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Naara S, Andrews C, Sikora A, Williams M, Chambers M, Myers J, Amit M. Oral Pre-malignancy: An Update on Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Oncol Rep 2024:10.1007/s11912-024-01562-1. [PMID: 38865005 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-024-01562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current advances in managing and preventing progression of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), focusing on their histological and clinicopathological features, and management. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies, including a multicenter cross-sectional study, have identified oral leukoplakia as the most prevalent form of OPMD, comprising over half of the cases examined. Advances in histological grading, specifically the World Health Organization's three-tier system (mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia), have significantly enhanced the accuracy of risk assessment for malignant transformation. Additionally, treatments such as surgical interventions, photodynamic therapy, and chemopreventive and molecularly targeted agents are being evaluated for their safety and efficacy as well as, immune checkpoint inhibitors being evaluated as potential preventive strategies to halt the progression of OPMDs. The management of OPMDs remains challenging due to the lack of standardized screening protocols and varied clinical management approaches. Despite this, recent advancements in diagnostic grading and therapeutic interventions provide a framework for improved treatment outcomes. Continued research into the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving development and progression of OPMDs and innovative treatment trials are essential to optimize strategies that prevent malignant progression and thereby reduce the global health burden of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorook Naara
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clara Andrews
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Sikora
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Williams
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Chambers
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey Myers
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Moran Amit
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Kokubun K, Nakajima K, Akashi Y, Yamamoto K, Katakura A, Matsuzaka K. Clinicopathological evaluation of oral leukoplakia: a single-center study of 676 cases in Japan. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2024; 137:529-536. [PMID: 38553305 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2024.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the clinical and histopathological characteristics of oral leukoplakia (OL) in the Japanese population and investigate the prevalence and risk factors for epithelial dysplasia (ED) and carcinoma within lesions. STUDY DESIGN Data, including age, sex, lesion site, and histopathological features, of 676 cases diagnosed with OL over the previous 10 years were analyzed. Dysplasia and carcinoma prevalence were determined. RESULTS In male patients, the most affected site was the gingiva (42.7%), whereas in females, it was the tongue (47.6%). Moreover, ED was more prevalent in males (41.9%), whereas epithelial hyperplasia was more common in females (44.7%). A significant difference was observed between affected sites with regard to the presence of dysplasia. The ED rates by site were 64.6% and 33.7% for the tongue and gingiva, respectively (P < 0.05). The squamous cell carcinoma rates by site were 23.4%, 5.4%, and 3.4% for the tongue, buccal mucosa, and gingiva, respectively (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed a higher prevalence of dysplasia in males than it did in females and that the risk for both dysplasia and carcinoma was highest in the tongue. CONCLUSIONS Dysplasia is common in OL cases, often showing carcinoma. Early biopsy and interventions are key in OL management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Kokubun
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kei Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Akashi
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Katakura
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science and Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuzaka
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Prime SS, Darski P, Hunter KD, Cirillo N, Parkinson EK. A Review of the Repair of DNA Double Strand Breaks in the Development of Oral Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4092. [PMID: 38612901 PMCID: PMC11012950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We explore the possibility that defects in genes associated with the response and repair of DNA double strand breaks predispose oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) to undergo malignant transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Defects in the homologous recombination/Fanconi anemia (HR/FA), but not in the non-homologous end joining, causes the DNA repair pathway to appear to be consistent with features of familial conditions that are predisposed to OSCC (FA, Bloom's syndrome, Ataxia Telangiectasia); this is true for OSCC that occurs in young patients, sometimes with little/no exposure to classical risk factors. Even in Dyskeratosis Congenita, a disorder of the telomerase complex that is also predisposed to OSCC, attempts at maintaining telomere length involve a pathway with shared HR genes. Defects in the HR/FA pathway therefore appear to be pivotal in conditions that are predisposed to OSCC. There is also some evidence that abnormalities in the HR/FA pathway are associated with malignant transformation of sporadic cases OPMD and OSCC. We provide data showing overexpression of HR/FA genes in a cell-cycle-dependent manner in a series of OPMD-derived immortal keratinocyte cell lines compared to their mortal counterparts. The observations in this study argue strongly for an important role of the HA/FA DNA repair pathway in the development of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S. Prime
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Piotr Darski
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.D.); (K.D.H.)
| | - Keith D. Hunter
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (P.D.); (K.D.H.)
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, 720 Swanson Street, Carlton, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia;
- School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - E. Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
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Sumithrarachchi S, Athukorala I, Rumy F, Jayasinghe R. Prevalence of tobacco and areca-nut use among patients attending dental teaching hospital in the central province of Sri Lanka and its association with oral mucosal lesions; a cross sectional study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2024; 14:39-43. [PMID: 38179108 PMCID: PMC10764264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tobacco and areca-nut are risk factors for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders. Oral cancer is ranked as the commonest among males in Sri Lanka (18.4 %). This research aims to determine the prevalence of tobacco and areca-nut use and its association with oral lesions. Method It is a cross-sectional study using 368 patients attending the Dental Diagnostic Clinic. Details of tobacco and areca-nut use were collected and participants were examined for mucosal lesions. Results It revealed that 23.9 % had tobacco use. Out of these, 41.1 %, 22.2 % and 36.7 % had smokeless-tobacco use, smoking and both, respectively. Similarly, 25.3 % had areca-nut/betel-quid use and majority (72.8 %) added tobacco to it. Tobacco (93.2 %) and areca-nut (79.6 %) use was higher among males (p < 0.05). Significant associations of areca-nut use with age (p = 0.001) and education level (p = 0.025) were noted. Oral lesions like de-pigmentation, white patches, ulcers, growths and oral sub-mucous fibrosis (OSF) had prevalences of 2.4 % each. Prevalence of pigmentation, lobulated tongue and erosive lesions was 10.6 %, 4.6 % and 1.4 %, respectively. 32.6 % had abnormalities like linea-alba, periodontal problems, pericoronitis and hairy tongue. The study revealed that >90 % of those who used tobacco and areca-nut had oral lesions (p < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of tobacco and areca-nut use is high among patients attending the Dental Teaching Hospital, and its association with mucosal lesions is significant. Hence regular awareness programs on the adverse effects of tobacco and areca-nut use should be carried out at the Diagnostic clinic as a preventive measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumali Sumithrarachchi
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Isuru Athukorala
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Fazly Rumy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruwan Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer and Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Abouelwafa M, Ibrahim TM, El-Hadidi MS, Mahnashi MH, Owaidah AY, Saeedi NH, Attia HG, Georrge JJ, Mostafa A. Using CADD tools to inhibit the overexpressed genes FAP, FN1, and MMP1 by repurposing ginsenoside C and Rg1 as a treatment for oral cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1248885. [PMID: 37936719 PMCID: PMC10627001 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1248885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancer types. Many factors can express certain genes that cause the proliferation of oral tissues. Overexpressed genes were detected in oral cancer patients; three were highly impacted. FAP, FN1, and MMP1 were the targeted genes that showed inhibition results in silico by ginsenoside C and Rg1. Approved drugs were retrieved from the DrugBank database. The docking scores show an excellent interaction between the ligands and the targeted macromolecules. Further molecular dynamics simulations showed the binding stability of the proposed natural products. This work recommends repurposing ginsenoside C and Rg1 as potential binders for the selected targets and endorses future experimental validation for the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Abouelwafa
- Department of Bioinformatics, Christ College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Tamer M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences, School of Information Technology and Computer Science, Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. El-Hadidi
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences, School of Information Technology and Computer Science, Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Y. Owaidah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar H. Saeedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany G. Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - John J. Georrge
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of North Bengal, West Bengal, India
| | - Amany Mostafa
- Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Medical Research Centre of Excellence, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
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Mukherjee A, Ferrao T, Spadigam AE, Dhupar A. Oral Epithelial Dysplasia in Tobacco Non-habitués: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e47362. [PMID: 38022123 PMCID: PMC10657477 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) encompass a diverse group of clinical lesions, which, on histopathological evaluation, may reveal features of hyperplasia, oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), or even early invasive squamous cell carcinoma. OEDs are often perceived to be associated with a deleterious habit such as tobacco chewing. It has emerged that OEDs may occur even in the absence of a tobacco habit and could be attributed to factors such as trauma, chronic inflammation, and inherent genetic aberrations. Authors have reported a preponderance of such lesions in young females, particularly at sites distinct from those noted in habitués. Additionally, the probability of malignant transformation of OED has been reported to be higher in non-habitués as compared to habitués when lesions are left unaddressed. There remains a paucity of data regarding the exact molecular basis, behavior, and response to treatment of OED among tobacco non-habitués. In view of the increasing number of oral lesions demonstrating epithelial dysplasia in the absence of exposure to significant risk factors, we highlight the scenario with a case. A 39-year-old female, non-habitué, presented with a non-scrapable, white lesion on the maxillary buccal gingiva. Incisional biopsy revealed features of moderate epithelial dysplasia that, on further evaluation of the excisional specimen, confirmed features of severe epithelial dysplasia. Genotyping for human papillomavirus (HPV) was carried out to assess the presence of high-risk HPV strains (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68), which are usually associated with OED and/or oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) in non-habitués. A comprehensive review of various tissue and molecular factors, which play a key role in the pathophysiology of non-habit-associated OED has been illustrated in this report. While the etiological focus of OPMDs is often directed toward deleterious habits and exposure to carcinogens, it is essential to be vigilant for this entity even among non-habitués. A meticulous screening of the oral cavity, for all patients, shall facilitate the prevention and early diagnosis of OED, particularly in individuals not exposed to habit-forming risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Mukherjee
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, IND
| | - Twyla Ferrao
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, IND
| | - Anita E Spadigam
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, IND
| | - Anita Dhupar
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, IND
