish families such as the Acipenseridae, Lotidae, Percidae and Siluridae. The nad3 gene exhibited distinctly higher levels of interspecific divergence in comparison with the cox1 gene. CONCLUSIONS This first exploration of the species diversity and host ranges of Diplostomum spp., in natural fish populations in the River Danube, provided novel molecular, morphological and host-use data which will advance further ecological studies on the distribution and host ranges of these important fish parasites in Europe. Our results also indicate that the nad3 gene is a good candidate marker for multi-gene approaches to systematic estimates within the genus.
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Gendron AD, Marcogliese DJ. Enigmatic decline of a common fish parasite ( Diplostomum spp.) in the St. Lawrence River: Evidence for a dilution effect induced by the invasive round goby. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2017; 6:402-411. [PMID: 30951571 PMCID: PMC5715222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As they integrate into recipient food webs, invasive exotic species may influence the population dynamics of native parasites. Here we assess the potential impact of the Eurasian round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) on the abundance of eyeflukes of the genus Diplostomum, which are common parasites in fishes of the St. Lawrence River (Canada). Analyses of data collected over nearly two decades revealed that the infection levels in three native fish [spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) yellow perch (Perca flavescens)] declined sharply throughout the St. Lawrence River after the introduction of the goby. At two sites where data were collected at regular time intervals, declines of Diplostomum spp. in spottail shiners occurred within two years of the goby's first recorded appearance, with prevalence dropping as much as 77-80% between pre-invasion and post-invasion periods. Furthermore, in localities where gobies remained scarce, infection in native species did not change significantly over time. Altogether, these observations suggest that gobies play a role in the eyefluke collapse. The decline in populations of the main definitive host (ring-billed gulls, Larus delawarensis) and changes in hydrology during periods of parasite recruitment were not strongly supported as alternate explanations for this phenomenon. Since other snail-transmitted trematodes with similar life cycles to Diplostomum spp. did not show the same decreasing pattern, we conclude that eyeflukes did not decline as a result of snail depletion due to goby predation. Rather, we suggest that gobies acted as decoys, diluting the infection. As Diplostomum spp. occurred at lower abundance in gobies than in native fish hosts, the replacement of native fish with exotic gobies in the diet of gulls might have played a part in reducing parasite transmission. In contrast to the typically negative impact of invasions, the goby-induced decline of this pathogen may have beneficial effects for native fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée D. Gendron
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill, 7th Floor, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, Canada
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Metazoan parasite communities in Alosa alosa (Linnaeus, 1758) and Alosa fallax (Lacépède, 1803) (Clupeidae) from North-East Atlantic coastal waters and connected rivers. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2211-2230. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Kvach Y, Ondračková M, Bryjová A, Jurajda P. Parasites as biological tags of divergence in Central European gudgeon populations (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae: Gobioninae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Dallas T, Park AW, Drake JM. Predicting cryptic links in host-parasite networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005557. [PMID: 28542200 PMCID: PMC5466334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks are a way to represent interactions among one (e.g., social networks) or more (e.g., plant-pollinator networks) classes of nodes. The ability to predict likely, but unobserved, interactions has generated a great deal of interest, and is sometimes referred to as the link prediction problem. However, most studies of link prediction have focused on social networks, and have assumed a completely censused network. In biological networks, it is unlikely that all interactions are censused, and ignoring incomplete detection of interactions may lead to biased or incorrect conclusions. Previous attempts to predict network interactions have relied on known properties of network structure, making the approach sensitive to observation errors. This is an obvious shortcoming, as networks are dynamic, and sometimes not well sampled, leading to incomplete detection of links. Here, we develop an algorithm to predict missing links based on conditional probability estimation and associated, node-level features. We validate this algorithm on simulated data, and then apply it to a desert small mammal host-parasite network. Our approach achieves high accuracy on simulated and observed data, providing a simple method to accurately predict missing links in networks without relying on prior knowledge about network structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad Dallas
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- University of California, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew W Park
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John M Drake
- University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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22
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Reverter M, Cribb TH, Cutmore SC, Bray RA, Parravicini V, Sasal P. Did biogeographical processes shape the monogenean community of butterflyfishes in the tropical Indo-west Pacific region? Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:447-455. [PMID: 28322846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Geographical distribution of parasite species can provide insights into the evolution and diversity of parasitic communities. Biogeography of marine parasites is poorly known, especially because it requires an understanding of host-parasite interactions, information that is rare, especially over large spatial scales. Here, we have studied the biogeographical patterns of dactylogyrid parasites of chaetodontids, one of the most well-studied fish families, in the tropical Indo-west Pacific region. Dactylogyrid parasites were collected from gills of 34 butterflyfish species (n=560) at nine localities within an approximate area of 62millionkm2. Thirteen dactylogyrid species were identified, with richness ranging from 6 to 12 species at individual localities. Most dactylogyrid communities were dominated by Haliotrema angelopterum or Haliotrema aurigae, for which relative abundance was negatively correlated (ρ=-0.59). Parasite richness and diversity were highest in French