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Choi Y. Association of neutrophil defects with oral ulcers but undetermined role of neutrophils in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26740. [PMID: 38439826 PMCID: PMC10911260 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Recurrent oral ulcers and severe periodontal diseases in patients with quantitative or qualitative neutrophil defects highlight the important role of neutrophils in maintaining oral mucosal barrier homeostasis. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disease affecting up to 25% of the population, yet its etiopathogenesis remains unclear, and management is unsatisfactory. This review aims to gain insight into the pathogenesis of RAS. Design This narrative review examines the characteristics of oral and blood neutrophils, the associations between neutrophil defects and the occurrence of oral ulcers, and the evidence for the involvement of neutrophils in RAS. To conduct the review, relevant literature was searched in PubMed and Google Scholar, which was then thoroughly reviewed and critically appraised. Results Neutropenia, specifically a decrease in the number of oral neutrophils, impaired extravasation, and defective ROS production appear to be associated with oral ulcers, while defects in granule enzymes or NETosis are unlikely to have a link to oral ulcers. The review of the histopathology of RAS shows that neutrophils are concentrated in the denuded area but are latecomers to the scene and early leavers. However, the evidence for the involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of RAS is inconsistent, leading to the proposal of two different scenarios involving either impaired or hyperactive neutrophils in the pathogenesis of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tripathi AK, Singh J, Trivedi R, Ranade P. Shaping the Future of Antimicrobial Therapy: Harnessing the Power of Antimicrobial Peptides in Biomedical Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:539. [PMID: 37998108 PMCID: PMC10672284 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14110539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as a promising class of bioactive molecules with the potential to combat infections associated with medical implants and biomaterials. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of antimicrobial peptides in medical implants and biomaterials, along with their diverse clinical applications. The incorporation of AMPs into various medical implants and biomaterials has shown immense potential in mitigating biofilm formation and preventing implant-related infections. We review the latest advancements in biomedical sciences and discuss the AMPs that were immobilized successfully to enhance their efficacy and stability within the implant environment. We also highlight successful examples of AMP coatings for the treatment of surgical site infections (SSIs), contact lenses, dental applications, AMP-incorporated bone grafts, urinary tract infections (UTIs), medical implants, etc. Additionally, we discuss the potential challenges and prospects of AMPs in medical implants, such as effectiveness, instability and implant-related complications. We also discuss strategies that can be employed to overcome the limitations of AMP-coated biomaterials for prolonged longevity in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (R.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Jyotsana Singh
- Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Rucha Trivedi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (R.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Payal Ranade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (R.T.); (P.R.)
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Labossiere A, Ramsey M, Merritt J, Kreth J. Molecular commensalism-how to investigate underappreciated health-associated polymicrobial communities. mBio 2023; 14:e0134223. [PMID: 37754569 PMCID: PMC10653818 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01342-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of human commensal bacteria began with the first observation of prokaryotes >340 years ago. Since then, the study of human-associated microbes has been justifiably biased toward the study of infectious pathogens. However, the role of commensal microbes has in recent years begun to be understood with some appreciation of them as potential protectors of host health rather than bystanders. As our understanding of these valuable microbes grows, it highlights how much more remains to be learned about them and their roles in maintaining health. We note here that a thorough framework for the study of commensals, both in vivo and in vitro is overall lacking compared to well-developed methodologies for pathogens. The modification and application of methods for the study of pathogens can work well for the study of commensals but is not alone sufficient to properly characterize their relationships. This is because commensals live in homeostasis with the host and within complex communities. One difficulty is determining which commensals have a quantifiable impact on community structure and stability as well as host health, vs benign microbes that may indeed serve only as bystanders. Human microbiomes are composed of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. This review focuses particularly on oral bacteria, yet many of the principles of commensal impacts on host health observed in the mouth can translate well to other host sites. Here, we discuss the value of commensals, the shortcomings involved in model systems for their study, and some of the more notable impacts they have upon not only each other but host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Labossiere
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Matthew Ramsey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Justin Merritt
- Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Dentistry, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jens Kreth
- Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Dentistry, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Garcia de Carvalho G, Maquera-Huacho PM, Silva Pontes C, Annunzio SRD, Fontana Mendonça CR, Nara de Souza Rastelli A, de Oliveira KT, Teughels W, Chorilli M, Leal Zandim-Barcelos D, Palomari Spolidorio DM. Chlorin-e6 conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 loaded nanoemulsion enhances photodynamic therapy against multi-species biofilms related to periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103725. [PMID: 37500031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In our previous studies, Chlorin-e6 (Ce6) demonstrated a significant reduction of microorganisms' viability against multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis while irradiated with blue light. However, the conjugation of Ce6 and antimicrobial peptides, and the incorporation of this photosensitizer in a nanocarrier, is still poorly explored. We hypothesized that chlorin-e6 conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 loaded nanoemulsion could inhibit a multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis during photodynamic therapy (PDT), the pre-treatment with hydrogen peroxide was also tested. The nanoemulsion (NE) incorporated with Ce6 was characterized regarding the physiochemical parameters. Images were obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Later, the Ce6 and LL-37 incorporated in NE was submitted to UV-Vis analysis and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assay. Finally, the combined formulation (Ce6+LL-37 in nanoemulsion) was tested against multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis. The formed nanoformulation was kinetically stable, optically transparent with a relatively small droplet diameter (134.2 unloaded and 146.9 loaded), and weak light scattering. The NE system did not impact the standard UV-VIS spectra of Ce6, and the ROS production was improved while Ce6 was incorporated in the NE. The combination of Ce6 and LL-37 in NE was effective to reduce the viability of all bacteria tested. The treatment with hydrogen peroxide previous to PDT significantly impacted bacterial viability. The current aPDT regimen was the best already tested against periodontal biofilm by our research team. Our results suggest that this combined protocol must be exploited for clinical applications in localized infections such as periodontal disease. - Nanoemulsion demonstrated to be an excellent nanocarrier for photodynamic application. - Chlorin-e6 incorporated in nanoemulsion showed great physicochemical and biophotonic parameters. - The combination of chlorin-e6 and LL-37 peptide in nanoemulsion is effective to eliminate periodontal pathogenic bacteria. - The treatment with hydrogen peroxide previous to PDT significantly impacted bacterial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Silva Pontes
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Raquel de Annunzio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, International School of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prucsi Z, Zimny A, Płonczyńska A, Zubrzycka N, Potempa J, Sochalska M. Porphyromonas gingivalis Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase (PPAD) in the Context of the Feed-Forward Loop of Inflammation in Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12922. [PMID: 37629104 PMCID: PMC10454286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a widespread chronic inflammatory disease caused by a changed dysbiotic oral microbiome. Although multiple species and risk factors are associated with periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis has been identified as a keystone pathogen. The immune-modulatory function of P. gingivalis is well characterized, but the mechanism by which this bacterium secretes peptidyl arginine deiminase (PPAD), a protein/peptide citrullinating enzyme, thus contributing to the infinite feed-forward loop of inflammation, is not fully understood. To determine the functional role of citrullination in periodontitis, neutrophils were stimulated by P. gingivalis bearing wild-type PPAD and by a PPAD mutant strain lacking an active enzyme. Flow cytometry showed that PPAD contributed to prolonged neutrophil survival upon bacterial stimulation, accompanied by the secretion of aberrant IL-6 and TNF-α. To further assess the complex mechanism by which citrullination sustains a chronic inflammatory state, the ROS production and phagocytic activity of neutrophils were evaluated. Flow cytometry and colony formation assays showed that PPAD obstructs the resolution of inflammation by promoting neutrophil survival and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while enhancing the resilience of the bacteria to phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsombor Prucsi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zimny
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Płonczyńska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Zubrzycka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Maja Sochalska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Nakao R, Hirayama S, Yamaguchi T, Senpuku H, Hasegawa H, Suzuki T, Akeda Y, Ohnishi M. A bivalent outer membrane vesicle-based intranasal vaccine to prevent infection of periodontopathic bacteria. Vaccine 2023; 41:4369-4383. [PMID: 37302966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease has become a serious public health problem, not only causing tooth loss, but also inducing chronic disorders of extra-oral organs. The present study assessed an intranasal vaccine strategy to prevent periodontal disease using outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of two major periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). We compared the morphology, composition, and immune activity between OMVs of Pg strain ATCC 33277 and Aa strain Y4. Aa OMVs had a smoother surface and stronger lipid A activity compared to Pg OMVs. The in vitro immune activity elicited by Aa OMVs in macrophage-like cells was remarkably stronger than that of Pg OMVs. Intranasal immunization of mice with Aa OMVs alone resulted in robust, humoral immune responses in blood and saliva. Despites the intrinsically low mucosal immunogenicity of Pg OMVs alone, using Aa OMVs as a mucosal adjuvant strongly enhanced Pg-specific immune responses, resulting in both serum IgG and salivary IgA, both of which aggregated Pg and Aa cells. Furthermore, Aa OMVs were found to be a more potent mucosal adjuvant than Poly(I:C) in the context of enhancing the production of Pg-specific IgG (especially IgG2a) and IgA. In addition, in a randomized, blinded study, mice oral challenged with Pg and Aa after intranasal immunization with Pg OMVs and Aa OMVs had significantly decreased numbers of both microorganisms compared to mock-immunized mice. Furthermore, in an intracerebral injection mouse model, there were no serious adverse effects on the brain even after administrating a dose of OMVs as same as that used for intranasal administration. Taken together, the bivalent OMV intranasal vaccine may be effective in preventing colonization of periodontopathic bacteria in the oral cavity and related systemic disorders associated with periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Nakao