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Pazhani J, Chanthu K, Jayaraman S, Varun BR. Evaluation of salivary MMP-9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia using ELISA. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2023; 27:649-654. [PMID: 38304520 PMCID: PMC10829443 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_426_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer of the lip and the oral cavity is collectively the sixth most common malignancy worldwide, out of which 90% are oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Oral cancer survival rates depend mainly upon the stage in which it is diagnosed. Successful early detection would eventually increase the survival rate. OSCCs may be preceded by potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) that are characterised by visible clinical changes in the oral mucosa. Correct diagnosis and timely treatment of PMDs may help prevent malignant transformation in oral lesions. Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the best known potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa with a malignant transformation rate of about 3% to 33%. Tumour markers in saliva have emerged as a new diagnostic tool in the early detection of oral cancer. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is a gelatinase which plays an important role in tumourogenisis. The present study was done to evaluate the salivary levels of MMP-9 in OSCC and oral leukoplakia patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods The study was conducted among 102 subjects, which included 34 OSCC patients (group I), 34 OL patients (group II), and 34 healthy subjects (group III). Unstimulated saliva was collected by the passive drooling method from all the study subjects during the study period, centrifuged, and stored at -80°C. The salivary MMP-9 was estimated in mg/ml using the sandwich ELISA technique. The data were analysed using a statistical software package, EZR. One-way analysis of variance was used for the comparison of salivary MMP-9 levels in OSCC, OL, and normal oral mucosa. Scheffe's multiple comparison was carried out to compare salivary MMP-9 levels among the different histological grades of OSCC and oral epithelial dysplasia. For all statistical interpretations, P ≤ 0.0 was considered the threshold for statistical significance. Results and Conclusion The mean salivary MMP-9 level in OSCC, OL, and normal oral mucosa was 50.9 ± 5.7 ng/ml, 31.6 ± 6 ng/ml, and 16.2 ± 4.8 ng/ml, respectively. Patients with OSCC had significantly higher levels of salivary MMP-9 when compared to OL and normal mucosa. Higher levels of salivary MMP-9 were observed in poorly differentiated OSCC when compared to well and moderately differentiated OSCCs. The salivary MMP-9 was higher in severe oral epithelial dysplasia when compared to mild and moderate oral epithelial dysplasias. As malignant transformation rates are higher in patients with severe oral epithelial dysplasia when compared to mild and moderate oral epithelial dysplasia, salivary MMP-9 could be considered as a surrogate marker of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Pazhani
- Department of Oral Pathology, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnasree Chanthu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. R. Varun
- Department of Oral Pathology, PMS College of Dental Sciences and Research, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Liu D, Zheng J, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Gao F. A combined autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for mucosa tissue diagnosis: Dual-distance system and data-driven decision. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300086. [PMID: 37368456 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Combined autofluorescence (AF) and diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopies have been expected to offer enhanced diagnostic accuracies for noninvasive early detection of mucosa lesions, that is, oral cavity carcinoma and cervical carcinoma. This work reports on a hybrid AF and DR spectroscopic system that is developed for quantification and diagnosis of mucosa abnormalities. The system stability and reliability are firstly assessed by phantom experiments, showing a measurement variation lower than 1% within 20 min. In vitro and in vivo validations are then conducted for tissue identification and lesion differentiation. For enhanced decision, a data-driven diagnosis algorithm is explored in pilot under different experimental configurations. The results conclude a promising accuracy of >96% for the in vivo classification as well as an excellent sensitivity of >88% for the in vitro mucosa lesions detection, and demonstrate sound potential of the system in early detection of mucosa lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Liu
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin, China
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Shah FY, Shetty DC, Kaur G, Gupta S, Pathak A, Aggarwal V. Serum and Saliva LDH Levels in Patients with Habit, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs), and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC): A Spectrophotometry Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:S881-S884. [PMID: 37694076 PMCID: PMC10485454 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_90_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are chronic lesions or conditions characterized by a potential for malignant transformation. One of the hallmarks of cancer is aerobic glycolysis which confers immortality to cancer cells, correlates with the belligerent behavior of various malignancies, and shows an increase in the expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The present study was conducted to measure and compare serum and salivary LDH levels in patients with habit, OPMDs and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, and to evaluate if LDH levels can be used as a biomarker in the progression into potentially malignant disorders (PMDs), the prognosis of OSCC, and to assess if saliva is a better biomarker. Materials and Methods Thirty patients of both genders were divided into three groups. Group I had patients with habits, group II had OPMDs, and group III had OSCC with 10 subjects from each group. Saliva and serum of patients were collected according to the standard protocol and measured for LDH using spectrophotometry of 340 nm. Results Group I had patients with habits, group II had OPMDs, and group III had OSCC. Group I had 6 males and 4 females, group II had 8 males and 2 females, and group III had 7 males and 3 females. The mean serum LDH level in group I was 265.50, in group II was 194.10, and in group III was 224.22. The difference was non-significant (P > 0.05). The mean salivary LDH level in group I was 345.68, in group II was 532.72, and in group III was 1.105. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Salivary LDH is a non-invasive, cost-effective technique, which can be used as an effective modality for the diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer as well as for monitoring tobacco users and OPMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Yasmin Shah
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devi Charan Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology, I.T.S. Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Murad Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Geetpriya Kaur
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushma Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, RDCH Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aparna Pathak
- Department of Oral Pathology, Paradise Diagnostics, New Delhi, India
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Márquez A, Mujica I, Jordan N, Baez P, Tarquinio S, Nunes J, Adorno D, Martínez B, Morales-Pison S, Fernandez-Ramires R. Genome sequencing reveals molecular subgroups in oral epithelial dysplasia. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e063. [PMID: 37341234 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the molecular characteristics of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), highlighting the pathways and variants of genes that are frequently mutated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and other cancers. Ten archival OED cases were retrieved for retrospective clinicopathological analysis and exome sequencing. Comparative genomic analysis was performed between high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and low-grade dysplasia (LGD), focusing on 57 well-known cancer genes, of which 10 were previously described as the most mutated in OSCC. HGD cases had significantly more variants; however, a similar mutational landscape to OSCC was observed in both groups. CASP8+FAT1/HRAS, TP53, and miscellaneous molecular signatures were also present. FAT1 is the gene that is most affected by pathogenic variants. Hierarchical divisive clustering showed division between the two groups: "HGD-like cluster" with 4HGD and 2LGD and "LGD-like cluster" with 4 LGD. MLL4 pathogenic variants were exclusively in the "LGD-like cluster". TP53 was affected in one case of HGD; however, its pathway was usually altered. We describe new insights into the genetic basis of epithelial malignant transformation by genomic analysis, highlighting those associated with FAT1 and TP53. Some LGDs presented a similar mutational landscape to HGD after cluster analysis. Perhaps molecular alterations have not yet been reflected in histomorphology. The relative risk of malignant transformation in this molecular subgroup should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isidora Mujica
- Universidad de Los Andes, Faculty of Dentistry, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Jordan
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Faculty of Science, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Baez
- Universidad de Chile, Faculty of Science, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Tarquinio
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, School of Dentistry, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, School of Dentistry, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniela Adorno
- Universidad de Chile, Faculty of Dentistry, Santiago, Chile
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Rich AM, Hussaini HM, Nizar MAM, Gavidi RO, Tauati-Williams E, Yakin M, Seo B. Diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorders: Overview and experience in Oceania. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1122497. [PMID: 37089445 PMCID: PMC10117992 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1122497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and management of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) should be the same the world over, but there are important nuances in incidence, aetiological factors, and management opportunities that may lead to differences based on ethnogeography. In this review, we update and discuss current international trends in the classification and diagnosis of OPMD with reference to our experience in various regions in Oceania. Oceania includes the islands of Australia, Melanesia (including Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Micronesia and Polynesia (including New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga) and hence has diverse populations with very different cultures and a range from well-resourced high-population density cities to remote villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Rich
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Correspondence: Alison M. Rich
| | | | | | - Ratu Osea Gavidi
- School of Dentistry & Oral Health, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Muhammed Yakin
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Benedict Seo
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Evren I, Brouns ER, Poell JB, Wils LJ, Brakenhoff RH, Bloemena E, de Visscher JGAM. Associations between clinical and histopathological characteristics in oral leukoplakia. Oral Dis 2023; 29:696-706. [PMID: 34601770 PMCID: PMC10078678 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify possible associations between patients' demographics and habits and the clinical aspects and histopathological characteristics of oral leukoplakia (OL) at patients' first visit. METHOD A total of 140 consecutive patients with OL at a single institute between 1997 and 2019. All biopsies were microscopically examined for classic dysplasia (CD) (WHO definition oral epithelial dysplasia) and differentiated dysplasia (DD) known from differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Clinical characteristics were correlated to histopathological diagnosis and odds ratios (OR) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 96 females and 44 males, mean age 58 years, were presented. OLs were found mainly on the tongue (41%) and floor of mouth (FOM) (18%). Homogeneous OLs (58%) were associated with smoking, FOM and size <2cm and non-homogeneous OLs (42%) with non-smokers. No dysplasia was present in 40% and any dysplasia (AD) in 60%. Tongue OLs were correlated with AD (OR:6.0) and CD (OR:5.7). FOM OLs were correlated with CD (OR:4.5). DD was correlated with non-homogeneous OLs (OR:2.6). CONCLUSIONS CD was most frequently observed in tongue and FOM OLs, while DD was associated with non-homogeneous OLs. In this series of patients, there was no consistent reliable association between the clinical and histopathological features and clinical characteristics can therefore not substitute microscopic examination of biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Evren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth R Brouns
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos B Poell
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leon J Wils
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bloemena
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G A M de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Treating Head and Neck Cancer in the Age of Immunotherapy: A 2023 Update. Drugs 2023; 83:217-248. [PMID: 36645621 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Most patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) will present with locally advanced disease, requiring multimodality therapy. While this approach has a curative intent, a significant subset of these patients will develop locoregional failure and/or distant metastases. The prognosis of these patients is poor, and therapeutic options other than palliative chemotherapy are urgently needed. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is an important factor in the pathogenesis of HNSCC, and a decade ago, the EGFR targeting monoclonal antibody cetuximab was approved for the treatment of late-stage HNSCC in different settings. In 2016, the anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab were both approved for the treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy, and in 2019, pembrolizumab was approved for first-line treatment (either as monotherapy in PD-L1 expressing tumors, or in combination with chemotherapy). Currently, trials are ongoing to include immune checkpoint inhibition in the (neo)adjuvant treatment of HNSCC as well as in novel combinations with other drugs in the recurrent/metastatic setting to improve response rates and survival and help overcome resistance mechanisms to immune checkpoint blockade. This article provides a comprehensive review of the management of head and neck cancers in the current era of immunotherapy.