Polynesia and the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) and lowest in Palau. Three biogeographic regions were identified based on dactylogyrid dissimilarities: French Polynesia, characterised by the dominance of H. angelopterum, the western Pacific region dominated by H. aurigae, and Ningaloo Reef (Australia), dominated by Euryhaliotrema berenguelae. Structure of host assemblages was the main factor explaining the dissimilarity (turnover and nestedness components of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and overall Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) of parasite communities between localities, while environment was only significant in the turnover of parasite communities and overall dissimilarity. Spatial structure of localities explained only 10% of the turnover of parasite communities. The interaction of the three factors (host assemblages, environment and spatial structure), however, explained the highest amounts of variance of the dactylogyrid communities, indicating a strong colinearity between the factors. Our findings show that spatial arrangement of chaetodontid dactylogyrids in the tropical Indo-west Pacific is primarily characterised by the turnover of the main Haliotrema spp., which is mainly explained by the structure of host assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reverter
- Centre des Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l'Environnement (CRIOBE), USR3278-EPHE/CNRS/UPVD/PSL, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia.
| | - T H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - S C Cutmore
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - R A Bray
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - V Parravicini
- Centre des Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l'Environnement (CRIOBE), USR3278-EPHE/CNRS/UPVD/PSL, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - P Sasal
- Centre des Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l'Environnement (CRIOBE), USR3278-EPHE/CNRS/UPVD/PSL, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia
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Dai X, Zhang W, Xu J, Duffy KJ, Guo Q. Global pattern of plant utilization across different organisms: Does plant apparency or plant phylogeny matter? Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2535-2545. [PMID: 28428845 PMCID: PMC5395452 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is the first to consider human and nonhuman consumers together to reveal several general patterns of plant utilization. We provide evidence that at a global scale, plant apparency and phylogenetic isolation can be important predictors of plant utilization and consumer diversity. Using the number of species or genera or the distribution area of each plant family as the island "area" and the minimum phylogenetic distance to common plant families as the island "distance", we fitted presence-area relationships and presence-distance relationships with a binomial GLM (generalized linear model) with a logit link. The presence-absence of consumers among each plant family strongly depended on plant apparency (family size and distribution area); the diversity of consumers increased with plant apparency but decreased with phylogenetic isolation. When consumers extended their host breadth, unapparent plants became more likely to be used. Common uses occurred more often on common plants and their relatives, showing higher host phylogenetic clustering than uncommon uses. On the contrary, highly specialized uses might be related to the rarity of plant chemicals and were therefore very species-specific. In summary, our results provide a global illustration of plant-consumer combinations and reveal several general patterns of plant utilization across humans, insects and microbes. First, plant apparency and plant phylogenetic isolation generally govern plant utilization value, with uncommon and isolated plants suffering fewer parasites. Second, extension of the breadth of utilized hosts helps explain the presence of consumers on unapparent plants. Finally, the phylogenetic clustering structure of host plants is different between common uses and uncommon uses. The strength of such consistent plant utilization patterns across a diverse set of usage types suggests that the persistence and accumulation of consumer diversity and use value for plant species are determined by similar ecological and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China.,National Navel Orange Engineering Research Centre Ganzhou China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
| | - Kevin J Duffy
- Institute of Systems Science Durban University of Technology Durban South Africa.,School of Mathematics Statistics and Computer Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Leafminer Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences Gannan Normal University Ganzhou China
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Blasco-Costa I, Locke SA. Life History, Systematics and Evolution of the Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886: Progress, Promises and Challenges Emerging From Molecular Studies. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 98:167-225. [PMID: 28942769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Diplostomoidea mature in amniotes and employ vertebrates, annelids and molluscs as second intermediate hosts. Diplostomoid life cycles generally follow a three-host pattern typical of digeneans, but novelties have arisen in some species, including obligate four-host life cycles, vertical transmission, and intracellular parasitism. In this review, we summarize the basic biology of diplostomoids with reference to molecular studies, and present challenges, gaps and areas where molecular data could address long-standing questions. Our analysis of published studies revealed that most molecular surveys find more diplostomoid species than expected, but this tendency is influenced by how much effort goes into examining specimens morphologically and the number of sequenced worms. To date, molecular work has concentrated disproportionately on intraspecific or species-level diversity of larval stages in the Diplostomidae in temperate northern regions. Although the higher taxonomy of the superfamily is recognized to be in need of revision, little molecular work has been conducted at this level. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates several families and subfamilies require reconsideration, and that larval morphotypes are more reflective of evolutionary relationships than definitive hosts. The host associations of adult diplostomoids result from host-switching processes, whereas molecular surveys indicate that larval diplostomoid metacercariae have narrow ranges of second intermediate hosts, consistent with coevolution. Molecular data are often used to link diplostomoid developmental stages, and we provide data from adult Neodiplostomum and Mesoophorodiplostomum that correct earlier misidentifications of their larval stages and propose alternatives to collecting definitive hosts.
