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Oono R, Chou V, Irving M. How do phytophagous insects affect phyllosphere fungi? Tracking fungi from milkweed to monarch caterpillar frass reveals communities dominated by fungal yeast. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13213. [PMID: 38738810 PMCID: PMC11089944 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Since a significant proportion of plant matter is consumed by herbivores, a necessary adaptation for many phyllosphere microbes could be to survive through the guts of herbivores. While many studies explore the gut microbiome of herbivores by surveying the microbiome in their frass, few studies compare the phyllosphere microbiome to the gut microbiome of herbivores. High-throughput metabarcode sequencing was used to track the fungal community from milkweed (Asclepias spp.) leaves to monarch caterpillar frass. The most commonly identified fungal taxa that dominated the caterpillar frass after the consumption of leaves were yeasts, mostly belonging to the Basidiomycota phylum. While most fungal communities underwent significant bottlenecks and some yeast taxa increased in relative abundance, a consistent directional change in community structure was not identified from leaf to caterpillar frass. These results suggest that some phyllosphere fungi, especially diverse yeasts, can survive herbivory, but whether herbivory is a key stage of their life cycle remains uncertain. For exploring phyllosphere fungi and the potential coprophilous lifestyles of endophytic and epiphytic fungi, methods that target yeast and Basidiomycota fungi are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vanessa Chou
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mari Irving
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
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2
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Staab M, Pietsch S, Yan H, Blüthgen N, Cheng A, Li Y, Zhang N, Ma K, Liu X. Dear neighbor: Trees with extrafloral nectaries facilitate defense and growth of adjacent undefended trees. Ecology 2023; 104:e4057. [PMID: 37078562 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant diversity can increase productivity. One mechanism behind this biodiversity effect is facilitation, which is when one species increases the performance of another species. Plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) establish defense mutualisms with ants. However, whether EFN plants facilitate defense of neighboring non-EFN plants is unknown. Synthesizing data on ants, herbivores, leaf damage, and defense traits from a forest biodiversity experiment, we show that trees growing adjacent to EFN trees had higher ant biomass and species richness and lower caterpillar biomass than conspecific controls without EFN-bearing neighbors. Concurrently, the composition of defense traits in non-EFN trees changed. Thus, when non-EFN trees benefit from lower herbivore loads as a result of ants spilling over from EFN tree neighbors, this may allow relatively reduced resource allocation to defense in the former, potentially explaining the higher growth of those trees. Via this mutualist-mediated facilitation, promoting EFN trees in tropical reforestation could foster carbon capture and multiple other ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Staab
- Ecological Networks, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pietsch
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Haoru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anpeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Naili Zhang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Qianjiangyuan Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Beijing, China
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3
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Tang T, Zhang N, Bongers FJ, Staab M, Schuldt A, Fornoff F, Lin H, Cavender-Bares J, Hipp AL, Li S, Liang Y, Han B, Klein AM, Bruelheide H, Durka W, Schmid B, Ma K, Liu X. Tree species and genetic diversity increase productivity via functional diversity and trophic feedbacks. eLife 2022; 11:e78703. [PMID: 36444645 PMCID: PMC9754634 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing global biodiversity loss requires an expanded focus on multiple dimensions of biodiversity. While most studies have focused on the consequences of plant interspecific diversity, our mechanistic understanding of how genetic diversity within plant species affects plant productivity remains limited. Here, we use a tree species × genetic diversity experiment to disentangle the effects of species diversity and genetic diversity on tree productivity, and how they are related to tree functional diversity and trophic feedbacks. We found that tree species diversity increased tree productivity via increased tree functional diversity, reduced soil fungal diversity, and marginally reduced herbivory. The effects of tree genetic diversity on productivity via functional diversity and soil fungal diversity were negative in monocultures but positive in the mixture of the four tree species tested. Given the complexity of interactions between species and genetic diversity, tree functional diversity and trophic feedbacks on productivity, we suggest that both tree species and genetic diversity should be considered in afforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Naili Zhang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Franca J Bongers
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Michael Staab
- Ecological Networks, Technical University DarmstadtDarmstadtGermany
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Felix Fornoff
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Hong Lin
- Institute of Applied Ecology, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of MinnesotaSt. PaulUnited States
| | | | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Baocai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- Chair of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalleGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZHalleGermany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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4