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14
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Adeoye J, Zheng LW, Thomson P, Choi SW, Su YX. Explainable ensemble learning model improves identification of candidates for oral cancer screening. Oral Oncol 2023; 136:106278. [PMID: 36525782 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Artificial intelligence could enhance the use of disparate risk factors (crude method) for better stratification of patients to be screened for oral cancer. This study aims to construct a meta-classifier that considers diverse risk factors to identify patients at risk of oral cancer and other suspicious oral diseases for targeted screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective dataset from a community oral cancer screening program was used to construct and train the novel voting meta-classifier. Comprehensive risk factor information from this dataset was used as input features for eleven supervised learning algorithms which served as base learners and provided predicted probabilities that are weighted and aggregated by the meta-classifier. Training dataset was augmented using SMOTE-ENN. Additionally, Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) values were generated to implement the explainability of the model and display the important risk factors. RESULTS Our meta-classifier had an internal validation recall, specificity, and AUROC of 0.83, 0.86, and 0.85 for identifying the risk of oral cancer and 0.92, 0.60, and 0.76 for identifying suspicious oral mucosal disease respectively. Upon external validation, the meta-classifier had a significantly higher AUROC than the crude/current method used for identifying the risk of oral cancer (0.78 vs 0.46; p = 0.001) Also, the meta-classifier had better recall than the crude method for predicting the risk of suspicious oral mucosal diseases (0.78 vs 0.47). CONCLUSION Overall, these findings showcase that our approach optimizes the use of risk factors in identifying patients for oral screening which suggests potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Adeoye
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Wu Zheng
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Thomson
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Siu-Wai Choi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Xiong Su
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Ishii S, Sakaguchi W, Sugai M, Nagumo T, Koeda S, Ozawa M, Kitamura T, Yamamura M, Akiyama H, Tsukinoki K, Nakamura A. Analysis of false-negatives in exfoliative cytology in oral potentially malignant disorders: A retrospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:e390-e395. [PMID: 35134591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Keratinized lesions have been a conceivable false-negative (FN) factor in oral exfoliative cytology (OEC); however, other factors are poorly analyzed. In this study, we aimed to identify the factors influencing the accuracy of OEC and FNs focusing on the lesion characteristics, patient background, and surgeon factors in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively studied 44 patients who underwent both OEC and histopathological diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, FN rate, false-positive (FP) rate, and prevalence of both methods were compared. Similarly, accuracy indices were compared among clinical diagnosis groups (leukoplakia vs. other diagnosis). The association between patient and surgeon-related factors influencing FN OEC results were investigated using Fisher's exact test and a multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Overall, the sensitivity; specificity; and FN, FP, and prevalence rates of OEC were 31.8%, 82.1%, and 68.8%, 17.9%, and 36.4%, respectively. Leukoplakia was significantly more common in clinical diagnosis (P = 0.007) with sensitivity, specificity, and FN rates of 20.0%, 95.2%, and 80.0%, respectively. Contrarily, non-keratinized lesions had sensitivity, specificity, and FN of 83.3%, 85.7%, and 16.7%, respectively. In the prevalent group, leukoplakia and anucleate squamous cells were significantly associated with FN cases (P = 0.013, P = 0.050). On multivariate analysis in OEC negative patients, age ≤64 (P = 0.050) and location on the tongue (P = 0.047) was independently associated with FNs. CONCLUSION FN of OEC was conceivable to be due to poor deep-seated cell sampling, which was associated with leukoplakia, age, and location. Therefore, these factors may be considered in the evaluation of OEC results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Ishii
- Department of Advanced Oral Surgery, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Masafune Sugai
- Department of Advanced Oral Surgery, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhito Nagumo
- Department of Advanced Oral Surgery, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Satoko Koeda
- Department of Advanced Oral Surgery, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Manami Ozawa
- Department of Advanced Oral Surgery, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Toru Kitamura
- Department of Advanced Oral Surgery, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Makiko Yamamura
- Department of Advanced Oral Surgery, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Akiyama
- Department of Advanced Oral Surgery, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Oral Surgery, Yokohama Clinic, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0835, Japan.
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Udompatanakorn C, Taebunpakul P. The Expression of Methyltransferase-Like 3 in Oral Precancerous Lesions and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Eur J Dent 2022. [PMID: 35785826 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1747950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N6-methyladenosine is the most frequent mRNA modification in eukaryotic cells. It is catalyzed by the methyltransferase complex, methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3). Previous studies have revealed that METTL3 plays a role in various cancers. However, there is limited information about the roles of METTL3 in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). This study determined METTL3 expression in normal oral mucosa (NOM), OED, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty formalin-fixed paraffin embedded specimens each of NOM, OED, and OSCC were included. The expression pattern, the number of positive cells, the staining intensity, and the histochemical score (H-score) of METTL3 were investigated. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance, chi-squared test, and a Kruskal-Wallis test. A p-value < 0.05 indicated statistically significant. RESULTS The METTL3 expression in NOM was observed in the basal, parabasal, and lower layers of epithelium. In low-grade OED, METTL3 was expressed in the lower epithelial layers and partially presented in the spinous layer. However, in high-grade OED, METTL3 expression was observed in the lower layers, spinous layers, and upper layers of dysplastic epithelium. For OSCC, METTL3 immunostaining was presented in both the peripheral and central cells of the tumor islands. All NOM samples showed weak-to-moderate METTL3 staining intensity, while the moderate-to-strong METTL3 staining intensity was observed in 95% of both OED and OSCC specimens (p < 0.05). The percentage of METTL3 positive cells and H-score was highest in OSCC, followed by OED and NOM, respectively (p < 0.05). Interestingly, H-score was greater in high-grade OED (209.8 ± 18.61) when compared with low-grade OED (162.1 ± 38.93) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION METTL3 expression in OED and OSCC was more outstanding than in NOM, suggesting possible roles for OED and OSCC pathogenesis. Additionally, METTL3 expression may be an indicator for OED progression to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchaphan Udompatanakorn
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patrayu Taebunpakul
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kolenko YG, Volovyk IA, Bidenko NV, Mialkivskyi KO, Tkachenko IM. BUCCAL CELL MICRONUCLEI AMONG PATIENTS WITH ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:1713-1717. [PMID: 35962686 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202207119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: The purpose of research was to evaluate the efficiency of micronucleus test in buccal cells for the diagnosis of oral leukoplakia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: We have conducted a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination of 155 patients with oral leukoplakia. It was conducted histological examination leukoplakia mucosal sites, to assess the buccal epithelium cell micronucleus test was carried out. RESULTS Results: Histological evaluation of the material was made according to the classification of leukoplakia WHO (2005). They are established 10 (14%) sites unmodified mucosa, 10 (14%) of the samples hyperkeratosis without atypia, 14 (19%) biopsies hyperkeratosis SIN1, 15 (21%) of hyperkeratosis SIN2, 10 (14%) -- SIN3 and 13 (18 %) of the cases of squamous cell carcinoma. Micronuclei, whose appearance is caused by violation of differentiation of epithelial cells, were found in patients with leukoplakia, the detection of micronuclei almost equally high as in patients with leukoplakia SIN2, and with SIN3 (a difference of 1.3 times (p <0,05, rxy = + 0.271)), and consequently the probability of occurrence of tumoral diseases of the oral mucosa or malignancy existing large. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Thus, on the background of the general increase in proliferative activity of epithelial cells with increasing SIN, for each treatment group revealed the appearance of micronuclei in buccal cells. And the frequency of micronuclei and the fourth type of increases with hyperplasia, indicating an increase in the likelihood of malignancy and cancer of the oral mucosa in patients with leukoplakia SIN3.
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18
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Photodynamic Diagnosis Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid with a Novel Compact System and Chromaticity Analysis for the Detection of Oral Cancer and High-Risk Potentially Malignant Oral Disorders. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071532. [PMID: 35885438 PMCID: PMC9321203 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting early-stage oral cancer and precancerous lesions are critical to improving patient prognosis and quality of life after treatment. Photodynamic diagnosis using 5-aminolevulinic acid enables the detection of malignant lesions. This study aimed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of photodynamic diagnosis using an objective chromaticity analysis of fluorescence emitted from oral lesions. Sixty-seven patients with clinically suspicious oral cavity lesions underwent photodynamic diagnosis after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid solution, followed by imaging and histological evaluation of the lesions. Chromaticity red and green values were measured from the fluorescence images on the lesion, and the red-to-green ratio was calculated. The photodynamic diagnosis allowed for the visualization of oral cancer and high-risk dysplasia as red fluorescence. Compared to low-risk dysplasia and benign lesions, oral cancer and high-risk dysplasia areas had a significantly higher red value and red-to-green ratio. After setting the cutoff value, sensitivity and specificity were 83.3–88.7% and 83.3–83.9%, respectively, when discriminating between oral cancer or high-risk dysplasia and low-risk dysplasia or benign lesions. Photodynamic diagnosis combined with chromaticity analysis may be a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting oral lesions, with a high likelihood of malignant transformation.
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19
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Puri N, Ahuja US, Gupta R, Gandhi P, Punia RS, Choudhary A. Analysis of Expression of Myofibroblasts in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: An Immunohistochemistry Study. Open Dent J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742106-v16-e2201312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic disease that produces tissue fibrosis and is considered to be a potentially malignant disorder. The exact pathogenesis and malignant conversion mechanism of this disorder are still unknown. Myofibroblasts have been implicated as one of the possible pathological mechanisms responsible for the pathophysiology of OSMF. The present study was conducted to evaluate the expression of myofibroblasts (MF) in normal mucosa and different grades of OSMF.
Materials & Methods:
The sample consisted of a total of 80 specimens. The study group included specimens from clinically and histopathologically confirmed OSMF patients. The specimens were divided into four groups. Group 1 consisted of 19 specimens of grade III OSMF. Group II had 20 specimens of grade II OSMF, Group 3 with 21 specimens of grade I OSMF, and Group 4 constituted a control group of 20 normal epithelium specimens. Two sections each from all the four groups were obtained. While one section was stained with H and E, the other section was stained immunohistochemically using α-smooth muscle antibody. For analysis, the expression of myofibroblasts was categorized as strong, moderate, weak, or absent. All the results were recorded and subjected to statistical analysis.
Results:
In OSMF patients, irrespective of the grade, the expression of myofibroblast was strong in 28.33 percent of the patients, while it was moderate and weak in 30.00 percent and 40.00 percent of the patients, respectively. Expression of myofibroblast was noted to be significantly increased in grade III OSMF patients as compared to controls as well as grade I OSMF patients (p-value <0.05).
Conclusion:
Myofibroblasts expression is significantly raised in OSMF patients. The expression can also be correlated within different grades of OSMF where advanced stages show comparatively high expression of these smooth muscles like fibroblasts. Hence, we suggest that myofibroblasts could be assessed as markers for analyzing the progression of OSMF.