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Satoru Hirayama
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Kido JI, Hiroshima Y, Kido R, Yoshida K, Inagaki Y, Naruishi K, Kajimoto K, Kataoka M, Shinohara Y, Yumoto H. Lipocalin 2, synthesized using a cell-free protein synthesis system and encapsulated into liposomes, inhibits the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to human oral epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:262-273. [PMID: 36579753 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a glycoprotein expressed in epithelial cells and leukocytes, has an antibacterial effect and plays a role in innate immunity. The delivery of LCN2 encapsulated in liposomes to oral epithelium may be useful to prevent oral infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of LCN2, artificially synthesized using a cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system, on the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to oral epithelial cells in order to approach oral healthcare using LCN2. METHODS LCN 2 was synthesized using a CFPS system and assayed by Western blotting, mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The bilayer liposomes were prepared by the spontaneous transfer method using 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine (DOPC), 3-sn-phosphatidylcholine from Egg Yolk (Egg-PC), and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). The cellular and medium fractions derived from the culture of oral epithelial cells with liposome-encapsulated LCN2 were assayed by Western blotting and ELISA. The effect of the synthesized LCN2 on adhesion of the labeled P. gingivalis to oral epithelial cells was investigated as an evaluation of its antibacterial activity. RESULTS The synthesized LCN2 protein was identified by Western blotting; its amino acid sequence was similar to that of recombinant LCN2 protein. The additions of DOPE and octa-arginine in the outer lipid-layer components of liposome significantly increased the delivery of liposomes to epithelial cells. When oral epithelial cells were cultured with the synthesized and liposome-encapsulated LCN2, LCN2 was identified in the cellular and medium fractions by Western blotting and its concentration in the cellular fraction from the culture with the synthesized LCN2 was significantly higher than that of a template DNA-free protein. The synthesized LCN2 and liposome-encapsulated LCN2 significantly inhibited the adhesion of P. gingivalis to oral epithelial cells compared with template DNA-free protein. CONCLUSION LCN2 was artificially synthesized by a CFPS system, encapsulated in liposomes, and delivered to oral epithelial cells, and demonstrated an antibacterial action against P. gingivalis. This approach may become a useful model for oral healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuka Hiroshima
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rie Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral Healthcare Education, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koji Naruishi
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kajimoto
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Yaneva Z, Ivanova D, Nikolova N, Toneva M. Organic dyes in contemporary medicinal chemistry and biomedicine. I. From the chromophore to the bioimaging/bioassay agent. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2039077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zvezdelina Yaneva
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Donika Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Nevena Nikolova
- Ecology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Monika Toneva
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Luong AD, Buzid A, Luong JHT. Important Roles and Potential Uses of Natural and Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) in Oral Diseases: Cavity, Periodontal Disease, and Thrush. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040175. [PMID: 36278644 PMCID: PMC9589978 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous epithelial cells and sometimes leukocytes release AMPs as their first line of defense. AMPs encompass cationic histatins, defensins, and cathelicidin to encounter oral pathogens with minimal resistance. However, their concentrations are significantly below the effective levels and AMPs are unstable under physiological conditions due to proteolysis, acid hydrolysis, and salt effects. In parallel to a search for more effective AMPs from natural sources, considerable efforts have focused on synthetic stable and low-cytotoxicy AMPs with significant activities against microorganisms. Using natural AMP templates, various attempts have been used to synthesize sAMPs with different charges, hydrophobicity, chain length, amino acid sequence, and amphipathicity. Thus far, sAMPs have been designed to target Streptococcus mutans and other common oral pathogens. Apart from sAMPs with antifungal activities against Candida albicans, future endeavors should focus on sAMPs with capabilities to promote remineralization and antibacterial adhesion. Delivery systems using nanomaterials and biomolecules are promising to stabilize, reduce cytotoxicity, and improve the antimicrobial activities of AMPs against oral pathogens. Nanostructured AMPs will soon become a viable alternative to antibiotics due to their antimicrobial mechanisms, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, low drug residue, and ease of synthesis and modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Donald Luong
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Alyah Buzid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - John H. T. Luong
- School of Chemistry and Analytical & Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence: or
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Cathelicidin LL-37 in Health and Diseases of the Oral Cavity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051086. [PMID: 35625823 PMCID: PMC9138798 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for maintaining oral cavity homeostasis are subject to the constant influence of many environmental factors, including various chemicals and microorganisms. Most of them act directly on the oral mucosa, which is the mechanical and immune barrier of the oral cavity, and such interaction might lead to the development of various oral pathologies and systemic diseases. Two important players in maintaining oral health or developing oral pathology are the oral microbiota and various immune molecules that are involved in controlling its quantitative and qualitative composition. The LL-37 peptide is an important molecule that upon release from human cathelicidin (hCAP-18) can directly perform antimicrobial action after insertion into surface structures of microorganisms and immunomodulatory function as an agonist of different cell membrane receptors. Oral LL-37 expression is an important factor in oral homeostasis that maintains the physiological microbiota but is also involved in the development of oral dysbiosis, infectious diseases (including viral, bacterial, and fungal infections), autoimmune diseases, and oral carcinomas. This peptide has also been proposed as a marker of inflammation severity and treatment outcome.
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Nguyen L, Gonzalez OA. Gingival Transcriptome of Innate Antimicrobial Factors and the Oral Microbiome With Aging and Periodontitis. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:817249. [PMID: 35330821 PMCID: PMC8940521 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.817249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial barrier at mucosal sites comprises an important mechanical protective feature of innate immunity, and is intimately involved in communicating signals of infection/tissue damage to inflammatory and immune cells in these local environments. A wide array of antimicrobial factors (AMF) exist at mucosal sites and in secretions that contribute to this innate immunity. A non-human primate model of ligature-induced periodontitis was used to explore characteristics of the antimicrobial factor transcriptome (n = 114 genes) of gingival biopsies in health, initiation and progression of periodontal lesions, and in samples with clinical resolution. Age effects and relationship of AMF to the dominant members of the oral microbiome were also evaluated. AMF could be stratified into 4 groups with high (n = 22), intermediate (n = 29), low (n = 18) and very low (n = 45) expression in healthy adult tissues. A subset of AMF were altered in healthy young, adolescent and aged samples compared with adults (e.g., APP, CCL28, DEFB113, DEFB126, FLG2, PRH1) and were affected across multiple age groups. With disease, a greater number of the AMF genes were affected in the adult and aged samples with skewing toward decreased expression, for example WDC12, PGLYRP3, FLG2, DEFB128, and DEF4A/B, with multiple age groups. Few of the AMF genes showed a >2-fold increase with disease in any age group. Selected AMF exhibited significant positive correlations across the array of AMF that varied in health and disease. In contrast, a rather limited number of the AMF significantly correlated with members of the microbiome; most prominent in healthy samples. These correlated microbes were different in younger and older samples and differed in health, disease and resolution samples. The findings supported effects of age on the expression of AMF genes in healthy gingival tissues showing a relationship to members of the oral microbiome. Furthermore, a dynamic expression of AMF genes was related to the disease process and showed similarities across the age groups, except for low/very low expressed genes that were unaffected in young samples. Targeted assessment of AMF members from this large array may provide insight into differences in disease risk and biomolecules that provide some discernment of early transition to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey L. Ebersole
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Octavio A. Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Abstract
Causes of the progression of periodontitis such as an imbalance between the immune response by the host by the release of inflammatory mediators in the response of the oral pathogenic dysbiotic biofilm have been identified. New insights on specific cell signaling pathways that appear during periodontitis have attracted the attention of researchers in the study of new personalised approaches for the treatment of periodontitis. The gold standard of non-surgical therapy of periodontitis involves the removal of supra and subgingival biofilm through professional scaling and root planing (SRP) and oral hygiene instructions. In order to improve periodontal clinical outcomes and overcome the limitations of traditional SRP, additional adjuvants have been developed in recent decades, including local or systemic antibiotics, antiseptics, probiotics, anti-inflammatory and anti-resorptive drugs and host modulation therapies. This review is aimed to update the current and recent evolution of therapies of management of periodontitis based on the adjunctive and target therapies. Moreover, we discuss the advances in host modulation of periodontitis and the impact of targeting epigenetic mechanisms approaches for a personalised therapeutic success in the management of periodontitis. In conclusion, the future goal in periodontology will be to combine and personalise the periodontal treatments to the colonising microbial profile and to the specific response of the individual patient.
