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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Alteration of oral microbial biofilms by sweeteners. Biofilm 2024; 7:100171. [PMID: 38197082 PMCID: PMC10772577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using sweeteners for taste improvement in the food and drink industry. Sweeteners were found to regulate the formation or dispersal of structural components of microbial biofilms. Dietary sugars may enhance biofilm formation and facilitate the development of antimicrobial resistance, which has become a major health issue worldwide. In contrast, bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners are also beneficial for managing microbial infections. This review discusses the clinical significance of oral biofilms formed upon the administration of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners. The underlying mechanism of action of sweeteners in the regulation of mono- or poly-microbial biofilm formation and destruction is comprehensively discussed. Bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners have also been used in conjunction with antimicrobial substances to reduce microbial biofilm formation. Formulations with bulk and non-nutritive sweeteners have been demonstrated to be particularly efficient in this regard. Finally, future perspectives with respect to advancing our understanding of mechanisms underlying biofilm regulation activities of sweeteners are presented as well. Several alternative strategies for the application of bulk sweeteners and non-nutritive sweeteners have been employed to control the biofilm-forming microbial pathogens. Gaining insight into the underlying mechanisms responsible for enhancing or inhibiting biofilm formation and virulence properties by both mono- and poly-microbial species in the presence of the sweetener is crucial for developing a therapeutic agent to manage microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
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Slobodianyk-Kolomoiets M, Khlebas S, Mazur I, Rudnieva K, Potochilova V, Iungin O, Kamyshnyi O, Kamyshna I, Potters G, Spiers AJ, Moshynets O. Extracellular host DNA contributes to pathogenic biofilm formation during periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1374817. [PMID: 38779563 PMCID: PMC11109387 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1374817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontal diseases are known to be associated with polymicrobial biofilms and inflammasome activation. A deeper understanding of the subgingival cytological (micro) landscape, the role of extracellular DNA (eDNA) during periodontitis, and contribution of the host immune eDNA to inflammasome persistence, may improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlaying severe forms of periodontitis. Methods In this work, subgingival biolfilms developing on biologically neutral polyethylene terephthalate films placed in gingival cavities of patients with chronic periodontitis were investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This allowed examination of realistic cytological landscapes and visualization of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) including amyloids, total proteins, carbohydrates and eDNA, as well as comparison with several single-strain in vitro model biofilms produced by oral pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus gordonii, S. sanguinis and S. mitis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was also used to identify eDNA derived from eubacteria, streptococci and members of the Bacteroides-Porphyromonas-Prevotella (BPP) group associated with periodontitis. Results Analysis of subgingival biofilm EPS revealed low levels of amyloids and high levels of eDNA which appears to be the main matrix component. However, bacterial eDNA contributed less than a third of the total eDNA observed, suggesting that host-derived eDNA released in neutrophil extracellular traps may be of more importance in the development of biofilms causing periodontitis. Discussion eDNA derived from host immunocompetent cells activated at the onset of periodontitis may therefore be a major driver of bacterial persistence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svitlana Khlebas
- Department of Dentistry, Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Mazur
- Department of Dentistry, Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Rudnieva
- Central Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Bogomolets National Medical Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Olga Iungin
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Biotechnology, Leather and Fur, Faculty of Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Technologies, Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olexandr Kamyshnyi
- Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Kamyshna
- Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Geert Potters
- Antwerp Maritime Academy, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrew J. Spiers
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Olena Moshynets
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Ng E, Tay JRH, Boey SK, Laine ML, Ivanovski S, Seneviratne CJ. Antibiotic resistance in the microbiota of periodontitis patients: an update of current findings. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:329-340. [PMID: 37140235 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2197481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic antibiotics are an effective adjunct in the treatment of periodontitis, but their judicious use is necessary as antimicrobial resistance is a growing global concern. This review aims to explore the current understanding and insight related to antibiotic resistance in the subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed) was carried out from 1 January 2012 to 25 November 2021 for studies related to antibiotic resistance in periodontitis patients. Of the 90 articles identified, 12 studies were selected for inclusion. A significant incidence of antibiotic resistant isolates was reported for Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella denticola, Prevotella melaninogenica, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tanerella forsythia, Aggretibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus intermedius, and Parvimonas micra, but resistance to specific antibiotics did not reach above 10% of isolates in most studies except for amoxicillin resistance in Aggretibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The highest frequency of resistance across all bacterial species was for amoxicillin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. However, resistance patterns were widely variable across geographical locations, and the high heterogeneity between antibiotic-resistant isolates across studies precludes any clinical recommendations from this study. Although antibiotic resistance has yet to reach critical levels in periodontitis patients, an emphasis on antibiotic stewardship interventions such as point-of-care diagnostics and education for key stakeholders is needed to curb a growing problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Ng
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Rong Hao Tay
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean Kuan Boey
- Discipline of Periodontics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marja L Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore
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Willmott T, Serrage HJ, Cottrell EC, Humphreys GJ, Myers J, Campbell PM, McBain AJ. Investigating the association between nitrate dosing and nitrite generation by the human oral microbiota in continuous culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0203523. [PMID: 38440981 PMCID: PMC11022587 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02035-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of nitrite by the oral microbiota is believed to contribute to healthy cardiovascular function, with oral nitrate reduction to nitrite associated with systemic blood pressure regulation. There is the potential to manipulate the composition or activities of the oral microbiota to a higher nitrate-reducing state through nitrate supplementation. The current study examined microbial community composition and enzymatic responses to nitrate supplementation in sessile oral microbiota grown in continuous culture. Nitrate reductase (NaR) activity and nitrite concentrations were not significantly different to tongue-derived inocula in model biofilms. These were generally dominated by Streptococcus spp., initially, and a single nitrate supplementation resulted in the increased relative abundance of the nitrate-reducing genera Veillonella, Neisseria, and Proteus spp. Nitrite concentrations increased concomitantly and continued to increase throughout oral microbiota development. Continuous nitrate supplementation, over a 7-day period, was similarly associated with an elevated abundance of nitrate-reducing taxa and increased nitrite concentration in the perfusate. In experiments in which the models were established in continuous low or high nitrate environments, there was an initial elevation in nitrate reductase, and nitrite concentrations reached a relatively constant concentration over time similar to the acute nitrate challenge with a similar expansion of Veillonella and Neisseria. In summary, we have investigated nitrate metabolism in continuous culture oral biofilms, showing that nitrate addition increases nitrate reductase activity and nitrite concentrations in oral microbiota with the expansion of putatively NaR-producing taxa.IMPORTANCEClinical evidence suggests that blood pressure regulation can be promoted by nitrite generated through the reduction of supplemental dietary nitrate by the oral microbiota. We have utilized oral microbiota models to investigate the mechanisms responsible, demonstrating that nitrate addition increases nitrate reductase activity and nitrite concentrations in oral microbiota with the expansion of nitrate-reducing taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Willmott
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J. Serrage
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. Cottrell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Humphreys
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Myers
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Campbell
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Irfan M, Solbiati J, Duran-Pinedo A, Rocha FG, Gibson FC, Frias-Lopez J. A Porphyromonas gingivalis hypothetical protein controlled by the type I-C CRISPR-Cas system is a novel adhesin important in virulence. mSystems 2024; 9:e0123123. [PMID: 38323815 PMCID: PMC10949514 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01231-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of many human pathogens to infect requires their ability to adhere to the host surfaces as a first step in the process. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone oral pathogen, uses adhesins to adhere to the surface of the gingival epithelium and other members of the oral microbiome. In a previous study, we identified several proteins potentially linked to virulence whose mRNA levels are regulated by CRISPR-Cas type I-C. Among those, PGN_1547 was highly upregulated in the CRISPR-Cas 3 mutant. PGN_1547 is annotated as a hypothetical protein. Employing homology searching, our data support that PGN_1547 resembles an auto-transporter adhesin of P. gingivalis based on containing the DUF2807 domain. To begin to characterize the function of PGN_1547, we found that a deletion mutant displayed a significant decrease in virulence using a Galleria mellonela model. Furthermore, this mutant was significantly impaired in forming biofilms and attaching to the macrophage-like cell THP-1. Luminex revealed that the PGN_1547 mutant elicited a less robust cytokine and chemokine response from THP-1 cells, and TLR2 predominantly sensed that recombinant PGN_1547. Taken together, these findings broaden our understanding of the toolbox of virulence factors possessed by P. gingivalis. Importantly, PGN_1547, a hypothetical protein, has homologs in another member of the order Bacteroidales whose function is unknown, and our results could shed light on the role of this family of proteins as auto-transport adhesins in this phylogenetic group.IMPORTANCEPeriodontal diseases are among humans' most common infections, and besides their effect on the oral cavity, they have been associated with systemic inflammatory conditions. Among members of the oral microbiome implicated in the development of periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a keystone pathogen. We have identified a new adhesin that acts as a virulence factor, PGN_1547, which contains the DUF2807 domain, which belongs to the putative auto-transporter adhesin, head GIN domain family. Deletion of this gene lowers the virulence of P. gingivalis and impacts the ability of P. gingivalis to form biofilm and attach to host cells. Furthermore, the broad distribution of these receptors in the order Bacteroidales suggests their importance in colonization by this important group of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jose Solbiati
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ana Duran-Pinedo
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fernanda Godoy Rocha
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Frank C. Gibson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jorge Frias-Lopez
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Amer L, Retout M, Jokerst JV. Activatable prodrug for controlled release of an antimicrobial peptide via the proteases overexpressed in Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Theranostics 2024; 14:1781-1793. [PMID: 38389835 PMCID: PMC10879876 DOI: 10.7150/thno.91165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis are prevalent in the subgingival area where the frequency of fungal colonization increases with periodontal disease. Candida's transition to a pathogenic state and its interaction with P. gingivalis exacerbate periodontal disease severity. However, current treatments for these infections differ, and combined therapy remains unexplored. This work is based on an antimicrobial peptide that is therapeutic and induces a color change in a nanoparticle reporter. Methods: We built and characterized two enzyme-activatable prodrugs to treat and detect C. albicans and P. gingivalis via the controlled release of the antimicrobial peptide. The zwitterionic prodrug quenches the antimicrobial peptide's activity until activation by a protease inherent to the pathogens (SAP9 for C. albicans and RgpB for P. gingivalis). The toxicity of the intact prodrugs was evaluated against fungal, bacterial, and mammalian cells. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed through microscopy, disk diffusion, and viability assays, comparing the prodrug to the antimicrobial peptide alone. Finally, we developed a colorimetric detection system based on the aggregation of plasmonic nanoparticles. Results: The intact prodrugs showed negligible toxicity to cells absent a protease trigger. The therapeutic impact of the prodrugs was comparable to that of the antimicrobial peptide alone, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.1 - 16 µg/mL. The enzymatic detection system returned a detection limit of 10 nM with gold nanoparticles and 3 nM with silver nanoparticles. Conclusion: This approach offers a convenient and selective protease sensing and protease-induced treatment mechanism based on bioinspired antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Amer