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Lorini L, Tomasoni M, Gurizzan C, Magri C, Facchetti M, Battocchio S, Romani C, Ravanelli M, Oberti A, Bozzola A, Bardellini E, Paderno A, Mattavelli D, Lombardi D, Grammatica A, Deganello A, Facchetti F, Calza S, Majorana A, Piazza C, Bossi P. Clinical and Histological Prognostic Factors of Recurrence and Malignant Transformation in a Large Series of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. Front Oncol 2022; 12:886404. [PMID: 35530364 PMCID: PMC9069132 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.886404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) represent a heterogeneous set of different histological lesions, characterized by the capacity to transform in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Despite optimal surgical treatment, approximately 20%–30% of OPMDs may evolve into OSCC. No clear clinical/histological factors are able to identify OPMDs at higher risk of malignant transformation. Materials and Methods We considered surgically treated patients with a diagnosis of OPMDs, enrolled from 1996 to 2019 at ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia without a diagnosis of OSCC within the previous 2 years. Clinical and histological characteristics were recorded. Outcomes of interest were recurrence-free survival (RFS), defined as the time from surgery for primary OPMD to any relapse of OPMD or malignant transformation, whichever occurred first, and carcinoma-free survival (CFS), defined as the time from surgery for OPMD to malignant transformation. Results We retrospectively reviewed 106 OPMDs cases. Median age at first diagnosis was 64 years old (IQR = 18.75); female patients comprise 51.9% of the cases. During a median follow-up of 30.5 months (IQR = 44), in 23.5% of patients, malignant transformation occurred. RFS at 1, 5, and 10 years was 92.4%, 60.9%, and 43.2%, respectively. Female sex and history of previous OSCC were independent risk factors for RFS. CFS at 1, 5, and 10 years of follow-up was 97.1%, 75.9%, and 64.4%, respectively. Previous OSCC was an independent risk factor for CFS. Conclusions In this large series of OPMDs, only previous diagnosis of OSCC was a prognostic factor for further OSCC occurrence. Given the lack of additional clinical/pathological prognostic factors, we advocate further studies into molecular characterization of OPMDs to better stratify the risk of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Lorini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luigi Lorini,
| | - Michele Tomasoni
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Gurizzan
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Magri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Romani
- Angelo Nocivelli Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Ravanelli
- Department or Radiology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili;, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Oberti
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Bozzola
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Bardellini
- Dental Clinic, Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Paderno
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Mattavelli
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lombardi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Grammatica
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Deganello
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- BDbiomed, Big and Open Data Innovation Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Majorana
- Dental Clinic, Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cesare Piazza
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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Lu Y, Xie Z, Luo G, Yan H, Qian HZ, Fu L, Wang B, Huang R, Cao F, Lin H, You R, Tan L, Yu T, Chen M, Li C, Liu X, Lei W, Zou H. Global burden of oropharyngeal cancer attributable to human papillomavirus by anatomical subsite and geographic region. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 78:102140. [PMID: 35303618 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oropharynx is the anatomical site with the highest human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in head and neck. Many studies on HPV prevalence and p16INK4a positivity in oropharyngeal cancer have been published in recent years. We aimed to update the global burden estimates of oropharyngeal cancer attributable to HPV with the latest data and estimate global burden of tonsillar cancer and base of tongue cancer attributable to HPV by region and country. METHODS We calculated the number of new cancer cases using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume XI (CI5XI) and country-specific population in 2012 issued by the United Nations. Estimates of HPV prevalence and p16INK4a positivity were obtained from literature search and pooled analyses where necessary. RESULTS Globally the number of oropharyngeal cancer and tonsillar cancer attributable to HPV were 42,000 and 20,000 in 2012, corresponding to AFs of 42.7% and 52.7%. The number of cancer cases attributable to HPV among males was about 4-fold greater than that among females. For both oropharyngeal cancer and tonsillar cancer, AFs were higher in more developed countries. Among HPV positive oropharyngeal cancer cases, 86.7%, 87.8%, and 92.5% could have been prevented by bivalent (2v), quadrivalent (4v), and nonavalent (9v) HPV vaccines. CONCLUSIONS It is worth considering the inclusion of HPV immunization in males, especially in the regions where oropharyngeal cancer is highly prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zongyu Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Ganfeng Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Honghong Yan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Han-Zhu Qian
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leiwen Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruonan Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui You
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiang Tan
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingyuan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunwei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuekui Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenbin Lei
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Chiang TE, Lin YC, Wu CT, Wu ST, Chen YW. Association between socioeconomic status and severity of oral epithelial dysplasia using a Taiwanese Nationwide Oral Mucosal Screening Program: a retrospective analysis. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:56. [PMID: 35246076 PMCID: PMC8895639 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study aimed to investigate the association between socioeconomic status and severity of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) using current data from the Taiwanese Nationwide Oral Mucosal Screening Program (TNOMSP).
Methods This retrospective analysis was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at a general hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. A total of 134 participants were analysed from a previous study database of 150 patients. The inclusion criteria included age > 20 years and a history of either tobacco or betel nut use. Background information, including para-habits such as betel and tobacco use, was analysed using the Pearson chi-square (χ2) test; furthermore, the correlation of background information with OED severity was investigated using logistic regression (mild or moderate/severe). Results High school education level (P < 0.001), poor self-awareness (P = 0.002), current betel use (P < 0.001), and tobacco use (P = 0.003) were highly correlated with moderate- and severe OED (P < 0.05). The odds ratio (OR) of education status above senior high school was 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01–0.15, P < 0.001), while that of junior high school was 1. Current betel chewing (OR 6.57 [95% CI 1.17–37.0], P = 0.033) was significantly associated with OED severity compared with never or ex-use of betel. Conclusions We found a strong correlation between the severity of OED and current betel use and low education status. The current study revealed that the socioeconomic status, poor self-awareness, and para-habit history of the patients with OED should be evaluated to identify high-risk individuals using TNOMSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-En Chiang
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu District, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC.,School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Tsung Wu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu District, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC.,School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Tang Wu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Wu Chen
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Rd., Sec. 2, Neihu District, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC. .,School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan, ROC.
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23
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Eggert D, Bengs M, Westermann S, Gessert N, Gerstner AOH, Mueller NA, Bewarder J, Schlaefer A, Betz C, Laffers W. In vivo detection of head and neck tumors by hyperspectral imaging combined with deep learning methods. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100167. [PMID: 34889065 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no fast and accurate screening methods available for head and neck cancer, the eighth most common tumor entity. For this study, we used hyperspectral imaging, an imaging technique for quantitative and objective surface analysis, combined with deep learning methods for automated tissue classification. As part of a prospective clinical observational study, hyperspectral datasets of laryngeal, hypopharyngeal and oropharyngeal mucosa were recorded in 98 patients before surgery in vivo. We established an automated data interpretation pathway that can classify the tissue into healthy and tumorous using convolutional neural networks with 2D spatial or 3D spatio-spectral convolutions combined with a state-of-the-art Densenet architecture. Using 24 patients for testing, our 3D spatio-spectral Densenet classification method achieves an average accuracy of 81%, a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Eggert
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Bengs
- Institute of Medical Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Westermann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nils Gessert
- Institute of Medical Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nina A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian Bewarder
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlaefer
- Institute of Medical Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betz
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Laffers
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Evangelisches Krankenhaus, Carl von Ossietzky-University, Oldenburg, Germany
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24
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Sawada K, Momose S, Kawano R, Kohda M, Irié T, Mishima K, Kaneko T, Horie N, Okazaki Y, Higashi M, Tamaru JI. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 predict the mutational status of TP53 in oral epithelial dysplasia. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:177-185. [PMID: 34404905 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has revealed TP53 as the most frequently mutated gene in OSCC mutually exclusive with human papillomavirus infection. Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is defined as a precancerous lesion of OSCC by the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification; therefore, it is assumed that TP53 mutations occur in early precancerous conditions such as OED. Here, we conducted an integrated analysis of TP53, including whole coding sequencing of TP53, FISH analysis of the 17p13.1 locus, and immunohistochemical analysis for p53 (p53-IHC), in 40 OED cases. We detected 20 mutations in 16 (40%) OED cases, and four cases, each harbored two mutations. FISH analysis revealed six of 24 cases (25%) had a deletion on 17p13.1, and four cases had concurrent TP53 mutations and 17p13.1 deletion (2-hit). Also, the increased frequency of TP53 mutations in higher degrees of OED implies acquisition of the mutation is a major event toward OSCC. p53-IHC revealed that overall cases could be categorized into four patterns that correlate well with the mutational status of TP53. Especially, two patterns, broad p53 expression type (pattern HI) and p53 null type (pattern LS), strongly correlated with a missense mutation and nonsense mutation, respectively. Furthermore, seven of the 40 cases progressed to SCC, and six of these seven cases presented pattern HI or LS. Therefore, patterns HI and LS have a high risk for malignant transformation if excisional treatment is not performed irrespective of the dysplasia grade. Although the current WHO classification mainly focuses on morphological criteria for the diagnosis of OED, interobserver discrepancy appears in some instances of the OED diagnosis. Our immunohistochemical analysis supports a more accurate pathological diagnosis for OED in cases of low dysplastic changes or of differential diagnosis with non-dysplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shuji Momose
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ryutaro Kawano
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kohda
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tarou Irié
- Division of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kaneko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norio Horie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morihiro Higashi
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamaru
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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25
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Badri P, Lai H, Ganatra S, Baracos V, Amin M. Factors Associated with Oral Cancerous and Precancerous Lesions in an Underserved Community: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031297. [PMID: 35162318 PMCID: PMC8835623 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Street-involved people with limited access to regular healthcare have an increased risk of developing oral cancer and a lower survival rate. The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of oral cancerous/precancerous lesions and determine their associated risk factors in a high-risk, underserved population. In this cross-sectional study, English-speaking adults aged 18 years and older living in a marginalized community in Edmonton were recruited from four non-profit charitable organizations. Data were collected through visual oral examinations and a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and logistic regressions were applied. In total, 322 participants with a mean (SD) age of 49.3 (13.5) years completed the study. Among them, 71.1% were male, 48.1% were aboriginal, and 88.2% were single. The prevalence of oral cancerous lesions was 2.4%, which was higher than the recorded prevalence in Canada (0.014–1.42: 10,000) and in Alberta (0.011–1.13: 10,000). The clinical examinations indicated that 176 (54.7%) participants had clinical inflammatory changes in their oral mucosa. There was a significant association between clinical inflammatory oral lesions and oral cancerous/precancerous lesions (p < 0.001). Simple logistic regression showed that the risk of the presence of oral cancerous/precancerous lesions was two times higher in participants living in a shelter or on the street than in those living alone (OR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.15–3.82; p-value: 0.021). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the risk of oral cancerous/precancerous lesions was 1.68 times higher in participants living in a shelter or on the street vs. living alone after accounting for multiple predictors (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.19–2.37; p-value: 0.022). The results demonstrated a high prevalence of cancerous/precancerous lesions among the study participants, which was significantly associated with clinical inflammatory oral lesions. The evidence supports the need for developing oral cancer screening and oral health promotion strategies in underserved communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Badri
