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Bai Y, Wu P, Zhang Q, Lin F, Hu L, Zhang Z, Huang W, Xiao Y, Zuo Q. Decorin in the spatial control of collagen mineralization. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3396-3407. [PMID: 38690683 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh02216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanism by which the periodontal ligament (PDL) is maintained uncalcified between two mineralized tissues (cementum and bone) may facilitate the functional repair and regeneration of the periodontium complex, disrupted in the context of periodontal diseases. However, research that explores the control of type I collagen (COL I) mineralization fails to clarify the detailed mechanism of regulating spatial collagen mineralization, especially in the periodontium complex. In the present study, decorin (DCN), which is characterized as abundant in the PDL region and rare in mineralized tissues, was hypothesized to be a key regulator in the spatial control of collagen mineralization. The circular dichroism results confirmed that DCN regulated the secondary structure of COL I, and the surface plasmon resonance results indicated that COL I possessed a higher affinity for DCN than for other mineralization promoters, such as DMP-1, OPN, BSP and DSPP. These features of DCN may contribute to blocking intrafibrillar mineralization in COL I fibrils during the polymer-induced liquid-precursor mineralization process when the fibrils are cross-linked with DCN. This effect was more remarkable when the fibrils were phosphorylated by sodium trimetaphosphate, as shown by the observation of a tube-like morphology via TEM and mineral sheath via SEM. This study enhances the understanding of the role of DCN in mineralization regulation among periodontal tissues. This provides insights for the development of biomaterials for the regeneration of interfaces between soft and hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Bai
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Peng Wu
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Qiufang Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Wenxia Huang
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Yin Xiao
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Qiliang Zuo
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, PR China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University for Stomatological Biomaterials, Xiamen, PR China
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Chen J, Sun T, Lin B, Wu B, Wu J. The Essential Role of Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Odontogenesis. J Dent Res 2024; 103:345-358. [PMID: 38407002 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231224228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tooth development and regeneration are regulated through a complex signaling network. Previous studies have focused on the exploration of intracellular signaling regulatory networks, but the regulatory roles of extracellular networks have only been revealed recently. Proteoglycans, which are essential components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and pivotal signaling molecules, are extensively involved in the process of odontogenesis. Proteoglycans are composed of core proteins and covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chains (GAGs). The core proteins exhibit spatiotemporal expression patterns during odontogenesis and are pivotal for dental tissue formation and periodontium development. Knockout of core protein genes Biglycan, Decorin, Perlecan, and Fibromodulin has been shown to result in structural defects in enamel and dentin mineralization. They are also closely involved in the development and homeostasis of periodontium by regulating signaling transduction. As the functional component of proteoglycans, GAGs are negatively charged unbranched polysaccharides that consist of repeating disaccharides with various sulfation groups; they provide binding sites for cytokines and growth factors in regulating various cellular processes. In mice, GAG deficiency in dental epithelium leads to the reinitiation of tooth germ development and the formation of supernumerary incisors. Furthermore, GAGs are critical for the differentiation of dental stem cells. Inhibition of GAGs assembly hinders the differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts. In summary, core proteins and GAGs are expressed distinctly and exert different functions at various stages of odontogenesis. Given their unique contributions in odontogenesis, this review summarizes the roles of proteoglycans and GAGs throughout the process of odontogenesis to provide a comprehensive understanding of tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - T Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Medical University-Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), ShenZhen, China
| | - J Wu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Smith MM, Melrose J. Lumican, a Multifunctional Cell Instructive Biomarker Proteoglycan Has Novel Roles as a Marker of the Hypercoagulative State of Long Covid Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2825. [PMID: 38474072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study has reviewed the many roles of lumican as a biomarker of tissue pathology in health and disease. Lumican is a structure regulatory proteoglycan of collagen-rich tissues, with cell instructive properties through interactions with a number of cell surface receptors in tissue repair, thereby regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation and the innate and humoral immune systems to combat infection. The exponential increase in publications in the last decade dealing with lumican testify to its role as a pleiotropic biomarker regulatory protein. Recent findings show lumican has novel roles as a biomarker of the hypercoagulative state that occurs in SARS CoV-2 infections; thus, it may also prove useful in the delineation of the complex tissue changes that characterize COVID-19 disease. Lumican may be useful as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker of long COVID disease and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Smith
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Arthropharm Pty Ltd., Bondi Junction, NSW 2022, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Xiong N, An JS, Yoon H, Ryoo HM, Lim WH. Runx2 heterozygosity alters homeostasis of the periodontal complex. J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:151-161. [PMID: 37882070 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Haploinsufficiency of Runx2 (Runx2+/- ) causes dental anomalies. However, little is known about the involvement of Runx2 in the maintenance of dentin, cementum, and the periodontal ligament (PDL) during adulthood. This study aimed to observe the effects of Runx2+/- on homeostasis of the periodontal complex. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 14 three-month-old Runx2+/- mice and their wild-type littermates were examined using micro-computed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Phenotypic alterations in the dentin, cementum, and PDL were characterized and quantified. RESULTS Haploinsufficiency of Runx2 caused cellular changes in the PDL space including reduction of cell proliferation and apoptosis, and irregular attachment of the collagen fibers in the PDL space into the cementum. Absence of continuous thickness of cementum was also observed in Runx2+/- mice. CONCLUSION Runx2 is critical for cementum integrity and attachment of periodontal fibers. Because of its importance to cementum homeostasis, Runx2 is essential for homeostasis of periodontal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Xiong
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Sub An
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heein Yoon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Hee Lim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Miguez PA, Bash E, Musskopf ML, Tuin SA, Rivera-Concepcion A, Chapple ILC, Liu J. Control of tissue homeostasis by the extracellular matrix: Synthetic heparan sulfate as a promising therapeutic for periodontal health and bone regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:510-531. [PMID: 37614159 PMCID: PMC10891305 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are core proteins associated with carbohydrate/sugar moieties that are highly variable in disaccharide composition, which dictates their function. These carbohydrates are named glycosaminoglycans, and they can be attached to proteoglycans or found free in tissues or on cell surfaces. Glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparin/heparan sulfate have multiple functions including involvement in inflammation, immunity and connective tissue structure, and integrity. Heparan sulfate is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that is abundant in the periodontium including alveolar bone. Recent evidence supports the contention that heparan sulfate is an important player in modulating interactions between damage associated molecular patterns and inflammatory receptors expressed by various cell types. The structure of heparan sulfate is reported to dictate its function, thus, the utilization of a homogenous and structurally defined heparan sulfate polysaccharide for modulation of cell function offers therapeutic potential. Recently, a chemoenzymatic approach was developed to allow production of many structurally defined heparan sulfate carbohydrates. These oligosaccharides have been studied in various pathological inflammatory conditions to better understand their function and their potential application in promoting tissue homeostasis. We have observed that specific size and sulfation patterns can modulate inflammation and promote tissue maintenance including an anabolic effect in alveolar bone. Thus, new evidence provides a strong impetus to explore heparan sulfate as a potential novel therapeutic agent to treat periodontitis, support alveolar bone maintenance, and promote bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- PA Miguez
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E Bash
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - ML Musskopf
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - SA Tuin
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Rivera-Concepcion
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - ILC Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham’s NIHR BRC in Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Health Foundation Trust, Birmingham UK Iain Chapple
| | - J Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Kinoshita M, Yamada S, Sasaki J, Suzuki S, Kajikawa T, Iwayama T, Fujihara C, Imazato S, Murakami S. Mice Lacking PLAP-1/Asporin Show Alteration of Periodontal Ligament Structures and Acceleration of Bone Loss in Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15989. [PMID: 37958972 PMCID: PMC10649079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament-associated protein 1 (PLAP-1), also known as Asporin, is an extracellular matrix protein expressed in the periodontal ligament and plays a crucial role in periodontal tissue homeostasis. Our previous research demonstrated that PLAP-1 may inhibit TLR2/4-mediated inflammatory responses, thereby exerting a protective function against periodontitis. However, the precise roles of PLAP-1 in the periodontal ligament (PDL) and its relationship to periodontitis have not been fully explored. In this study, we employed PLAP-1 knockout mice to investigate its roles and contributions to PDL tissue and function in a ligature-induced periodontitis model. Mandibular bone samples were collected from 10-week-old male C57BL/6 (WT) and PLAP-1 knockout (KO) mice. These samples were analyzed through micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, picrosirius red staining, and fluorescence immunostaining using antibodies targeting extracellular matrix proteins. Additionally, the structure of the PDL collagen fibrils was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We also conducted tooth extraction and ligature-induced periodontitis models using both wild-type and PLAP-1 KO mice. PLAP-1 KO mice did not exhibit any changes in alveolar bone resorption up to the age of 10 weeks, but they did display an enlarged PDL space, as confirmed by μCT and histological analyses. Fluorescence immunostaining revealed increased expression of extracellular matrix proteins, including Col3, BGN, and DCN, in the PDL tissues of PLAP-1 KO mice. TEM analysis demonstrated an increase in collagen diameter within the PDL of PLAP-1 KO mice. In line with these findings, the maximum stress required for tooth extraction was significantly lower in PLAP-1 KO mice in the tooth extraction model compared to WT mice (13.89 N ± 1.34 and 16.51 N ± 1.31, respectively). In the ligature-induced periodontitis model, PLAP-1 knockout resulted in highly severe alveolar bone resorption, with a higher number of collagen fiber bundle tears and significantly more osteoclasts in the periodontium. Our results demonstrate that mice lacking PLAP-1/Asporin show alteration of periodontal ligament structures and acceleration of bone loss in periodontitis. This underscores the significant role of PLAP-1 in maintaining collagen fibrils in the PDL and suggests the potential of PLAP-1 as a therapeutic target for periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kinoshita
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.K.); (T.I.); (C.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontolgy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Junichi Sasaki
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Shigeki Suzuki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontolgy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontolgy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (S.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomoaki Iwayama
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.K.); (T.I.); (C.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Chiharu Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.K.); (T.I.); (C.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Satoshi Imazato
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.S.); (S.I.)