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De Marco A, Sicard P, Feng Z, Agathokleous E, Alonso R, Araminiene V, Augustatis A, Badea O, Beasley JC, Branquinho C, Bruckman VJ, Collalti A, David‐Schwartz R, Domingos M, Du E, Garcia Gomez H, Hashimoto S, Hoshika Y, Jakovljevic T, McNulty S, Oksanen E, Omidi Khaniabadi Y, Prescher A, Saitanis CJ, Sase H, Schmitz A, Voigt G, Watanabe M, Wood MD, Kozlov MV, Paoletti E. Strategic roadmap to assess forest vulnerability under air pollution and climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5062-5085. [PMID: 35642454 PMCID: PMC9541114 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although it is an integral part of global change, most of the research addressing the effects of climate change on forests have overlooked the role of environmental pollution. Similarly, most studies investigating the effects of air pollutants on forests have generally neglected the impacts of climate change. We review the current knowledge on combined air pollution and climate change effects on global forest ecosystems and identify several key research priorities as a roadmap for the future. Specifically, we recommend (1) the establishment of much denser array of monitoring sites, particularly in the South Hemisphere; (2) further integration of ground and satellite monitoring; (3) generation of flux-based standards and critical levels taking into account the sensitivity of dominant forest tree species; (4) long-term monitoring of N, S, P cycles and base cations deposition together at global scale; (5) intensification of experimental studies, addressing the combined effects of different abiotic factors on forests by assuring a better representation of taxonomic and functional diversity across the ~73,000 tree species on Earth; (6) more experimental focus on phenomics and genomics; (7) improved knowledge on key processes regulating the dynamics of radionuclides in forest systems; and (8) development of models integrating air pollution and climate change data from long-term monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied MeteorologyNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐Meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied MeteorologyNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Rocio Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMATMadridSpain
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryKaunasLithuania
| | - Algirdas Augustatis
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and EcologyVytautas Magnus UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Ovidiu Badea
- “Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in ForestryVoluntariRomania
- Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering“Transilvania” UniversityBraşovRomania
| | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAikenSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Viktor J. Bruckman
- Commission for Interdisciplinary Ecological StudiesAustrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de BotanicaNucleo de Pesquisa em EcologiaSao PauloBrazil
| | - Enzai Du
- Faculty of Geographical ScienceBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | | | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Department of Forest SoilsForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaJapan
| | | | | | | | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health EngineeringIndustrial Medial and Health, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO)AhvazIran
| | | | - Costas J. Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental ScienceAgricultural University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Hiroyuki Sase
- Ecological Impact Research DepartmentAsia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP)NiigataJapan
| | - Andreas Schmitz
- State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection of North Rhine‐WestphaliaRecklinghausenGermany
| | | | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)FuchuJapan
| | - Michael D. Wood
- School of Science, Engineering and EnvironmentUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- Department of Forest SoilsForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaJapan
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5
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Shanovich HN, Ribeiro AV, Koch RL. Seasonal Abundance, Defoliation, and Parasitism of Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Two Apple Cultivars. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:811-817. [PMID: 33503253 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, is an invasive insect to the United States that feeds on turfgrass roots as a larva and the foliage, flowers, and fruit of many major ornamental and agricultural crops, such as apple, as an adult. Despite its generalist feeding behavior, P. japonica shows preferences for certain plant species and cultivars. Classical biological control for P. japonica, including release of Istocheta aldrichi (Mensil), has been pursued in Minnesota. This study was conducted to assess the effects of apple cultivar on season-long abundance of adult P. japonica and their defoliation; and to assess effects of apple cultivar and P. japonica abundance and sex on parasitism of P. japonica by I. aldrichi. Sampling occurred during the summers of 2017 and 2018 on Zestar! and Honeycrisp cultivars in four different apple orchards. Abundance and defoliation of P. japonica was higher on Honeycrisp than Zestar!. Parasitism of P. japonica by I. aldrichi was higher for females than for males. In 2018, the relationship between parasitism of P. japonica and host density varied by cultivar. These findings may help growers determine which apple cultivars should be prioritized for scouting and management efforts and may provide an estimate of potential biological control by I. aldrichi in agricultural areas in the Midwest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert L Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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6