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (P.B.); (H.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Hollis Lai
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (P.B.); (H.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Seema Ganatra
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (P.B.); (H.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Vickie Baracos
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada;
| | - Maryam Amin
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (P.B.); (H.L.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Tovaru S, Costache M, Perlea P, Caramida M, Totan C, Warnakulasuriya S, Parlatescu I. Oral leukoplakia: A clinicopathological study and malignant transformation. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1454-1463. [PMID: 34982498 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the clinicopathological characteristics of a cohort of patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) managed in a Romanian dental hospital and to evaluate the risk of malignant transformation (MT). MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a hospital-based retrospective study using the clinical charts of patients diagnosed with OL that had complete clinical and histopathological evaluation followed up for 1-16 years. RESULTS From 120 included patients, 68 (56.7%) were females, and 71 (59.2%) were current smokers. The homogeneous form was present in 60% of cases; the buccal mucosa was the most frequently involved site. MT was observed in 9 cases, which was more common in females and in those with dysplastic leukoplakia. A significant statistical association was found between MT and dysplasia grade (χ2 test: p = 0.007). MT occurred during a mean interval of time 75 months in both treated and non-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS In this leukoplakia cohort, most of the lesions encountered were in smokers, clinically homogeneous and 62.5% proved histologically benign. But despite the clinically benign appearance of leukoplakia, tissue diagnosis of some cases was carcinoma. The results of the current study advocate the necessity for biopsy even in apparently homogeneous, clinically benign lesions. The malignization rate was 7.5%; two-thirds were nonhomogeneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serban Tovaru
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Costache
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of General Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paula Perlea
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Caramida
- Department of Oral Health and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cosmin Totan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London and WHO Collaborating Center for Oral Cancer, London, UK
| | - Ioanina Parlatescu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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27
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Ramesh N, Krithika C, Kannan A, Anuradha G, Aniyan Y. Expression of Sirtuin 3 in oral cancer and oral leukoplakia: A cross-sectional observational study. J Int Oral Health 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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28
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Walsh T, Warnakulasuriya S, Lingen MW, Kerr AR, Ogden GR, Glenny AM, Macey R. Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 12:CD010173. [PMID: 34891214 PMCID: PMC8664456 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010173.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early detection of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), followed by appropriate treatment, may improve survival and reduce the risk for malignant transformation respectively. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2013. OBJECTIVES To estimate the diagnostic test accuracy of conventional oral examination, vital rinsing, light-based detection, mouth self-examination, remote screening, and biomarkers, used singly or in combination, for the early detection of OPMD or OSCC in apparently healthy adults. SEARCH METHODS Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 20 October 2020), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 20 October 2020), and Embase Ovid (1980 to 20 October 2020). The US National Institutes of Health Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases. We conducted citation searches, and screened reference lists of included studies for additional references. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected studies that reported the test accuracy of any of the aforementioned tests in detecting OPMD or OSCC during a screening procedure. Diagnosis of OPMD or OSCC was provided by specialist clinicians or pathologists, or alternatively through follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts for relevance. Eligibility, data extraction, and quality assessment were carried out by at least two authors independently and in duplicate. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2). We reported the sensitivity and specificity of the included studies. We provided judgement of the certainty of the evidence using a GRADE assessment. MAIN RESULTS We included 18 studies, recruiting 72,202 participants, published between 1986 and 2019. These studies evaluated the diagnostic test accuracy of conventional oral examination (10 studies, none new to this update), mouth self-examination (four studies, two new to this update), and remote screening (three studies, all new to this update). One randomised controlled trial of test accuracy directly evaluated conventional oral examination plus vital rinsing versus conventional oral examination alone. There were no eligible studies evaluating light-based detection or blood or salivary sample analysis (which tests for the presence of biomarkers for OPMD and OSCC). Only one study of conventional oral examination was judged as at overall low risk of bias and overall low concern regarding applicability. Given the clinical heterogeneity of the included studies in terms of the participants recruited, setting, prevalence of the target condition, the application of the index test and reference standard, and the flow and timing of the process, the data could not be pooled within the broader categories of index test. For conventional oral examination (10 studies, 25,568 participants), prevalence in the test accuracy sample ranged from 1% to 51%. For the seven studies with prevalence of 10% or lower, a prevalence more comparable to the general population, the sensitivity estimates were variable, and ranged from 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 0.93) to 0.99 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.00); the specificity estimates were more consistent and ranged from 0.94 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.97) to 0.99 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.00). We judged the overall certainty of the evidence to be low, and downgraded for inconsistency and indirectness. Evidence for mouth self-examination and remote screening was more limited. We judged the overall certainty of the evidence for these index tests to be very low, and downgraded for imprecision, inconsistency, and indirectness. We judged the evidence for vital rinsing (toluidine blue) as an adjunct to conventional oral examination compared to conventional oral examination to be moderate, and downgraded for indirectness as the trial was undertaken in a high-risk population. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of high-certainty evidence to support the use of screening programmes for oral cavity cancer and OPMD in the general population. Frontline screeners such as general dentists, dental hygienists, other allied professionals, and community healthcare workers should remain vigilant for signs of OPMD and OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Walsh
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Mark W Lingen
- Pritzker School of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander R Kerr
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Graham R Ogden
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Glenny
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Macey
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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29
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Diagnostic Value of Cytokeratin 17 during Oral Carcinogenesis: An Immunohistochemical Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:4089549. [PMID: 34853592 PMCID: PMC8629611 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4089549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the role of cytokeratin 17 (CK17) during oral carcinogenesis. CK17 expression in oral leukoplakia (OL), the most encountered oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remains very limited. To determine the role of CK17 during oral carcinogenesis and its potential diagnostic marker in oral premalignant and malignant lesions, this study evaluated CK17 expression in OL without dysplasia, OL with dysplasia, and OSCC. CK17 expression in these tissues was compared with those of normal oral mucosa (NOM). Additionally, the relationship between CK17 expression and clinicopathologic factors of OSCC was investigated. Methods CK17 expression was evaluated in 186 samples consisting of 12 NOM, 33 OL without dysplasia, 58 OL with dysplasia, and 83 OSCC using immunohistochemistry. The proportion of positively immunostained cells was evaluated and scored. Results CK17 was expressed in 8.3%, 54.5%, 74.1%, and 90.4% of NOM, OL without dysplasia, OL with dysplasia, and OSCC, respectively. NOM had a significantly lower CK17 score than OL with dysplasia (p=0.0003) and OSCC (p < 0.0001). A significant association between CK17 expression and histopathologic differentiation of OSCC was found. Tumors with well differentiation had high CK17 expression compared with those of moderate and poor differentiation. Conclusion CK17 was overexpressed in OL with dysplasia and OSCC, suggesting that CK17 plays a pivotal role in the development of premalignant lesions and OSCC. Of clinical significance, CK17 may be a good diagnostic marker for oral premalignant lesions and OSCC. Additionally, CK17 could be used as an objective tool to classify histopathologic grade in OSCC. The findings that CK17 expression is high in OSCC but low in NOM imply that CK17 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.
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30
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The influence of subject learning on the skills of decoding autofluorescent images of the oral mucosa. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2021. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2021-6.5.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Despite the ease of implementation, harmlessness, painlessness and speed of the study, the method of autofluorescence does not belong to the routine and often used because of the dependence on the skill of the dentist in interpretation of the resulting visualization. Foreign and domestic researchers speak about the need for thematic training of dentists for the widespread introduction of the autofluorescence method into practice. There is no data proving the influence of training on the skill of interpretation autofluorescence images and showing the dependence of the skill on the duration of training and its frequency.The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the results of interpreting autofluorescence images of the oral mucosa by dentists before and after thematic training.Methods. 308 dentists interpreted 20 images of autofluorescence of the oral mucosa before and after the thematic training, 10 of them were of potentially malignant diseases of the oral mucosa, 10 – of benign lesions and paraphysiological anomalies. Correctly identified mucosal changes presented in the autofluorescence image were considered positive results of decoding. The results were evaluated relative to the duration of training and its frequency, taking into account the duration of breaks, according to the average number of positive results.Results. Before the thematic training, dentists on average decoded 8.41 ± 4.89 images, after training – 12.11 ± 3.12 images. The difference before and after the thematic training between the number of positive results of interpretation autofluorescence images is statistically significant (t = –14.1, p˂ 0.001). There was no significant difference in the results of interpretation potentially malignant oral diseases (F = 1.67; p = 0.190) and benign lesions and conditions (F = 0.647; p = 0.524) between the three groups that studied for 6, 12 and 18 hours. There is a correlation to the duration of the interruption of training with positive results of decoding (r = –0.3376; p˂ 0.001). The positive results of interpretation of autofluorescence with regular monthly 6-hour training had significant increasing trends (12.11 ± 3.12 and 13.22 ± 1.76, t = –3.41, p = 0.001; 13.22 ± 1.76 and 14.40 ± 1.81, t = –4.74, p˂ 0.001).Conclusion. Thematic training improves the skill of interpretation autofluorescence images in dentists. The regularity of short-term training is more important for maintaining the interpretation skill than the duration of training.
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Performance of deep convolutional neural network for classification and detection of oral potentially malignant disorders in photographic images. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 51:699-704. [PMID: 34548194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of conditions that can transform into oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms to classify and detect OPMDs in oral photographs. In this study, 600 oral photograph images were collected retrospectively and grouped into 300 images of OPMDs and 300 images of normal oral mucosa. CNN-based classification models were created using DenseNet-121 and ResNet-50. The detection models were created using Faster R-CNN and YOLOv4. The image data were randomly selected and assigned as training, validating, and testing data. The testing data were evaluated to compare the performance of the CNN models with the diagnosis results produced by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. DenseNet-121 and ResNet-50 were found to produce high efficiency in diagnosis of OPMDs, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 95%. Faster R-CNN yielded the highest detection performance, with an AUC of 74.34%. For the CNN-based classification model, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 90%, respectively. For the oral and maxillofacial surgeons, these values were 91.73% and 92.27%, respectively. In conclusion, the DenseNet-121, ResNet-50 and Faster R-CNN models have potential for the classification and detection of OPMDs in oral photographs.