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (M.K.); (T.I.); (C.F.); (S.M.)
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Sone ED, McCulloch CA. Periodontal regeneration: Lessons from the periodontal ligament-cementum junction in diverse animal models. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1124968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The attachment of the roots of mammalian teeth of limited eruption to the jawbone is reliant in part on the mineralization of collagen fibrils of the periodontal ligament (PDL) at their entry into bone and cementum as Sharpey's fibers. In periodontitis, a high prevalence infection of periodontal tissues, the attachment apparatus of PDL to the tooth root is progressively destroyed. Despite the pervasiveness of periodontitis and its attendant health care costs, and regardless of decades of research into various possible treatments, reliable restoration of periodontal attachment after surgery is not achievable. Notably, treatment outcomes in animal studies have often demonstrated more positive regenerative outcomes than human clinical studies. Conceivably, defining how species diversity affects cementogenesis and cementum/PDL regeneration could be instructive for informing novel and more efficacious treatment strategies. Here we briefly review differences in cementum and PDL attachment in commonly used animal models to consider how species differences may lead to enhanced regenerative outcomes.
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Abstract
Fibromodulin (FMOD) is an archetypal member of the class II small leucine-rich proteoglycan family. By directly binding to extracellular matrix structural components, such as collagen and lysyl oxidase, FMOD regulates collagen cross-linking, packing, assembly, and fibril architecture via a multivalent interaction. Meanwhile, as a pluripotent molecule, FMOD acts as a ligand of various cytokines and growth factors, especially those belonging to the transforming growth factor (TGF) β superfamily, by interacting with the corresponding signaling molecules involved in cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, migration, invasion, differentiation, and metastasis. Consequently, FMOD exhibits promigratory, proangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrogenic properties and plays essential roles in cell fate determination and maturation, progenitor cell recruitment, and tissue regeneration. The multifunctional nature of FMOD thus enables it to be a promising therapeutic agent for a broad repertoire of diseases, including but not limited to arthritis, temporomandibular joint disorders, caries, and fibrotic diseases among different organs, as well as to be a regenerative medicine candidate for skin, muscle, and tendon injuries. Moreover, FMOD is also considered a marker for tumor diagnosis and prognosis prediction and a potential target for cancer treatment. Furthermore, FMOD itself is sufficient to reprogram somatic cells into a multipotent state, creating a safe and efficient cell source for various tissue reconstructions and thus opening a new avenue for regenerative medicine. This review focuses on the recent preclinical efforts bringing FMOD research and therapies to the forefront. In addition, a contemporary understanding of the mechanism underlying FMOD's function, particularly its interaction with TGFβ superfamily members, is also discussed at the molecular level to aid the discovery of novel FMOD-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zheng
- David Geffen School of Medicine,
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Dentistry, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H.S. Granado
- Department of Orthodontics, School of
Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C. Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of
Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Peserico A, Barboni B, Russo V, Bernabò N, El Khatib M, Prencipe G, Cerveró-Varona A, Haidar-Montes AA, Faydaver M, Citeroni MR, Berardinelli P, Mauro A. Mammal comparative tendon biology: advances in regulatory mechanisms through a computational modeling. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1175346. [PMID: 37180059 PMCID: PMC10174257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1175346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is high clinical demand for the resolution of tendinopathies, which affect mainly adult individuals and animals. Tendon damage resolution during the adult lifetime is not as effective as in earlier stages where complete restoration of tendon structure and property occurs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tendon regeneration remain unknown, limiting the development of targeted therapies. The research aim was to draw a comparative map of molecules that control tenogenesis and to exploit systems biology to model their signaling cascades and physiological paths. Using current literature data on molecular interactions in early tendon development, species-specific data collections were created. Then, computational analysis was used to construct Tendon NETworks in which information flow and molecular links were traced, prioritized, and enriched. Species-specific Tendon NETworks generated a data-driven computational framework based on three operative levels and a stage-dependent set of molecules and interactions (embryo-fetal or prepubertal) responsible, respectively, for signaling differentiation and morphogenesis, shaping tendon transcriptional program and downstream modeling of its fibrillogenesis toward a mature tissue. The computational network enrichment unveiled a more complex hierarchical organization of molecule interactions assigning a central role to neuro and endocrine axes which are novel and only partially explored systems for tenogenesis. Overall, this study emphasizes the value of system biology in linking the currently available disjointed molecular data, by establishing the direction and priority of signaling flows. Simultaneously, computational enrichment was critical in revealing new nodes and pathways to watch out for in promoting biomedical advances in tendon healing and developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve current clinical interventions.
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Decorin Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238224. [PMID: 36500314 PMCID: PMC9739490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to clarify the biological functions of decorin (DCN) in the healing and regeneration of wounded periodontal tissue. We investigated the expression pattern of DCN during the healing of wounded periodontal tissue in rats by immunohistochemistry and the effects of DCN on the osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells (HPDLSCs) and preosteoblasts by Alizarin red S staining, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions, and western blotting. The expression of DCN was increased around the wounded PDL tissue on day 5 after surgery compared with the nonwounded PDL tissue, whereas its expression was not changed in the osteoblastic layer around the wounded alveolar bone. Furthermore, DCN promoted the osteoblastic differentiation of HPDLSCs, but it did not affect the osteoblastic differentiation of preosteoblasts. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was upregulated during the DCN-induced osteoblastic differentiation of HPDLSCs. DCN did not affect proliferation, migration, or the PDL-related gene expression of HPDLSCs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that DCN has a role in the healing of wounded periodontal tissue. Furthermore, DCN secreted from PDL cells may contribute to bone healing by upregulating osteoblastic differentiation through ERK1/2 signaling in HPDLSCs, indicating a therapeutic effect of DCN in periodontal tissue regeneration.