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Finger-Higgens R, DeSiervo M, Ayres MP, Virginia RA. Increasing shrub damage by invertebrate herbivores in the warming and drying tundra of West Greenland. Oecologia 2021; 195:995-1005. [PMID: 33786709 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid warming is predicted to increase insect herbivory across the tundra biome, yet how this will impact the community and ecosystem dynamics remains poorly understood. Increasing background invertebrate herbivory could impede Arctic greening, by serving as a top-down control on tundra vegetation. Many tundra ecosystems are also susceptible to severe insect herbivory outbreaks which can have lasting effects on vegetation communities. To explore how tundra-insect herbivore systems respond to warming, we measured shrub traits and foliar herbivory damage at 16 sites along a landscape gradient in western Greenland. Here we show that shrub foliar insect herbivory damage on two dominant deciduous shrubs, Salix glauca and Betula nana, was positively correlated with increasing temperatures throughout the first half of the 2017 growing season. We found that the majority of insect herbivory damage occurred in July, which was outside the period of rapid leaf expansion that occurred throughout most of June. Defoliators caused the most foliar damage in both shrub species. Additionally, insect herbivores removed a larger proportion of B. nana leaf biomass in warmer sites, which is due to a combination of increased foliar herbivory with a coinciding decline in foliar biomass. These results suggest that the effects of rising temperatures on both insect herbivores and host species are important to consider when predicting the trajectory of Arctic tundra shrub expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Finger-Higgens
- Ecology, Evolution, Ecosystems and Society Graduate Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | | | - Matthew P Ayres
- Ecology, Evolution, Ecosystems and Society Graduate Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Biological Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Ross A Virginia
- Ecology, Evolution, Ecosystems and Society Graduate Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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7
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Martini F, Aluthwattha ST, Mammides C, Armani M, Goodale UM. Plant apparency drives leaf herbivory in seedling communities across four subtropical forests. Oecologia 2020; 195:575-587. [PMID: 33251556 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insect herbivory in natural forests is of critical importance in forest regeneration and dynamics. Some hypotheses that have been proposed to explain variation in leaf consumption by herbivores focus on biotic interactions, while others emphasize the role of the abiotic environment. Here, we evaluated the relative importance of both biotic and abiotic factors in explaining leaf damage on seedlings. We measured the percentage of leaf damage in the understory seedling community of four subtropical forests, covering an elevation gradient from 400 to 1850 m asl. We used fine-scale abiotic (elevation, canopy openness, topography, soil fertility) and biotic (seedling height and number of leaves, neighborhood composition) variables to determine both direct and indirect relationships using linear mixed models and structural equation modeling. We also explored the consistency of our results across the four forests. Taller seedlings experienced higher herbivore damage. Herbivory increased at higher elevations and in areas with higher light availability in one forest, but not in the other three. We found no evidence supporting the effects of biotic interactions on herbivory. Our results, at all levels of analysis, are consistent with the plant apparency theory, which posits that more apparent plants suffer greater attack. We did not find support for hypotheses stressing the role of neighborhood composition on herbivory. Similarly, the abiotic environment does not seem to influence herbivory significantly. We argue that plant apparency, rather than other biotic and abiotic factors, may be the most important predictor of leaf damage in the seedling communities of subtropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martini
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - S Tharanga Aluthwattha
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Christos Mammides
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammed Armani
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Uromi Manage Goodale
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Kozlov MV, Prosvirov AS, Zvereva EL. Can Larvae of Forest Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Feed on Live Plant Roots? INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120850. [PMID: 33265915 PMCID: PMC7760475 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Detailed natural history information is still lacking for many species of soil-dwelling invertebrates. We asked whether the larvae (wireworms) of two click beetle species, which are most abundant in European boreal forests, feed on live roots of forest plants. The weight of root pieces of downy birch, Scots pine, Norway spruce and wavy hair-grass, offered to wireworms in a laboratory experiment, did not decrease, indicating that these larvae did not consume live root tissues. Therefore, Athous subfuscus and Dalopius marginatus should be excluded from the lists of forest pests damaging tree roots. Abstract The life histories of many soil-dwelling invertebrates remain poorly studied. The larvae of two click beetle species, Athous subfuscus and Dalopius marginatus, which are most abundant in European boreal forests, are both classified as omnivorous and are included in lists of root-damaging pests. Nevertheless, we are not aware of any direct proof of their ability (or inability) to consume plant roots. In this study, we asked whether these larvae actually feed on the roots of forest plants in the absence of other food sources. Live roots of boreal forest plants, including trees (Betula pubescens, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) and grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), were offered to click beetle larvae in a two-month microcosm experiment. The weight of roots placed in vials with the wireworms did not decrease, indicating that the larvae of these click beetle species did not feed on live roots, even in the absence of other food sources. This suggests that the feeding niches of A. subfuscus and D. marginatus larvae are narrower than previously thought and do not include live plant tissues. Therefore, these click beetle species should be excluded from the lists of forest pests damaging tree roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Alexander S Prosvirov
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena L Zvereva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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9