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Caiaffa KS, Dos Santos VR, Abuna GF, Santos-Filho NA, Cilli EM, Sakai VT, Cintra LTA, Duque C. Cytocompatibility and Synergy of EGCG and Cationic Peptides Against Bacteria Related to Endodontic Infections, in Planktonic and Biofilm Conditions. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1808-1819. [PMID: 34402021 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the cytocompatibility and antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) associated with peptide LL-37 and its analogue KR-12-a5 against oral pathogens. The effect of the compounds on metabolism of fibroblasts was evaluated by methyltetrazolium assays. Antimicrobial activity of the compounds was evaluated on Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces israelii, and Fusobacterium nucleatum under planktonic conditions, on single- and dual-species biofilms and E. faecalis biofilms in dentinal tubules and analyzed by bacterial counts and confocal microscopy. Data were statistically analyzed considering p < 0.05. EGCG and peptide combinations were not toxic to fibroblasts. KR-12-a5 showed synergistic or addictive effects with EGCG and LL-37 against all bacteria tested. However, EGCG associated with KR-12-a5 demonstrated the highest bactericidal activity on all bacteria tested, at lower concentrations. In single-species biofilms, EGCG + KR-12-a5 eliminated S. mutans and A. israelii and reduced E. faecalis and F. nucleatum counts around 5 log CFU/mL. EGCG + KR-12-a5 reduced E. faecalis (-3.93 log CFU/mL) and eliminated S. mutans in dual-species biofilms. No growth of E. faecalis and significant reduction in A. israelii (-6.24 log CFU/mL) and F. nucleatum (-4.62 log CFU/mL) counts were detected in dual-species biofilms. The combination of EGCG and KR-12-a5 led to 88% of E. faecalis dead cells inside dentin tubules. The association of EGCG and KR-12-a5 was cytocompatible and promoted synergistic effect against biofilms of bacteria associated with endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sampaio Caiaffa
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Flores Abuna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, São Paulo State University - Institute of Chemistry (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, São Paulo State University - Institute of Chemistry (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivien Thiemy Sakai
- Department of Clinics and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Duque
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Aidoukovitch A, Bankell E, Davies JR, Nilsson BO. Exogenous LL-37 but not homogenates of desquamated oral epithelial cells shows activity against Streptococcus mutans. Acta Odontol Scand 2021; 79:466-472. [PMID: 33687301 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1892180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antimicrobial peptide hCAP18/LL-37 is detected in desquamated epithelial cells of human whole saliva, but the functional importance of this pool of hCAP18/LL-37 is not understood. Here, we assess the impact of homogenates of desquamated oral epithelial cells and exogenous, synthetic LL-37 on two oral bacteria: S. mutans and S. gordonii. MATERIAL AND METHODS Desquamated epithelial cells of unstimulated whole saliva were isolated and cellular and extracellular levels of hCAP18/LL-37 analyzed by ELISA. Bacterial viability was determined by BacLight Live/Dead staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Desquamated oral epithelial cells harboured hCAP18/LL-37, and they spontaneously released/leaked the peptide to their medium. Exogenous, synthetic LL-37 showed cytotoxic activity against S. mutans but not S gordonii, suggesting that LL-37 acts differentially on these two types of oral bacteria. Homogenates of desquamated oral epithelial cells had no effect on S. mutans viability. Treatment with exogenous, synthetic LL-37 (8 and 10 μM) reduced S. mutans viability, whereas lower concentrations (0.1 and 1 µM) of the peptide lacked effect. CONCLUSIONS Desquamated oral epithelial cells contain hCAP18/LL-37, but their cellular levels of hCAP18/LL-37 are too low to affect S. mutans viability, whereas exogenous, synthetic LL-37 has a strong effect on these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Aidoukovitch
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Folktandvården Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Bankell
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia R. Davies
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology and Biofilms – Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bengt-Olof Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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15
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Assane IM, Santos-Filho NA, de Sousa EL, de Arruda Brasil MCO, Cilli EM, Pilarski F. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of synthetic peptides alone or in combination with conventional antimicrobials against fish pathogenic bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1762-1774. [PMID: 33742508 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and efficacy of synthetic host defence peptides (HDPs), alone or in combination with florfenicol (FFC), oxytetracycline (OTC) or thiamphenicol (TAP), against different pathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased fish. METHODS AND RESULTS Solid-phase synthesis, purification and characterization of several HDPs were performed manually, using the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl protecting group in different resins and via high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of HDPs, FFC, OTC and TAP against Nile tilapia red blood cells (RBCs) and relevant fish pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Vibrio) was determined using the haemolysis assay and broth microdilution method, respectively. The checkerboard assay was used to evaluate the synergy between the most active HDPs and other antimicrobials against the tested strains. MUC 7 12-mer, FFC, OTC and TAP were not cytotoxic to Nile tilapia RBCs, in all tested concentrations. LL-37, (p-BthTX-I)2 and Hylin-a1 were not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 78·13, 19·53 and 9·77 μg ml-1 , respectively. HDPs demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration ≤31·25 µg ml-1 ) against Aeromonas jandaei (KR-12-a5), Citrobacter freundii (Kr-12-a5; (p-BthTX-I)2 ; LL-37; and Hylin a1), Streptococcus agalactiae (Hylin a1; (p-BthTX-I)2 and LL-37), Lactococcus garviae (Hylin a1), and Vibrio fluvialis (KR-12-a5). The combinations of (p-BthTX-I)2 with TAP and LL-37 with FFC showed synergistic activity against C. freundii (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0·25 and 0·50, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Synthetic HDPs have the potential as a good treatment option for bacterial diseases in aquaculture. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The in vivo effectiveness of synthetic HDPs such as KR-12-a5; LL-37; (p-BthTX-I)2 and Hylin a1 can be tested alone or in combination with conventional antimicrobials as a treatment option to reduce the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Assane
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Zambeze (UniZambeze), Tete, Mozambique
| | - N A Santos-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Technological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Registro Experimental Campus, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E L de Sousa
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C O de Arruda Brasil
- Department of Biochemistry and Technological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E M Cilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Technological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Pilarski
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Aquatic Organisms, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aquaculture Center of Unesp (Caunesp), São Paulo, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Shiraishi Y, Kryukov K, Tomomatsu K, Sakamaki F, Inoue S, Nakagawa S, Imanishi T, Asano K. Diagnosis of pleural empyema/parapneumonic effusion by next-generation sequencing. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53:450-459. [PMID: 33689538 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1892178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a microbiological diagnosis of pleural infection is clinically important, it is often complicated by prior antibiotic treatment and/or difficulties with culturing some bacterial species. Therefore, we aimed to identify probable causative bacteria in pleural empyema/parapneumonic effusions by combining 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHODS Pleural fluids were collected from 19 patients with infectious effusions and nine patients with non-infectious malignant effusions. We analysed DNA extracted from the pleural fluid supernatant by NGS using the Genome Search Toolkit and GenomeSync database, either directly or after PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Infectious and non-infectious effusions were distinguished by semi-quantitative PCR of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS Only 8 (42%) effusions were culture-positive, however, NGS of the 16S rRNA gene amplicon identified 14 anaerobes and 7 aerobes/facultative anaerobes in all patients, including Streptococcus sp. (n = 6), Fusobacterium sp. (n = 5), Porphyromonas sp. (n = 5), and Prevotella sp. (n = 4), accounting for >10% of the total genomes. The culture and NGS results were discordant for 3 out of 8 patients, all of whom had previously been treated with antibiotics. Total (2ΔCT value in semi-quantitative PCR of the 16S rRNA gene) and specific (total bacterial load multiplied by the proportion of primary bacteria in NGS) bacterial loads could efficiently distinguish empyema/parapneumonic effusion from non-infectious effusion. CONCLUSION Combining NGS with semi-quantitative PCR can facilitate the diagnosis of pleural empyema/parapneumonic effusion and its causal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Shiraishi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kirill Kryukov
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Tomomatsu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakamaki
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Inoue
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - So Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Imanishi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Koichiro Asano
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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17
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Wuersching SN, Huth KC, Hickel R, Kollmuss M. Inhibitory effect of LL-37 and human lactoferricin on growth and biofilm formation of anaerobes associated with oral diseases. Anaerobe 2020; 67:102301. [PMID: 33249255 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the antimicrobial peptides (AMP) LL-37 and human Lactoferricin (LfcinH) on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of oral pathogenic anaerobes related to caries and periodontitis. Multi-species bacterial suspensions of either facultative anaerobic bacteria (FAB: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Actinomyces naeslundii) or obligate anaerobic bacteria (OAB: Veillonella parvula, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum) were incubated with different concentrations of AMP solutions for 8 h. Planktonic growth was registered with an ATP-based cell viability assay for FAB and via plate counting for OAB. Biofilms were grown on ZrO2 discs for 4 days in a mixture of the multi-species bacterial suspensions and AMP solutions. Biofilm mass was quantified using a microtiter plate biofilm assay with crystal violet staining. An overall planktonic growth inhibition and biofilm mass reduction of FAB and OAB was registered for LL-37 and LfcinH. Significant inhibitory threshold concentrations of LL-37 were observed in all experiments (p < 0.0001). No significant threshold was observed for LfcinH. Biofilm mass of OAB was barely reduced by LfcinH. The complete mechanisms of the AMPs are not fully understood yet. While LL-37 shows promising features as potential therapeutic for biofilm-associated oral diseases, LfcinH seems unsuitable for this particular indication. For clinical AMP use, further investigations will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Noreen Wuersching