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Kierce J, Shi Y, Klieb H, Blanas N, Xu W, Magalhaes M. Identification of specific clinical risk factors associated with the malignant transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia. Head Neck 2021; 43:3552-3561. [PMID: 34472151 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors that increase the risk of malignant transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) are not completely elucidated. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed assessing risk factors for transformation of OED, and cancer staging for transformed cases at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. RESULTS Two-hundred four patients were diagnosed with OED, and 16.7% (34) underwent malignant transformation. Risk factors associated with transformation included: heavy tobacco smoking, excessive EtOH consumption, non-homogenous leukoplakia, size >200 mm2 , moderate dysplasia or greater than moderate, progression of dysplasia grades, and immunosuppression. Transformed cases followed for a dysplastic lesion were associated with a stage-I cancer diagnosis, and cancer cases with no prior biopsy were associated with a stage-IV diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS In addition to commonly cited risk factors, immunosuppression was associated with malignant transformation, including the use of topical steroids. Analyzing risk factors can help clinicians define risk of progression in patients with OED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kierce
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuliang Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hagen Klieb
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Blanas
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Magalhaes
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sahoo PK, Sarkar S, Ghosh D, Mahata S, Pal R, Mistry T, Ghosh S, Roy A, Bucha H, Mandal S, Nasare VD. Premalignant and malignant lesions of oral cavity in eastern India: a hospital-based study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 30:393-399. [PMID: 33252366 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral carcinoma and precancers are major public health challenges in India and other developing countries. OBJECTIVES Aim of the study was to assess the associations of demographic characteristics, addictions, chief complaints of mouth/oral and clinical diagnosis by cytology smear and punch biopsy in early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Methods Study was designed on retrospective data of case files of CDC, CNCI, Kolkata, from patients attended from January 1996 to September 2016. History was taken, histopathology and Pap smear were performed. Descriptive statistical analysis, cross-tabulation and Pearson's Chi-square test were done. RESULTS Total participants (n = 692); 110 (15.9%) having history of swallowing betel leaf, nut lime, dokta, jarda, catecheu with an average of 11 years. Three hundred twenty-five (46.9%) had multiple addiction (cigarette/bidi/tobacco/all). Ninety-eight (12.1%), 99 (12.2%) and 68 (8.4%) were addicted to cigarette, bidi and chewing tobacco, respectively. Twenty-nine participants were addicted to alcohol; 18 (2.6%) and 11 (1.5%) took country and foreign alcohol correspondingly. Clinicians thoroughly examined lips (4.1%), buccal mucosa (27.3%), gingival (2.8%), tongue (23.1%), hard and soft palate (4.9%), mouth loor (5.2%) and other parts (32.3%); diagnosed participants as normal (22.8%)/benign (23.1%)/premalignant (39.1%)/malignant (14.8%). Smears confirmed 60, 131, 42, 9 and 8 cases as carcinoma, mild, moderate, severe dysplasia and inflammation, respectively. The punch biopsy identified 11 carcinomas, two severe, two moderate and seveeen mild dysplasia's. Chi-square test showed significant association between smear and examination (P = 0.022), diagnosis and examinations of the oral cancer patients (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The study provided strong evidence that betel leaf, chewing tobacco, smoking and alcohol are independent risk factors for oral cancer. Cytological smear and biopsy are cost-effective approaches for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ranita Pal
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Screening
| | | | | | - Asoke Roy
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Screening
| | | | - Syamsundar Mandal
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
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Sulkshane P, Pawar SN, Waghole R, Pawar SS, Rajput P, Uthale A, Oak S, Kalkar P, Wani H, Patil R, Nair S, Rane P, Teni T. Elevated USP9X drives early-to-late-stage oral tumorigenesis via stabilisation of anti-apoptotic MCL-1 protein and impacts outcome in oral cancers. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:547-560. [PMID: 34079080 PMCID: PMC8367974 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of anti-apoptotic MCL-1 protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is linked to disease progression, therapy resistance and poor outcome. Despite its characteristic short half-life owing to ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation, oral tumours frequently show elevated MCL-1 protein expression. Hence, we investigated the role of deubiquitinase USP9X in stabilising MCL-1 protein and its contribution to oral tumorigenesis. METHODS Expression of MCL-1 and USP9X was assessed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in oral cancer cell lines and tissues. The association between MCL-1 and USP9X was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Cell death assessment was performed by MTT, flow cytometry and clonogenic assays. RESULTS Both USP9X and MCL-1 are significantly elevated in oral premalignant lesions and oral tumours versus normal mucosa. USP9X interacts with and deubiquitinates MCL-1, thereby stabilising it. Pharmacological inhibition of USP9X potently induced cell death in OSCC cells in vitro and in vivo. The elevated expression of USP9X and MCL-1 correlated with poor prognosis in OSCC patients. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the oncogenic role of USP9X in driving early-to-late stages of oral tumorigenesis via stabilisation of MCL-1, suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Sulkshane
- grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Teni Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India ,grid.450257.10000 0004 1775 9822Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra India ,grid.6451.60000000121102151Present Address: Glickman Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sagar N. Pawar
- grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Teni Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Rohit Waghole
- grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Teni Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Sushil S. Pawar
- KBH Dental College and Hospital, Panchwati, Nashik, Maharashtra India
| | - Priyanka Rajput
- grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Teni Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Abhay Uthale
- grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Teni Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India ,grid.450257.10000 0004 1775 9822Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Swapnil Oak
- grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Teni Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India ,grid.450257.10000 0004 1775 9822Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Prajakta Kalkar
- grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Teni Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Harshada Wani
- grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Teni Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Rahul Patil
- KBH Dental College and Hospital, Panchwati, Nashik, Maharashtra India
| | - Sudhir Nair
- grid.450257.10000 0004 1775 9822Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra India ,grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Pallavi Rane
- grid.410869.20000 0004 1766 7522Clinical Research Secretariat, ACTREC, TMC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Tanuja Teni
- grid.410871.b0000 0004 1769 5793Teni Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra India ,grid.450257.10000 0004 1775 9822Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra India
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Sathasivam HP, Kist R, Sloan P, Thomson P, Nugent M, Alexander J, Haider S, Robinson M. Predicting the clinical outcome of oral potentially malignant disorders using transcriptomic-based molecular pathology. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:413-421. [PMID: 33972745 PMCID: PMC8329212 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to develop and validate a gene expression signature that characterises oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) with a high risk of undergoing malignant transformation. METHODS Patients with oral epithelial dysplasia at one hospital were selected as the 'training set' (n = 56) whilst those at another hospital were selected for the 'test set' (n = 66). RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) diagnostic biopsies and analysed using the NanoString nCounter platform. A targeted panel of 42 genes selected on their association with oral carcinogenesis was used to develop a prognostic gene signature. Following data normalisation, uni- and multivariable analysis, as well as prognostic modelling, were employed to develop and validate the gene signature. RESULTS A prognostic classifier composed of 11 genes was developed using the training set. The multivariable prognostic model was used to predict patient risk scores in the test set. The prognostic gene signature was an independent predictor of malignant transformation when assessed in the test set, with the high-risk group showing worse prognosis [Hazard ratio = 12.65, p = 0.0003]. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates proof of principle that RNA extracted from FFPE diagnostic biopsies of OPMD, when analysed on the NanoString nCounter platform, can be used to generate a molecular classifier that stratifies the risk of malignant transformation with promising clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Prakash Sathasivam
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Ralf Kist
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Philip Sloan
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.420004.20000 0004 0444 2244Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Thomson
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Michael Nugent
- grid.416726.00000 0004 0399 9059Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK
| | - John Alexander
- grid.18886.3f0000 0001 1271 4623The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Syed Haider
- grid.18886.3f0000 0001 1271 4623The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Max Robinson
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.420004.20000 0004 0444 2244Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Subhash N, Anand S, Prasanna R, Managoli SP, Suvarnadas R, Shyamsundar V, Nagarajan K, Mishra SK, Johnson M, Dathurao Ramanand M, Jogigowda SC, Rao V, Gopinath KS. Bimodal multispectral imaging system with cloud-based machine learning algorithm for real-time screening and detection of oral potentially malignant lesions and biopsy guidance. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210148R. [PMID: 34402266 PMCID: PMC8367825 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.8.086003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Screening and early detection of oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs) are of great significance in reducing the mortality rates associated with head and neck malignancies. Intra-oral multispectral optical imaging of tissues in conjunction with cloud-based machine learning (CBML) can be used to detect oral precancers at the point-of-care (POC) and guide the clinician to the most malignant site for biopsy. AIM Develop a bimodal multispectral imaging system (BMIS) combining tissue autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance (DR) for mapping changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) absorption in the oral mucosa, quantifying tissue abnormalities, and guiding biopsies. APPROACH The hand-held widefield BMIS consisting of LEDs emitting at 405, 545, 575, and 610 nm, 5MPx monochrome camera, and proprietary Windows-based software was developed for image capture, processing, and analytics. The DR image ratio (R610/R545) was compared with pathologic classification to develop a CBML algorithm for real-time assessment of tissue status at the POC. RESULTS Sensitivity of 97.5% and specificity of 92.5% were achieved for discrimination of OPML from patient normal in 40 sites, whereas 82% sensitivity and 96.6% specificity were obtained for discrimination of abnormal (OPML + SCC) in 89 sites. Site-specific algorithms derived for buccal mucosa (27 sites) showed improved sensitivity and specificity of 96.3% for discrimination of OPML from normal. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of oral cancer risk is possible by mapping of HbO2 absorption in tissues, and the BMIS system developed appears to be suitable for biopsy guidance and early detection of oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Subhash
- Sascan Meditech Pvt Ltd, TIMed, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science & Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Address all correspondence to Narayanan Subhash,
| | - Suresh Anand
- Sascan Meditech Pvt Ltd, TIMed, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science & Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ranimol Prasanna
- Sascan Meditech Pvt Ltd, TIMed, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science & Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sandeep P. Managoli
- Sascan Meditech Pvt Ltd, TIMed, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science & Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Rinoy Suvarnadas
- Sascan Meditech Pvt Ltd, TIMed, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science & Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vidyarani Shyamsundar
- Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Center for Oral Cancer Prevention Awareness and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthika Nagarajan
- Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Center for Oral Cancer Prevention Awareness and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sourav K. Mishra
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Department of Oncology, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Migi Johnson
- Government Dental College, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Mahesh Dathurao Ramanand
- Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Department of Oral Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay C. Jogigowda
- JSS Dental College & Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishal Rao
- HCG Cancer Center, HCG Towers, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Kerr AR, Lodi G. Management of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. Oral Dis 2021; 27:2008-2025. [PMID: 34324758 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), including oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral lichen planus/lichenoid lesions can be challenging to manage. A small proportion will undergo cancer development and determining a patient's cancer risk is key to making management decisions. Yet, our understanding of the natural history of OPMDs has not been fully elucidated, and a precision approach based on the integration of numerous predictive markers has not been validated by prospective studies. Evidence-based health promotion by clinicians and healthcare systems is not embraced universally. Medical and surgical interventions evaluated by rigorous research measuring important endpoints, such as cancer development, mortality, or survival are difficult and expensive to run. Most of these studies employ non-ideal surrogate endpoints and have deep methodologic flaws. Diagnostic criteria for enrolling research subjects are not uniform, and patients with the highest risk for cancer development comprise small proportions of those enrolled. Few studies explore quality of life and patient preferences. It is time to rethink how we approach the management of these patients, across each OPMD, and considering the healthcare infrastructure and cost effectiveness. Global networks with well-characterized patient populations with OPMDs and well-designed interventional trials using validated outcome measures are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ross Kerr
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology & Medicine.,New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Lodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