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Kristensen JA, Michelsen A, Metcalfe DB. Background insect herbivory increases with local elevation but makes minor contribution to element cycling along natural gradients in the Subarctic. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11684-11698. [PMID: 33144993 PMCID: PMC7593201 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivores can exert major controls over biogeochemical cycling. As invertebrates are highly sensitive to temperature shifts (ectothermal), the abundances of insects in high-latitude systems, where climate warming is rapid, is expected to increase. In subarctic mountain birch forests, research has focussed on geometrid moth outbreaks, while the contribution of background insect herbivory (BIH) to elemental cycling is poorly constrained. In northern Sweden, we estimated BIH along 9 elevational gradients distributed across a gradient in regional elevation, temperature, and precipitation to allow evaluation of consistency in local versus regional variation. We converted foliar loss via BIH to fluxes of C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) from the birch canopy to the soil to compare with other relevant soil inputs of the same elements and assessed different abiotic and biotic drivers of the observed variability. We found that leaf area loss due to BIH was ~1.6% on average. This is comparable to estimates from tundra, but considerably lower than ecosystems at lower latitudes. The C, N, and P fluxes from canopy to soil associated with BIH were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the soil input from senesced litter and external nutrient sources such as biological N fixation, atmospheric deposition of N, and P weathering estimated from the literature. Despite the minor contribution to overall elemental cycling in subarctic birch forests, the higher quality and earlier timing of the input of herbivore deposits to soils compared to senesced litter may make this contribution disproportionally important for various ecosystem functions. BIH increased significantly with leaf N content as well as local elevation along each transect, yet showed no significant relationship with temperature or humidity, nor the commonly used temperature proxy, absolute elevation. The lack of consistency between the local and regional elevational trends calls for caution when using elevation gradients as climate proxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe A. Kristensen
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
- Geological Survey of Denmark and GreenlandCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Department of BiologyTerrestrial Ecology SectionUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for PermafrostUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Daniel B. Metcalfe
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental SciencesUmeå Umeå UniversitetUmeåSweden
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10
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van Dijk LJA, Ehrlén J, Tack AJM. The timing and asymmetry of plant-pathogen-insect interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201303. [PMID: 32962544 PMCID: PMC7542815 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects and pathogens frequently exploit the same host plant and can potentially impact each other's performance. However, studies on plant–pathogen–insect interactions have mainly focused on a fixed temporal setting or on a single interaction partner. In this study, we assessed the impact of time of attacker arrival on the outcome and symmetry of interactions between aphids (Tuberculatus annulatus), powdery mildew (Erysiphe alphitoides), and caterpillars (Phalera bucephala) feeding on pedunculate oak, Quercus robur, and explored how single versus multiple attackers affect oak performance. We used a multifactorial greenhouse experiment in which oak seedlings were infected with either zero, one, two, or three attackers, with the order of attacker arrival differing among treatments. The performances of all involved organisms were monitored throughout the experiment. Overall, attackers had a weak and inconsistent impact on plant performance. Interactions between attackers, when present, were asymmetric. For example, aphids performed worse, but powdery mildew performed better, when co-occurring. Order of arrival strongly affected the outcome of interactions, and early attackers modified the strength and direction of interactions between later-arriving attackers. Our study shows that interactions between plant attackers can be asymmetric, time-dependent, and species specific. This is likely to shape the ecology and evolution of plant–pathogen–insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J A van Dijk
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayco J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Insect herbivory dampens Subarctic birch forest C sink response to warming. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2529. [PMID: 32439857 PMCID: PMC7242322 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is anticipated to make high latitude ecosystems stronger C sinks through increasing plant production. This effect might, however, be dampened by insect herbivores whose damage to plants at their background, non-outbreak densities may more than double under climate warming. Here, using an open-air warming experiment among Subarctic birch forest field layer vegetation, supplemented with birch plantlets, we show that a 2.3 °C air and 1.2 °C soil temperature increase can advance the growing season by 1–4 days, enhance soil N availability, leaf chlorophyll concentrations and plant growth up to 400%, 160% and 50% respectively, and lead up to 122% greater ecosystem CO2 uptake potential. However, comparable positive effects are also found when insect herbivory is reduced, and the effect of warming on C sink potential is intensified under reduced herbivory. Our results confirm the expected warming-induced increase in high latitude plant growth and CO2 uptake, but also reveal that herbivorous insects may significantly dampen the strengthening of the CO2 sink under climate warming. Warming is expected to increase C sink capacity in high-latitude ecosystems, but plant-herbivore interactions could moderate or offset this effect. Here, Silfver and colleagues test individual and interactive effects of warming and insect herbivory in a field experiment in Subarctic forest, showing that even low intensity insect herbivory strongly reduces C sink potential.