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Predictability of helminth parasite host range using information on geography, host traits and parasite community structure. Parasitology 2016; 144:200-205. [PMID: 27762175 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Host-parasite associations are complex interactions dependent on aspects of hosts (e.g. traits, phylogeny or coevolutionary history), parasites (e.g. traits and parasite interactions) and geography (e.g. latitude). Predicting the permissive host set or the subset of the host community that a parasite can infect is a central goal of parasite ecology. Here we develop models that accurately predict the permissive host set of 562 helminth parasites in five different parasite taxonomic groups. We developed predictive models using host traits, host taxonomy, geographic covariates, and parasite community composition, finding that models trained on parasite community variables were more accurate than any other covariate group, even though parasite community covariates only captured a quarter of the variance in parasite community composition. This suggests that it is possible to predict the permissive host set for a given parasite, and that parasite community structure is an important predictor, potentially because parasite communities are interacting non-random assemblages.
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Parasite community similarity in Athabasca River trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) varies with local-scale land use and sediment hydrocarbons, but not distance or linear gradients. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3853-66. [PMID: 27314231 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasite communities have been shown to be structured by processes at scales ranging from continental to microhabitat, but few studies have simultaneously considered spatial and environmental variables, measured at different scales, to assess their relative influences on parasite abundance, species richness, and community similarity. Parasite abundance, diversity, and community similarity in Athabasca River trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) were examined in relation to water quality, substrate profile, metal and organic compound levels in water and sediment, and landscape use patterns at different scales, as well as distance among sites and upstream-downstream position along the river. Although species richness did not differ among sites, there were significant differences in abundance of individual taxa and community structure. We observed a shift from communities dominated by larval trematodes Diplostomum spp. to domination by gill monogeneans Urocleidus baldwini, followed by a reversion further downstream. Variations in the abundance of these taxa and of overall community similarity were strongly correlated with sediment hydrocarbons (alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) as well as landscape use within 5 km of study sites. No correlations were noted with any other predictors, indicating that parasite populations and communities in this system were likely primarily influenced by habitat level and landscape-scale filters, rather than larger-scale processes such as distance decay or river continuum effects.
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Influence of host diet and phylogeny on parasite sharing by fish in a diverse tropical floodplain. Parasitology 2015; 143:343-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201500164x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe patterns of parasite sharing among hosts have important implications for ecosystem structure and functioning, and are influenced by several ecological and evolutionary factors associated with both hosts and parasites. Here we evaluated the influence of fish diet and phylogenetic relatedness on the pattern of infection by parasites with contrasting life history strategies in a freshwater ecosystem of key ecological importance in South America. The studied network of interactions included 52 fish species, which consumed 58 food types and were infected with 303 parasite taxa. Our results show that both diet and evolutionary history of hosts significantly explained parasite sharing; phylogenetically close fish species and/or species sharing food types tend to share more parasites. However, the effect of diet was observed only for endoparasites in contrast to ectoparasites. These results are consistent with the different life history strategies and selective pressures imposed on these groups: endoparasites are in general acquired via ingestion by their intermediate hosts, whereas ectoparasites actively seek and attach to the gills, body surface or nostrils of its sole host, thus not depending directly on its feeding habits.