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11
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Moseley R, Waddington RJ. Modification of gingival proteoglycans by reactive oxygen species: potential mechanism of proteoglycan degradation during periodontal diseases. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:970-981. [PMID: 34821180 PMCID: PMC10392033 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.2003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and oxidative stress are increasingly being implicated in the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as periodontal diseases. The present study investigated the effects of ROS exposure on the proteoglycans of gingival tissues, utilizing an in vitro model system comprised of supra-physiological oxidant concentrations, to ascertain whether gingival proteoglycan modification and degradation by ROS contributed to the underlying mechanisms of ECM destruction during active gingivitis. Proteoglycans were purified from ovine gingival tissues and exposed to increasing H2O2 concentrations or a hydroxyl radical (·OH) flux for 1 h or 24 h, and ROS effects on proteoglycan core proteins and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains were assessed. ROS were capable of degrading gingival proteoglycans, with ·OH species inducing greater degradative effects than H2O2 alone. Degradative effects were particularly manifested as amino acid modification, core protein cleavage, and GAG chain depolymerization. Proteoglycan core proteins were more susceptible to degradation than GAG chains with H2O2 alone, although core proteins and GAG chains were both extensively degraded by ·OH species. Proteoglycan exposure to ·OH species for 24 h induced significant core protein amino acid modification, with decreases in glutamate, proline, isoleucine, and leucine; and concomitant increases in serine, glycine, and alanine residues. As clinical reports have previously highlighted proteoglycan core protein degradation during chronic gingivitis, whereas their sulfated GAG chains remain relatively intact, these findings potentially provide further evidence to implicate ROS in the pathogenesis of active gingivitis, complementing the enzymic mechanisms of periodontal tissue destruction already established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Moseley
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel J Waddington
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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12
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Ma R, Xie X, Zhao L, Wu Y, Wang J. Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs): Potential implications in periodontitis. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:189-198. [PMID: 34431091 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to the destruction of periodontal tissues associated with high prevalence and significant economic burden. As special collagen-binding tyrosine kinase receptors, the discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) can control cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. DDRs are constitutively expressed and widely distributed in periodontal tissues which are rich in collagen. Ddr1/2 knockout mice showed significant periodontal defects including connective tissue destruction, alveolar bone loss, and even tooth loss. It has been demonstrated that bone homeostasis, inflammation, matrix metalloproteinases, and autophagy are crucial characteristics involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Of note, DDRs have been reported to participate in the above pathophysiological processes, implicating the potential roles of DDRs in periodontitis. In this review article, we aim to illustrate the possible roles of DDRs in periodontitis in an attempt to explore their potential value as therapeutic targets for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Zang Y, Dong Q, Lu Y, Dong K, Wang R, Liang Z. Lumican inhibits immune escape and carcinogenic pathways in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4388-4408. [PMID: 33493133 PMCID: PMC7906189 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lumican (LUM), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, is a component of the extracellular matrix. Abnormal LUM expression is potentially associated with cancer progression. In the present study, we confirmed high LUM mRNA expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD) through the UALCAN database. The Kaplan-Meier method, univariate, and multivariate COX analysis showed that high LUM expression is an independent determinant of poor prognosis in COAD. A COX regression model was constructed based on clinical information and LUM expression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that this model was highly accurate in monitoring COAD prognosis. The co-expression network of LUM was determined by LinkedOmics, which showed that LUM expression was closely related to immune escape and the miR200 family. Furthermore, we studied the co-expression network of LUM and found that LUM could promote tumor metastasis and invasion. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource website showed that LUM was closely related to immune infiltration and correlated with regulatory T cells, tumour-associated macrophages, and dendritic cells. We found that LUM cultivated cancer progression by targeting the miR200 family to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These findings suggest that LUM is a potential target for inhibiting immune escape and carcinogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qiuping Dong
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin's Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kaiti Dong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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14
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Chen Y, Guan Q, Han X, Bai D, Li D, Tian Y. Proteoglycans in the periodontium: A review with emphasis on specific distributions, functions, and potential applications. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:617-632. [PMID: 33458817 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are largely glycosylated proteins, consisting of a linkage sugar, core proteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, more than 40 kinds of PGs have been identified, and they can be classified as intracellular, cell surface, pericellular, and extracellular PGs according to cellular locations. To illustrate, extracellular PGs are known for regulating the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix; cell-surface PGs play a role in mediating cell adhesion and binding various growth factors. In the field of periodontology, PGs are implicated in cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, contractility, and anoikis, thereby exerting a profound influence on periodontal tissue development, wound repair, the immune response, biomechanics, and pathological process. Additionally, the expression patterns of some PGs are dynamic and cell-specific. Therefore, determining the roles and spatial-temporal expression patterns of PGs in the periodontium could shed light on treatments for wound healing, tissue regeneration, periodontitis, and gingival overgrowth. In this review, close attention is paid to the distributions, functions, and potential applications of periodontal PGs. Related genetically modified animal experiments and involved signal transduction cascades are summarized for improved understanding of periodontal PGs. To date, however, there is a large amount of speculation on this topic that requires rigorous experiments for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuyue Guan
- Department of Geriatrics, People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Defu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Svandova E, Peterkova R, Matalova E, Lesot H. Formation and Developmental Specification of the Odontogenic and Osteogenic Mesenchymes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:640. [PMID: 32850793 PMCID: PMC7396701 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the mandible, the odontogenic and osteogenic mesenchymes develop in a close proximity and form at about the same time. They both originate from the cranial neural crest. These two condensing ecto-mesenchymes are soon separated from each other by a very loose interstitial mesenchyme, whose cells do not express markers suggesting a neural crest origin. The two condensations give rise to mineralized tissues while the loose interstitial mesenchyme, remains as a soft tissue. This is crucial for proper anchorage of mammalian teeth. The situation in all three regions of the mesenchyme was compared with regard to cell heterogeneity. As the development progresses, the early phenotypic differences and the complexity in cell heterogeneity increases. The differences reported here and their evolution during development progressively specifies each of the three compartments. The aim of this review was to discuss the mechanisms underlying condensation in both the odontogenic and osteogenic compartments as well as the progressive differentiation of all three mesenchymes during development. Very early, they show physical and structural differences including cell density, shape and organization as well as the secretion of three distinct matrices, two of which will mineralize. Based on these data, this review highlights the consecutive differences in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, which support the cohesion as well as mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. These are involved in the conversion of mechanical energy into biochemical signals, cytoskeletal rearrangements cell differentiation, or collective cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Svandova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Renata Peterkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Matalova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Herve Lesot
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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16
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Glycosaminoglycans accelerate biomimetic collagen mineralization in a tissue-based in vitro model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12636-12642. [PMID: 32461359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914899117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian teeth are attached to the jawbone through an exquisitely controlled mineralization process: unmineralized collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament anchor directly into the outer layer of adjoining mineralized tissues (cementum and bone). The sharp interface between mineralized and nonmineralized collagenous tissues makes this an excellent model to study the mechanisms by which extracellular matrix macromolecules control collagen mineralization. While acidic phosphoproteins, localized in the mineralized tissues, play key roles in control of mineralization, the role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is less clear. As several proteoglycans are found only in the periodontal ligament, it has been hypothesized that these inhibit mineralization of collagen in this tissue. Here we used an in vitro model based on remineralization of mouse dental tissues to determine the role of matrix GAGs in control of mineralization. GAGs were selectively removed from demineralized mouse periodontal sections via enzymatic digestion. Proteomic analysis confirmed that enzymatic GAG removal does not significantly alter protein content. Analysis of remineralized tissue sections by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that GAG removal reduced the rate of remineralization in mineralized tissues compared to the untreated control, while the ligament remained unmineralized. Protein removal with trypsin also reduced the rate of mineralization, but to a lesser extent than GAG removal, despite a much larger effect on protein content. These results indicate that GAGs promote mineralization in mineralized dental tissues rather than inhibiting mineral formation in the ligament, which may have broader implications for understanding control of collagen mineralization in connective tissues.