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12
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Sam K, Koane B, Sam L, Mrazova A, Segar S, Volf M, Moos M, Simek P, Sisol M, Novotny V. Insect herbivory and herbivores of
Ficus
species along a rain forest elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Bonny Koane
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Center Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Legi Sam
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mrazova
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Simon Segar
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University Edgmond UK
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Molecular Interaction Ecology Group German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Moos
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Petr Simek
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Mentap Sisol
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Center Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
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13
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Shao X, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Yang X. Effects of wind speed on background herbivory of an insect herbivore. ECOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2019.1666549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Shao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, Zhengzhou Yaoling Technology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Zhengzhou Yaoling Technology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xitian Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Rheubottom SI, Barrio IC, Kozlov MV, Alatalo JM, Andersson T, Asmus AL, Baubin C, Brearley FQ, Egelkraut DD, Ehrich D, Gauthier G, Jónsdóttir IS, Konieczka S, Lévesque E, Olofsson J, Prevéy JS, Slevan-Tremblay G, Sokolov A, Sokolova N, Sokovnina S, Speed JDM, Suominen O, Zverev V, Hik DS. Hiding in the background: community-level patterns in invertebrate herbivory across the tundra biome. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Clark RE, Gutierrez Illan J, Comerford MS, Singer MS. Keystone mutualism influences forest tree growth at a landscape scale. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1599-1607. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Emerson Clark
- Department of Biology Wesleyan University Middletown CT USA
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | | | - Mattheau S. Comerford
- Department of Biology Wesleyan University Middletown CT USA
- Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston TX USA
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16
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Yang LH, Karban R. The effects of pulsed fertilization and chronic herbivory by periodical cicadas on tree growth. Ecology 2019; 100:e02705. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louie H. Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
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17
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Kozlov MV, Zverev V. Temperature and herbivory, but not pollution, affect fluctuating asymmetry of mountain birch leaves: Results of 25-year monitoring around the copper‑nickel smelter in Monchegorsk, northwestern Russia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:678-687. [PMID: 29870944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), which is defined as the magnitude of the random deviations from a symmetrical shape, reflects developmental instability and is commonly assumed to increase under environmental and genetic stress. We monitored the leaf FA of mountain birch, Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii, from 1993 to 2017 in individually marked trees at 21 sites around the copper‑nickel smelter at Monchegorsk, and we then analysed the results with respect to spatial and temporal variation in pollution, climate and background insect herbivory. Responses of leaf FA to different stressors were stressor specific: FA did not correlate with pollution load, it decreased significantly with an increase in June air temperature and it increased slightly but significantly with an increase in the previous-year leaf damage due to defoliating and leafmining insects. Our findings suggest that climate warming is unlikely to impose stress on the explored mountain birch populations, but even small increases in insect herbivory may adversely affect birch trees. However, these conclusions, since they are based on an observational study, should be viewed as tentative until confirmed by controlled experiments. We also demonstrated that the use of non-blinded measurements, which are prone to confirmation bias, was the primary reason for the earlier report of an increase in birch leaf FA near the Monchegorsk smelter. We hope that our findings will promote a wide use of blinded methods in ecological research and that they will contribute to debunking the myth that plant leaf FA consistently increases with increases in environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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18
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Local Insect Damage Reduces Fluctuating Asymmetry in Next-year's Leaves of Downy Birch. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9020056. [PMID: 29751675 PMCID: PMC6023539 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insect herbivory imposes stress on host plants. This stress may cause an increase in leaf fluctuating asymmetry (FA), which is defined as the magnitude of the random deviations from a symmetrical leaf shape. We tested the hypothesis that differences in leaf FA among individual shoots of downy birch, Betula pubescens, are at least partly explained by local damage caused by insects in the previous year. Unexpectedly, we found that in the year following the damage imposed by miners, leafrollers and defoliators, damaged birch shoots produced leaves with lower FAs compared to shoots from the same tree that had not been damaged by insects. This effect was consistent among the different groups of insects investigated, but intra-species comparisons showed that statistical significance was reached only in shoots that had been damaged by the birch leaf roller, Deporaus betulae. The detected decrease in leaf FA in the year following the damage agrees with the increases in shoot performance and in antiherbivore defence. The present results indicate that within-plant variation in leaf FA may have its origin in previous-year damage by insects, and that FA may influence the current-year’s distribution of herbivory.