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Christine Huth
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kollmuss
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Enigk K, Jentsch H, Rodloff AC, Eschrich K, Stingu CS. Activity of five antimicrobial peptides against periodontal as well as non-periodontal pathogenic strains. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1829405. [PMID: 33133417 PMCID: PMC7580719 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1829405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to the increasing emergence of multi-resistant bacteria the search for alternative antimicrobial substances is of high interest. Promising agents are antimicrobial peptides which are host defense molecules of the innate immune system in a wide range of different species. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the activity of nisin, melittin, lactoferrin, parasin-1 and LL-37 against 35 oral bacteria and Candida albicans employing the gold standard method for anaerobic susceptibility testing. Methods: The activity of the peptides was determined by an agar dilution method under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The test media contained final peptide concentrations between 0.125 µg/ml and 8 µg/ml (melittin, lactoferrin, parasin-1, LL-37) and between 0.125 µg/ml and 128 µg/ml (nisin). Results: Nisin completely inhibited the growth of Megasphaera sp., Bifidobacterium longum, Parvimonas micra, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Prevotella intermedia, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus and Staphylococcus aureus. Melittin and lactoferrin reduced the growth of Megasphaera sp., P. micra, B. longum (melittin) and Selenomonas flueggei (lactoferrin). Parasin-1 and LL-37 showed no activity. Conclusion: AMPs, especially nisin and to a smaller degree lactoferrin, might be promising alternatives to antibiotics because of their antimicrobial activity, high resistance to environmental conditions and partially low costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Enigk
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Jentsch
- Center for Periodontology, Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arne C. Rodloff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Eschrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catalina-Suzana Stingu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Nilsson BO. What can we learn about functional importance of human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in the oral environment from severe congenital neutropenia (Kostmann disease)? Peptides 2020; 128:170311. [PMID: 32278809 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is produced by neutrophils and epithelial cells, and the peptide can be detected in plasma as well as saliva. LL-37 is active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including oral pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans. Besides its antimicrobial properties, LL-37 modulates the innate immune system, and furthermore, it also affects host cell viability. Although, both structural and functional properties of LL-37 have been extensively investigated, its physiological/pathophysiological importance in-vivo is not completely understood. In this review, Kostmann disease (morbus Kostmann) is highlighted since it may represent a LL-37 knockdown model which can provide new important information and insights about the functional role of LL-37 in the human in-vivo setting. Patients with Kostmann disease suffer from neutropenia, and although they are treated with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to normalize their levels of neutrophils, they lack or have very low levels of LL-37 in plasma, saliva and neutrophils. Interestingly, these patients suffer from severe periodontal disease, linking LL-37-deficiency to oral infections. Thus, LL-37 seems to play an important pathophysiological role in the oral environment antagonizing oral pathogens and thereby prevents oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt-Olof Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D12, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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20
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Aidoukovitch A, Dahl S, Fält F, Nebel D, Svensson D, Tufvesson E, Nilsson B. Antimicrobial peptide LL‐37 and its pro‐form, hCAP18, in desquamated epithelial cells of human whole saliva. Eur J Oral Sci 2019; 128:1-6. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Aidoukovitch
- Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Lund Sweden
- Folktandvården Skåne Lund Sweden
| | - Sara Dahl
- Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Felicia Fält
- Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Daniel Nebel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Daniel Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Lund Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institute Solna Sweden
| | - Ellen Tufvesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Lund University Lund Sweden
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21
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Caiaffa KS, Basso FG, Santos-Filho NA, de Souza-Costa CA, Sakai VT, Cilli EM, Duque C. Effect of analogues of cationic peptides on dentin mineralization markers in odontoblast-like cells. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 103:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Menzel LP, Ruddick W, Chowdhury MH, Brice DC, Clance R, Porcelli E, Ryan LK, Lee J, Yilmaz Ö, Kirkwood KL, McMahon L, Tran A, Diamond G. Activation of vitamin D in the gingival epithelium and its role in gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:444-452. [PMID: 30802957 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Both chronic and aggressive periodontal disease are associated with vitamin D deficiency. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2 D3 , induces the expression of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and innate immune mediators in cultured human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). The aim of this study was to further delineate the mechanism by which vitamin D enhances the innate defense against the development of periodontal disease (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild-type C57Bl/6 mice were made deficient in vitamin D by dietary restriction. Cultured primary and immortalized GEC were stimulated with 1,25(OH)2 D3 , followed by infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, and viable intracellular bacteria were quantified. Conversion of vitamin D3 to 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 was quantified by ELISA. Effect of vitamin D on basal IL-1α expression in mice was determined by topical administration to the gingiva of wild-type mice, followed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Dietary restriction of vitamin D led to alveolar bone loss and increased inflammation in the gingiva in the mouse model. In primary human GEC and established human cell lines, treatment of GEC with 1,25(OH)2 D3 inhibited the intracellular growth of P. gingivalis. Cultured GEC expressed two 25-hydroxylases (CYP27A1 and CYP2R1), as well as 1-α hydroxylase, enabling conversion of vitamin D to both 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 . Topical application of both vitamin D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 to the gingiva of mice led to rapid inhibition of IL-1α expression, a prominent pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with inflammation, which also exhibited more than a 2-fold decrease from basal levels in OKF6/TERT1 cells upon 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment, as determined by RNA-seq. CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency in mice contributes to PD, recapitulating the association seen in humans, and provides a unique model to study the development of PD. Vitamin D increases the activity of GEC against the invasion of periodontal pathogens and inhibits the inflammatory response, both in vitro and in vivo. GEC can convert inactive vitamin D to the active form in situ, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D can be applied directly to the gingiva to prevent or treat periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo P Menzel
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Willam Ruddick
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - David C Brice
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ryan Clance
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emily Porcelli
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lisa K Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Keith L Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Laura McMahon
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Amy Tran
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Dental School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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23
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Novel Assay To Characterize Neutrophil Responses to Oral Biofilms. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00790-18. [PMID: 30455195 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00790-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most numerous leukocytes, play an important role in maintaining oral health through interactions with oral microbial biofilms. Both neutrophil hyperactivity and the bacterial subversion of neutrophil responses can cause inflammation-mediated tissue damage like that seen in periodontal disease. We describe here an assay that assesses neutrophil activation responses to monospecies biofilm bacteria in vitro based on the surface expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers associated with various neutrophil functions. Most of what we know about neutrophil responses to bacteria is based on in vitro assays that use planktonic bacteria and isolated/preactivated neutrophils, which makes interpretation of the neutrophil responses to bacteria a challenge. An understanding of how neutrophils differentially interact with and respond to commensal and pathogenic oral bacteria is necessary in order to further understand the neutrophil's role in maintaining oral health and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In this study, a flow cytometry-based in vitro assay was developed to characterize neutrophil activation states based on CD marker expressions in response to oral monospecies bacterial biofilms. Using this approach, changes in CD marker expressions in response to specific prominent oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria were assayed. Several functional assays, including assays for phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, activation of the transcription factor Nrf2, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and myeloperoxidase release, were also performed to correlate neutrophil function with CD marker expression. Our results demonstrate that neutrophils display bacterial species-specific responses. This assay can be used to characterize how specific biofilms alter specific neutrophil pathways associated with their activation.