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17
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Denes BJ, Ait-Lounis A, Wehrle-Haller B, Kiliaridis S. Core Matrisome Protein Signature During Periodontal Ligament Maturation From Pre-occlusal Eruption to Occlusal Function. Front Physiol 2020; 11:174. [PMID: 32194440 PMCID: PMC7066325 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-occlusal eruption brings the molars into functional occlusion and initiates tensional strains during mastication. We hypothesized that upon establishment of occlusal contact, the periodontal ligament (PDL) undergoes cell and extracellular matrix maturation to adapt to this mechanical function. The PDL of 12 Wistar male rats were laser microdissected to observe the proteomic changes between stages of pre-occlusal eruption, initial occlusal contact and 1-week after occlusion. The proteome was screened by mass spectrometry and confirmed by immunofluorescence. The PDL underwent maturation upon establishment of occlusion. Downregulation of alpha-fetoprotein stem cell marker and protein synthesis markers indicate cell differentiation. Upregulated proteins were components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and were characterized with the matrisome project database. In particular, periostin, a major protein of the PDL, was induced following occlusal contact and localized around collagen α-1 (III) bundles. This co-localization coincided with organization of collagen fibers in direction of the occlusal forces. Establishment of occlusion coincides with cellular differentiation and the maturation of the PDL. Co-localization of periostin and collagen with subsequent fiber organization may help counteract tensional forces and reinforce the ECM structure. This may be a key mechanism of the PDL to adapt to occlusal forces and maintain structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Jozsef Denes
- Department of Orthodontics, Clinique Universitaire de Médecine Dentaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Orthodontics, Clinique Universitaire de Médecine Dentaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Kiliaridis
- Department of Orthodontics, Clinique Universitaire de Médecine Dentaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Randilini A, Fujikawa K, Shibata S. Expression, localization and synthesis of small leucine-rich proteoglycans in developing mouse molar tooth germ. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 32046476 PMCID: PMC7029624 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene expression and protein synthesis of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), including decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican, was analyzed in the context of the hypothesis that they are closely related to tooth formation. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and organ culture with metabolic labeling of [35S] were carried out in mouse first molar tooth germs of different developmental stages using ICR mice at embryonic day (E) 13.5 to postnatal day (P)7.0. At the bud and cap stage, decorin mRNA was expressed only in the surrounding mesenchyme, but not within the tooth germ. Biglycan mRNA was then expressed in the condensing mesenchyme and the dental papilla of the tooth germ. At the apposition stage (late bell stage), both decorin and biglycan mRNA were expressed in odontoblasts, resulting in a switch of the pattern of expression within the different stages of odontoblast differentiation. Decorin mRNA was expressed earlier in newly differentiating odontoblasts than biglycan. With odontoblast maturation and dentin formation, decorin mRNA expression was diminished and localized to the newly differentiating odontoblasts at the cervical region. Simultaneously, biglycan mRNA took over and extended its expression throughout the new and mature odontoblasts. Both mRNAs were expressed in the dental pulp underlying the respective odontoblasts. At P7.0, both mRNAs were weakly expressed but maintained their spatial expression patterns. Immunostaining showed that biglycan was localized in the dental papillae and pulp. In addition, all four SLRPs showed clear immunostaining in predentin, although the expressions of fibromodulin and lumican mRNAs were not identified in the tooth germs examined. The organ culture data obtained supported the histological findings that biglycan is more predominant than decorin at the apposition stage. These results were used to identify biglycan as the principal molecule among the SLRPs investigated. Our findings indicate that decorin and biglycan show spatial and temporal differential expressions and play their own tissue-specific roles in tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angammana Randilini
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo .
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19
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Kim LB, Shkurupy VA, Putyatina AN. Correlations between the Levels of the Main Extracellular Matrix Components in Mouse Liver in Chronic BCG-Induced Granulomatosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 166:469-472. [PMID: 30788744 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Correlations between extracellular matrix components in mouse liver revealed the pathogenetically determined dynamic structure of these interrelations (some correlations appeared while others disappeared) at various terms of BCG-induced granulomatosis. The correlations between the studied parameters were strong during the first (postinfection days 3-10) and the second (postinfection days 60-90) periods but became moderate during the third period manifested by chronic inflammation (postinjection day 180). The greatest number of correlations was observed at the beginning of the stabilization period (postinjection day 60). At this period, the content of all structural components of hepatic proteoglycans closely correlated with that of hydroxyproline. These findings attested to systemic changes in metabolism of extracellular matrix components and interrelation between some structural units of proteoglycans in the liver and the components of extracellular matrix in the lungs. The common and typical organ-specific correlations in the liver and lungs suggest the existence of correlations between different organs during progression of BCG-induced granulomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Kim
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - V A Shkurupy
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A N Putyatina
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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20
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Kim LB, Shkurupy VA, Putyatina AN. Correlations between Extracellular Matrix Components in Mouse Lungs during Chronic BCG-Induced Granulomatosis. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:302-306. [PMID: 29998442 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Correlations between extracellular matrix components in mouse lungs were examined during various terms of BCG-induced granulomatosis (on postinfection days 3, 30, 60, 90, and 180). During the development of pathological process, the revealed dynamic interrelations between structural units of proteoglycans and hydroxyproline weakened. Most correlations were observed on postinfection day 180. They reflect the relationships not only between the structural units of proteoglycans but also between collagens, presumably determining the maximum degree of fibrosis at this period. The established correlations characterize the systemic nature of reactions in extracellular matrix and its versatile implications determined by the processes going on in the organs and tissues during the onset and development of generalized pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Kim
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - V A Shkurupy
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A N Putyatina
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
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21
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Fiorino S, Di Saverio S, Leandri P, Tura A, Birtolo C, Silingardi M, de Biase D, Avisar E. The role of matricellular proteins and tissue stiffness in breast cancer: a systematic review. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1601-1627. [PMID: 29939077 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignancies consist not only of cancerous and nonmalignant cells, but also of additional elements, as extracellular matrix. The aim of this review is to summarize meta-analyses, describing breast tissue stiffness and risk of breast carcinoma (BC) assessing the potential relationship between matricellular proteins (MPs) and survival. A systematic computer-based search of published articles, according to PRISMA statement, was conducted through Ovid interface. Mammographic density and tissue stiffness are associated with the risk of BC development, suggesting that MPs may influence BC prognosis. No definitive conclusions are available and additional researches are required to definitively clarify the role of each MP, mammographic density and stiffness in BC development and the mechanisms involved in the onset of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine 'C' Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- Cambridge Colorectal Unit, Box 201, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paolo Leandri
- Internal Medicine 'C' Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- Metabolic Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Birtolo
- Geriatric Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Silingardi
- Internal Medicine 'A' Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eli Avisar
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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22
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Decorin-Modified Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Attenuate Radiation-Induced Lung Injuries via Regulating Inflammation, Fibrotic Factors, and Immune Responses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 101:945-956. [PMID: 29976507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the therapeutic effects of decorin (DCN)-modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on radiation-induced lung injuries (RILIs) and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND MATERIALS Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were modified with Ad(E1-).DCN to generate DCN-expressing MSCs (DCN-modified MSCs [MSCs.DCN]). In an experimental mouse model of RILI, MSCs.DCN and MSCs.Null [MSCs modified with Ad(E1-).Null] were intravenously engrafted at 6 hours or 28 days after irradiation. The therapeutic effects on lung inflammation and fibrosis were evaluated by histopathologic analysis at 28 days and 3 months after irradiation. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were analyzed in both sera and lung tissues, and subtypes of T lymphocytes including regulatory T cells (Tregs) were analyzed in the peripheral blood and spleen. RESULTS Both MSC treatments could alleviate histopathologic injuries by reducing lymphocyte infiltration, decreasing apoptosis, increasing proliferation of epithelial cells, and inhibiting fibrosis in the later phase. However, treatment with MSCs.DCN resulted in much more impressive therapeutic effects. Moreover, we discovered that MSC treatment reduced the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in both the peripheral blood and local pulmonary tissues. An important finding was that MSCs.DCN were much more effective in inducing interferon-γ expression, inhibiting collagen type III α1 expression in pulmonary tissues, and decreasing the proportion of Tregs. Furthermore, our data suggested that treatment during the acute phase (6 hours) after irradiation evoked much stronger responses both in attenuating inflammation and in inhibiting fibrosis than in the later phase (28 days). CONCLUSIONS MSCs.DCN could attenuate acute inflammation after irradiation and significantly inhibit later fibrosis. Likewise, DCN enhanced the functions of MSCs by targeting profibrotic factors and Tregs.
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23
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Vitamin K2 improves proliferation and migration of bovine skeletal muscle cells in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195432. [PMID: 29617432 PMCID: PMC5884547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle function is highly dependent on the ability to regenerate, however, during ageing or disease, the proliferative capacity is reduced, leading to loss of muscle function. We have previously demonstrated the presence of vitamin K2 in bovine skeletal muscles, but whether vitamin K has a role in muscle regulation and function is unknown. In this study, we used primary bovine skeletal muscle cells, cultured in monolayers in vitro, to assess a potential effect of vitamin K2 (MK-4) during myogenesis of muscle cells. Cell viability experiments demonstrate that the amount of ATP produced by the cells was unchanged when MK-4 was added, indicating viable cells. Cytotoxicity analysis show that MK-4 reduced the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the media, suggesting that MK-4 was beneficial to the muscle cells. Cell migration, proliferation and differentiation was characterised after MK-4 incubation using wound scratch analysis, immunocytochemistry and real-time PCR analysis. Adding MK-4 to the cells led to an increased muscle proliferation, increased gene expression of the myogenic transcription factor myod as well as increased cell migration. In addition, we observed a reduction in the fusion index and relative gene expression of muscle differentiation markers, with fewer complex myotubes formed in MK-4 stimulated cells compared to control cells, indicating that the MK-4 plays a significant role during the early phases of muscle proliferation. Likewise, we see the same pattern for the relative gene expression of collagen 1A, showing increased gene expression in proliferating cells, and reduced expression in differentiating cells. Our results also suggest that MK-4 incubation affect low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) with a peak in gene expression after 45 min of MK-4 incubation. Altogether, our experiments show that MK-4 has a positive effect on muscle cell migration and proliferation, which are two important steps during early myogenesis.