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19
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Schuldt A, Fornoff F, Bruelheide H, Klein AM, Staab M. Tree species richness attenuates the positive relationship between mutualistic ant-hemipteran interactions and leaf chewer herbivory. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1489. [PMID: 28878067 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions across trophic levels influence plant diversity effects on ecosystem functions, but the complexity of these interactions remains poorly explored. For example, the interplay between different interactions (e.g. mutualism, predation) might be an important moderator of biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships. We tested for relationships between trophobioses (facultative ant-hemipteran mutualism) and leaf chewer herbivory in a subtropical forest biodiversity experiment. We analysed trophobiosis and herbivory data of more than 10 000 trees along a tree species richness gradient. Against expectations, chewing damage was higher on trees with trophobioses. However, the net positive relationship between trophobioses and overall herbivory depended on tree species richness, being most pronounced at low richness. Our results point to indirect, positive effects of ant-tended sap suckers on leaf chewers, potentially by altering plant defences. Direct antagonistic relationships of trophobiotic ants and leaf-chewing herbivores-frequently reported to drive community-wide effects of trophobioses in other ecosystems-seemed less relevant. However, antagonistic interactions likely contributed to the attenuating effect of tree species richness, because trophobiotic ant and herbivore communities changed from monocultures to species-rich mixtures. Our findings, therefore, suggest that biodiversity loss might lead to complex changes in higher trophic level effects on ecosystem functions, mediated by both trophic and non-trophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schuldt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany .,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Felix Fornoff
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Staab
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Zverev V, Zvereva EL, Kozlov MV. Ontogenetic changes in insect herbivory in birch (
Betula pubesecens
): The importance of plant apparency. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Zverev
- Section of EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Elena L. Zvereva
- Section of EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Mikhail V. Kozlov
- Section of EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
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21
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Background invertebrate herbivory on dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa-nana complex) increases with temperature and precipitation across the tundra biome. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Fernandez-Conradi P, Jactel H, Hampe A, Leiva MJ, Castagneyrol B. The effect of tree genetic diversity on insect herbivory varies with insect abundance. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Fernandez-Conradi
- Biogeco; INRA; University of Bordeaux; F-33610 Cestas France
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apdo, 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
| | - Hervé Jactel
- Biogeco; INRA; University of Bordeaux; F-33610 Cestas France
| | - Arndt Hampe
- Biogeco; INRA; University of Bordeaux; F-33610 Cestas France
| | - Maria José Leiva
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla; Apdo, 1095 41080 Sevilla Spain
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23
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Wein A, Bauhus J, Bilodeau-Gauthier S, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Nock C, Staab M. Tree Species Richness Promotes Invertebrate Herbivory on Congeneric Native and Exotic Tree Saplings in a Young Diversity Experiment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168751. [PMID: 27992554 PMCID: PMC5161486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree diversity in forests is an important driver of ecological processes including herbivory. Empirical evidence suggests both negative and positive effects of tree diversity on herbivory, which can be, respectively, attributed to associational resistance or associational susceptibility. Tree diversity experiments allow testing for associational effects, but evidence regarding which pattern predominates is mixed. Furthermore, it is unknown if herbivory on tree species of native vs. exotic origin is influenced by changing tree diversity in a similar way, or if exotic tree species escape natural enemies, resulting in lower damage that is unrelated to tree diversity. To address these questions, we established a young tree diversity experiment in temperate southwestern Germany that uses high planting density (49 trees per plot; plot size 13 m2). The species pool consists of six congeneric species pairs of European and North American origin (12 species in total) planted in monocultures and mixtures (1, 2, 4, 6 species). We assessed leaf damage by leaf-chewing insects on more than 5,000 saplings of six broadleaved tree species. Plot-level tree species richness increased leaf damage, which more than doubled from monocultures to six-species mixtures, strongly supporting associational susceptibility. However, leaf damage among congeneric native and exotic species pairs was similar. There were marked differences in patterns of leaf damage across tree genera, and only the genera likely having a predominately generalist herbivore community showed associational susceptibility, irrespective of the geographical origin of a tree species. In conclusion, an increase in tree species richness in young temperate forests may result in associational susceptibility to feeding by generalist herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wein
- Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Bilodeau-Gauthier
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre-ville Station, QC H3C 3P8 Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Charles Nock
- Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Staab
- Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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24