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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L’Heureux JE, van der Giezen M, Winyard PG, Jones AM, Vanhatalo A. Localisation of nitrate-reducing and highly abundant microbial communities in the oral cavity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295058. [PMID: 38127919 PMCID: PMC10735016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitrate (NO3-) reducing bacteria resident in the oral cavity have been implicated as key mediators of nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis and human health. NO3--reducing oral bacteria reduce inorganic dietary NO3- to nitrite (NO2-) via the NO3--NO2--NO pathway. Studies of oral NO3--reducing bacteria have typically sampled from either the tongue surface or saliva. The aim of this study was to assess whether other areas in the mouth could contain a physiologically relevant abundance of NO3- reducing bacteria, which may be important for sampling in clinical studies. The bacterial composition of seven oral sample types from 300 individuals were compared using a meta-analysis of the Human Microbiome Project data. This analysis revealed significant differences in the proportions of 20 well-established oral bacteria and highly abundant NO3--reducing bacteria across each oral site. The genera included Actinomyces, Brevibacillus, Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Eikenella, Fusobacterium, Granulicatella, Haemophilus, Leptotrichia, Microbacterium, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Propionibacterium, Rothia, Selenomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Veillonella. The highest proportion of NO3--reducing bacteria was observed in saliva, where eight of the bacterial genera were found in higher proportion than on the tongue dorsum, whilst the lowest proportions were found in the hard oral surfaces. Saliva also demonstrated higher intra-individual variability and bacterial diversity. This study provides new information on where samples should be taken in the oral cavity to assess the abundance of NO3--reducing bacteria. Taking saliva samples may benefit physiological studies, as saliva contained the highest abundance of NO3- reducing bacteria and is less invasive than other sampling methods. These results inform future studies coupling oral NO3--reducing bacteria research with physiological outcomes affecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E. L’Heureux
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Žiemytė M, Lopez-Roldan A, Carda-Diéguez M, Reglero-Santaolaya M, Rodriguez A, Ferrer MD, Mira A. Personalized antibiotic selection in periodontal treatment improves clinical and microbiological outputs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1307380. [PMID: 38179425 PMCID: PMC10765594 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1307380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis is a biofilm-mediated disease that is usually treated by non-surgical biofilm elimination with or without antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment in periodontal patients is typically selected empirically or using qPCR or DNA hybridization methods. These approaches are directed towards establishing the levels of different periodontal pathogens in periodontal pockets to infer the antibiotic treatment. However, current methods are costly and do not consider the antibiotic susceptibility of the whole subgingival biofilm. Methods In the current manuscript, we have developed a method to culture subgingival samples ex vivo in a fast, label-free impedance-based system where biofilm growth is monitored in real-time under exposure to different antibiotics, producing results in 4 hours. To test its efficacy, we performed a double-blind, randomized clinical trial where patients were treated with an antibiotic either selected by the hybridization method (n=32) or by the one with the best effect in the ex vivo growth system (n=32). Results Antibiotic selection was different in over 80% of the cases. Clinical parameters such as periodontal pocket depth, attachment level, and bleeding upon probing improved in both groups. However, dental plaque was significantly reduced only in the group where antibiotics were selected according to the ex vivo growth. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing showed a larger reduction in periodontal pathogens and a larger increase in health-associated bacteria in the ex vivo growth group. Discussion The results of clinical and microbiological parameters, together with the reduced cost and low analysis time, support the use of the impedance system for improved individualized antibiotic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miglė Žiemytė
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Lopez-Roldan
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Carda-Diéguez
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Reglero-Santaolaya
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María D. Ferrer
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
- School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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Amer L, Retout M, Jokerst JV. Activatable prodrug for controlled release of an antimicrobial peptide via the proteases overexpressed in Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.27.568833. [PMID: 38076788 PMCID: PMC10705279 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.27.568833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
We report the controlled release of an antimicrobial peptide using enzyme-activatable prodrugs to treat and detect Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis . Our motivation lies in the prevalence of these microorganisms in the subgingival area where the frequency of fungal colonization increases with periodontal disease. This work is based on an antimicrobial peptide that is both therapeutic and induces a color change in a nanoparticle reporter. This antimicrobial peptide was then built into a zwitterionic prodrug that quenches its activity until activation by a protease inherent to these pathogens of interest: SAP9 or RgpB for C. albicans and P. gingivalis , respectively. We first confirmed that the intact zwitterionic prodrug has negligible toxicity to fungal, bacterial, and mammalian cells absent a protease trigger. Next, the therapeutic impact was assessed via disk diffusion and viability assays and showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.1 - 16 µg/mL, which is comparable to the antimicrobial peptide alone (absent integration into prodrug). Finally, the zwitterionic design was exploited for colorimetric detection of C. albicans and P. gingivalis proteases. When the prodrugs were cleaved, the plasmonic nanoparticles aggregated causing a color change with a limit of detection of 10 nM with gold nanoparticles and 3 nM with silver nanoparticles. This approach has value as a convenient and selective protease sensing and protease-induced treatment mechanism based on bioinspired antimicrobial peptides. Abstract Figure
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Ghesquière J, Simoens K, Koos E, Boon N, Teughels W, Bernaerts K. Spatiotemporal monitoring of a periodontal multispecies biofilm model: demonstration of prebiotic treatment responses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0108123. [PMID: 37768099 PMCID: PMC10617495 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01081-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex polymicrobial communities which are often associated with human infections such as the oral disease periodontitis. Studying these complex communities under controlled conditions requires in vitro biofilm model systems that mimic the natural environment as close as possible. This study established a multispecies periodontal model in the drip flow biofilm reactor in order to mimic the continuous flow of nutrients at the air-liquid interface in the oral cavity. The design is engineered to enable real-time characterization. A community of five bacteria, Streptococcus gordonii-GFPmut3*, Streptococcus oralis-GFPmut3*, Streptococcus sanguinis-pVMCherry, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis-SNAP26 is visualized using two distinct fluorescent proteins and the SNAP-tag. The biofilm in the reactor develops into a heterogeneous, spatially uniform, dense, and metabolically active biofilm with relative cell abundances similar to those in a healthy individual. Metabolic activity, structural features, and bacterial composition of the biofilm remain stable from 3 to 6 days. As a proof of concept for our periodontal model, the 3 days developed biofilm is exposed to a prebiotic treatment with L-arginine. Multifaceted effects of L-arginine on the oral biofilm were validated by this model setup. L-arginine showed to inhibit growth and incorporation of the pathogenic species and to reduce biofilm thickness and volume. Additionally, L-arginine is metabolized by Streptococcus gordonii-GFPmut3* and Streptococcus sanguinis-pVMCherry, producing high levels of ornithine and ammonium in the biofilm. In conclusion, our drip flow reactor setup is promising in studying spatiotemporal behavior of a multispecies periodontal community.ImportancePeriodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease in the oral cavity associated with the accumulation of microorganisms in a biofilm. Not the presence of the biofilm as such, but changes in the microbiota (i.e., dysbiosis) drive the development of periodontitis, resulting in the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. In this respect, novel treatment approaches focus on maintaining the health-associated homeostasis of the resident oral microbiota. To get insight in dynamic biofilm responses, our research presents the establishment of a periodontal biofilm model including Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The added value of the model setup is the combination of simulating continuously changing natural mouth conditions with spatiotemporal biofilm profiling using non-destructive characterization tools. These applications are limited for periodontal biofilm research and would contribute in understanding treatment mechanisms, short- or long-term exposure effects, the adaptation potential of the biofilm and thus treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justien Ghesquière
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Simoens
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin Koos
- Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) and Dentistry (Periodontology), University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Lamont RJ, Hajishengallis G, Koo H. Social networking at the microbiome-host interface. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0012423. [PMID: 37594277 PMCID: PMC10501221 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00124-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial species colonizing host ecosystems in health or disease rarely do so alone. Organisms conglomerate into dynamic heterotypic communities or biofilms in which interspecies and interkingdom interactions drive functional specialization of constituent species and shape community properties, including nososymbiocity or pathogenic potential. Cell-to-cell binding, exchange of signaling molecules, and nutritional codependencies can all contribute to the emergent properties of these communities. Spatial constraints defined by community architecture also determine overall community function. Multilayered interactions thus occur between individual pairs of organisms, and the relative impact can be determined by contextual cues. Host responses to heterotypic communities and impact on host surfaces are also driven by the collective action of the community. Additionally, the range of interspecies interactions can be extended by bacteria utilizing host cells or host diet to indirectly or directly influence the properties of other organisms and the community microenvironment. In contexts where communities transition to a dysbiotic state, their quasi-organismal nature imparts adaptability to nutritional availability and facilitates resistance to immune effectors and, moreover, exploits inflammatory and acidic microenvironments for their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Retout M, Amer L, Yim W, Creyer MN, Lam B, Trujillo DF, Potempa J, O'Donoghue AJ, Chen C, Jokerst JV. A Protease-Responsive Polymer/Peptide Conjugate and Reversible Assembly of Silver Clusters for the Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis Enzymatic Activity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17308-17319. [PMID: 37602819 PMCID: PMC10561899 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the reversible aggregation of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) assemblies using the combination of a cationic arginine-based peptide and sulfur-capped polyethylene glycol (PEG). The formation and dissociation of the aggregates were studied by optical methods and electron microscopy. The dissociation of silver clusters depends on the peptide sequence and PEG size. A molecular weight of 1 kDa for PEG was optimal for the dissociation. The most important feature of this dissociation method is that it can operate in complex biofluids such as plasma, saliva, bile, urine, cell media, or even seawater without a significant decrease in performance. Moreover, the peptide-particle assemblies are highly stable and do not degrade (or express of loss of signal upon dissociation) when dried and resolubilized, frozen and thawed, or left in daylight for a month. Importantly, the dissociation capacity of PEG can be reduced via the conjugation of a peptide-cleavable substrate. The dissociation capacity is restored in the presence of an enzyme. Based on these findings, we designed a PEG-peptide hybrid molecule specific to the Porphyromonas gingivalis protease RgpB. Our motivation was that this bacterium is a key pathogen in periodontitis, and RgpB activity has been correlated with chronic diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The RgpB limit of detection was 100 pM RgpB in vitro. This system was used to measure RgpB in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples with a detection rate of 40% with 0% false negatives versus PCR for P. gingivalis (n = 37). The combination of PEG-peptide and nanoparticles dissociation method allows the development of convenient protease sensing that can operate independently of the media composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Retout
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lubna Amer
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew N Creyer
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Benjamin Lam
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Diego F Trujillo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Casey Chen
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34th Street, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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13
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Arredondo A, Àlvarez G, Isabal S, Teughels W, Laleman I, Contreras MJ, Isbej L, Huapaya E, Mendoza G, Mor C, Nart J, Blanc V, León R. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing study of subgingival microbiota of healthy subjects and patients with periodontitis from four different countries. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:1176-1187. [PMID: 37246304 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the differences between the subgingival microbiota of healthy subjects (HS) and periodontitis patients (PP) from four different countries through a metagenomic approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subgingival samples were obtained from subjects from four different countries. Microbial composition was analysed through high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The country of origin, diagnosis and clinical and demographic variables of the subjects were used to analyse the microbial profiles. RESULTS In total, 506 subgingival samples were analysed: 196 from HS and 310 from patients with periodontitis. Differences in richness, diversity and microbial composition were observed when comparing samples pertaining to different countries of origin and different subject diagnoses. Clinical variables, such as bleeding on probing, did not significantly affect the bacterial composition of the samples. A highly conserved core of microbiota associated with periodontitis was detected, while the microbiota associated with periodontally HS was much more diverse. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal diagnosis of the subjects was the main variable explaining the composition of the microbiota in the subgingival niche. Nevertheless, the country of origin also had a significant impact on the microbiota and is therefore an important factor to consider when describing subgingival bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arredondo