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24
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Zvackova I, Matalova E, Lesot H. Regulators of Collagen Fibrillogenesis during Molar Development in the Mouse. Front Physiol 2017; 8:554. [PMID: 28824450 PMCID: PMC5539247 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of mammalian teeth and surrounding tissues includes time-space changes in the extracellular matrix composition and organization. This requires complex control mechanisms to regulate its synthesis and remodeling. Fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (FACITs) and a group of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are involved in the regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis. Recently, collagen type XII and collagen type XIV, members of the FACITs family, were found in the peridental mesenchyme contributing to alveolar bone formation. This study was designed to follow temporospatial expression of collagen types XIIa and XIVa in mouse first molar and adjacent tissues from embryonic day 13, when the alveolar bone becomes morphologically apparent around the molar tooth bud, until postnatal day 22, as the posteruption stage. The patterns of decorin, biglycan, and fibromodulin, all members of the SLRPs family and interacting with collagens XIIa and XIVa, were investigated simultaneously. The situation in the tooth was related to what happens in the alveolar bone, and both were compared to the periodontal ligament. The investigation provided a complex localization of the five antigens in soft tissues, the dental pulp, and periodontal ligaments; in the mineralized tissues, predentin/dentin and alveolar bone; and junction between soft and hard tissues. The results illustrated developmentally regulated and tissue-specific changes in the balance of the two FACITs and three SLRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Zvackova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicBrno, Czechia
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicBrno, Czechia.,Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical SciencesBrno, Czechia
| | - Herve Lesot
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicBrno, Czechia.,Biology Department, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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25
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Ibrahim I, Serrano MJ, Ruest LB, Svoboda KKH. Biglycan and Decorin Expression and Distribution in Palatal Adhesion. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1445-1450. [PMID: 28759311 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517722783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) on apical surfaces of palatal medial edge epithelial (MEE) cells were necessary for palatal adhesion. In this study, we identified 2 proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, that were expressed in the palatal shelves prior to adhesion. In addition, we established that these proteoglycans were dependent on transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. Laser capture microdissection was used to collect selected palatal epithelial cells from embryonic mouse embryos at various palate development stages. The expression of specific messenger RNA (mRNA) for biglycan and decorin was determined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The TGFβrI kinase inhibitor (SB431542) was used in palatal organ cultures to determine if blocking TFGβ signaling changed biglycan and decorin distribution. Immunohistochemistry of both biglycan and decorin revealed expression on the apical and lateral surfaces of MEE cells. Biglycan protein and mRNA levels peaked as the palatal shelves adhered. Decorin was less abundant on the apical epithelial surface and also had reduced mRNA levels compared to biglycan. Their proteins were not expressed on MEE cells of palates treated with SB431542, an inhibitor of TGFβ signaling. The temporal expression of biglycan and decorin on the apical surface of MEE, combined with the evidence that these proteins were regulated through the TGFβ pathway, indicated that they may be important for adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ibrahim
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - M J Serrano
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - L B Ruest
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - K K H Svoboda
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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Effect of proteoglycans at interfaces as related to location, architecture, and mechanical cues. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 63:82-92. [PMID: 26741830 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Covalently bound functional GAGs orchestrate tissue mechanics through time-dependent characteristics. OBJECTIVE The role of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) at the ligament-cementum and cementum-dentin interfaces within a human periodontal complex were examined. Matrix swelling and resistance to compression under health and modeled diseased states was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The presence of keratin sulfate (KS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) GAGs at the ligament-cementum and cementum-dentin interfaces in human molars (N=5) was illustrated by using enzymes, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and AFM-based nanoindentation. The change in physical characteristics of modeled diseased states through sequential digestion of keratin sulfate (KS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) GAGs was investigated. One-way ANOVA tests with P<0.05 were performed to determine significant differences between groups. Additionally, the presence of mineral within the seemingly hygroscopic interfaces was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry (N=3) indicated presence of biglycan and fibromodulin small leucine rich proteoglycans at the interfaces. Digestion of matrices with enzymes confirmed the presence of KS and CS GAGs at the interfaces by illustrating a change in tissue architecture and mechanics. A significant increase in height (nm), decrease in elastic modulus (GPa), and tissue deformation rate (nm/s) of the PDL-C attachment site (215±63-424±94nm; 1.5±0.7-0.4±0.2GPa; 21±7-48±22nm/s), and cementum-dentin interface (122±69-360±159nm; 2.9±1.3-0.7±0.3GPa; 18±4-30±6nm/s) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The sequential removal of GAGs indicated loss in intricate structural hierarchy of hygroscopic interfaces. From a mechanics perspective, GAGs provide tissue recovery/resilience. The results of this study provide insights into the role of GAGs toward conserved tooth movement in the socket in response to mechanical loads, and modulation of potentially deleterious strain at tissue interfaces.
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine using patient's own stem cells (SCs) to repair dysfunctional tissues is an attractive approach to complement surgical and pharmacological treatments for aging and degenerative disorders. Recently, dental SCs have drawn much attention owing to their accessibility, plasticity and applicability for regenerative use not only for dental, but also other body tissues. In ophthalmology, there has been increasing interest to differentiate dental pulp SC and periodontal ligament SC (PDLSC) towards ocular lineage. Both can commit to retinal fate expressing eye field transcription factors and generate rhodopsin-positive photoreceptor-like cells. This proposes a novel therapeutic alternative for retinal degeneration diseases. Moreover, as PDLSC shares similar cranial neural crest origin and proteoglycan secretion with corneal stromal keratoctyes and corneal endothelial cells, this offers the possibility of differentiating PDLSC to these corneal cell types. The advance could lead to a shift in the medical management of corneal opacities and endothelial disorders from highly invasive corneal transplantation using limited donor tissue to cell therapy utilizing autologous cells. This article provides an overview of dental SC research and the perspective of utilizing dental SCs for ocular regenerative medicine.
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Li Q, Uygun BE, Geerts S, Ozer S, Scalf M, Gilpin SE, Ott HC, Yarmush ML, Smith LM, Welham NV, Frey BL. Proteomic analysis of naturally-sourced biological scaffolds. Biomaterials 2015; 75:37-46. [PMID: 26476196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge to the clinical implementation of decellularized scaffold-based tissue engineering lies in understanding the process of removing cells and immunogenic material from a donor tissue/organ while maintaining the biochemical and biophysical properties of the scaffold that will promote growth of newly seeded cells. Current criteria for evaluating whole organ decellularization are primarily based on nucleic acids, as they are easy to quantify and have been directly correlated to adverse host responses. However, numerous proteins cause immunogenic responses and thus should be measured directly to further understand and quantify the efficacy of decellularization. In addition, there has been increasing appreciation for the role of the various protein components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in directing cell growth and regulating organ function. We performed in-depth proteomic analysis on four types of biological scaffolds and identified a large number of both remnant cellular and ECM proteins. Measurements of individual protein abundances during the decellularization process revealed significant removal of numerous cellular proteins, but preservation of most structural matrix proteins. The observation that decellularized scaffolds still contain many cellular proteins, although at decreased abundance, indicates that elimination of DNA does not assure adequate removal of all cellular material. Thus, proteomic analysis provides crucial characterization of the decellularization process to create biological scaffolds for future tissue/organ replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sharon Geerts
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sinan Ozer
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark Scalf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sarah E Gilpin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Harald C Ott
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lloyd M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nathan V Welham
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Brian L Frey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Barczyk M, Bolstad AI, Gullberg D. Role of integrins in the periodontal ligament: organizers and facilitators. Periodontol 2000 2015; 63:29-47. [PMID: 23931052 PMCID: PMC3791550 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Towards unraveling the human tooth transcriptome: the dentome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124801. [PMID: 25849153 PMCID: PMC4388651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the study was to characterize the transcriptome profiles of human ameloblasts and odontoblasts, evaluate molecular pathways and advance our knowledge of the human "dentome". Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate odontoblasts and ameloblasts from human tooth buds (15-20week gestational age) from 4 fetuses. RNA was examined using Agilent 41k whole genome arrays at 2 different stages of enamel formation, presecretory and secretory. Probe detection was considered against the array negative control to control for background noise. Differential expression was examined using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) 4.0 between different cell types and developmental stages with a false discovery rate of 20%. Pathway analysis was conducted using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. We found that during primary tooth formation, odontoblasts expressed 14,802 genes, presecretory ameloblasts 15,179 genes and secretory ameloblasts 14,526 genes. Genes known to be active during tooth development for each cell type (eg COL1A1, AMELX) were shown to be expressed by our approach. Exploring further into the list of differentially expressed genes between the motile odontoblasts and non-motile presecretory ameloblasts we found several genes of interest that could be involved in cell movement (FN1, LUM, ASTN1). Furthermore, our analysis indicated that the Phospholipase C and ERK5 pathways, that are important for cell movement, were activated in the motile odontoblasts. In addition our pathway analysis identified WNT3A and TGFB1 as important upstream contributors. Recent studies implicate these genes in the development of Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. The utility of laser capture microdissection can be a valuable tool in the examination of specific tissues or cell populations present in human tooth buds. Advancing our knowledge of the human dentome and related molecular pathways provides new insights into the complex mechanisms regulating odontogenesis and biomineralization. This knowledge could prove useful in future studies of odontogenic related pathologies.