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Schuldt A, Bruelheide H, Härdtle W, Assmann T, Li Y, Ma K, von Oheimb G, Zhang J. Early positive effects of tree species richness on herbivory in a large-scale forest biodiversity experiment influence tree growth. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2015; 103:563-571. [PMID: 26690688 PMCID: PMC4672697 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of herbivory for the structure and functioning of species-rich forests, little is known about how herbivory is affected by tree species richness, and more specifically by random vs. non-random species loss. We assessed herbivore damage and its effects on tree growth in the early stage of a large-scale forest biodiversity experiment in subtropical China that features random and non-random extinction scenarios of tree mixtures numbering between one and 24 species. In contrast to random species loss, the non-random extinction scenarios were based on the tree species' local rarity and specific leaf area - traits that may strongly influence the way herbivory is affected by plant species richness. Herbivory increased with tree species richness across all scenarios and was unaffected by the different species compositions in the random and non-random extinction scenarios. Whereas tree growth rates were positively related to herbivory on plots with smaller trees, growth rates significantly declined with increasing herbivory on plots with larger trees. Our results suggest that the effects of herbivory on growth rates increase from monocultures to the most species-rich plant communities and that negative effects with increasing tree species richness become more pronounced with time as trees grow larger. Synthesis. Our results indicate that key trophic interactions can be quick to become established in forest plantations (i.e. already 2.5 years after tree planting). Stronger herbivory effects on tree growth with increasing tree species richness suggest a potentially important role of herbivory in regulating ecosystem functions and the structural development of species-rich forests from the very start of secondary forest succession. The lack of significant differences between the extinction scenarios, however, contrasts with findings from natural forests of higher successional age, where rarity had negative effects on herbivory. This indicates that the effects of non-random species loss could change with forest succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schuldt
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr. 1, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, University of HalleAm Kirchtor 1, D-06108, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr. 1, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Assmann
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr. 1, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr. 1, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100093, China
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität DresdenPienner Str. 7, D-01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Jiayong Zhang
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityYinbing Road 688, 321004, Jinhua, China
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25
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Barrio IC, Bueno CG, Hik DS. Warming the tundra: reciprocal responses of invertebrate herbivores and plants. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C. Barrio
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Alberta; Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - C. Guillermo Bueno
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Alberta; Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - David S. Hik
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Alberta; Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
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26
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Haase J, Castagneyrol B, Cornelissen JHC, Ghazoul J, Kattge J, Koricheva J, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Morath S, Jactel H. Contrasting effects of tree diversity on young tree growth and resistance to insect herbivores across three biodiversity experiments. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Haase
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Freiburg; Schaenzlestr. 1 DE-79104 Freiburg Germany
- Ecosystem Management, Dept of Environmental Systems Science; ETH Zurich; Universitaetsstr. 16 CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bastien Castagneyrol
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO; FR-33610 Cestas France
- Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202; FR-33400 Talence France
| | - J. Hans C. Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Dept of Ecological Science; VU Univ.; De Boelelaan 1085 NL-1081 HV Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Jaboury Ghazoul
- Ecosystem Management, Dept of Environmental Systems Science; ETH Zurich; Universitaetsstr. 16 CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Inst. for Biogeochemistry; Hans-Knoell Str. 10 DE-07745 Jena Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e DE-04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway Univ. of London; Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | | | - Simon Morath
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway Univ. of London; Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - Hervé Jactel
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO; FR-33610 Cestas France
- Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202; FR-33400 Talence France
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27
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Couture JJ, Meehan TD, Kruger EL, Lindroth RL. Insect herbivory alters impact of atmospheric change on northern temperate forests. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15016. [PMID: 27246883 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of forest productivity by elevated concentrations of CO2 is expected to partially offset continued increases in anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, multiple factors can impair the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks; prominent among these are tropospheric O3 and nutrient limitations(1,2). Herbivorous insects also influence carbon and nutrient dynamics in forest ecosystems, yet are often ignored in ecosystem models of forest productivity. Here we assess the effects of elevated levels of CO2 and O3 on insect-mediated canopy damage and organic matter deposition in aspen and birch stands at the Aspen FACE facility in northern Wisconsin, United States. Canopy damage was markedly higher in the elevated CO2 stands, as was the deposition of organic substrates and nitrogen. The opposite trends were apparent in the elevated O3 stands. Using a light-use efficiency model, we show that the negative impacts of herbivorous insects on net primary production more than doubled under elevated concentrations of CO2, but decreased under elevated concentrations of O3. We conclude that herbivorous insects may limit the capacity of forests to function as sinks for anthropogenic carbon emissions in a high CO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Couture