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Are parasite richness and abundance linked to prey species richness and individual feeding preferences in fish hosts? Parasitology 2015; 143:75-86. [PMID: 26573385 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201500150x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Variations in levels of parasitism among individuals in a population of hosts underpin the importance of parasites as an evolutionary or ecological force. Factors influencing parasite richness (number of parasite species) and load (abundance and biomass) at the individual host level ultimately form the basis of parasite infection patterns. In fish, diet range (number of prey taxa consumed) and prey selectivity (proportion of a particular prey taxon in the diet) have been shown to influence parasite infection levels. However, fish diet is most often characterized at the species or fish population level, thus ignoring variation among conspecific individuals and its potential effects on infection patterns among individuals. Here, we examined parasite infections and stomach contents of New Zealand freshwater fish at the individual level. We tested for potential links between the richness, abundance and biomass of helminth parasites and the diet range and prey selectivity of individual fish hosts. There was no obvious link between individual fish host diet and helminth infection levels. Our results were consistent across multiple fish host and parasite species and contrast with those of earlier studies in which fish diet and parasite infection were linked, hinting at a true disconnect between host diet and measures of parasite infections in our study systems. This absence of relationship between host diet and infection levels may be due to the relatively low richness of freshwater helminth parasites in New Zealand and high host-parasite specificity.
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Locke SA, Al-Nasiri FS, Caffara M, Drago F, Kalbe M, Lapierre AR, McLaughlin JD, Nie P, Overstreet RM, Souza GTR, Takemoto RM, Marcogliese DJ. Diversity, specificity and speciation in larval Diplostomidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) in the eyes of freshwater fish, as revealed by DNA barcodes. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:841-55. [PMID: 26276524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Larvae (metacercariae) in some species of Diplostomidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) inhabit fish eyes and are difficult to identify to species based on morphology. DNA barcoding has clarified the diversity and life cycles of diplostomids in North America, Europe and Africa, but has seldom been used in parasites sampled in large numbers or at large spatial scales. Here, distance-based analysis of cytochrome c oxidase 1 barcodes and, in some specimens, internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) sequences was performed for over 2000 diplostomids from Africa, the Middle East, Europe, Asia and the Americas. Fifty-two species of Diplostomum, Tylodelphys and Austrodiplostomum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) were distinguished. The 52 species comprise 12 identified species, six species in two species complexes and 34 putative species, and 33/52 had been delineated in previous studies. Most (23/40) of the unidentified, putative species distinguished by cytochrome c oxidase 1 distances were supported by at least one additional line of evidence. As the intensity of sampling of the 52 species increased, variation in cytochrome c oxidase 1 decreased between and increased within species, while the spatial scale at which species were sampled had no effect. Nonetheless, variation between species always exceeded variation within species. New life-cycle linkages, geographic and host records, and genetic data were recorded in several species, including Tylodelphys jenynsiae, Tylodelphys immer and Diplostomum ardeae. Species of Diplostomum inhabiting the lens are less host-specific and less numerous than those infecting other tissues, suggesting that reduced immune activity in the lens has influenced rates of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Locke
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico; Aquatic Biodiversity Section, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, 7th floor, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, Canada.
| | - Fatima S Al-Nasiri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Tikreet, Tikreet, Iraq
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Fabiana Drago
- Museo de La Plata, División Zoología Invertebrados, Paseo del Bosque S/N° (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Kalbe
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24302 Plön, Germany
| | - Angela Rose Lapierre
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - J Daniel McLaughlin
- Biology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Robin M Overstreet
- University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | - Geza T R Souza
- Post-Doctor National Program Scholarship/CAPES, Post-Graduate Program in Health and Environment, Tiradentes University, Murilo Dantas Avenue, 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe 49032-490, Brazil; State University of Maringá, Center of Biological Sciences, Nupelia - Icthyoparasitology Laboratory, Av Colombo, No. 5790, Block G90, room 11, villa 7, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Takemoto
- State University of Maringá, Center of Biological Sciences, Nupelia - Icthyoparasitology Laboratory, Av Colombo, No. 5790, Block G90, room 11, villa 7, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - David J Marcogliese
- Aquatic Biodiversity Section, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, 7th floor, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, Canada
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Warburton EM, Kohler SL, Vonhof MJ. Patterns of parasite community dissimilarity: the significant role of land use and lack of distance-decay in a bat-helminth system. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Warburton
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
| | - Steven L. Kohler
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
- Environmental and Sustainability Studies Program, Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
| | - Maarten J. Vonhof
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
- Environmental and Sustainability Studies Program, Western Michigan Univ.; 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008-5410 USA
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Presley SJ, Dallas T, Klingbeil BT, Willig MR. Phylogenetic signals in host-parasite associations for Neotropical bats and Nearctic desert rodents. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Presley
- Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-4210 USA
| | - Tad Dallas
- Odum School of Ecology; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602-2602 USA
| | - Brian T. Klingbeil
- Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-4210 USA
| | - Michael R. Willig
- Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-4210 USA