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Àlvarez
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Isabal
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - W Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Laleman
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M J Contreras
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Isbej
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Huapaya
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - G Mendoza
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania, School of dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C Mor
- Department of Periodontology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Nart
- Department of Periodontology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Blanc
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R León
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Nakamura Y, Watanabe K, Yoshioka Y, Ariyoshi W, Yamasaki R. Persister Cell Formation and Elevated lsrA and lsrC Gene Expression upon Hydrogen Peroxide Exposure in a Periodontal Pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1402. [PMID: 37374903 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of hydrogen peroxide, an antiseptic dental treatment, on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, the main causative agent of localized invasive periodontitis, was investigated. Hydrogen peroxide treatment (0.06%, 4× minimum inhibitory concentration) resulted in the persistence and survival of approximately 0.5% of the bacterial population. The surviving bacteria did not genetically acquire hydrogen peroxide resistance but exhibited a known persister behavior. Sterilization with mitomycin C significantly reduced the number of A. actinomycetemcomitans persister survivors. RNA sequencing of hydrogen peroxide-treated A. actinomycetemcomitans showed elevated expression of Lsr family members, suggesting a strong involvement of autoinducer uptake. In this study, we found a risk of A. actinomycetemcomitans persister residual from hydrogen peroxide treatment and hypothesized associated genetic mechanisms of persister from RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakamura
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Developmental Stomatognathic Function Science, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- Division of Developmental Stomatognathic Function Science, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshie Yoshioka
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamasaki
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Fukuoka, Japan
- Collaborative Research Centre for Green Materials on Environmental Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-chou, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu 804-8550, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Rapid synthesis of bismuth-organic frameworks as selective antimicrobial materials against microbial biofilms. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100507. [PMID: 36504541 PMCID: PMC9730226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health threat, and urgent actions should be undertaken for developing alternative antimicrobial strategies and approaches. Notably, bismuth drugs exhibit potent antimicrobial effects on various pathogens and promising efficacy in tackling SARS-CoV-2 and related infections. As such, bismuth-based materials could precisely combat pathogenic bacteria and effectively treat the resultant infections and inflammatory diseases through a controlled release of Bi ions for targeted drug delivery. Currently, it is a great challenge to rapidly and massively manufacture bismuth-based particles, and yet there are no reports on effectively constructing such porous antimicrobial-loaded particles. Herein, we have developed two rapid approaches (i.e., ultrasound-assisted and agitation-free methods) to synthesizing bismuth-based materials with ellipsoid- (Ellipsoids) and rod-like (Rods) morphologies respectively, and fully characterized physicochemical properties. Rods with a porous structure were confirmed as bismuth metal-organic frameworks (Bi-MOF) and aligned with the crystalline structure of CAU-17. Importantly, the formation of Rods was a 'two-step' crystallization process of growing almond-flake-like units followed by stacking into the rod-like structure. The size of Bi-MOF was precisely controlled from micro-to nano-scales by varying concentrations of metal ions and their ratio to the ligand. Moreover, both Ellipsoids and Rods showed excellent biocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts and potent antimicrobial effects on the Gram-negative oral pathogens including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Both Ellipsoids and Rods at 50 μg/mL could disrupt the bacterial membranes, and particularly eliminate P. gingivalis biofilms. This study demonstrates highly efficient and facile approaches to synthesizing bismuth-based particles. Our work could enrich the administration modalities of metallic drugs for promising antibiotic-free healthcare.
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16
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Zhang Y, Shang L, Roffel S, Krom BP, Gibbs S, Deng D. Stable reconstructed human gingiva–microbe interaction model: Differential response to commensals and pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:991128. [PMID: 36339338 PMCID: PMC9631029 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.991128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate human oral health and disease, models are required which represent the interactions between the oral mucosa and microbiome. Our aim was to develop an organotypic model which maintains viability of both host and microbes for an extended period of time. Methods Reconstructed Human Gingiva (RHG) were cultured air-lifted with or without penicillin-streptomycin (PS) and topically exposed to Streptococcus gordonii (commensal) or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (pathogen) for 72 hours in agar. RHG histology, viability and cytokines (ELISA), and bacterial viability (colony forming units) and location (FISH) were assessed. Results The low concentration of topically applied agar did not influence RHG viability. Topically applied bacteria in agar remained localized and viable for 72 hours and did not spill over to infect RHG culture medium. PS in RHG culture medium killed topically applied bacteria. Co-culture with living bacteria did not influence RHG viability (Ki67 expression, MTT assay) or histology (epithelium differentiation, Keratin10 expression). RHG exposed to S. gordonii (with or without PS) did not influence low level of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL5, CCL20 or CXCL1 secretion. However, all cytokines increased (except CCL2) when RHG were co-cultured with A. actinomycetemcomitans. The effect was significantly more in the presence of living, rather than dead, A. actinomycetemcomitans. Both bacteria resulted in increased expression of RHG antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Elafin and HBD-2, with S. gordonii exposure resulting in the most Elafin secretion. Conclusion This technical advance enables living human oral host–microbe interactions to be investigated during a 72-hour period and shows differences in innate immunology triggered by S. gordonii and A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Orthodontic, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Shang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Dongmei Deng,
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17
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Moore C, Cheng Y, Tjokro N, Zhang B, Kerr M, Hayati M, Chang KCJ, Shah N, Chen C, Jokerst JV. A Photoacoustic-Fluorescent Imaging Probe for Proteolytic Gingipains Expressed by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201843. [PMID: 35583940 PMCID: PMC9296565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen in periodontal disease. We herein report a dual-modal fluorescent and photoacoustic imaging probe for the detection of gingipain proteases secreted by P. gingivalis. Upon proteolytic cleavage by Arg-specific gingipain (RgpB), five-fold photoacoustic enhancement and >100-fold fluorescence activation was measured with detection limits of 1.1 nM RgpB and 5.0E4 CFU mL-1 bacteria in vitro. RgpB activity was imaged in porcine jaws with low-nanomolar sensitivity. Diagnostic efficacy was evaluated in gingival crevicular fluid samples from subjects with and without periodontal disease, wherein activation was correlated to qPCR-based detection of P. gingivalis (Pearson's r=0.71). Finally, photoacoustic imaging of RgpB-cleaved probe was achieved in murine brains ex vivo, with relevance and potential utility for disease models of general infection by P. gingivalis, motivated by the recent biological link between gingipain and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colman Moore
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Natalia Tjokro
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089. USA
| | - Brendan Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Matthew Kerr
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Mohammed Hayati
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089. USA
| | - Kai Chiao Joe Chang
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089. USA
| | - Nisarg Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Casey Chen
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089. USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
- Materials Science Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
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18
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Mothersole RG, Kolesnikov M, Chan ACK, Oduro E, Murphy MEP, Wolthers KR. Sequence Divergence in the Arginase Domain of Ornithine Decarboxylase/Arginase in Fusobacteriacea Leads to Loss of Function in Oral Associated Species. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1378-1391. [PMID: 35732022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of species within the Fusobacteriaceae family of Gram-negative bacteria uniquely encode for an ornithine decarboxylase/arginase (ODA) that ostensibly channels l-ornithine generated by hydrolysis of l-arginine to putrescine formation. However, two aspartate residues required for coordination to a catalytically obligatory manganese cluster of arginases are substituted for a serine and an asparagine. Curiously, these natural substitutions occur only in a clade of Fusobacterium species that inhabit the oral cavity. Herein, we expressed and isolated full-length ODA from the opportunistic oral pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum along with the individual arginase and ornithine decarboxylase components. The crystal structure of the arginase domain reveals that it adopts the classical α/β arginase-fold, but metal ions are absent in the active site. As expected, the ureohydrolase activity with l-arginine was not detected for wild-type ODA or the isolated arginase domain. However, engineering of the complete metal coordination environment through site-directed mutagenesis restored Mn2+ binding capacity and arginase activity, although the catalytic efficiency for l-arginine was low (60-100 M-1 s-1). Full-length ODA and the isolated ODC component were able to decarboxylate both l-ornithine and l-arginine to form putrescine and agmatine, respectively, but kcat/KM of l-ornithine was ∼20-fold higher compared to l-arginine. We discuss environmental conditions that may have led to the natural selection of an inactive arginase in the oral associated species of Fusobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Mothersole
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Maxim Kolesnikov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anson C K Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Emmanuella Oduro
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Michael E P Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kirsten R Wolthers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, Canada
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19
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Moore C, Cheng Y, Tjokro N, Zhang B, Kerr M, Hayati M, Chang KCJ, Shah N, Chen C, Jokerst JV. A Photoacoustic‐Fluorescent Imaging Probe for Proteolytic Gingipains Expressed by
Porphyromonas gingivalis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colman Moore
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Natalia Tjokro
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California 925 West 34th Street Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Brendan Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Current address: Diazyme Laboratories Inc
| | - Matthew Kerr
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Mohammed Hayati
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California 925 West 34th Street Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Kai Chiao Joe Chang
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California 925 West 34th Street Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Nisarg Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Casey Chen
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California 925 West 34th Street Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Materials Science Program University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Department of Radiology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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20
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Evidence on the Use of Mouthwash for the Control of Supragingival Biofilm and Its Potential Adverse Effects. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060727. [PMID: 35740134 PMCID: PMC9219991 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial mouthwash improves supragingival biofilm control when used in conjunction with mechanical removal as part of an oral hygiene routine. Mouthwash is intended to suppress bacterial adhesion during biofilm formation processes and is not aimed at mature biofilms. The most common evidence-based effects of mouthwash on the subgingival biofilm include the inhibition of biofilm accumulation and its anti-gingivitis property, followed by its cariostatic activities. There has been no significant change in the strength of the evidence over the last decade. A strategy for biofilm control that relies on the elimination of bacteria may cause a variety of side effects. The exposure of mature oral biofilms to mouthwash is associated with several possible adverse reactions, such as the emergence of resistant strains, the effects of the residual structure, enhanced pathogenicity following retarded penetration, and ecological changes to the microbiota. These concerns require further elucidation. This review aims to reconfirm the intended effects of mouthwash on oral biofilm control by summarizing systematic reviews from the last decade and to discuss the limitations of mouthwash and potential adverse reactions to its use. In the future, the strategy for oral biofilm control may shift to reducing the biofilm by detaching it or modulating its quality, rather than eliminating it, to preserve the benefits of the normal resident oral microflora.