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T D Meehan
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E L Kruger
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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28
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Muiruri EW, Milligan HT, Morath S, Koricheva J. Moose browsing alters tree diversity effects on birch growth and insect herbivory. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evalyne W. Muiruri
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - Harriet T. Milligan
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - Simon Morath
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
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Kozlov MV, Filippov BY, Zubrij NA, Zverev V. Abrupt changes in invertebrate herbivory on woody plants at the forest–tundra ecotone. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kozlov MV, Stekolshchikov AV, Söderman G, Labina ES, Zverev V, Zvereva EL. Sap-feeding insects on forest trees along latitudinal gradients in northern Europe: a climate-driven patterns. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:106-16. [PMID: 25044643 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the latitudinal patterns in biotic interactions, and especially in herbivory, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that govern ecosystem functioning and for predicting their responses to climate change. We used sap-feeding insects as a model group to test the hypotheses that the strength of plant-herbivore interactions in boreal forests decreases with latitude and that this latitudinal pattern is driven primarily by midsummer temperatures. We used a replicated sampling design and quantitatively collected and identified all sap-feeding insects from four species of forest trees along five latitudinal gradients (750-1300 km in length, ten sites in each gradient) in northern Europe (59 to 70°N and 10 to 60°E) during 2008-2011. Similar decreases in diversity of sap-feeding insects with latitude were observed in all gradients during all study years. The sap-feeder load (i.e. insect biomass per unit of foliar biomass) decreased with latitude in typical summers, but increased in an exceptionally hot summer and was independent of latitude during a warm summer. Analysis of combined data from all sites and years revealed dome-shaped relationships between the loads of sap-feeders and midsummer temperatures, peaking at 17 °C in Picea abies, at 19.5 °C in Pinus sylvestris and Betula pubescens and at 22 °C in B. pendula. From these relationships, we predict that the losses of forest trees to sap-feeders will increase by 0-45% of the current level in southern boreal forests and by 65-210% in subarctic forests with a 1 °C increase in summer temperatures. The observed relationships between temperatures and the loads of sap-feeders differ between the coniferous and deciduous tree species. We conclude that climate warming will not only increase plant losses to sap-feeding insects, especially in subarctic forests, but can also alter plant-plant interactions, thereby affecting both the productivity and the structure of future forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
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Schuldt A, Assmann T, Bruelheide H, Durka W, Eichenberg D, Härdtle W, Kröber W, Michalski SG, Purschke O. Functional and phylogenetic diversity of woody plants drive herbivory in a highly diverse forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:864-873. [PMID: 24460549 PMCID: PMC4235298 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity loss may alter ecosystem processes, such as herbivory, a key driver of ecological functions in species-rich (sub)tropical forests. However, the mechanisms underlying such biodiversity effects remain poorly explored, as mostly effects of species richness - a very basic biodiversity measure - have been studied. Here, we analyze to what extent the functional and phylogenetic diversity of woody plant communities affect herbivory along a diversity gradient in a subtropical forest. We assessed the relative effects of morphological and chemical leaf traits and of plant phylogenetic diversity on individual-level variation in herbivory of dominant woody plant species across 27 forest stands in south-east China. Individual-level variation in herbivory was best explained by multivariate, community-level diversity of leaf chemical traits, in combination with community-weighted means of single traits and species-specific phylodiversity measures. These findings deviate from those based solely on trait variation within individual species. Our results indicate a strong impact of generalist herbivores and highlight the need to assess food-web specialization to determine the direction of biodiversity effects. With increasing plant species loss, but particularly with the concomitant loss of functional and phylogenetic diversity in these forests, the impact of herbivores will probably decrease - with consequences for the herbivore-mediated regulation of ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schuldt
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr. 1, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Assmann
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr. 1, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, University of HalleAm Kirchtor 1, D-06108, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZTheodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - David Eichenberg
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, University of HalleAm Kirchtor 1, D-06108, Halle, Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr. 1, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Wenzel Kröber
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, University of HalleAm Kirchtor 1, D-06108, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan G Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZTheodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Oliver Purschke
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, University of HalleAm Kirchtor 1, D-06108, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Korpita T, Gómez S, Orians CM. Cues from a specialist herbivore increase tolerance to defoliation in tomato. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Korpita
- Department of Biology; Tufts University; Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
| | - Sara Gómez
- Department of Biology; Tufts University; Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Rhode Island; Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Colin M. Orians
- Department of Biology; Tufts University; Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
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