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Amarasinghe H, Rathnapriya M, Abeysundara A, Jayaweera S, Jayathilake A, Jayasinghe R. Assessment of the oral cancer control activities through care seeking behavior of hospital attendees and their level of awareness. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2021; 11:536-540. [PMID: 34377662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is the most common cancer among males in the Sri Lankan population. The aim of this study was to assess the health seeking behaviors and associated factors for OPMD. A hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among Out Patients Department attendees of the Institute of Oral Health, Maharagama, from July 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019 by administering a questionnaire followed by an intra oral examination. The total number of 110 OPMD/oral cancer patients were identified. Awareness on OPMD was that 40 %. Majority were unaware of the danger of areca nut and alcohol use. Out of the identified cases during oral examination, 47.3 % were incidental findings while only 7.3 % were referred by the General Medical Practitioners (GMP). None were referred by the Primary Health Care (PHC) staff. The level of awareness on OPMD and its risk factors were very low. Incidental findings during the dental screening being the main mode of detection of OPMD, highlights the importance of conducting opportunistic screening at dental settings. Implementation of the Risk Factor Model (RFM) approach for the early detection of oral cancer through PHC staff and GMP is validated to encourage more early referrals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruwan Jayasinghe
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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McCord C, Kiss A, Magalhaes MA, Leong IT, Jorden T, Bradley G. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with Precursor Lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 14:873-884. [PMID: 34193432 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may be associated with precursor lesions known as oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). Few studies have reported on how OPMD diagnosis affects early detection and outcome of OSCC. We reviewed a large series of OSCC to determine the proportion that was associated with preceding OPMD and to compare the outcome of OSCC with or without precursor. Cases of oral-oropharyngeal carcinoma diagnosed between 2005 and 2015 were retrieved from the Ontario Cancer Registry (OCR) and matched to records of OPMD between 2001 and 2015 in two large oral pathology diagnostic services and the pathology databases of two hospitals with oral pathology services, to identify cases with precursor. Of 10,987 cancer cases, 378 (3.44%) had a preceding OPMD. Patients living in Central Ontario were more likely to have OPMD diagnosed before carcinoma than those in North Ontario (4.73% vs. 1.63%, P = 0.05). 329 of 5,257 cases of oral cancer were linked to a precursor, compared with 24 of 4,174 cases of oropharyngeal cancer (6.26% vs. 0.57%, P < 0.0001). Oral cancers with precursor were predominantly diagnosed at stage I (49.30%), compared with those without precursor, where stage IV disease predominated (41.28%). Sixty-nine of 309 (22.33%) patients with precursor-associated oral cancer have died of disease, compared with 1,551 of 4,656 (33.31%) patients without a precursor (P = 0.02). We conclude that patients with OSCC associated with a precursor had significantly lower odds of dying from disease. The beneficial effect of precursor lesion diagnosis on outcome is related to a higher proportion of stage I disease. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: OSCC causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially if diagnosed at late stages. Precursor lesions to OSCC can be recognized by clinical examination. Our study shows that early diagnosis of OSCC at the precursor stage can improve the outcome of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McCord
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Kiss
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A Magalhaes
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iona T Leong
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya Jorden
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Bradley
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chung CM, Kuo TM, Yeh KT, Lee CH, Ko YC. Reduction in and Preventive Effects for Oral-Cancer Risk with Antidepressant Treatment. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070591. [PMID: 34201475 PMCID: PMC8307663 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut (AN) was identified as carcinogenic to humans. Around 600 million people globally use AN in some form, yet no effective therapeutic drug is available to overcome AN addiction. This preclinical study examines the effects of antidepressants on AN use with animal models. We produced AN powder and dissolved it into drinking water, training 55 C57BL/6 mice in free self-selection to drink AN water or normal water. Then, the mice were randomly divided into four groups. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were given as three treatment groups and one placebo group for four weeks. In the follow-up period, the preference and amount of free selection of AN and normal water, and oral pathological change were evaluated. There was a significant decrease in preference for AN drinking during the first four weeks, and the 36th week after drug withdrawal in the MAOI and SSRI groups (all p < 0.05). The drug-reducing effect of AN water in the 1–4-week period was significant in the MAOI group (p < 0.0001) and was also significant in the 3–4-week period in the SSRI group (p = 0.03). The TCA group did not show a decrease effect. At the endpoint (60 weeks), oral mucosal fibrosis (OSF) levels and risk in the SSRI (p = 0.0081) and MAOI (p = 0.01) groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. Antidepressant drugs MAOIs and SSRIs could reduce the amount of AN use and decrease the early stage of oral fibrosis in mice, but SSRIs may need to be boosted again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Min Chung
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2 Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Tzer-Min Kuo
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2 Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2 Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (ext. 2028)
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Oral potentially malignant disorders: clinical diagnosis and current screening aids: a narrative review. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 29:65-72. [PMID: 30921006 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Around 300 000 patients are estimated to have oral cancer worldwide annually, and the incidence is higher in South Asian countries. In 2005, at the Congress of WHO, the term potentially malignant disorder (PMD)/lesion was suggested as a replacement for premalignant oral lesions and conditions. PMDs are those lesions of the oral mucosa that are at an increased risk of malignant transformation compared with the healthy mucosa. PMDs consist of leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, and other miscellaneous lesions. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science without any language restrictions. There is no standardized method for identifying a site for biopsy and various methods such as toluidine blue stain, methylene blue, Lugol's iodine, and chemiluminescence have been proposed in the literature. Despite easy access to the oral cavity, there has been significant mortality associated with oral cancer as they are often diagnosed late because of the inability of healthcare professionals to identify them at early premalignant states. This article aims to provide healthcare professionals with the knowledge to identify potentially malignant disorders and to aid them in biopsy site identification.
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Shavlokhova V, Flechtenmacher C, Sandhu S, Vollmer M, Vollmer A, Pilz M, Hoffmann J, Ristow O, Engel M, Freudlsperger C. Feasibility and Implementation of Ex Vivo Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy for Diagnosis of Oral Leukoplakia: Preliminary Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060951. [PMID: 34073373 PMCID: PMC8228631 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral leukoplakia is a potentially malignant lesion with a clinical impression similar to different benign and malignant lesions. Ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy is a developing approach for a rapid “chairside” detection of oral lesions with a cellular-level resolution. A possible application of interest is a quick differentiation of benign oral pathology from normal or cancerous tissue. The aim of this study was to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) for detecting oral leukoplakia and to compare confocal images with gold-standard histopathology. Methods: Imaging of 106 submosaics of 27 oral lesions was performed using an ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscope immediately after excision. Every confocal image was qualitatively assessed for presence or absence of leukoplakia by an expert reader of confocal images. The results were compared to conventional histopathology with H&E staining. Results: Leukoplakia was detected with an overall sensitivity of 96.3%, specificity of 92.3%, positive predictive value of 93%, and negative predictive value of 96%. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the potential of ex vivo confocal microscopy in fresh tissue for rapid real-time assessment of oral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Shavlokhova
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.V.); (A.V.); (J.H.); (O.R.); (M.E.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Sameena Sandhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.V.); (A.V.); (J.H.); (O.R.); (M.E.); (C.F.)
| | - Michael Vollmer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.V.); (A.V.); (J.H.); (O.R.); (M.E.); (C.F.)
| | - Andreas Vollmer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.V.); (A.V.); (J.H.); (O.R.); (M.E.); (C.F.)
| | - Maximilian Pilz
- Department of Medical Biometry at the Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.V.); (A.V.); (J.H.); (O.R.); (M.E.); (C.F.)
| | - Oliver Ristow
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.V.); (A.V.); (J.H.); (O.R.); (M.E.); (C.F.)
| | - Michael Engel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.V.); (A.V.); (J.H.); (O.R.); (M.E.); (C.F.)
| | - Christian Freudlsperger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.V.); (A.V.); (J.H.); (O.R.); (M.E.); (C.F.)
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Rubert A, Bagán L, Bagán JV. Retraction: Oral leukoplakia, a clinical-histopathological study in 412 patients. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e426-e432. [PMID: 33981388 PMCID: PMC8106929 DOI: 10.4317/jced.532746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors detected some minor errors in the published manuscript (Rubert A, Bagán L, Bagán JV. Oral leukoplakia, a clinical-histopathological study in 412 patients. J Clin Exp Dent. 2020 Jun 1;12(6):e540-e546. doi: 10.4317/jced.57091. PMID: 32665812; PMCID: PMC7335600.) and have requested that the entire article be republished with these errors already rectified. Background A retrospective clinical-histopathological study was made of the evolution of oral leukoplakia over time, staging the disease according to the classification of van der Waal. Material and Methods A study was made of 412 patients with oral leukoplakia, analyzing the corresponding clinical factors and histopathological findings; assessing associations between the different clinical presentations and epithelial dysplasia; and evaluating the factors influencing malignant transformation of the lesions. Results Clinically, homogeneous presentations were seen to predominate (n = 336, 81.6%), while histologically most of the lesions exhibited no dysplastic changes (n = 271; 65.7%). Stage 1 of the van der Waal classification was the most common presentation (n = 214; 51.9%). The lesion malignization rate was 8.5%, and the factors associated to a significantly increased malignization risk were non-homogeneous OL lesions (p=0.00), lesion location in the tongue (p=0.00), and the presence of epithelial dysplasia (p=0.00). Conclusions In our series of patients with oral leukoplakia, malignization was associated to the less common clinical presentations of the disease, i.e., non-homogeneous lesions, and the latter tended to exhibit high grade epithelial dysplasia. Key words:Oral leukoplakia, potentially malignant disorders, malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rubert
- Assistant Professor of Oral Medicine. European University of Valencia
| | - Leticia Bagán
- Associate Professor of Oral Medicine. University of Valencia. Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 València
| | - Jose V Bagán
- Chairman of Oral Medicine. University of Valencia. Head of the Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery University General Hospital. Valencia (Spain) Fundación de Investigación del Hospital General Universitario of Valencia, CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
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Chaturvedi AK, Udaltsova N, Engels EA, Katzel JA, Yanik EL, Katki HA, Lingen MW, Silverberg MJ. Oral Leukoplakia and Risk of Progression to Oral Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 112:1047-1054. [PMID: 31860085 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal clinical management of oral precancer remains uncertain. We investigated the natural history of oral leukoplakia, the most common oral precancerous lesion, to estimate the relative and absolute risks of progression to cancer, the predictive accuracy of a clinician's decision to biopsy a leukoplakia vis-à-vis progression, and histopathologic predictors of progression. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study (1996-2012) of patients with oral leukoplakia (n = 4886), identified using electronic medical records within Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Among patients with leukoplakia who received a biopsy (n = 1888), we conducted a case-cohort study to investigate histopathologic predictors of progression. Analyses included indirect standardization and unweighted or weighted Cox regression. RESULTS Compared with the overall Kaiser Permanente Northern California population, oral cancer incidence was substantially elevated in oral leukoplakia patients (standardized incidence ratio = 40.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 34.8 to 47.6; n = 161 cancers over 22 582 person-years). Biopsied leukoplakias had a higher oral cancer risk compared with those that were not biopsied (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.73 to 3.28). However, to identify a prevalent or incident oral cancer, the biopsy decision had low sensitivity (59.6%), low specificity (62.1%), and moderate positive-predictive value (5.1%). Risk of progression to oral cancer statistically significantly increased with the grade of dysplasia; 5-year competing risk-adjusted absolute risks were: leukoplakia overall = 3.3%, 95% CI = 2.7% to 3.9%; no dysplasia = 2.2%, 95% CI = 1.5% to 3.1%; mild-dysplasia = 11.9%, 95% CI = 7.1% to 18.1%; moderate-dysplasia = 8.7%, 95% CI = 3.2% to 17.9%; and severe dysplasia = 32.2%, 95% CI = 8.1%-60.0%. Yet 39.6% of cancers arose from biopsied leukoplakias without dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS The modest accuracy of the decision to biopsy a leukoplakia vis-à-vis presence or eventual development of oral cancer highlights the need for routine biopsy of all leukoplakias regardless of visual or clinical impression. Leukoplakia patients, particularly those with dysplasia, need to be closely monitored for signs of early cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chaturvedi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jed A Katzel
- Department of Oncology, Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hormuzd A Katki
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mark W Lingen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Prevalence and risk factors of potentially malignant disorders of the mucosa in the general population: Mucosa lesions a general health problem? Ann Anat 2021; 237:151724. [PMID: 33798694 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Oral cancer mostly develops from oral mucosa regions with morphological alterations transforming malignant. These visible precancerous mucosa lesions are named potentially malignant disorders (PMD). We aimed to analyze the prevalence of PMD and its risk factors for PMD in a population-based sample in Northern Germany. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data of 6078 individuals from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) was used. PMD were photographically documented and periodontal health was assessed in a standardized procedure. RESULTS PMD were observed in 54 individuals (0.9%). The most prevalent PMD was homogenous leukoplakia (n = 37) followed by Lichen ruber (n = 9). Smoking (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.70; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-5.87), male sex (OR 3.32; 95%-CI: 1.77-6.21), type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 2.07; 95%-CI: 1.08-3.98) and body mass index (OR 1.09; CI 1.04-1.14) were significantly associated with PMD, with the corresponding area under the curve (AUC) being 0.696 (CI: 0.655; 0.737). CONCLUSION Our results suggest a clinically relevant prevalence of PMD in the population. We identified male sex, type 2 diabetes mellitus, current smoking, and obesity as risk factors. We recommend photographic documentation and intensified training of medical and dental staff to detect and monitor PMD.