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21
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Thouvenot K, Turpin T, Taïlé J, Clément K, Meilhac O, Gonthier MP. Links between Insulin Resistance and Periodontal Bacteria: Insights on Molecular Players and Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030378. [PMID: 35327570 PMCID: PMC8945445 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease mainly associated with insulin resistance during obesity and constitutes a major public health problem worldwide. A strong link has been established between type 2 diabetes and periodontitis, an infectious dental disease characterized by chronic inflammation and destruction of the tooth-supporting tissue or periodontium. However, the molecular mechanisms linking periodontal bacteria and insulin resistance remain poorly elucidated. This study aims to summarize the mechanisms possibly involved based on in vivo and in vitro studies and targets them for innovative therapies. Indeed, during periodontitis, inflammatory lesions of the periodontal tissue may allow periodontal bacteria to disseminate into the bloodstream and reach tissues, including adipose tissue and skeletal muscles that store glucose in response to insulin. Locally, periodontal bacteria and their components, such as lipopolysaccharides and gingipains, may deregulate inflammatory pathways, altering the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Moreover, periodontal bacteria may promote ROS overproduction via downregulation of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system, leading to oxidative stress. Crosstalk between players of inflammation and oxidative stress contributes to disruption of the insulin signaling pathway and promotes insulin resistance. In parallel, periodontal bacteria alter glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver and deregulate insulin production by pancreatic β-cells, contributing to hyperglycemia. Interestingly, therapeutic management of periodontitis reduces systemic inflammation markers and ameliorates insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Of note, plant polyphenols exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities as well as insulin-sensitizing and anti-bacterial actions. Thus, polyphenol-based therapies are of high interest for helping to counteract the deleterious effects of periodontal bacteria and improve insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Thouvenot
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France; (K.T.); (T.T.); (J.T.); (O.M.)
| | - Teva Turpin
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France; (K.T.); (T.T.); (J.T.); (O.M.)
| | - Janice Taïlé
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France; (K.T.); (T.T.); (J.T.); (O.M.)
| | - Karine Clément
- Nutrition and Obesity, Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France; (K.T.); (T.T.); (J.T.); (O.M.)
| | - Marie-Paule Gonthier
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France; (K.T.); (T.T.); (J.T.); (O.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-262-693-92-08-55
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22
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Discrimination of Bacterial Community Structures among Healthy, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis Statuses through Integrated Metatranscriptomic and Network Analyses. mSystems 2021; 6:e0088621. [PMID: 34698525 PMCID: PMC8547322 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00886-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition caused by polymicrobial infection. The inflammation is initiated at the gingiva (gingivitis) and then extends to the alveolar bone, leading to tooth loss (periodontitis). Previous studies have shown differences in bacterial composition between periodontal healthy and diseased sites. However, bacterial metabolic activities during the health-to-periodontitis microbiome shift are still inadequately understood. This study was performed to investigate the bacterial characteristics of healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis statuses through metatranscriptomic analysis. Subgingival plaque samples of healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites in the same oral cavity were collected from 21 patients. Bacterial compositions were then determined based on 16S rRNA reads; taxonomic and functional profiles derived from genes based on mRNA reads were estimated. The results showed clear differences in bacterial compositions and functional profiles between healthy and periodontitis sites. Co-occurrence networks were constructed for each group by connecting two bacterial species if their mRNA abundances were positively correlated. The clustering coefficient values were 0.536 for healthy, 0.600 for gingivitis, and 0.371 for periodontitis sites; thus, network complexity increased during gingivitis development, whereas it decreased during progression to periodontitis. Taxa, including Eubacterium nodatum, Eubacterium saphenum, Filifactor alocis, and Fretibacterium fastidiosum, showed greater transcriptional activities than those of red complex bacteria, in conjunction with disease progression. These taxa were associated with periodontal disease progression, and the health-to-periodontitis microbiome shift was accompanied by alterations in bacterial network structure and complexity. IMPORTANCE The characteristics of the periodontal microbiome influence clinical periodontal status. Gingivitis involves reversible gingival inflammation without alveolar bone resorption. In contrast, periodontitis is an irreversible disease characterized by inflammatory destruction in both soft and hard tissues. An imbalance of the microbiome is present in both gingivitis and periodontitis. However, differences in microbiomes and their functional activities in the healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis statuses are still inadequately understood. Furthermore, some inflamed gingival statuses do not consistently cause attachment loss. In this study, metatranscriptomic analyses were used to investigate the specific bacterial composition and gene expression patterns of the microbiomes of the healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis statuses. In addition, co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the gingivitis site included features of networks observed in both the healthy and periodontitis sites. These results provide transcriptomic evidence to support gingivitis as an intermediate state between the healthy and periodontitis statuses.
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23
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Huang P, Chen X, Chen Z, Chen M, He J, Peng L. Efficacy of Er:YAG laser irradiation for decontamination and its effect on biocompatibility of different titanium surfaces. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:649. [PMID: 34922525 PMCID: PMC8684230 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-02006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Erbium yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Er:YAG) laser have been shown to be suitable for decontamination of titanium surfaces at a wide range of energy settings, however, high intensity of laser irradiation destroy titanium surface and low intensity cannot remove enough microbial biofilm. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal energy setting of Er:YAG laser for decontamination of sandblasted/acid-etched (SLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) titanium surfaces. Material and methods After supragingival biofilm construction in vivo, SLA and HA titanium discs were divided into three groups: blank control (BC, clean discs), experimental control (EC, contaminated discs) and experimental groups (EP, contaminated discs irradiated by Er:YAG laser at 40, 70, and 100 mJ/pulse). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), live/dead bacterial fluorescent detection, and colony counting assay were used to detect the efficacy of laser decontamination. To investigate the effect of laser decontamination on titanium surface biocompatibility, MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion and proliferation activity were examined by SEM and CCK-8 assay. Results Er:YAG laser irradiation at 100 mJ/pulse removed 84.1% of bacteria from SLA titanium surface; laser irradiation at 70 and 100 mJ/pulse removed 76.4% and 77.85% of bacteria from HA titanium surface respectively. Laser irradiation improved MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion on both titanium surfaces. For SLA titanium discs, 100 mJ/pulse group displayed excellent cellular proliferation activity higher than that in BC group (P < 0.01). For HA titanium discs, 70 mJ/pulse group showed the highest activity comparable to BC group (P > 0.05). Conclusions With regards to efficient microbial biofilm decontamination and biocompatibility maintenance, Er:YAG laser at 100 mJ/pulse and 70 mJ/pulse are considered as the optimal energy settings for SLA titanium and HA titanium surface respectively. This study provides theoretical basis for the clinical application of Er:YAG laser in the treatment of peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Science, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongren Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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24
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Batra C, Alalshaikh M, Gregory RL, Windsor LJ, Blanchard SB, Hamada Y. An in-vitro comparison of four antibacterial agents with and without nicotine and their effects on human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2021; 93:e24-e33. [PMID: 34854484 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare anti-bacterial activity of 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX), 10% Povidone Iodine (PVD), Vega Oral Care Gel (VEGA) and Antioxidant Gel (AO) on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis with and without nicotine and to evaluate their effects on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). METHODS S. mutans, S. sanguis, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were incubated with serial dilutions (1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 and 1/64) of anti-bacterial agents in media (with and without nicotine). Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) were measured, and confocal microscopy was performed. HGFs were exposed to serial dilutions (1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 and 1/10,000) of antibacterial agents with media. Water-soluble tetrazolium-1 (WST-1) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay were used to assess proliferation and cytotoxicity towards HGFs. RESULTS CHX and PVD significantly inhibited growth of all bacterial species (p<0.0001) at all dilutions. AO and VEGA inhibited growth of all bacterial species up to only the 1/4 dilution. CHX and PVD decreased HGF proliferation at 1/10 and 1/100 dilution, while AO at all dilutions (p<0.05). CHX and AO were cytotoxic at all dilutions (p<0.05). VEGA was not cytotoxic to HGFs and did not affect HGF proliferation at any dilution (p>0.05). An increased bacterial growth was seen for all species except P. gingivalis with addition of nicotine. CONCLUSION CHX and PVD demonstrate superior antibacterial properties, but significantly reduce HGF proliferation. AO is bacteriostatic at lower dilutions but is highly toxic to HGFs. VEGA was bacteriostatic and demonstrated no detrimental effects on HGF's. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Batra
- Periodontics resident, Department of Periodontology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marwa Alalshaikh
- Periodontics resident, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard L Gregory
- Director-Ph.D. Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L Jack Windsor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Steven B Blanchard
- Department of Periodontology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Director, Advanced Education in Periodontics, Department of Periodontology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yusuke Hamada
- Department of Periodontology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Director, Advanced Education in Periodontics, Department of Periodontology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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25