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Gupta S, Bhatia G, Sharma A, Saxena S. Host defense peptides: An insight into the antimicrobial world. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:239-244. [PMID: 30158778 PMCID: PMC6097362 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_113_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A serious challenge to antimicrobial therapies has emerged due to rapid increase in drug-resistant infections creating an urge for the development of alternative therapeutics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained importance because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and mediator-like functions linking innate and adaptive immune responses. The multidimensional properties of these peptides hold promising potentials as prophylactic and antimicrobial agents. This review discusses various AMPs and their role in combating microorganisms and infections along with its clinical implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Gupta
- Department of Periodontology, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, India
| | - Gouri Bhatia
- Department of Periodontology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anamika Sharma
- Department of Periodontology, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, India
| | - Sameer Saxena
- Department of Periodontology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Svensson D, Aidoukovitch A, Anders E, Agerberth B, Andersson F, Ekblad E, Ericson D, Nebel D, Voss U, Nilsson BO. The host defense peptide LL-37 is detected in human parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva and expressed in glandular neutrophils. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126:93-100. [PMID: 29424090 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The human host defense peptide, LL-37, is an important player in the first line of defense against invading microorganisms. LL-37 and its precursor, hCAP18, have been detected in unstimulated whole saliva but no reports showing hCAP18/LL-37 in isolated, parotid, and/or submandibular/sublingual saliva have been presented. Here, we measured the levels of hCAP18/LL-37 in human parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva and investigated the expression of hCAP18/LL-37 in parotid and submandibular gland tissue. Parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva was collected from healthy volunteers, and the levels of hCAP18/LL-37 in saliva were analyzed by dot blot, ELISA, and western blotting. Cellular expression of hCAP18/LL-37 in human parotid and submandibular glands was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity for hCAP18/LL-37 was detected in both parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva of all individuals. The concentration of hCAP18/LL-37 was similar in parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva, and was determined by densitometric scanning of each dot and normalization to the total protein concentration of each sample, and by ELISA. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that intravascular neutrophils of both parotid and submandibular glands express hCAP18/LL-37. For the first time, we demonstrate hCAP18/LL-37 in isolated human parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva and expression of hCAP18/LL-37 in glandular intravascular neutrophils, indicating that neutrophils of the major salivary glands contribute to the LL-37 content of whole saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Aidoukovitch
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Folktandvården Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emma Anders
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Andersson
- Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Department of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Ekblad
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dan Ericson
- Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nebel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrikke Voss
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt-Olof Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sensitivity of caries pathogens to antimicrobial peptides related to caries risk. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2519-2525. [PMID: 29372443 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent important facets of the immune system controlling infectious diseases. However, pathogens show varying susceptibilities to AMPs. This study investigates the susceptibilities of strains of Streptococcus mutans (SM), Actinomyces naeslundii (AN), and Lactobacillus spp. (LB) towards AMPs and if there are correlations between the appearance of such high-risk strains and clinical caries status. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plaque samples were collected from patients along with clinical examinations. Bacterial strains were identified via selective media, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis-time of flight (MALDI-TOF), and arbitrary-primed-PCR (AP-PCR). Each strain was tested for susceptibility to LL-37, HBD-2, HNP-1, and HNP-3 or phosphate-buffered saline as negative control in a biofilm model on hydroxylapatite discs. Survival rates and resulting risk classification for each strain were determined. Correlations were calculated between the number of high-risk strains (all/S. mutans) appearing in patients and their clinical caries status. RESULTS Forty-seven patients were included with mean DMFT values of 11.4 ± 8.7. A total of 8 different SM, 30 LB, and 47 AN strains were detected. One-way ANOVA indicated that type/concentration of AMPs had major influence on reductions of Lactobacilli and Actinomyces. Seventeen strains of AN, 2 of SM, and 6 of LB had low susceptibilities to AMPs. The number of such strains in patients showed significant positive correlations to the DMFT values (all p = 0.001; r = 0.452; S. mutans p < 0.0001, r = 0.558). CONCLUSION The occurrence of low susceptible strains to AMPs seems to correlate with the individual caries status. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results may lead to new ways to identify individuals with increased caries risk.
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Torres SMF, Furrow E, Souza CP, Granick JL, de Jong EP, Griffin TJ, Wang X. Salivary proteomics of healthy dogs: An in depth catalog. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191307. [PMID: 29329347 PMCID: PMC5766244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To provide an in-depth catalog of the salivary proteome and endogenous peptidome of healthy dogs, evaluate proteins and peptides with antimicrobial properties, and compare the most common salivary proteins and peptides between different breed phylogeny groups. Methods 36 healthy dogs without evidence of periodontal disease representing four breed phylogeny groups, based upon single nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes (ancient, herding/sighthound, and two miscellaneous groups). Saliva collected from dogs was pooled by phylogeny group and analyzed using nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Resulting tandem mass spectra were compared to databases for identification of endogenous peptides and inferred proteins. Results 2,491 proteins and endogenous peptides were found in the saliva of healthy dogs with no periodontal disease. All dog phylogeny groups’ saliva was rich in proteins and peptides with antimicrobial functions. The ancient breeds group was distinct in that it contained unique proteins and was missing many proteins and peptides present in the other groups. Conclusions and clinical relevance Using a sophisticated nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we were able to identify 10-fold more salivary proteins than previously reported in dogs. Seven of the top 10 most abundant proteins or peptides serve immune functions and many more with various antimicrobial mechanisms were found. This is the most comprehensive analysis of healthy canine saliva to date, and will provide the groundwork for future studies analyzing salivary proteins and endogenous peptides in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M. F. Torres
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Furrow
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Clarissa P. Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Granick
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ebbing P. de Jong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biochemistry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Eivazi M, Falahi N, Eivazi N, Eivazi MA, Raygani AV, Rezaei F. The Effect of Scaling and Root Planning on Salivary TNF-α and IL-1α Concentrations in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. Open Dent J 2017; 11:573-580. [PMID: 29238418 PMCID: PMC5712651 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is one of the main diseases in the oral cavity that causes tooth loss. The host immune response and inflammatory factors have important role in periodontal tissue. The current study was done with the objective to determine the effect of scaling and root planning on the salivary concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1-alpha (IL-1α). METHODS In this quasi-experimental clinical trial, 29 patients with chronic periodontitis and 29 healthy subjects without periodontitis were studied. Clinical examination findings and salivary TNF-α and IL-1α (using ELISA method) were compared before and after scaling, root planning. RESULTS Before starting treatment, salivary TNF-α and IL-1α concentrations were higher in healthy control group than in periodontitis group (P< 0.05). Non-surgical treatment increased the concentration of these two biomarkers in the saliva. However, increase in IL-1α concentration was not statistically significant (P= 0.056). There was a negative relationship between TNF-α and IL-1α levels with pocket depth and attachment loss (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION Scaling and root planning improved periodontal disease indices and salivary TNF-α and IL-1α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoome Eivazi
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Negar Falahi
- School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Nastaran Eivazi
- Department of ENT, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eivazi
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,, Iran
| | - Asad Vaisi Raygani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
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Xia X, Cheng L, Zhang S, Wang L, Hu J. The role of natural antimicrobial peptides during infection and chronic inflammation. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:5-26. [PMID: 28856473 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a family of small polypeptides that are produced by constitutive or inducible expression in organisms, are integral components of the host innate immune system. In addition to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, natural AMPs also have many biological activities against fungi, viruses and parasites. Natural AMPs exert multiple immunomodulatory roles that may predominate under physiological conditions where they lose their microbicidal properties in serum and tissue environments. Increased drug resistance among microorganisms is occurring far more quickly than the discovery of new antibiotics. Natural AMPs have shown promise as 'next generation antibiotics' due to their broad-spectrum curative effects, low toxicity, the fact that they are not residual in animals, and the low rates of resistance exhibited by many pathogens. Many types of synthetic AMPs are currently being tested in clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various diseases such as chemotherapy-associated infections, diabetic foot ulcers, catheter-related infections, and other conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the types and functions of natural AMPs and their role in combating microorganisms and different infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Likun Cheng
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, 256600, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, No. 90, Hualan Street, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China.