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Kuhn JA, Kristoffersen R, Knudsen R, Jakobsen J, Marcogliese DJ, Locke SA, Primicerio R, Amundsen PA. Parasite communities of two three-spined stickleback populations in subarctic Norway—effects of a small spatial-scale host introduction. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1327-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Fish pathogens near the Arctic Circle: molecular, morphological and ecological evidence for unexpected diversity of Diplostomum (Digenea: diplostomidae) in Iceland. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:703-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Dallas T, Presley SJ. Relative importance of host environment, transmission potential and host phylogeny to the structure of parasite metacommunities. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Locke SA, Bulté G, Marcogliese DJ, Forbes MR. Altered trophic pathway and parasitism in a native predator (Lepomis gibbosus) feeding on introduced prey (Dreissena polymorpha). Oecologia 2014; 175:315-24. [PMID: 24562470 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Populations of invasive species tend to have fewer parasites in their introduced ranges than in their native ranges and are also thought to have fewer parasites than native prey. This 'release' from parasites has unstudied implications for native predators feeding on exotic prey. In particular, shifts from native to exotic prey should reduce levels of trophically transmitted parasites. We tested this hypothesis in native populations of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) in Lake Opinicon, where fish stomach contents were studied intensively in the 1970s, prior to the appearance of exotic zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in the mid-1990s. Zebra mussels were common in stomachs of present-day pumpkinseeds, and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen confirmed their importance in long-term diets. Because historical parasite data were not available in Lake Opinicon, we also surveyed stomach contents and parasites in pumpkinseed in both Lake Opinicon and an ecologically similar, neighboring lake where zebra mussels were absent. Stomach contents of pumpkinseed in the companion lake did not differ from those of pre-invasion fish from Lake Opinicon. The companion lake, therefore, served as a surrogate "pre-invasion" reference to assess effects of zebra mussel consumption on parasites in pumpkinseed. Trophically transmitted parasites were less species-rich and abundant in Lake Opinicon, where fish fed on zebra mussels, although factors other than zebra mussel consumption may contribute to these differences. Predation on zebra mussels has clearly contributed to a novel trophic coupling between littoral and pelagic food webs in Lake Opinicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Locke
- Aquatic Biodiversity Section, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, 7th floor, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada,
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Ridenhour BJ, Nuismer SL. A quantitative genetic approach for predicting ecological change in biological communities. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-013-0206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Community structure of Diplostomum spp. (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in eyes of fish: Main determinants and potential interspecific interactions. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:929-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Locke SA, Marcogliese DJ, Valtonen ET. Vulnerability and diet breadth predict larval and adult parasite diversity in fish of the Bothnian Bay. Oecologia 2013; 174:253-62. [PMID: 24026499 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of aquatic food webs show that parasite diversity is concentrated in nodes that likely favour transmission. Various aspects of parasite diversity have been observed to be correlated with the trophic level, size, diet breadth, and vulnerability to predation of hosts. However, no study has attempted to distinguish among all four correlates, which may have differential importance for trophically transmitted parasites occurring as larvae or adults. We searched for factors that best predict the diversity of larval and adult endoparasites in 4105 fish in 25 species studied over a three-year period in the Bothnian Bay, Finland. Local predator-prey relationships were determined from stomach contents, parasites, and published data in 8,229 fish in 31 species and in seals and piscivorous birds. Fish that consumed more species of prey had more diverse trophically transmitted adult parasites. Larval parasite diversity increased with the diversity of both prey and predators, but increases in predator diversity had a greater effect. Prey diversity was more strongly associated with the diversity of adult parasites than with that of larvae. The proportion of parasite species present as larvae in a host species was correlated with the diversity of its predators. There was a notable lack of association with the diversity of any parasite guild and fish length, trophic level, or trophic category. Thus, diversity is associated with different nodal properties in larval and adult parasites, and association strengths also differ, strongly reflecting the life cycles of parasites and the food chains they follow to complete transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Locke
- Aquatic Biodiversity Section, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, 7th Floor, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada
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Locke SA, Bulté G, Forbes MR, Marcogliese DJ. Estimating diet in individual pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus using stomach contents, stable isotopes and parasites. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:522-537. [PMID: 23398066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The diets of 99 pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus from a pair of small, adjacent lakes in Ontario, Canada, were estimated from their stomach contents, trophically transmitted parasites and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in fish tissue. The three methods provided virtually unrelated information. There was no significant correlation in the importance of any prey item across all three methods. Fish with similar diets according to one method of estimating diet showed no tendency to be similar according to other methods. Although there was limited variation in fish size and the spatial scale of the study was small, both fish size and spatial origin showed comparatively strong associations with diet data obtained with all three methods. These results suggest that a multidisciplinary approach that accounts for fish size and spatial origins is necessary to accurately characterize diets of individual fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Locke
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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