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Mayumi S, Kuboniwa M, Sakanaka A, Hashino E, Ishikawa A, Ijima Y, Amano A. Potential of Prebiotic D-Tagatose for Prevention of Oral Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:767944. [PMID: 34804997 PMCID: PMC8604381 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.767944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown phenotypic and metabolic heterogeneity in related species including Streptococcus oralis, a typical oral commensal bacterium, Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacterium, and Streptococcus gordonii, which functions as an accessory pathogen in periodontopathic biofilm. In this study, metabolites characteristically contained in the saliva of individuals with good oral hygiene were determined, after which the effects of an identified prebiotic candidate, D-tagatose, on phenotype, gene expression, and metabolic profiles of those three key bacterial species were investigated. Examinations of the saliva metabolome of 18 systemically healthy volunteers identified salivary D-tagatose as associated with lower dental biofilm abundance in the oral cavity (Spearman’s correlation coefficient; r = -0.603, p = 0.008), then the effects of D-tagatose on oral streptococci were analyzed in vitro. In chemically defined medium (CDM) containing D-tagatose as the sole carbohydrate source, S. mutans and S. gordonii each showed negligible biofilm formation, whereas significant biofilms were formed in cultures of S. oralis. Furthermore, even in the presence of glucose, S. mutans and S. gordonii showed growth suppression and decreases in the final viable cell count in a D-tagatose concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, no inhibitory effects of D-tagatose on the growth of S. oralis were observed. To investigate species-specific inhibition by D-tagatose, the metabolomic profiles of D-tagatose-treated S. mutans, S. gordonii, and S. oralis cells were examined. The intracellular amounts of pyruvate-derived amino acids in S. mutans and S. gordonii, but not in S. oralis, such as branched-chain amino acids and alanine, tended to decrease in the presence of D-tagatose. This phenomenon indicates that D-tagatose inhibits growth of those bacteria by affecting glycolysis and its downstream metabolism. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that D-tagatose is abundant in saliva of individuals with good oral health. Additionally, experimental results demonstrated that D-tagatose selectively inhibits growth of the oral pathogens S. mutans and S. gordonii. In contrast, the oral commensal S. oralis seemed to be negligibly affected, thus highlighting the potential of administration of D-tagatose as an oral prebiotic for its ability to manipulate the metabolism of those targeted oral streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Mayumi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Masae Kuboniwa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Akito Sakanaka
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Ei Hashino
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Asuka Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Yura Ijima
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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26
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Hasegawa Y, Nagano K. Porphyromonas gingivalis FimA and Mfa1 fimbriae: Current insights on localization, function, biogenesis, and genotype. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:190-200. [PMID: 34691295 PMCID: PMC8512630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses distinct FimA and Mfa1 fimbriae. Each of these consists of five FimA–E and five Mfa1–5 proteins encoded by the fim and mfa gene clusters, respectively. The main shaft portion comprises FimA and Mfa1, whereas FimB and Mfa2 are localized on the basal portion and function as anchors and elongation terminators. FimC–E and Mfa3–5 participate in the assembly of an accessory protein complex on the tips of each fimbria. Hence, they serve as ligands for the receptors on host cells and other oral bacterial species. The crystal structures of FimA and Mfa1 fimbrial proteins were recently elucidated and new insights into the localization, function, and biogenesis of these proteins have been reported. Several studies indicated a correlation between P. gingivalis pathogenicity and the fimA genotype but not the mfa1 genotype. We recently revealed polymorphisms of all genes in the fim and mfa gene clusters. Intriguingly, mfa5 occurred in numerous different forms and underwent duplication. Detailed structural and functional knowledge of the fimbrial proteins in the context of the entire filament could facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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27
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Shimabukuro N, Cataruci ACDS, Ishikawa KH, de Oliveira BE, Kawamoto D, Ando-Suguimoto ES, Albuquerque-Souza E, Nicoli JR, Ferreira CM, de Lima J, Bueno MR, da Silva LBR, Silva PHF, Messora MR, Camara NOS, Simionato MRL, Mayer MPA. Bifidobacterium Strains Present Distinct Effects on the Control of Alveolar Bone Loss in a Periodontitis Experimental Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:713595. [PMID: 34630089 PMCID: PMC8497694 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.713595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease induced by a dysbiotic oral microbiome. Probiotics of the genus Bifidobacterium may restore the symbiotic microbiome and modulate the immune response, leading to periodontitis control. We evaluated the effect of two strains of Bifidobacterium able to inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis interaction with host cells and biofilm formation, but with distinct immunomodulatory properties, in a mice periodontitis model. Experimental periodontitis (P+) was induced in C57Bl/6 mice by a microbial consortium of human oral organisms. B. bifidum 1622A [B+ (1622)] and B. breve 1101A [B+ (1101)] were orally inoculated for 45 days. Alveolar bone loss and inflammatory response in gingival tissues were determined. The microbial consortium induced alveolar bone loss in positive control (P + B-), as demonstrated by microtomography analysis, although P. gingivalis was undetected in oral biofilms at the end of the experimental period. TNF-α and IL-10 serum levels, and Treg and Th17 populations in gingiva of SHAM and P + B- groups did not differ. B. bifidum 1622A, but not B. breve 1101A, controlled bone destruction in P+ mice. B. breve 1101A upregulated transcription of Il-1β, Tnf-α, Tlr2, Tlr4, and Nlrp3 in P-B+(1101), which was attenuated by the microbial consortium [P + B+(1101)]. All treatments downregulated transcription of Il-17, although treatment with B. breve 1101A did not yield such low levels of transcripts as seen for the other groups. B. breve 1101A increased Th17 population in gingival tissues [P-B+ (1101) and P + B+ (1101)] compared to SHAM and P + B-. Administration of both bifidobacteria resulted in serum IL-10 decreased levels. Our data indicated that the beneficial effect of Bifidobacterium is not a common trait of this genus, since B. breve 1101A induced an inflammatory profile in gingival tissues and did not prevent alveolar bone loss. However, the properties of B. bifidum 1622A suggest its potential to control periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Shimabukuro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amália C de S Cataruci
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin H Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna E de Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dione Kawamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen S Ando-Suguimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Albuquerque-Souza
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Nicoli
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutics Science, Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Jean de Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuela R Bueno
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro B R da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro H F Silva
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Michel R Messora
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina L Simionato
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia P A Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kim EN, Nabende WY, Jeong H, Hahn D, Jeong GS. The Marine-Derived Natural Product Epiloliolide Isolated from Sargassum horneri Regulates NLRP3 via PKA/CREB, Promoting Proliferation and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:388. [PMID: 34356813 PMCID: PMC8304756 DOI: 10.3390/md19070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, periodontitis treatment relies on surgical operations, anti-inflammatory agents, or antibiotics. However, these treatments cause pain and side effects, resulting in a poor prognosis. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the impact of the compound epiloliolide isolated from Sargassum horneri on the recovery of inflammatory inhibitors and loss of periodontal ligaments, which are essential treatment strategies for periodontitis. Here, human periodontal ligament cells stimulated with PG-LPS were treated with the compound epiloliolide, isolated from S. horneri. In the results of this study, epiloliolide proved the anti-inflammatory effect, cell proliferation capacity, and differentiation potential of periodontal ligament cells into osteoblasts, through the regulation of the PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Epiloliolide effectively increased the proliferation and migration of human periodontal ligament cells without cytotoxicity and suppressed the protein expression of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines, such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, by downregulating NLRP3 activated by PG-LPS. Epiloliolide also upregulated the phosphorylation of PKA/CREB proteins, which play an important role in cell growth and proliferation. It was confirmed that the anti-inflammatory effect in PG-LPS-stimulated large cells was due to the regulation of PKA/CREB signaling. We suggest that epiloliolide could serve as a potential novel therapeutic agent for periodontitis by inhibiting inflammation and restoring the loss of periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Nam Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Woguti Yvonne Nabende
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (W.Y.N.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyeyoon Jeong
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (W.Y.N.); (H.J.)
| | - Dongyup Hahn
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (W.Y.N.); (H.J.)
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Korea;
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29
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Adade EE, Al Lakhen K, Lemus AA, Valm AM. Recent progress in analyzing the spatial structure of the human microbiome: distinguishing biogeography and architecture in the oral and gut communities. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2021; 18:275-283. [PMID: 35936977 PMCID: PMC9351436 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fueled by technological advances in methods for sample collection and preservation in sequencing studies, and in advances in computational analyses of high content image data, the spatial structure of the human microbiome is coming to light. In this mini-review, we summarize recent developments in our understanding of the structure of two human microbiomes: the lower gut and the oral cavity. We focus on only the most recent literature and we make an important distinction between two forms of spatial structure, governed by scale: biogeography and architecture. By segmenting the study of microbiome spatial structure into two categories, we demonstrate the potential to greatly advance our understanding of the mechanistic principles that link structure and function in the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel E. Adade
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA
| | - Khalid Al Lakhen
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA
| | - Alex A. Lemus
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA
| | - Alex M. Valm
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222 USA,Corresponding author.
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30
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Abstract
Ecologists have long recognized the importance of spatial scale in understanding structure-function relationships among communities of organisms within their environment. Here, we review historical and contemporary studies of dental plaque community structure in the context of three distinct scales: the micro (1-10 µm), meso (10-100 µm) and macroscale (100 µm to ≥1 cm). Within this framework, we analyze the compositional nature of dental plaque at the macroscale, the molecular interactions of microbes at the microscale, and the emergent properties of dental plaque biofilms at the mesoscale. Throughout our analysis of dental plaque across spatial scales, we draw attention to disease and health-associated structure-function relationships and include a discussion of host immune involvement in the mesoscale structure of periodontal disease-associated biofilms. We end with a discussion of two filamentous organisms, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Corynebacterium matruchotii, and their relevant contributions in structuring dental plaque biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex M. Valm
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
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31
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Nikinmaa S, Moilanen N, Sorsa T, Rantala J, Alapulli H, Kotiranta A, Auvinen P, Kankuri E, Meurman JH, Pätilä T. Indocyanine Green-Assisted and LED-Light-Activated Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy Reduces Dental Plaque. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9050052. [PMID: 34063662 PMCID: PMC8147628 DOI: 10.3390/dj9050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to determine the feasibility and first efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG)-assisted antimicrobial photodynamictherapy (aPDT) as activated using LED light to the dental plaque. Methods: Fifteen healthy adults were assigned to this four-day randomized study. After rinsing with ICG, 100 J/cm2 of 810 nm LED light was applied to the aPDT-treatment area. Plaque area and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) were measured, and plaque bacteriomes before and after the study were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: aPDT administration was preformed successfully and plaque-specifically with the combination of ICG and the applicator. Total plaque area and endpoint MMP-8 levels were reduced on the aPDT-treatment side. aPDT reduced Streptococcus, Acinetobacteria, Capnocytophaga, and Rothia bacteria species in plaques. Conclusion: ICG-assisted aPDT reduces plaque forming bacteria and exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-proteolytic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Nikinmaa
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, 12200 Espoo, Finland; (S.N.); (J.R.)