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Fibromodulin Enhances Angiogenesis during Cutaneous Wound Healing. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2015; 2:e275. [PMID: 25587509 PMCID: PMC4292257 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Fibromodulin (FMOD) plays a critical role in the wound-healing process. Our previous studies revealed that FMOD deficiency led to marked alterations in adult wound healing characterized by delayed dermal cell migration, postponed wound closure, and increased scar formation, all accompanied by impeded angiogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the effect of FMOD on angiogenesis during the wound-healing process. Methods: In vivo angiogenic effects of FMOD were assessed by a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay, a Matrigel (BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) plug implant assay, and rodent primary closure wound models. In vitro angiogenic effects of FMOD were recorded by cell invasion and dimensional and topological parameters of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Results: We provided evidence that FMOD significantly enhanced vascularization: first, FMOD boosted blood vessel formation on the chorioallantoic membrane; second, FMOD markedly stimulated capillary infiltration into Matrigel plugs subcutaneously implanted in adult mice; and finally, FMOD robustly promoted angiogenesis in multiple adult rodent cutaneous wound models. Furthermore, FMOD administration restored the vascularity of fmod−/− mouse wounds. In support of this, FMOD endorsed an angiogenesis-favored microenvironment in adult rodent wounds not only by upregulating angiogenic genes but also by downregulating angiostatic genes. In addition, FMOD significantly enhanced human umbilical vein endothelial cell invasion and tube-like structure formation in vitro. Conclusions: Altogether, we demonstrated that in addition to reducing scar formation, FMOD also promotes angiogenesis. As blood vessels organize and regulate wound healing, its potent angiogenic properties will further expand the clinical application of FMOD for cutaneous healing of poorly vascularized wounds.
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Kaku M, Yamauchi M. Mechano-regulation of collagen biosynthesis in periodontal ligament. J Prosthodont Res 2014; 58:193-207. [PMID: 25311991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) plays critical roles in the development and maintenance of periodontium such as tooth eruption and dissipation of masticatory force. The mechanical properties of PDL are mainly derived from fibrillar type I collagen, the most abundant extracellular component. The biosynthesis of type I collagen is a long, complex process including a number of intra- and extracellular post-translational modifications. The final modification step is the formation of covalent intra- and intermolecular cross-links that provide collagen fibrils with stability and connectivity. It is now clear that collagen post-translational modifications are regulated by groups of specific enzymes and associated molecules in a tissue-specific manner; and these modifications appear to change in response to mechanical force. This review focuses on the effect of mechanical loading on collagen biosynthesis and fibrillogenesis in PDL with emphasis on the post-translational modifications of collagens, which is an important molecular aspect to understand in the field of prosthetic dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kaku
- Division of Bioprosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Yamauchi
- North Carolina Oral Health Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Wang L, Foster BL, Kram V, Nociti FH, Zerfas PM, Tran AB, Young MF, Somerman MJ. Fibromodulin and Biglycan Modulate Periodontium through TGFβ/BMP Signaling. J Dent Res 2014; 93:780-7. [PMID: 24966230 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514541126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of the key regulators controlling periodontal development and homeostasis is necessary for the design of improved periodontal regenerative therapies. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are extracellular matrix molecules suggested to regulate collagen organization and cell signaling. Mice with double-deficiency of 2 SLRPs, fibromodulin and biglycan (dKO), acquire skeletal abnormalities, but their roles in regulating the periodontium remain undefined and were the focus of our studies. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed abnormal collagen fibrils in the periodontal ligament (PDL) and altered remodeling of alveolar bone in dKO mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed increased staining of SLRPs (asporin, lumican, and decorin) and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1, a mechanosensory/osteocyte marker), while osteoblast markers, bone sialoprotein and osteopontin, remained unchanged. Disruption of homeostasis was further evidenced by increased expression of receptor-activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and elevated numbers of osteoclasts, especially noted around the alveolar bone of molars (buccal side) and incisors. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array revealed hyperactive transforming growth factors beta/bone morphogenetic protein (TGFβ/BMP) signaling in dKO PDL tissues, which was further confirmed by elevated expression of phosphorylated Smad5 (p-Smad5) by IHC in dKO PDL. These studies highlight the importance of SLRPs in maintaining periodontal homeostasis through regulation of TGFβ/BMP signaling, matrix turnover, and collagen organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B L Foster
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V Kram
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F H Nociti
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA State University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - P M Zerfas
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A B Tran
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M F Young
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M J Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lim WH, Liu B, Cheng D, Williams BO, Mah SJ, Helms JA. Wnt signaling regulates homeostasis of the periodontal ligament. J Periodontal Res 2014; 49:751-9. [PMID: 24410666 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In health, the periodontal ligament maintains a constant width throughout an organism's lifetime. The molecular signals responsible for maintaining homeostatic control over the periodontal ligament are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Wnt signaling in this process by removing an essential chaperone protein, Wntless (Wls), from odontoblasts and cementoblasts, and observing the effects of Wnt depletion on cells of the periodontal complex. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Wnt responsive status of the periodontal complex was assessed using two strains of Wnt reporter mice: Axin2(LacZ/+) and Lgr5(LacZ/+) . The function of this endogenous Wnt signal was evaluated by conditionally eliminating the Wntless (Wls) gene using an osteocalcin Cre driver. The resulting OCN-Cre;Wls (fl/fl) mice were examined using micro-computed tomography and histology, immunohistochemical analyses for osteopontin, Runx2 and fibromodulin, in-situ hybridization for osterix and alkaline phosphatase activity. RESULTS The adult periodontal ligament is Wnt responsive. Elimination of Wnt signaling in the periodontal complex of OCN-Cre;Wls(fl/fl) mice resulted in a wider periodontal ligament space. This pathologically increased periodontal width is caused by a reduction in the expression of osteogenic genes and proteins, which results in thinner alveolar bone. A concomitant increase in fibrous tissue occupying the periodontal space was observed, along with a disruption in the orientation of the periodontal ligament. CONCLUSION The periodontal ligament is a Wnt-dependent tissue. Cells in the periodontal complex are Wnt responsive, and eliminating an essential component of the Wnt signaling network leads to a pathological widening of the periodontal ligament space. Osteogenic stimuli are reduced, and a disorganized fibrillary matrix results from the depletion of Wnt signaling. Collectively, these data underscore the importance of Wnt signaling in homeostasis of the periodontal ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Lim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Ho SP, Kurylo MP, Grandfield K, Hurng J, Herber RP, Ryder MI, Altoe V, Aloni S, Feng JQ, Webb S, Marshall GW, Curtis D, Andrews JC, Pianetta P. The plastic nature of the human bone-periodontal ligament-tooth fibrous joint. Bone 2013; 57:455-67. [PMID: 24063947 PMCID: PMC3938967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates bony protrusions within a narrowed periodontal ligament space (PDL-space) of a human bone-PDL-tooth fibrous joint by mapping structural, biochemical, and mechanical heterogeneity. Higher resolution structural characterization was achieved via complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM), nano-transmission X-ray microscopy (nano-TXM), and microtomography (MicroXCT™). Structural heterogeneity was correlated to biochemical and elemental composition, illustrated via histochemistry and microprobe X-ray fluorescence analysis (μ-XRF), and mechanical heterogeneity evaluated by AFM-based nanoindentation. Results demonstrated that the narrowed PDL-space was due to invasion of bundle bone (BB) into PDL-space. Protruded BB had a wider range with higher elastic modulus values (2-8GPa) compared to lamellar bone (0.8-6GPa), and increased quantities of Ca, P and Zn as revealed by μ-XRF. Interestingly, the hygroscopic 10-30μm interface between protruded BB and lamellar bone exhibited higher X-ray attenuation similar to cement lines and lamellae within bone. Localization of the small leucine rich proteoglycan biglycan (BGN) responsible for mineralization was observed at the PDL-bone interface and around the osteocyte lacunae. Based on these results, it can be argued that the LB-BB interface was the original site of PDL attachment, and that the genesis of protruded BB identified as protrusions occurred as a result of shift in strain. We emphasize the importance of bony protrusions within the context of organ function and that additional study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita P Ho
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Defects in tendon, ligament, and enthesis in response to genetic alterations in key proteoglycans and glycoproteins: a review. ARTHRITIS 2013; 2013:154812. [PMID: 24324885 PMCID: PMC3842050 DOI: 10.1155/2013/154812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the genetic alterations and knockdown approaches published in the literature to assess the role of key proteoglycans and glycoproteins in the structural development, function, and repair of tendon, ligament, and enthesis. The information was collected from (i) genetically altered mice, (ii) in vitro knockdown studies, (iii) genetic variants predisposition to injury, and (iv) human genetic diseases. The genes reviewed are for small leucine-rich proteoglycans (lumican, fibromodulin, biglycan, decorin, and asporin); dermatan sulfate epimerase (Dse) that alters structure of glycosaminoglycan and hence the function of small leucine-rich proteoglycans by converting glucuronic to iduronic acid; matricellular proteins (thrombospondin 2, secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (Sparc), periostin, and tenascin X) including human tenascin C variants; and others, such as tenomodulin, leukocyte cell derived chemotaxin 1 (chondromodulin-I, ChM-I), CD44 antigen (Cd44), lubricin (Prg4), and aggrecan degrading gene, a disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5 (Adamts5). Understanding these genes represents drug targets for disrupting pathological mechanisms that lead to tendinopathy, ligamentopathy, enthesopathy, enthesitis and tendon/ligament injury, that is, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