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Mai S, Mauger MT, Niu LN, Barnes JB, Kao S, Bergeron BE, Ling JQ, Tay FR. Potential applications of antimicrobial peptides and their mimics in combating caries and pulpal infections. Acta Biomater 2017; 49:16-35. [PMID: 27845274 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short cationic host-defense molecules that provide the early stage of protection against invading microbes. They also have important modulatory roles and act as a bridge between innate and acquired immunity. The types and functions of oral AMPs were reviewed and experimental reports on the use of natural AMPs and their synthetic mimics in caries and pulpal infections were discussed. Natural AMPs in the oral cavity, predominantly defensins, cathelicidins and histatins, possess antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens and biofilms. Incomplete debridement of microorganisms in root canal space may precipitate an exacerbated immune response that results in periradicular bone resorption. Because of their immunomodulatory and wound healing potentials, AMPs stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, recruit host defense cells and regulate immuno-inflammatory responses in the vicinity of the pulp and periapex. Recent rapid advances in the development of synthetic AMP mimics offer exciting opportunities for new therapeutic initiatives in root canal treatment and regenerative endodontics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Identification of new therapeutic strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens and biofilm-associated infections continues to be one of the major challenges in modern medicine. Despite the presence of commercialization hurdles and scientific challenges, interests in using antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic alternatives and adjuvants to combat pathogenic biofilms have never been foreshortened. Not only do these cationic peptides possess rapid killing ability, their multi-modal mechanisms of action render them advantageous in targeting different biofilm sub-populations. These factors, together with adjunctive bioactive functions such as immunomodulation and wound healing enhancement, render AMPs or their synthetic mimics exciting candidates to be considered as adjuncts in the treatment of caries, infected pulps and root canals.
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Kreling PF, Aida KL, Massunari L, Caiaffa KS, Percinoto C, Bedran TBL, Spolidorio DMP, Abuna GF, Cilli EM, Duque C. Cytotoxicity and the effect of cationic peptide fragments against cariogenic bacteria under planktonic and biofilm conditions. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:995-1006. [PMID: 27538256 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1218850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and effect of fragments derived from three oral cationic peptides (CP): LL-37, D6-17 and D1-23 against cariogenic bacteria under planktonic and biofilm conditions. For cytotoxicity analysis, two epithelial cell lines were used. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimal bactericidal concentration were determined for the CP fragments and the control (chlorhexidine-CHX) against cariogenic bacteria. The fractional inhibitory concentration was obtained for the combinations of CP fragments on Streptococcus mutans. Biofilm assays were conducted with the best antimicrobial CP fragment against S. mutans. The results indicated that D6-17 was not cytotoxic. D1-23, LL-37 and CHX were not cytotoxic in low concentrations. D1-23 presented the best bactericidal activity against S. mutans, S. mitis and S. salivarius. Combinations of CP fragments did not show a synergic effect. D1-23 presented a higher activity against S. mutans biofilm than CHX. It was concluded that D1-23 showed a substantial effect against cariogenic bacteria and low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernanda Kreling
- a Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School , UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araçatuba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Kelly Limi Aida
- a Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School , UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araçatuba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Loiane Massunari
- b Department of Restorative Dentistry (Endodontics) , Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araçatuba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Karina Sampaio Caiaffa
- b Department of Restorative Dentistry (Endodontics) , Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araçatuba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Célio Percinoto
- a Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School , UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araçatuba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Telma Blanca Lombardo Bedran
- c Department of Physiology and Pathology , Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- c Department of Physiology and Pathology , Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gabriel Flores Abuna
- d Department of Dental Materials , Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade de Campinas , Piracicaba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- e Department of Biochemistry and Chemical Technology , Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cristiane Duque
- a Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School , UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista , Araçatuba , São Paulo , Brazil
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Khurshid Z, Naseem M, Sheikh Z, Najeeb S, Shahab S, Zafar MS. Oral antimicrobial peptides: Types and role in the oral cavity. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 24:515-524. [PMID: 27752223 PMCID: PMC5059823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a wide-ranging class of host-defense molecules that act early to contest against microbial invasion and challenge. These are small cationic peptides that play an important in the development of innate immunity. In the oral cavity, the AMPs are produced by the salivary glands and the oral epithelium and serve defensive purposes. The aim of this review was to discuss the types and functions of oral AMPs and their role in combating microorganisms and infections in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Khurshid
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Naseem
- Department of Community Dentistry and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Sheikh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shariq Najeeb
- School of Dentistry, Al-Farabi Dental College, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Shahab
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Sir Syed College of Medical Sciences for Girls, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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Jang JY, Song IS, Baek KJ, Choi Y, Ji S. Immunologic characteristics of human gingival fibroblasts in response to oral bacteria. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:447-457. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Y. Jang
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Oral Health Science; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
| | - I.-S. Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Korea University Anam Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - K. J. Baek
- Department of Oromaxillofacial Infection & Immunity; BK21 CLS; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Y. Choi
- Department of Oromaxillofacial Infection & Immunity; BK21 CLS; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - S. Ji
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Oral Health Science; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
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Lenzo JC, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Cecil J, Holden JA, Reynolds EC. Determination of Active Phagocytosis of Unopsonized Porphyromonas gingivalis by Macrophages and Neutrophils Using the pH-Sensitive Fluorescent Dye pHrodo. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1753-1760. [PMID: 27021243 PMCID: PMC4907136 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01482-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of pathogens is an important component of the innate immune system that is responsible for the removal and degradation of bacteria as well as their presentation via the major histocompatibility complexes to the adaptive immune system. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis exhibits strain heterogeneity, which may affect a phagocyte's ability to recognize and phagocytose the bacterium. In addition, P. gingivalis is reported to avoid phagocytosis by antibody and complement degradation and by invading phagocytic cells. Previous studies examining phagocytosis have been confounded by both the techniques employed and the potential of the bacteria to invade the cells. In this study, we used a novel, pH-sensitive dye, pHrodo, to label live P. gingivalis strains and examine unopsonized phagocytosis by murine macrophages and neutrophils and human monocytic cells. All host cells examined were able to recognize and phagocytose unopsonized P. gingivalis strains. Macrophages had a preference to phagocytose P. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 over other strains and clinical isolates in the study, whereas neutrophils favored P. gingivalis W50, ATCC 33277, and one clinical isolate over the other strains. This study revealed that all P. gingivalis strains were capable of being phagocytosed without prior opsonization with antibody or complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Lenzo
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Cecil
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Holden
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Turkoglu O, Emingil G, Eren G, Atmaca H, Kutukculer N, Atilla G. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum hCAP18/LL-37 levels in generalized aggressive periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:763-769. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dommisch H, Jepsen S. Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:96-110. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Weigel WA, Demuth DR, Torres-Escobar A, Juárez-Rodríguez MD. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans QseBC is activated by catecholamines and iron and regulates genes encoding proteins associated with anaerobic respiration and metabolism. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:384-98. [PMID: 25923132 PMCID: PMC4660874 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans QseBC regulates its own expression and is essential for biofilm growth and virulence. However, the signal that activates the QseC sensor has not been identified and the qseBC regulon has not been defined. In this study, we show that QseC is activated by catecholamine hormones and iron but not by either component alone. Activation of QseC requires an EYRDD motif in the periplasmic domain of the sensor and site-specific mutations in EYRDD or the deletion of the periplasmic domain inhibits catecholamine/iron-dependent induction of the ygiW-qseBC operon. Catecholamine/iron-dependent induction of transcription also requires interaction of the QseB response regulator with its binding site in the ygiW-qseBC promoter. Whole genome microarrays were used to compare gene expression profiles of A. actinomycetemcomitans grown in a chemically defined medium with and without catecholamine and iron supplementation. Approximately 11.5% of the A. actinomycetemcomitans genome was differentially expressed by at least two-fold upon exposure to catecholamines and iron. The expression of ferritin was strongly induced, suggesting that intracellular iron storage capacity is increased upon QseBC activation. Consistent with this, genes encoding iron binding and transport proteins were down-regulated by QseBC. Strikingly, 57% of the QseBC up-regulated genes (56/99) encode proteins associated with anaerobic metabolism and respiration. Most of these up-regulated genes were recently reported to be induced during in vivo growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans. These results suggest that detection of catecholamines and iron by QseBC may alter the cellular metabolism of A. actinomycetemcomitans for increased fitness and growth in an anaerobic host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Weigel