| | - Niina Moilanen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
- Department of Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juha Rantala
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, 12200 Espoo, Finland; (S.N.); (J.R.)
| | - Heikki Alapulli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Anja Kotiranta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jukka H. Meurman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (N.M.); (T.S.); (H.A.); (A.K.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Tommi Pätilä
- Department of Congenital Heart Surgery and Organ Transplantation, New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
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32
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Kassab A, Ayed Y, Elsayed SA, Alqadi SF, Abdelgawad N, Mrag M, Ben Amor F. Glycated hemoglobin influence on periodontal status, pathogens and salivary interleukins in type II diabetic Tunisian subjects with chronic periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2021; 16:614-620. [PMID: 33854710 PMCID: PMC8025187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Studies have shown that there is a possible correlation between the amount of glycated hemoglobin and the periodontal status. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the prevalence of gingival pathogens and circulating interleukin levels in type II diabetic Tunisian subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The research included four groups; 30 healthy subjects (H group), 30 non-diabetic subjects suffering from chronic periodontitis (CP group). Type-II diabetic patients were divided according to HbA1c level into 30 adequately-controlled type-II diabetes subjects (HbA1c ≤ 7 percent (ATIID&CP group)) and 30 inadequately-controlled type-II diabetes subjects and HbA1c > 7 percent (ITIID&CP group). Clinical periodontal condition parameters and assessment of salivary interleukin IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-10 were assessed. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction used for detection of Subgingival biofilm of periodontal pathogens. RESULTS Clinical parameters analyzed were positively associated with HbA1c levels (p < 0.05). A. Actinomycetemcomitans were found in 80 percent of ITIID&CP, 65 percent of CP and almost absent in H group. Porphyromonas gingivalis was present in 100 percent of CP, 85 percent of ITIID&CP, 50 percent of ATIID&CP and 3 percent of H group. T. Denticola had an equivalent occurrence. While Tannerella forsythia was scarce in ITIID&CP groups, but abundant in the H group. ITIID&CP had the highest IL-6 and IL-1beta/IL-10 ratios. CONCLUSION HBA1c levels affect periodontal status, pathogens and salivary interleukins in Type-II diabetic Tunisians with chronic periodontitis, compared with stable and chronic periodontitis groups and can interact with periodontal infections and increase the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kassab
- Research Laboratory of Oral Health and Bucco-Facial Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Ayed
- Department of Oral Basic Science, Taibah University, Dental College & Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwrah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Shadia A. Elsayed
- Département of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Département of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha Fuad Alqadi
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric, Dental College & Hospital, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Abdelgawad
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mrag
- Research Laboratory of Oral Health and Bucco-Facial Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Faten Ben Amor
- Research Laboratory of Oral Health and Bucco-Facial Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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33
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Chen WA, Fletcher HM, Gheorghe JD, Oyoyo U, Boskovic DS. Platelet plug formation in whole blood is enhanced in the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:251-259. [PMID: 32949112 PMCID: PMC11139348 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium and an etiologic agent of adult periodontitis. By inducing a dysbiotic state within the host microbiota it contributes to a chronic inflammatory environment in the oral cavity. Under some circumstances, the oral bacteria may gain access to systemic circulation. While the most widely recognized function of platelets is to reduce hemorrhage in case of vascular damage, it is known that platelets are also involved in the hematologic responses to bacterial infections. Some pathogenic bacteria can interact with platelets, triggering their activation and aggregation. The aim of this study was to assess platelet responses to the presence of P. gingivalis in whole blood. Human whole blood was pretreated with P. gingivalis and then platelet plug formation was measured under high shear conditions using the PFA-100. In the presence of P. gingivalis, time for a platelet plug to occlude the aperture in the collagen/ADP cartridge was shortened in a manner dependent on bacterial concentration and the duration of bacterial preincubation of blood. P. gingivalis enhances thrombus forming potential of platelets in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Joseph D Gheorghe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Udochukwu Oyoyo
- Department of Dental Education Services, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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34
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Arjunan P. Eye on the Enigmatic Link: Dysbiotic Oral Pathogens in Ocular Diseases; The Flip Side. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:409-432. [PMID: 33179994 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1845330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mouth and associated structures were regarded as separate entities from the rest of the body. However, there is a paradigm shift in this conception and oral health is now considered as a fundamental part of overall well-being. In recent years, the subject of oral-foci of infection has attained a resurgence in terms of systemic morbidities while limited observations denote the implication of chronic oral inflammation in the pathogenesis of eye diseases. Hitherto, there is a paucity for mechanistic insights underlying the reported link between periodontal disease (PD) and ocular comorbidities. In light of prevailing scientific evidence, this review article will focus on the understudied theme, that is, the impact of oral dysbiosis in the induction and/or progression of inflammatory eye diseases like diabetic retinopathy, scleritis, uveitis, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Furthermore, the plausible mechanisms by which periodontal microbiota may trigger immune dysfunction in the Oro-optic-network and promote the development of PD-associated AMD have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachiappan Arjunan
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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35
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Park OJ, Jung S, Park T, Kim AR, Lee D, Jung Ji H, Seong Seo H, Yun CH, Hyun Han S. Enhanced biofilm formation of Streptococcus gordonii with lipoprotein deficiency. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:271-278. [PMID: 33063478 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is a commensal Gram-positive bacterium that acts as an opportunistic pathogen that can cause apical periodontitis, endocarditis, and pneumonia. Biofilm formation of bacteria is important for the initiation and progression of such diseases. Although lipoproteins play key roles in physiological functions, the role of lipoproteins of S. gordonii in its biofilm formation has not been clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of lipoproteins of S. gordonii in the bacterial biofilm formation using its lipoprotein-deficient strain (Δlgt). The S. gordonii Δlgt exhibited increased biofilm formation on the human dentin slices or on the polystyrene surfaces compared to the wild-type strain, while its growth rate did not differ from that of the wild-type. In addition, the S. gordonii Δlgt strain exhibited the enhanced LuxS mRNA expression and AI-2 production, which is known to be a positive regulator of biofilm formation, compared to the wild-type. Concordantly, the augmented biofilm formation of S. gordonii Δlgt was attenuated by an AI-2 inhibitor, D-ribose. In addition, lipoproteins from purified S. gordonii inhibited the biofilm formation of S. gordonii wild-type and Δlgt. Taken together, these results suggest that lipoprotein-deficient S. gordonii form biofilms more effectively than the wild-type strain, which might be related to the AI-2 quorum-sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Solmin Jung
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Ji
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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36
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Chopra A, Bhat SG, Sivaraman K. Porphyromonas gingivalis adopts intricate and unique molecular mechanisms to survive and persist within the host: a critical update. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1801090. [PMID: 32944155 PMCID: PMC7482874 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1801090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
is an obligate, asaccharolytic, gram-negative bacteria commonly associated with increased periodontal and systemic inflammation. P. gingivalis is known to survive and persist within the host tissues as it modulates the entire ecosystem by either engineering its environment or modifying the host's immune response. It interacts with various host receptors and alters signaling pathways of inflammation, complement system, cell cycle, and apoptosis. P. gingivalis is even known to induce suicidal cell death of the host and other microbes in its vicinity with the emergence of pathobiont species. Recently, new molecular and immunological mechanisms and virulence factors of P. gingivalis that increase its chance of survival and immune evasion within the host have been discovered. Thus, the present paper aims to provide a consolidated update on the new intricate and unique molecular mechanisms and virulence factors of P. gingivalis associated with its survival, persistence, and immune evasion within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chopra
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Subraya G. Bhat
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdul Rahman Faisal University, Dammam, KSA
| | - Karthik Sivaraman
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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37
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Ben Lagha A, Andrian E, Grenier D. Resveratrol attenuates the pathogenic and inflammatory properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 34:118-130. [PMID: 30950227 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis has been strongly associated with chronic periodontitis, which affects tooth-supporting tissues. This Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium produces a repertoire of virulence factors that modulate tissue destruction directly or indirectly by the induction of inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol, a major polyphenol found in grapes and wine, on the growth and virulence properties of P. gingivalis as well as on gingival keratinocyte tight junction integrity and the host inflammatory response. Resveratrol exhibited antibacterial activity that may result from damage to the bacterial cell membrane. Resveratrol also killed a pre-formed P. gingivalis biofilm and reduced bacterial adherence to matrix proteins. In addition, resveratrol had a protective effect on the integrity of the keratinocyte tight junctions by inhibiting its breakdown by P. gingivalis. This may be related to the ability of resveratrol to inhibit the protease activities of P. gingivalis. Lastly, resveratrol reduced P. gingivalis-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and attenuated TREM-1 gene expression as well as soluble TREM-1 secretion in monocytes. The effect on NF-κB activation likely results from the ability of resveratrol to act as a PPAR-γ agonist. In summary, the antibacterial, anti-adherence, and antiprotease properties of resveratrol, as well as its ability to protect the gingival keratinocyte barrier and attenuate the inflammatory response in monocytes suggest that it may be a promising novel therapeutic agent for treating periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Elisoa Andrian
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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38
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Yang L, Teles F, Gong W, Dua SA, Martin L, Schoenfisch MH. Antibacterial action of nitric oxide-releasing hyperbranched polymers against ex vivo dental biofilms. Dent Mater 2020; 36:635-644. [PMID: 32299667 PMCID: PMC7233373 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates the antibiofilm action of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing hyperbranched polymers against ex vivo multispecies periodontal biofilms. METHODS The antibiofilm efficacy of NO-releasing hyperbranched polymers was evaluated as a function of NO-release properties, polymer concentrations, and oxygen levels in the exposure media. 16s rRNA sequencing technique was employed to evaluate the impact of NO-releasing hyperbranched polymers on the microbial composition of the biofilms. RESULTS The addition of NO release significantly improved the antibiofilm action of the hyperbranched polymers, with NO-releasing hyperbranched polyamidoamines of largest NO payloads being more effective than hyperbranched polykanamycins. Furthermore, the NO-releasing hyperbranched polymers reduced the biofilm metabolic activity in a dose-dependent manner, killing biofilm-detached bacteria under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with greater antimicrobial efficacy observed under aerobic conditions. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate for the first time the potential therapeutic utility of NO-releasing hyperbranched polymers for treating multispecies dental biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Flavia Teles
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Weida Gong