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SPINK7 expression changes accompanied by HER2, P53 and RB1 can be relevant in predicting oral squamous cell carcinoma at a molecular level. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6939. [PMID: 33767253 PMCID: PMC7994578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which has a high morbidity rate, affects patients worldwide. Changes in SPINK7 in precancerous lesions could promote oncogenesis. Our aim was to evaluate SPINK7 as a potential molecular biomarker which predicts OSCC stages, compared to: HER2, TP53, RB1, NFKB and CYP4B1. This study used oral biopsies from three patient groups: dysplasia (n = 33), less invasive (n = 28) and highly invasive OSCC (n = 18). The control group consisted of clinically suspicious cases later to be confirmed as normal mucosa (n = 20). Gene levels of SPINK7, P53, RB, NFKB and CYP4B1 were quantified by qPCR. SPINK7 levels were correlated with a cohort of 330 patients from the TCGA. Also, SPINK7, HER2, TP53, and RB1, were evaluated by immunohistofluorescence. One-way Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn's post-hoc with a p < 0.05 significance was used to analyze data. In OSCC, the SPINK7 expression had down regulated while P53, RB, NFKB and CYP4B1 had up regulated (p < 0.001). SPINK7 had also diminished in TCGA patients (p = 2.10e-6). In less invasive OSCC, SPINK7 and HER2 proteins had decreased while TP53 and RB1 had increased with respect to the other groups (p < 0.05). The changes of SPINK7 accompanied by HER2, P53 and RB1 can be used to classify the molecular stage of OSCC lesions allowing a diagnosis at molecular and histopathological levels.
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Chiamulera MMA, Zancan CB, Remor AP, Cordeiro MF, Gleber-Netto FO, Baptistella AR. Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of oral cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:205. [PMID: 33639868 PMCID: PMC7912500 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer (OC) is usually diagnosed at advanced clinical stages due to its asymptomatic nature and absence of pathognomonic signs in its early development phase. Delayed diagnosis is one of the major causes of OC treatment failure and poor prognosis. Development of alternative diagnostic approaches are imperative for improving early detection and therapeutic success rates. Salivary cytokines (SC) have been studied as potential diagnostic biomarkers for OC and may represent a potential tool for improvement of its early detection. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis we identified SC studied as OC biomarkers by systematically reviewing the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases using the terms: "oral cancer", "cytokine", and "saliva", and also combined with "interleukin" or "interferon". Only case-control studies that measured SC by ELISA from treatment naïve patients were included in the qualitative review. For the meta-analysis were included all comparable studies that provided enough data (sample size, mean and standard deviation or standard error of the mean) for SC levels in OC patients, non-cancer controls and patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), including leukoplakia. Comparisons with patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and gingivitis were included in the qualitative analysis. RESULTS A total of 28 articles (from 2004 to 2018) were included in the systematic review, describing 10 different SC, being IL-8 and IL-6 the most studied ones. SC levels were consistently higher among OC patients when compared to healthy controls and to patients with OPMD, OLP and gingivitis. Meta-analysis including 23 eligible studies showed that IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 salivary levels were significantly higher in OC patients compared to controls; and that IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β salivary levels were also higher in OC patients compared to individuals with OPMD. When compared to healthy controls, OPMD patients showed significantly higher IL-6 and TNF-α salivary levels. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses showed that the salivary levels of some cytokines are consistently different among OC, OPMD and healthy patients, indicating that these SC may represent potential diagnostic biomarkers for OC and OPMD. Despite of that, SC levels were highly variable among studies, suggesting that further technical improvement and standardization for SC measurement by ELISA is needed in order to successfully translate these biomarkers to the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Martina Abatti Chiamulera
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Hospital Universitario Santa Terezinha, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
| | - Caroline Biazzolo Zancan
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Pertile Remor
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos Freitas Cordeiro
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Antuani Rafael Baptistella
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil.
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil.
- Hospital Universitario Santa Terezinha, Joacaba, SC, Brazil.
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Niklander SE, Crane HL, Darda L, Lambert DW, Hunter KD. The role of icIL-1RA in keratinocyte senescence and development of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.252080. [PMID: 33526711 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that senescent cells, through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), can promote malignant transformation and invasion. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key mediator of this cytokine network, but the control of its activity in the senescence programme has not been elucidated. IL-1 signalling is regulated by IL-1RA, which has four variants. Here, we show that expression of intracellular IL-1RA type 1 (icIL-1RA1), which competitively inhibits binding of IL-1 to its receptor, is progressively lost during oral carcinogenesis ex vivo and that the pattern of expression is associated with keratinocyte replicative fate in vitro We demonstrate that icIL-1RA1 is an important regulator of the SASP in mortal cells, as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated icIL-1RA1 knockdown in normal and mortal dysplastic oral keratinocytes is followed by increased IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, and rapid senescence following release from RhoA-activated kinase inhibition. Thus, we suggest that downregulation of icIL-1RA1 in early stages of the carcinogenesis process can enable the development of a premature and deregulated SASP, creating a pro-inflammatory state in which cancer is more likely to arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven E Niklander
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Pathology and Surgery, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK.,Departamento de Cirugia y Patologia Oral, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Andres Bello, 2520000 Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Hannah L Crane
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Pathology and Surgery, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Lav Darda
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Pathology and Surgery, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Daniel W Lambert
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Pathology and Surgery, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Keith D Hunter
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Pathology and Surgery, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK .,Oral Biology and Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Aguirre-Urizar JM, Lafuente-Ibáñez de Mendoza I, Warnakulasuriya S. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 5 years. Oral Dis 2021; 27:1881-1895. [PMID: 33606345 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most frequently encountered oral potentially malignant disorder. The aims of this systematic review are to estimate the overall malignant transformation of OL and to assess the risk factors associated with malignant transformation of OL published in the last 5 years (2015-2020). MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a bibliographic search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases with keywords "oral leukoplakia", "oral cancer", "oral carcinoma" and "oral squamous cell carcinoma". Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model. RESULTS Twenty-four studies were selected, that reported a total of 16,604 patients. Malignant transformation proportion varied between 1.1% and 40.8%. Female gender, non-homogeneous clinical type, and presence of epithelial dysplasia were significantly related to MT. Other risk factors previously suggested did not show significant results. CONCLUSIONS The pooled proportion of malignant transformation MT was 9.8% (95% CI: 7.9-11.7). It is necessary to continue to conduct well-designed prospective clinicopathological studies on OL, using a uniform definition for OL to reduce the risk of bias for evaluating various factors associated with the MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Aguirre-Urizar
- Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine & Pathology Unit, Department of Stomatology II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country/EHU, Lejona, Spain
| | - Irene Lafuente-Ibáñez de Mendoza
- Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine & Pathology Unit, Department of Stomatology II, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country/EHU, Lejona, Spain
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London, UK
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Saldivia-Siracusa C, González-Arriagada WA. Difficulties in the Prognostic Study of Oral Leukoplakia: Standardisation Proposal of Follow-Up Parameters. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:614045. [PMID: 35047990 PMCID: PMC8757698 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.614045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia is the most prevalent potentially malignant disorder of the oral cavity. To evaluate its potential for malignancy, appropriate documentation of the biological parameters is crucial, allowing the patients' progression to be assessed. We hypothesized a lack of standardization in the parameters employed for the prognostic study of oral leukoplakia; our aims were to determine the different parameters used for follow-up according to definition, importance, and frequency of use, and to provide a standardization proposal of follow-up research. We made a scoping review to identify papers with the keywords “leukoplakia,” “oral,” and “follow-up” published until June 2019 in English, Spanish and Portuguese literature through an online search in PUBMED, SCIELO, and SCOPUS databases. In total, 514 articles were initially identified, and fifty-nine publications were selected, of which 37 were retrospective. The reports included a total of 18,660 patients between 13 and 98 years old, with a mean age of 57.6 years. Tobacco and alcohol habits were positive for 77 and 37% of the patients, respectively. Our results showed that reported leukoplakias were predominantly located on buccal mucosa (40.4%), were homogeneous (60.8%), multiple (59.9%), smaller than 2 cm (74.4%) and histopathologically non-dysplastic (71%). The mean follow-up time was 55 months, with a 13% malignant transformation rate. The categorization and definition of multiple variables were notably diverse. Age, sex, habits (tobacco and alcohol), site, size, distribution, morphology, degree of dysplasia, and evolution were the chosen parameters for our proposal. The current study reflected the lack of consensus found in the literature regarding parameters for diagnosis or follow-up, impacting negatively on clinical and research results. standardization comprises an efficient way to facilitate the prognosis assessment of oral leukoplakia, being beneficial for clinical practice, and enabling better quality information to apply in research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilfredo Alejandro González-Arriagada
- Patología y Diagnóstico Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Interoperativo en Ciencias Odontológicas y Médicas (CIICOM), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Wilfredo Alejandro González-Arriagada
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