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - D R Demuth
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - A Torres-Escobar
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - M D Juárez-Rodríguez
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
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Perayil J, Menon KS, Kurup S, Thomas AE, Fenol A, Vyloppillil R, Bhaskar A, Megha S. Influence of Vitamin D & Calcium Supplementation in the Management of Periodontitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC35-8. [PMID: 26266214 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12292.6091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has long been recognized that vitamin D is a hormone and were many studies reporting that patients in periodontal maintenance programs taking vitamin D and calcium supplementation had a trend for better periodontal health compared to patients not taking supplementation. AIM To evaluate the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in reducing gingival inflammation, using clinical parameters like gingival index (GI), oral hygiene index-simplified (OHIS), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bone density (BD). Also, to assess whether calcium and vitamin D oral supplementation influences alveolar Bone Density (BD). DESIGN AND SETTINGS A nonrandomised clinical trial done in Amrita School of dentistry, Kochi, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Group A taking vitamin D (250IU/day) and calcium (500 mg/day) supplementation, and Group B were not taking oral supplementation. All subjects had at least one or more teeth with chronic moderate periodontitis. Digital Orthopantomogram images were taken to assess bone density. Data were collected at baseline and three months. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED OHI-S, GI, PPD, CAL, and Bone Densities (BD) were calculated per group. Karl Pearson Coefficient of correlation was used to test correlation of bone density with GI and OHI -S. Intergroup comparison of parameters were done using Independent two Sample t-test. Intragroup comparison of parameters at recall interval was done using Paired sample t-test. The results were considered statistically significant when p-value was <0.05. RESULTS Both Groups showed significant change in the periodontal parameters and bone density after three months and intragroup comparison showed highly significant results for vitamin D group in relation to GI, OHI S and bone density. CONCLUSION Calcium and vitamin D supplementation has got a positive effect on periodontal health and it can be used as an adjunct to non surgical periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Perayil
- Professor and HOD, Department of Periodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry , Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Keerthy S Menon
- Post Graduate Trainee, Department of Periodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry , Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Seema Kurup
- Professor and HOD, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Amrita School of Dentistry , Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Anju Elizebath Thomas
- Post Graduate Trainee, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Amrita School of Dentistry , Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Angel Fenol
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry , Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Rajesh Vyloppillil
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry , Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Anuradha Bhaskar
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry , Ponekkara, Kochi, India
| | - Sai Megha
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry , Ponekkara, Kochi, India
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Hussain M, Stover CM, Dupont A. P. gingivalis in Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerosis - Scenes of Action for Antimicrobial Peptides and Complement. Front Immunol 2015; 6:45. [PMID: 25713575 PMCID: PMC4322733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the NHS, it is estimated that over 50% of the adult population are, to some extent, affected by gum disease and approximately 15% of UK population have been diagnosed with severe periodontitis. Periodontitis, a chronic polymicrobial disease of the gums, causes inflammation in its milder form, whereas in its severe form affects the surrounding tissues and can result in tooth loss. During periodontitis, plaque accumulates and sits between the junctional epithelium and the tooth itself, resulting in inflammation and the formation of a periodontal pocket. An interface is formed directly between the subgingival bacteria and the junctional epithelial cells. Bacterial pathogens commonly associated with periodontal disease are, among others, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, together known as the "red complex." This review will mostly concentrate on the role of P. gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium and one of the major and most studied contributors of this disease. Because periodontal disease is associated with the development of atherosclerosis, it is important to understand the local immune response to P. gingivalis. Innate immune players, in particular, complement and antimicrobial peptides and their effects with regard to P. gingivalis during periodontitis and in the development of atherosclerosis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Hussain
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Cordula M. Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Aline Dupont
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Ji S, Choi YS, Choi Y. Bacterial invasion and persistence: critical events in the pathogenesis of periodontitis? J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:570-85. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ji
- Department of Periodontology Anam Hospital Korea University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. S. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
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Davidopoulou S, Theodoridis H, Nazer K, Kessopoulou E, Menexes G, Kalfas S. Salivary concentration of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in patients with oral lichen planus. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:26156. [PMID: 25491431 PMCID: PMC4258636 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.26156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a significant molecule of innate immunity and recent studies indicate that it plays an important role in maintaining oral health. Yet limited knowledge exists on its role in oral diseases and oral lichen planus (OLP) in particular. Objective The study aimed to examine: 1) the salivary concentration of LL-37 in patients with OLP and healthy subjects, 2) the relation between the type (reticular or erosive) and size of OLP lesions and LL-37 concentration, and 3) the effect of the therapeutic modalities on LL-37 levels. Design The salivary peptide concentration in samples from 20 patients and 30 healthy subjects at the same age range was determined by ELISA. Results Despite the wide variation in peptide concentration found in both groups, the healthy subjects exhibited significantly lower levels than patients. Patients with the erosive form had significantly higher peptide concentrations than patients with the reticular form. Systemic treatment with corticosteroids resulted in a significant decrease of the salivary peptide concentration, while other treatment modalities, such as administration of vitamins A and E or local application of corticosteroids had no effect. Improved clinical appearance of the lesions was followed by a decrease in the salivary LL-37 level. Conclusions Salivary concentration of LL-37 correlates to the manifestation of mucosa lesions in OLP patients, the highest levels being observed in the most severe cases. This increase in peptide levels may protect against lesion infection and promote a quick wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Davidopoulou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Haris Theodoridis
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Nazer
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eftichia Kessopoulou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Menexes
- Department of Labor of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotirios Kalfas
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Epithelial antimicrobial peptides: guardian of the oral cavity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2014; 2014:370297. [PMID: 25435884 PMCID: PMC4243596 DOI: 10.1155/2014/370297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gingival epithelium provides first line of defence from the microorganisms present in dental plaque. It not only provides a mechanical barrier but also has an active immune function too. Gingival epithelial cells participate in innate immunity by producing a range of antimicrobial peptides to protect the host against oral pathogens. These epithelial antimicrobial peptides (EAPs) include the β-defensin family, cathelicidin (LL-37), calprotectin, and adrenomedullin. While some are constitutively expressed in gingival epithelial cells, others are induced upon exposure to microbial insults. It is likely that these EAPs have a role in determining the initiation and progression of oral diseases. EAPs are broad spectrum antimicrobials with a different but overlapping range of activity. Apart from antimicrobial activity, they participate in several other crucial roles in host tissues. Some of these, for instance, β-defensins, are chemotactic to immune cells. Others, such as calprotectin are important for wound healing and cell proliferation. Adrenomedullin, a multifunctional peptide, has its biological action in a wide range of tissues. Not only is it a potent vasodilator but also it has several endocrine effects. Knowing in detail the various bioactions of these EAPs may provide us with useful information regarding their utility as therapeutic agents.