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Shawn A Dua
- School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Lynn Martin
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mark H Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Qin W, Wang C, Jiang C, Sun J, Yu C, Jiao T. Graphene Oxide Enables the Reosteogenesis of Previously Contaminated Titanium In Vitro. J Dent Res 2020; 99:922-929. [PMID: 32320640 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520913873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of peri-implantitis treatment is to control infection and arrest bone loss, which requires the removal of polymicrobial biofilms on the implant surface and the reduction of tissue invasion. Additionally, prognosis can be improved if reosseointegration occurs on previously contaminated implants. To evaluate whether graphene oxide (GO) can remove polymicrobial biofilms, biofilms were established on titanium surfaces in vitro and treated with different methods: group B, removed only with brushing; group G, treated with different GO concentrations (64, 128, 256, and 512 μg/mL); group GB, combined treatments of groups B and G; and group C, untreated. Subsequently, to evaluate reosteogenesis on previously contaminated titanium, 4 groups were used: groups C, B, GB-256, and GB-512 (treated with 256 and 512 μg/mL of GO, respectively). Intact clean titanium (IC) was used as a control. Additionally, cell behavior on IC treated with GB-256 (IGB-256) and GB-512 (IGB-512) was compared with that of the GB-256 and GB-512 groups, respectively. The results showed that at high concentrations (≥256 μg/mL), GO eliminated residual bacteria and inhibited biofilm reformation after brushing, whereas neither GO nor brushing alone could achieve this. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell viability in groups GB-256 and IC was higher than that in groups GB-512, C, and B (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between group GB-256 and group IC (P > 0.05). Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in group GB-256 was higher than that in groups IC, GB-512, C, and B. No difference was found between groups IGB-256 and IGB-512 and groups GB-256 and GB-512, respectively (P > 0.05). In conclusion, 256 μg/mL of GO combined with brushing significantly removed polymicrobial biofilms that remained on the previously contaminated titanium surfaces. The bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic potential was regained or even enhanced on the titanium surfaces treated this way in vitro, which might provide a new idea for treating peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Qin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - C Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - C Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - J Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - C Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - T Jiao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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40
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Roky M, Trent JO, Demuth DR. Identification of functional domains of the minor fimbrial antigen involved in the interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis with oral streptococci. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:66-77. [PMID: 31994329 PMCID: PMC7078856 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with chronic periodontitis and may initially colonize the oral cavity by adhering to streptococci. Adhesion to streptococci is driven by interaction of the minor fimbrial antigen (Mfa1) with streptococcal antigen I/II. We identified the region of antigen I/II required for this interaction and developed small molecule mimetics that inhibited P. gingivalis adherence. However, the functional motifs of Mfa1 involved in the interaction with antigen I/II remain uncharacterized. A series of N- and C-terminal peptide fragments of Mfa1 were expressed and tested for inhibition of P. gingivalis adherence to S. gordonii. This approach identified residues 225-400 of Mfa1 as essential for P. gingivalis adherence. Using the three-dimensional structure of Mfa1, a putative binding cleft was identified using SiteMap and five small molecule mimetics could dock in this site. Site-specific mutation of residues in the predicted cleft, including R240A, W275A, D321A and A357P inhibited the interaction of Mfa1 with streptococci, whereas mutation of residues not in the predicted cleft (V238A, I252F and ΔK253) had no effect. Complementation of an Mfa1-deficient P. gingivalis strain with wild-type mfa1 restored adherence to streptococci, whereas complementation with full-length mfa1 containing the R240A or A357P mutations did not restore adherence. The mutations did not affect polymerization of Mfa1, suggesting that the complemented strains produced intact minor fimbriae. These results identified specific residues and structural motifs required for the Mfa1-antigen I/II interaction and will facilitate the design of small molecule therapeutics to prevent P. gingivalis colonization of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Roky
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - John O Trent
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Donald R Demuth
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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41
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Xu W, Zhou W, Wang H, Liang S. Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors in periodontitis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:45-84. [PMID: 32085888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory disease, which is characterized by gingival inflammation and bone loss. Periodontitis is associated with various systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and reproductive system related abnormalities. Recent theory attributes the pathogenesis of periodontitis to oral microbial dysbiosis, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a critical agent by disrupting host immune homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide, proteases, fimbriae, and some other virulence factors are among the strategies exploited by P. gingivalis to promote the bacterial colonization and facilitate the outgrowth of the surrounding microbial community. Virulence factors promote the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with other bacteria and the formation of dental biofilm. These virulence factors also modulate a variety of host immune components and subvert the immune response to evade bacterial clearance or induce an inflammatory environment. In this chapter, our focus is to discuss the virulence factors of periodontal pathogens, especially P. gingivalis, and their roles in regulating immune responses during periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, Pudong, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
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A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245004. [PMID: 31835369 PMCID: PMC6949915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Smoking is the number one predictor for the development of periodontal disease. Consequently, electronic cigarette (ECIG) use has prompted investigations into the health-related risks induced by ECIG-generated aerosol on oral commensal bacteria as compared to cigarette smoke. Since E-liquid contains fewer constituents than smoke, we hypothesize that growth media containing E-liquid or aerosol has less impact on oral commensal streptococci than cigarette smoke. Methods: Eight-hour growth curves were generated for three strains of streptococci following exposure of growth media to nicotine alone (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/mL), E-liquid ± nicotine (2.3, 4.7, 7.0 µL/mL), ECIG-generated aerosol ± nicotine (25, 50, 75 puffs), or cigarette smoke (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 puffs). Nicotine and E-liquid were added to the media at concentrations equivalent to vaporized amounts of 25, 50, or 75 puffs. Absorbance readings were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of bacterial growth. Results: Both E-liquid and aerosol (±nicotine) had little to no effect on eight-hour streptococcal growth. In contrast, five puffs of smoke inhibited streptococcal growth. Conclusions: Smoke-treated growth media, but not E-liquid or ECIG-generated aerosol, inhibits the growth of oral commensal streptococci. A possible implication is that aerosol may induce less periodontitis than smoke.
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Takenaka S, Ohsumi T, Noiri Y. Evidence-based strategy for dental biofilms: Current evidence of mouthwashes on dental biofilm and gingivitis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2019; 55:33-40. [PMID: 30733843 PMCID: PMC6354555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic mouthwash (MW) is an adjunctive tool along with a regular oral hygiene routine of daily tooth brushing and daily flossing. Previous systematic reviews have demonstrated that it is effective against dental biofilm and gingival inflammation, for prevention of dental caries, and for managing one's bad breath condition according to the active ingredients. MWs prevent the microorganisms from bacterial adhesion that corresponds to the initial step in biofilm formation. This review summarized the current state of evidence such as anti-biofilm, anti-gingivitis and cariostatic properties of MWs by evaluating systematic reviews from the past six years. The anti-biofilm property has been proven to be effective, with strong evidence of three main clinical efficacies. The most commonly studied active agent was chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), followed by essential oil (EO) and cetylpyridinium chloride. All the systematic reviews are in complete agreement that CHX and EO provide statistically significant improvements in terms of plaque and gingival indices. These effects have held up over the years as the number of studies has increased. While the use of fluoride MW is proven to be effective in improving the oral health of both children and adults, the quality of evidence is still regarded as low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuichiro Noiri
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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Romero-Lastra P, Sánchez MC, Llama-Palacios A, Figuero E, Herrera D, Sanz M. Gene expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 when growing in an in vitro multispecies biofilm. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221234. [PMID: 31437202 PMCID: PMC6706054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral microorganism residing in the subgingival biofilm, may exert diverse pathogenicity depending on the presence of specific virulence factors, but its gene expression has not been completely established. This investigation aims to compare the transcriptomic profile of this pathogen when growing within an in vitro multispecies biofilm or in a planktonic state. MATERIALS AND METHODS P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was grown in anaerobiosis within multi-well culture plates at 37°C under two conditions: (a) planktonic samples (no hydroxyapatite discs) or (b) within a multispecies-biofilm containing Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans deposited on hydroxyapatite discs. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) combined with Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) were used to verify the formation of the biofilm and the presence of P. gingivalis. Total RNA was extracted from both the multispecies biofilm and planktonic samples, then purified and, with the use of a microarray, its differential gene expression was analyzed. A linear model was used for determining the differentially expressed genes using a filtering criterion of two-fold change (up or down) and a significance p-value of <0.05. Differential expression was confirmed by Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS SEM verified the development of the multispecies biofilm and FISH confirmed the incorporation of P. gingivalis. The microarray demonstrated that, when growing within the multispecies biofilm, 19.1% of P. gingivalis genes were significantly and differentially expressed (165 genes were up-regulated and 200 down-regulated), compared with planktonic growth. These genes were mainly involved in functions related to the oxidative stress, cell envelope, transposons and metabolism. The results of the microarray were confirmed by RT-qPCR. CONCLUSION Significant transcriptional changes occurred in P. gingivalis when growing in a multispecies biofilm compared to planktonic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Romero-Lastra
- Laboratory of Dental Research, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Sánchez
- Laboratory of Dental Research, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Llama-Palacios
- Laboratory of Dental Research, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Figuero
- ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Śmiga M, Stępień P, Olczak M, Olczak T. PgFur participates differentially in expression of virulence factors in more virulent A7436 and less virulent ATCC 33277 Porphyromonas gingivalis strains. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:127. [PMID: 31185896 PMCID: PMC6558696 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a keystone pathogen responsible for chronic periodontitis. Although several virulence factors produced by this bacterium are quite well characterized, very little is known about regulatory mechanisms that allow different strains of P. gingivalis to efficiently survive in the hostile environment of the oral cavity, a typical habitat characterized by low iron and heme concentrations. The aim of this study was to characterize P. gingivalis Fur homolog (PgFur) in terms of its role in production of virulence factors in more (A7436) and less (ATCC 33277) virulent strains. Results Expression of a pgfur depends on the growth phase and iron/heme concentration. To better understand the role played by the PgFur protein in P. gingivalis virulence under low- and high-iron/heme conditions, a pgfur-deficient ATCC 33277 strain (TO16) was constructed and its phenotype compared with that of a pgfur A7436-derived mutant strain (TO6). In contrast to the TO6 strain, the TO16 strain did not differ in the growth rate and hemolytic activity compared with the ATCC 33277 strain. However, both mutant strains were more sensitive to oxidative stress and they demonstrated changes in the production of lysine- (Kgp) and arginine-specific (Rgp) gingipains. In contrast to the wild-type strains, TO6 and TO16 mutant strains produced larger amounts of HmuY protein under high iron/heme conditions. We also demonstrated differences in production of glycoconjugates between the A7436 and ATCC 33277 strains and we found evidence that PgFur protein might regulate glycosylation process. Moreover, we revealed that PgFur protein plays a role in interactions with other periodontopathogens and is important for P. gingivalis infection of THP-1-derived macrophages and survival inside the cells. Deletion of the pgfur gene influences expression of many transcription factors, including two not yet characterized transcription factors from the Crp/Fnr family. We also observed lower expression of the CRISPR/Cas genes. Conclusions We show here for the first time that inactivation of the pgfur gene exerts a different influence on the phenotype of the A7436 and ATCC 33277 strains. Our findings further support the hypothesis that PgFur regulates expression of genes encoding surface virulence factors and/or genes involved in their maturation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1511-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Stępień