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Pedersen ME, Ytteborg E, Kohler A, Baeverfjord G, Enersen G, Ruyter B, Takle H, Hannesson KO. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans in the vertebrae of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 106:57-68. [PMID: 24062553 DOI: 10.3354/dao02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the distribution and expression of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) decorin, biglycan and lumican in vertebral columns of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. with and without radiographically detectable deformities. Vertebral deformities are a reoccurring problem in salmon and other intensively farmed species, and an understanding of the components involved in the pathologic development of the vertebrae is important in order to find adequate solutions to this problem. Using immunohistology and light microscopy, we found that in non-deformed vertebrae biglycan, lumican and decorin were all expressed in osteoblasts at the vertebral growth zones and at the ossification front of the chondrocytic arches. Hence, the SLRPs are expressed in regions where intramembranous and endochondral ossification take place. In addition, mRNA expression of biglycan, decorin and lumican was demonstrated in a primary osteoblast culture established from Atlantic salmon, supporting the in vivo findings. Transcription of the SLRPs increased during differentiation of the osteoblasts in vitro and where lumican mRNA expression increased later in the differentiation compared with decorin and biglycan. Intriguingly, in vertebral fusions, biglycan, decorin and lumican protein expression was extended to trans-differentiating cells at the border between arch centra and osteoblast growth zones. In addition, mRNA expression of biglycan, decorin and lumican differed between non-deformed and fused vertebrae, as shown by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Western blotting revealed an additional band of biglycan in fused vertebrae which had a higher molecular weight than in non-deformed vertebrae. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed more spectral focality in the endplates of vertebral fusions and significantly more non-reducible collagen crosslinks compared with non-deformed vertebrae, thus identifying differences in bone structure.
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Innovative technique for the direct determination of proteins in calcified aortic valves. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8781-7. [PMID: 23978938 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aortal valve mineralization very frequently causes a genesis of aortic stenosis, which is the most often surgically treated heart disease. Hydroxyapatite deposits have been identified as one of the causes leading to the loss of elasticity of the aortic valves. It is known that phosphates/calcium is accumulated in valve tissues during mineralization, but the mechanism of this process remains unclear. The work is focused mainly on the study of protein composition of mineralized aortic valves by nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization in a quadrupole orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry. New methodological approach based on direct enzymatic digestion of proteins contained in hydroxyapatite deposits was developed for the study of pathological processes connected with osteogenesis. Our objectives were to simplify the traditional analytical protocols of sample preparation and to analyze the organic components of the explanted aortic valves for significant degenerative aortic stenosis. The study of aortic valve mineralization on the molecular level should contribute to understanding this process, which should consequently lead to effective prevention as well as to new ways of treatment of this grave disease.
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Chen S, Birk DE. The regulatory roles of small leucine-rich proteoglycans in extracellular matrix assembly. FEBS J 2013; 280:2120-37. [PMID: 23331954 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are involved in a variety of biological and pathological processes. This review focuses on their regulatory roles in matrix assembly. SLRPs have protein cores and hypervariable glycosylation with multivalent binding abilities. During development, differential interactions of SLRPs with other molecules result in tissue-specific spatial and temporal distributions. The changing expression patterns play a critical role in the regulation of tissue-specific matrix assembly and therefore tissue function. SLRPs play significant structural roles within extracellular matrices. In addition, they play regulatory roles in collagen fibril growth, fibril organization and extracellular matrix assembly. Moreover, they are involved in mediating cell-matrix interactions. Abnormal SLRP expression and/or structures result in dysfunctional extracellular matrices and pathophysiology. Altered expression of SLRPs has been found in many disease models, and structural deficiency also causes altered matrix assembly. SLRPs regulate assembly of the extracellular matrix, which defines the microenvironment, modulating both the extracellular matrix and cellular functions, with an impact on tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA
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Maeda H, Wada N, Tomokiyo A, Monnouchi S, Akamine A. Prospective potency of TGF-β1 on maintenance and regeneration of periodontal tissue. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:283-367. [PMID: 23809439 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, central in the periodontium, plays crucial roles in sustaining tooth in the bone socket. Irreparable damages of this tissue provoke tooth loss, causing a decreased quality of life. The question arises as to how PDL tissue is maintained or how the lost PDL tissue can be regenerated. Stem cells included in PDL tissue (PDLSCs) are widely accepted to have the potential to maintain or regenerate the periodontium, but PDLSCs are very few in number. In recent studies, undifferentiated clonal human PDL cell lines were developed to elucidate the applicable potentials of PDLSCs for the periodontal regenerative medicine based on cell-based tissue engineering. In addition, it has been suggested that transforming growth factor-beta 1 is an eligible factor for the maintenance and regeneration of PDL tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Krishnan A, Li X, Kao WWY, Viker K, Butters K, Masuoka H, Knudsen B, Gores G, Charlton M. Lumican, an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, is a novel requisite for hepatic fibrosis. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1712-25. [PMID: 23007134 PMCID: PMC3810270 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumican, an extracellular matrix proteoglycan was previously shown to be upregulated with increasing severity of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although lumican is involved in collagen fibrillogenesis in extra-hepatic tissues, little is known about the role of lumican in hepatic disease. We therefore determined lumican expression in etiologies other than clinical NASH. Our results indicated that lumican is upregulated in clinical samples of hepatitis C virus infection, in experimental rodent models of chronic and acute liver injury and could additionally be induced in vitro in response to the pro-fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and to lipotoxic palmitic acid. Together, these results suggested a role for lumican in hepatic fibrosis. To investigate the functional role of lumican in hepatic fibrosis, lumican null (Null) and wild-type (WT) littermates were administered carbon tetrachloride intra-peritoneally. Serum and liver tissue were analyzed for indices of liver injury, fibrosis, matrix turnover, and proliferation. Hepatic fibrosis was greatly reduced in null animals (P<0.05). Paradoxically, gene expression of fibrosis-related genes such as TGFβ1 and collagen 1 was numerically higher in null animals though statistically insignificant from WT animals. On the other hand, α smooth muscle actin expression (α-SMA), a marker for activated fibroblasts, the main contributors of collagen production was significantly higher (P<0.05) in null animals as compared with WT littermates. Among the matrix metalloproteases (MMP), MMP13 was significantly increased (P<0.05) in null animals. Ultra-structural imaging indicated differences in the organization and spatial distribution of hepatic collagen fibrils of null and WT mice. Cell proliferation was significantly increased (P<0.05) in null animals. We conclude that lumican is a prerequisite for hepatic fibrosis. The protective effect of lumican deficiency in hepatic fibrosis appears to be downstream of collagen production and mediated through the combined effects of impaired collagen fibrillogenesis, increased matrix turnover, and an enhanced proliferative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Viker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kim Butters
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Howard Masuoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bruce Knudsen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael Charlton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Immunohistochemical composition of the human lunotriquetral interosseous ligament. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2012; 20:318-24. [PMID: 22505013 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31822a8fb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The human lunotriquetral ligament (LTL) is a functionally important intrinsic hand ligament, which is assumedly subjected to insertion angle changes at the entheses during movement. To clarify whether the current model of the ligament's mechanical environment is reflected in its structural composition, we determined the regional distribution of extracellular matrix-related antigens. METHODS The extracellular matrix was immunohistochemically investigated in 12 LTLs from both wrists of 6 human donors (Mean age: 60 y). RESULTS The dorsal, proximal, and volar portions of the ligament immunolabeled for type I, III collagen and versican. Both entheses labeled strongly for type II collagen, aggrecan, and link protein and were distinctly cartilaginous. The ligament midsubstance was positive for collagen II in 30%, for aggrecan in 40%, and for keratocan and lumican in 100% of specimens. In contrast, keratocan and lumican were absent from the fibrocartilaginous entheses and the articular cartilage. Ligament insertion at a carpal bone occurs either directly through fibrocartilage or indirectly through a bilayered configuration of fibrocartilage and hyaline-like cartilage. The hyaline-like cartilage is continuous with the neighboring articular cartilage. CONCLUSIONS The LTL has an extracellular matrix comparable with that of ligaments experiencing a combination of tensile and shear/compressive load at the attachment sites. All regions of the LTL exhibit fibrocartilaginous entheses; purely fibrous attachment sites are rare. The ligament midsubstance shows a more fibrous phenotype than the entheses and expresses keratocan and lumican, which previously have not been recorded in any human hand ligament.