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Lima SMDF, de Pádua GM, Sousa MGDC, Freire MDS, Franco OL, Rezende TMB. Antimicrobial peptide-based treatment for endodontic infections--biotechnological innovation in endodontics. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 33:203-213. [PMID: 25447423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence/persistence of microorganisms in the pulp and periapical area corresponds to the maintenance of an exacerbated immune response that leads to the start of periradicular bone resorption and its perpetuation. In endodontic treatment, the available intracanal medications do not have all the desirable properties in the context of endodontic infection and apical periodontitis; they need to include not only strong antimicrobial performance but also an immunomodulatory and reparative activity, without host damage. In addition, there are various levels of resistance to root canal medications. Thus, antimicrobial agents that effectively eliminate resistant species in root canals could potentially improve endodontic treatment. In the emergence of new therapies, an increasing number of studies on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been seen over the past few years. AMPs are defense biomolecules produced in response to infection, and they have a wide spectrum of action against many oral microorganisms. There are some studies that correlate peptides and oral infections, including oral peptides, neuropeptides, and bacterial, fish, bovine and synthetic peptides. So far, there are around 120 published studies correlating endodontic microbiota with AMPs but, according to our knowledge, there are no registered patents in the American patent database. There are a considerable number of AMPs that exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity against endodontic microbiota at a small inhibitory concentration and modulate an exacerbated immune response, down-regulating bone resorption. All these reasons indicate the antimicrobial peptide-based endodontic treatment as an emerging and promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maris de Freitas Lima
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Martins de Pádua
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Maurício Gonçalves da Costa Sousa
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Mirna de Souza Freire
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Taia Maria Berto Rezende
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FS), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Grant WB. A review of the role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing risk of dental caries. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/derm.15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Eick S, Puklo M, Adamowicz K, Kantyka T, Hiemstra P, Stennicke H, Guentsch A, Schacher B, Eickholz P, Potempa J. Lack of cathelicidin processing in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome patients reveals essential role of LL-37 in periodontal homeostasis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:148. [PMID: 25260376 PMCID: PMC4181722 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss-of-function point mutations in the cathepsin C gene are the underlying genetic event in patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS). PLS neutrophils lack serine protease activity essential for cathelicidin LL-37 generation from hCAP18 precursor. Aim We hypothesized that a local deficiency of LL-37 in the infected periodontium is mainly responsible for one of the clinical hallmark of PLS: severe periodontitis already in early childhood. Methods To confirm this effect, we compared the level of neutrophil-derived enzymes and antimicrobial peptides in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva from PLS, aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients. Results Although neutrophil numbers in GCF were present at the same level in all periodontitis groups, LL-37 was totally absent in GCF from PLS patients despite the large amounts of its precursor, hCAP18. The absence of LL-37 in PLS patients coincided with the deficiency of both cathepsin C and protease 3 activities. The presence of other neutrophilic anti-microbial peptides in GCF from PLS patients, such as alpha-defensins, were comparable to that found in chronic periodontitis. In PLS microbial analysis revealed a high prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection. Most strains were susceptible to killing by LL-37. Conclusions Collectively, these findings imply that the lack of protease 3 activation by dysfunctional cathepsin C in PLS patients leads to the deficit of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions of LL-37 in the gingiva, allowing for infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans and the development of severe periodontal disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0148-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Are proteinase 3 and cathepsin C enzymes related to pathogenesis of periodontitis? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:420830. [PMID: 24949444 PMCID: PMC4052470 DOI: 10.1155/2014/420830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim. Cathepsin C is the activator of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived proteinase 3, which contributes to inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) proteinase 3 and cathepsin C levels in periodontal diseases. Design. Eighteen patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 20 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP), 20 patients with gingivitis, and 18 healthy subjects were included in the study. Periodontal parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, papilla bleeding index, and plaque index were assessed in all study subjects. GCF proteinase 3 and cathepsin C levels were analyzed by ELISA. Results. GCF proteinase 3 total amount was significantly higher in diseased groups compared to control group, after adjusting age (P < 0.05). No differences were found in GCF cathepsin C levels among the study groups (P > 0.05). Periodontal parameters of sampling sites were positively correlated with GCF proteinase 3 total amounts (P < 0.01) but not with cathepsin C total amounts (P > 0.05). Conclusions. Elevated levels of GCF proteinase 3 in CP, G-AgP, and gingivitis might suggest that proteinase 3 plays a role during inflammatory periodontal events in host response. However, cathepsin C in GCF does not seem to have an effect on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Wang P, Duan D, Zhou X, Li X, Yang J, Deng M, Xu Y. Relationship between expression of human gingival beta-defensins and levels of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaque. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:113-22. [PMID: 24814979 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are a group of antimicrobial peptides important in epithelial innate immunity, and their differential expression is associated with periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to explore relationships among hBDs, total subgingival bacteria and periodontopathogens in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The periodontal clinical parameters of 29 healthy subjects and 25 patients with chronic periodontitis were recorded. The relative expression of hBD1, hBD2 and hBD3 genes in gingival biopsies was measured using real-time PCR. The numbers of total bacteria and of Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque were quantified by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rank correlation test. RESULTS No significant differences in expression of the hBD genes were found between the group of healthy subjects and the group of patients with chronic periodontitis. Total bacteria and T. denticola were detected in all participants. F. nucleatum and T. forsythia were detected in all patients with chronic periodontitis and in 86.21% and 51.72%, respectively, of healthy volunteers. P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were detected in 24.14% and 17.24%, respectively, of the healthy group and in 84.00% and 12.00%, respectively, of the chronic periodontitis group. The prevalence of all bacteria, except A. actinomycetemcomitans, was significantly higher in the group of patients with chronic periodontitis than in the group of healthy subjects (p < 0.05). A significant, negative correlation was observed between total bacteria and hBD-2 (r = -0.384, p = 0.011). Upon analyzing the data in different groups, total bacteria and hBD-2 were significantly correlated (r = -0.492, p = 0.026) only in the group of healthy subjects. CONCLUSION The negative correlations between hBD-2 and total bacteria, especially in the group of healthy subjects, indicate that hBDs may play an important role by limiting an increase of bacterial load at the initial stage of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Paoletti I, Fusco A, Grimaldi E, Perillo L, Coretti L, Di Domenico M, Cozza V, Contaldo M, Serpico R, Guida A, Donnarumma G. Assessment of host defence mechanisms induced by Candida species. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 26:663-72. [PMID: 24067462 DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Some species of Candida are opportunistic pathogens that can cause disease in a host immunocompromised by underlying local or systemic pathological processes. C. albicans is the species most often associated with oral lesions, but other species of Candida, including C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, have also been isolated in the saliva of subjects with and without candidiasis. In the present study we evaluated the host defence mechanisms induced by Candida albicans and other Candida species in monocytes and oral epithelial cells in order to establish the existence of a species-specific cellular response. Our results indicated that, during Candida species infection, the epithelial cells actively participate in the host defence by producing antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, in infections caused by Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata, the host defence may be strengthened by the release of perforin and granzyme by polymorphonuclear leukocytes recruited at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Paoletti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Mechanisms of IL-8 suppression by Treponema denticola in gingival epithelial cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:139-47. [PMID: 24296811 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism(s) of interleukin (IL)-8 suppression by Treponema denticola, one of the major periodontal pathogens, in gingival epithelial cells. Immortalized human gingival epithelial HOK-16B cells were infected with wild-type (WT), dentilisin-deficient (K1) or flagellin-deficient (flgE) T. denticola in the presence or absence of 2% human serum for 24 h. The levels of IL-8 expression were measured with real-time reverse transcription PCR and ELISA. In the absence of human serum, the WT and flgE, but not K1, substantially reduced not only the levels of IL-8 protein but also of IL-8 mRNA. Such downregulation of IL-8 mRNA was independent of bacterial invasion. Degradation of cytokine mixture by the WT, K1 and flgE revealed dentilisin-dependent preferential degradation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, an IL-8-inducing cytokine. WT and flgE significantly decreased the levels of TNFα secreted by HOK-16B cells, suggesting modulation of IL-8 through dentilisin-mediated degradation of TNFα. The addition of human serum to the culture potentiated the suppressive effect of T. denticola, resulting in substantial reductions of IL-8 and TNFα levels, even by K1. The serum-dependent effects of T. denticola were attributed to its ability to suppress the accumulation of intracellular reactive-oxygen species (ROS), a group of ubiquitous signaling molecules. Pretreatment with an antioxidant suppressed TNFα-induced IL-8 expression, confirming the role of ROS in TNFα signaling. Collectively, T. denticola targeted a key inflammatory cytokine and its signaling molecule to modulate the host innate immune response, which provides a new insight into modulation of host immunity by a periodontal pathogen.
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Sol A, Ginesin O, Chaushu S, Karra L, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Ginsburg I, Bachrach G. LL-37 opsonizes and inhibits biofilm formation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at subbactericidal concentrations. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3577-85. [PMID: 23836819 PMCID: PMC3811755 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01288-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides are immediate responders of the innate immunity that express antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, and wound-healing activities. Neutrophils are a major source for oral host defense peptides, and phagocytosis by neutrophils is a major mechanism for bacterial clearance in the gingival tissue. Dysfunction of or reduction in the numbers of neutrophils or deficiency in the LL-37 host defense peptide was each previously linked with proliferation of oral Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans which resulted in an aggressive periodontal disease. Surprisingly, A. actinomycetemcomitans shows resistance to high concentrations of LL-37. In this study, we demonstrated that submicrocidal concentrations of LL-37 inhibit biofilm formation by A. actinomycetemcomitans and act as opsonins and agglutinins that greatly enhance its clearance by neutrophils and macrophages. Improved uptake of A. actinomycetemcomitans by neutrophils was mediated by their opsonization with LL-37. Enhanced phagocytosis and killing of A. actinomycetemcomitans by murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells were dependent on their preagglutination by LL-37. Although A. actinomycetemcomitans is resistant to the bactericidal effect of LL-37, our results offer a rationale for the epidemiological association between LL-37 deficiency and the expansion of oral A. actinomycetemcomitans and indicate a possible therapeutic use of cationic peptides for host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stella Chaushu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Hebrew University—Hadassah School of Dental Medicine
| | - Laila Karra
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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