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14A St, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Bartnicka D, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Zawrotniak M, Satała D, Michalik K, Zielinska G, Bochenska O, Kozik A, Ciaston I, Koziel J, Dutton LC, Nobbs AH, Potempa B, Baster Z, Rajfur Z, Potempa J, Rapala-Kozik M. Adhesive protein-mediated cross-talk between Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in dual species biofilm protects the anaerobic bacterium in unfavorable oxic environment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4376. [PMID: 30867500 PMCID: PMC6416349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity contains different types of microbial species that colonize human host via extensive cell-to-cell interactions and biofilm formation. Candida albicans-a yeast-like fungus that inhabits mucosal surfaces-is also a significant colonizer of subgingival sites in patients with chronic periodontitis. It is notable however that one of the main infectious agents that causes periodontal disease is an anaerobic bacterium-Porphyromonas gingivalis. In our study, we evaluated the different strategies of both pathogens in the mutual colonization of an artificial surface and confirmed that a protective environment existed for P. gingivalis within developed fungal biofilm formed under oxic conditions where fungal cells grow mainly in their filamentous form i.e. hyphae. A direct physical contact between fungi and P. gingivalis was initiated via a modulation of gene expression for the major fungal cell surface adhesin Als3 and the aspartic proteases Sap6 and Sap9. Proteomic identification of the fungal surfaceome suggested also an involvement of the Mp65 adhesin and a "moonlighting" protein, enolase, as partners for the interaction with P. gingivalis. Using mutant strains of these bacteria that are defective in the production of the gingipains-the proteolytic enzymes that also harbor hemagglutinin domains-significant roles of these proteins in the formation of bacteria-protecting biofilm were clearly demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Bartnicka
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Satała
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Michalik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Zielinska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliwia Bochenska
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lindsay C Dutton
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zbigniew Baster
- Institute of Physics; Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Institute of Physics; Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Alpagot T, Zhu Y, Lee SS, Roberts BP, Hung SC, Tang N, Ojcius DM. Chlamydia pneumoniae is present in the dental plaque of periodontitis patients and stimulates an inflammatory response in gingival epithelial cells. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:197-208. [PMID: 30956972 PMCID: PMC6444558 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.04.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is an airborne, Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium which causes human respiratory infections and has been associated with atherosclerosis. Because individuals with periodontitis are at greater risk for atherosclerosis as well as respiratory infections, we in-vestigated the role of C. pneumoniae in inflammation and periodontal dis-ease. We found that C. pneumoniae was more frequently found in subgingival dental plaque obtained from periodontally diseased sites of the mouth versus healthy sites. The known periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, were also found in the plaque. In addition, C. pneumoniae could efficiently invade human gingival epithelial cells (GECs) in vitro, causing translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus along with increased secretion of mature IL-1β cytokine. Supernatants collected from C. pneumoniae-infected GECs showed increased activation of caspase-1 protein, which was significantly reduced when nlrp3 gene expression was silenced using shRNA lentiviral vectors. Our results demonstrate that C. pneumoniae was found in higher levels in periodontitis patients compared to control pa-tients. Additionally, C. pneumoniae could infect GECs, leading to inflammation caused by activation of NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome. We propose that the presence of C. pneumoniae in subgingival dental plaque may contribute to periodontal disease and could be used as a potential risk indicator of perio-dontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamer Alpagot
- Department of Periodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Sonho Sierra Lee
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Program of Doctor of Dental Surgery, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Brian P Roberts
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Norina Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
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Liu J, Hsieh CL, Gelincik O, Devolder B, Sei S, Zhang S, Lipkin SM, Chang YF. Proteomic characterization of outer membrane vesicles from gut mucosa-derived fusobacterium nucleatum. J Proteomics 2019; 195:125-137. [PMID: 30634002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the oral cavity and is often involved in periodontal diseases. Recent studies have shown increased F. nucleatum prevalence in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and causal data has linked this bacterium to CRC tumorigenesis. Immune-based approaches to contain, reduce or eradicate its gut colonization may prevent CRC. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally produced by Gram-negative bacteria, typically contain multiple putative virulence factors and may elicit protective immune responses if used as vaccines. Here, OMVs were isolated from F. nucleatum cultures and purified using gradient centrifugation. Proteins contained within the OMVs were identified by nano LC/MS/MS analysis. Of 98 proteins consistently identified from duplicate analyses, 60 were predicted to localize to the outer membrane or periplasm via signal peptide driven translocation. Of these, six autotransporter proteins, which constitute the majority of protein mass of OMVs, were associated with Type V secretion system. In addition, other putative virulence factor proteins with functional domains, including FadA, MORN2 and YadA-like domain, were identified with multiple exposed epitope sites as determined by in silico analysis. Altogether, the non-replicative OMVs of F. nucleatum contain multiple antigenic virulence factors that may play important roles in the design and development of vaccines against F. nucleatum. SIGNIFICANCE: Fusobacterium nulceatum has been proved playing significant role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Outer membrane vesicles are nanoparticles that naturally secreted by Gram-negative bacterial containing various antigenic components, which provides new insight in vaccine development. Understanding the constituents of F. nucleatum OMVs will provide fundamental information and potential strategies for OMV-based F. nucleatum vaccines design. Based on our knowledge this is the first proteomic study of OMVs from F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Liu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Ozkan Gelincik
- Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 10021, NY, USA
| | - Bryan Devolder
- Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 10021, NY, USA
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Steven M Lipkin
- Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 10021, NY, USA.
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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Brown JL, Yates EA, Bielecki M, Olczak T, Smalley JW. Potential role for Streptococcus gordonii-derived hydrogen peroxide in heme acquisition by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 33:322-335. [PMID: 29847019 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, an accessory pathogen and early colonizer of plaque, co-aggregates with many oral species including Porphyromonas gingivalis. It causes α-hemolysis on blood agar, a process mediated by H2 O2 and thought to involve concomitant oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb). Porphyromonas gingivalis has a growth requirement for heme, which is acquired mainly from Hb. The paradigm for Hb heme acquisition involves the initial oxidation of oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) to methemoglobin (metHb), followed by heme release and extraction through the actions of K-gingipain protease and/or the HmuY hemophore-like protein. The ability of S. gordonii to mediate Hb oxidation may potentially aid heme capture during co-aggregation with P. gingivalis. Hemoglobin derived from zones of S. gordonii α-hemolysis was found to be metHb. Generation of metHb from oxyHb by S. gordonii cells was inhibited by catalase, and correlated with levels of cellular H2 O2 production. Generation of metHb by S. gordonii occurred through the higher Hb oxidation state of ferrylhemoglobin. Heme complexation by the P. gingivalis HmuY was employed as a measure of the ease of heme capture from metHb. HmuY was able to extract iron(III)protoporphyrin IX from metHb derived from zones of S. gordonii α-hemolysis and from metHb generated by the action of S. gordonii cells on isolated oxyHb. The rate of HmuY-Fe(III)heme complex formation from S. gordonii-mediated metHb was greater than from an equivalent concentration of auto-oxidized metHb. It is concluded that S. gordonii may potentially aid heme acquisition by P. gingivalis by facilitating metHb formation in the presence of oxyHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Brown
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Bielecki
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - T Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - J W Smalley
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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50
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Lian D, Dai L, Xie Z, Zhou X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Chen Y. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts migration injury via ROS/TXNIP/Nlrp3 inflammasome pathway with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:209-219. [PMID: 30312877 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes serve as an intracellular machinery to initiate inflammatory response to various danger signals. However, the chronic periodontitis pathological relevance of this inflammasome activation, particularly in periodontal ligament fibroblasts, remains largely unknown. The present study demonstrated that Nlrp3 inflammasome components abundantly expressed in cultured mouse periodontal ligament fibroblasts (mPDLFs). In addition, our data demonstrated that P.g-LPS (Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide), a major injurious factor during chronic periodontitis, could induce the mPDLFs migration dysfunction and the inhibition of Nlrp3 inflammasome by Isoliquiritigenin (ISO) markedly recovered the migration dysfunction in mPDLFs. And Nlrp3 inflammasome components could be aggregated to form an inflammasome complex on stimulation of P.g-LPS, as shown by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Correspondingly, P.g-LPS induced Nlrp3 inflammasome activation, caspase-1 activation, IL-1β and HMGB1 release, which were blocked by Nlrp3 inflammasome inhibitor (ISO). Interestingly, reactive oxygen species, TXNIP protein and TXNIP binding to Nlrp3 were markedly increased in mPDLFs with P.g-LPS. Furthermore, ROS generation inhibitor (Apocynin; APO) significantly reduced Nlrp3 inflammasome formation and IL-1β production in mPDLFs with P.g-LPS. And APO attenuated P.g-LPS-induced TXNIP protein expression and mPDLFs injury. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that ROS/TXNIP/Nlrp3 Inflammasome pathway is a key initiating mechanism necessary for P.g-LPS-induced subsequent mPDLFs inflammatory response leading to chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Lian
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232 Waihuan Dong Rd., Guangzhou University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Linfeng Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232 Waihuan Dong Rd., Guangzhou University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Zhaoyu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232 Waihuan Dong Rd., Guangzhou University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232 Waihuan Dong Rd., Guangzhou University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232 Waihuan Dong Rd., Guangzhou University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 3455 CULLEN BLVD, Houston, TX, 77204-5037, USA
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, The school of Dental Medicine, Jinan University, No. 613W. Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232 Waihuan Dong Rd., Guangzhou University Town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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