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Orsini G, Ruggeri A, Mazzoni A, Nato F, Manzoli L, Putignano A, Di Lenarda R, Tjäderhane L, Breschi L. A review of the nature, role, and function of dentin non-collagenous proteins. Part 1: proteoglycans and glycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Effects of biglycan on physico-chemical properties of ligament-mineralized tissue attachment sites. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:177-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chamberlain CS, Crowley EM, Kobayashi H, Eliceiri KW, Vanderby R. Quantification of collagen organization and extracellular matrix factors within the healing ligament. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:779-87. [PMID: 21910939 PMCID: PMC3263369 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611011925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ligament healing of a grade III injury (i.e., a complete tear) involves a multifaceted chain of events that forms a neoligament, which is more scar-like in character than the native tissue. The remodeling process may last months or even years with the injured ligament never fully recovering pre-injury mechanical properties. With tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, understanding the normal healing process in ligament and quantifying it provide a basis to create and assess innovative treatments. Ligament fibroblasts produce a number of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagen types I and III, decorin and fibromodulin. Using a combination of advanced histology, molecular biology, and nonlinear optical imaging approaches, the early ECM events during ligament healing have been better characterized and defined. First, the dynamic changes in ECM factors after injury are shown. Second, the factors associated with creeping substitution are identified. Finally, a method to quantify collagen organization is developed and used. Each ECM factor described herein as well as the temporal quantification of fiber organization helps elucidate the complexity of ligament healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie S Chamberlain
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Chang PC, Chen Y, Lai MT, Chang HY, Huang CM, Liu HP, Lin WY, Lai CH, Sheu JJC, Tsai FJ. Association analysis of polymorphisms in lumican gene and systemic lupus erythematosus in a Taiwan Chinese Han population. J Rheumatol 2011; 38:2376-81. [PMID: 21885486 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lumican (LUM) is predominantly localized in areas of pathological fibrosis. To determine whether polymorphisms in LUM gene are associated with development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we analyzed 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of LUM in a Taiwan Chinese Han population. METHODS Participants included 168 patients with SLE and 192 age-matched controls in whom examinations had excluded SLE. Genotyping of -628 A/-(rs17018757) and c.1567 T/C polymorphisms in LUM were carried out in each patient and control using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method, and validated by Taqman SNP genotyping assay. Data were correlated with the development of SLE and various clinical symptoms by chi-square analysis. RESULTS Frequencies of C/C genotype and the C allele at c.1567 T/C were significantly higher in patients than controls. Polymorphism at c.1567 C/T was found to be associated with arthritis and photosensitivity in patients with SLE, which are both connective tissue-related symptoms. CONCLUSION The c.1567 T/C polymorphism of LUM is related to the development and clinical symptoms of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics, and Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chen S, Oldberg A, Chakravarti S, Birk DE. Fibromodulin regulates collagen fibrillogenesis during peripheral corneal development. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:844-54. [PMID: 20108350 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromodulin regulates collagen fibrillogenesis, but its existence/role(s) in the cornea is controversial. We hypothesize that fibromodulin regulates fibrillogenesis during postnatal development of the anterior eye. Fibromodulin is weakly expressed in the limbus at post-natal day (P) 4, increases and extends into the central cornea at P14, becomes restricted to the limbus at P30, and decreases at P60. This differential spatial and temporal expression of fibromodulin is coordinated with emmetropization; the developmental increase in axial length and globe size. Genetic analysis demonstrated that fibromodulin regulates fibrillogenesis in a region-specific manner. At the limbus, fibromodulin is dominant in regulating fibril growth during postnatal development. In the posterior peripheral cornea, cooperative interactions of fibromodulin and lumican regulate fibrillogenesis. These data indicate that fibromodulin plays important roles in the regulation of region-specific fibrillogenesis required for the integration of the corneal and scleral matrices and sulcus development required for establishment of the visual axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612-4799, USA
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Wen W, Chau E, Jackson-Boeters L, Elliott C, Daley TD, Hamilton DW. TGF-ß1 and FAK regulate periostin expression in PDL fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1439-43. [PMID: 20940356 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510378684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently identified as a key component of the murine periodontal ligament (PDL), periostin has been implicated in the regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis and fibroblast differentiation. We investigated whether periostin protein is expressed in the human PDL in situ and the mechanisms regulating periostin expression in PDL fibroblasts in vitro. With immunohistochemistry, periostin protein was identified in the PDL, with expression lower in teeth with reduced occlusal loading. In vitro application of uniaxial cyclic strain to PDL fibroblasts elevated periostin mRNA levels, depending on the age of the patient. Treatment with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) also significantly increased periostin mRNA levels, an effect attenuated by focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibition. FAK-null fibroblasts contained no detectable periostin mRNA, even after stimulation with cyclic strain. In conclusion, periostin protein is strongly expressed in the human PDL. In vitro, periostin mRNA levels are modulated by cyclic strain as well as TGF-β1 via FAK-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wen
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dental Sciences Building, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Komatsu K. Mechanical strength and viscoelastic response of the periodontal ligament in relation to structure. JOURNAL OF DENTAL BIOMECHANICS 2009; 2010. [PMID: 20948569 PMCID: PMC2951112 DOI: 10.4061/2010/502318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical strength of the periodontal ligament (PDL) was first measured as force required to extract a tooth from its socket using human specimens. Thereafter, tooth-PDL-bone preparations have extensively been used for measurement of the mechanical response of the PDL. In vitro treatments of such specimens with specific enzymes allowed one to investigate into the roles of the structural components in the mechanical support of the PDL. The viscoelastic responses of the PDL may be examined by analysis of the stress-relaxation. Video polarised microscopy suggested that the collagen molecules and fibrils in the stretched fibre bundles progressively align along the deformation direction during the relaxation. The stress-relaxation process of the PDL can be well expressed by a function with three exponential decay terms. Analysis after in vitro digestion of the collagen fibres by collagenase revealed that the collagen fibre components may play an important role in the long-term relaxation component of the stress-relaxation process of the PDL. The dynamic measurements of the viscoelastic properties of the PDL have recently suggested that the PDL can absorb more energy in compression than in shear and tension. These viscoelastic mechanisms of the PDL tissue could reduce the risk of injury to the PDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
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KRAJEWSKI ANNAC, BIESSEI JANINE, KUNZE MELANIE, MAERSCH S, PERABO LUCA, NOACK MICHAELJ. Influence of lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-6 on RANKL and OPG expression and release in human periodontal ligament cells. APMIS 2009; 117:746-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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