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Zayed N, Vertommen R, Simoens K, Bernaerts K, Boon N, Srivastava MG, Braem A, Van Holm W, Castro AB, Teughels W. How well do antimicrobial mouth rinses prevent dysbiosis in an in vitro periodontitis biofilm model? J Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 38946115 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal diseases are associated with dysbiosis in the oral microbial communities. Managing oral biofilms is therefore key for preventing these diseases. Management protocols often include over-the-counter antimicrobial mouth rinses, which lack data on their effects on the oral microbiome's ecology, bacterial composition, metabolic activity, and dysbiosis resilience. This study examined the efficacy of antimicrobial mouth rinses to halt dysbiosis in in vitro oral biofilms under periodontitis-simulating conditions. METHODS Multispecies oral biofilms were grown on hydroxyapatite discs (HADs) and rinsed daily with one of six mouth rinses. Positive and negative controls were included. After three rinses, biofilms were analyzed with viability quantitative polymerase chain reaction and visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Supernatants of rinsed biofilms were used for metabolic activity analysis. In addition, human oral keratinocytes were exposed to rinsed biofilms to assess their inflammatory response. All outputs were analyzed for correlation using Spearman coefficient. RESULTS Product-related changes were observed in the rinsed biofilms. Three of the six tested mouth rinses could significantly prevent dysbiosis with ≥30% reduction in pathobiont abundance relative to the control. These biofilms had lower metabolic activity, and the exposed human oral keratinocyte produced less interleukin-8. Interleukin-8 production correlated to both pathobiont quantity and the metabolic activity of the biofilms. CONCLUSION Some mouth rinses could support biofilm resilience and stop dysbiosis evolution in the biofilm model, with a clear product-related effect. Such mouth rinses can be considered for patients under maintenance/supportive periodontal therapy to prevent/delay disease recurrence. Others are more useful for different periodontal therapy stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiera Zayed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Rik Vertommen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Simoens
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Mrinal Gaurav Srivastava
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annabel Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van Holm
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Ana B Castro
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Ma R, Liu Y, Xu Y, Duan D. Lipoxin A4 levels predict site-specific clinical improvements post scaling and root planing and correlate negatively with periodontal pathogens in severe periodontitis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:204. [PMID: 38331747 PMCID: PMC10851498 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03948-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serving as a stop signal of inflammation, the role of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in periodontitis remains to be clarified. This study is aimed to examine the changes in LXA4 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) after scaling and root planing (SRP) and to determine the relationship between LXA4 levels and treatment outcomes and periodontal pathogens in severe periodontitis. METHODS A total of 74 GCF samples were collected from 21 severe periodontitis participants at the deepest affected sites. These sites were re-sampled at 1, 3, and 6 months after SRP. Besides, GCF samples were also collected from 25 periodontally healthy participants. Clinical parameters including probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) in periodontitis group were recorded. LXA4 levels and periodontal pathogens in the GCF were analyzed by ELISA and PCR, respectively. Correlations between GCF LXA4 levels and treatment effect and periodontal pathogens were assessed. RESULTS LXA4 levels in GCF significantly increased after SRP (p < 0.05), but remained lower than those observed in healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Sites with lower baseline LXA4 concentrations were more likely to experience greater improvements in PD at 6 months post-SRP (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.792), and the improvements were positively correlated with the increase of LXA4 at these sites post-treatment (p < 0.05). Furthermore, more elevated LXA4 levels were observed in sites that became negative for Prevotella intermedia or Tannerella forsythia after SRP. CONCLUSION Baseline LXA4 in GCF has the potential to predict the site-specific response of severe periodontal lesions to SRP. The increase of LXA4 levels after treatment was positively correlated with clinical improvements and negatively correlated with the presence of Prevotella intermedia or Tannerella forsythia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dingyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Lim S, Lee D, Jeong S, Park JW, Im J, Choi B, Gwak D, Yun CH, Seo HS, Han SH. Serotype-Dependent Inhibition of Streptococcus pneumoniae Growth by Short-Chain Fatty Acids. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:47-55. [PMID: 38044707 PMCID: PMC10840490 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2309.09003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe infectious diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Despite the availability of antibiotics and pneumococcal vaccines against some invasive serotypes, pneumococcal infection remains a tremendous clinical challenge due to the increasing frequency of infection by antimicrobial resistant, nonencapsulated, and/or non-vaccine serotype strains. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are produced at various mucosal sites in the body, have potent antimicrobial activity, including inhibition of pathogen growth and/or bacterial biofilm formation. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) against various serotypes pneumococci. Propionate generally inhibited the growth of S. pneumoniae serotypes included in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 13, except for serotypes 3 and 7F, though butyrate and acetate showed no or low inhibition, depending on the serotypes. Of note, butyrate showed strong inhibition against serotype 3, the most prevalent invasive strain since the introduction of the PCV. No SCFAs showed inhibitory effects against serotype 7F. Remarkably, the nonencapsulated pneumococcal strain had more sensitivity to SCFAs than encapsulated parental strains. Taken together, these results suggest that propionate showing the most potent inhibition of pneumococcal growth may be used as an alternative treatment for pneumococcal infection, and that butyrate could be used against serotype 3, which is becoming a serious threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwon Lim
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokeum Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Gwak
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology Immunology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Liu X, Wang J, Lao M, Liu F, Zhu H, Man K, Zhang J. Study on the effect of protein lysine lactylation modification in macrophages on inhibiting periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol 2024; 95:50-63. [PMID: 37436722 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein lysine lactylation (Kla) has been proved to be closely related to inflammatory diseases, but its role in periodontitis (PD) is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the global profiling of Kla in PD models in rats. METHODS Clinical periodontal samples were collected, the inflammatory state of tissues was verified by H&E staining, and lactate content was detected by a lactic acid kit. Kla levels were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot. Subsequently, the rat model of PD was developed and its reliability verified by micro-CT and H&E staining. Mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to explore the expression profile of proteins and Kla in periodontal tissues. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. The lactylation in RAW264.7 cells was confirmed by IHC, immunofluorescence and Western blot. The relative expression levels of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, macrophage polarization-related factors CD86, iNOS, Arg1, and CD206 in RAW264.7 cells were detected by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS We observed substantial inflammatory cell infiltration in the PD tissues, and the lactate content and lactylation levels were significantly increased. The expression profiles of protein and Kla were obtained by mass spectrometry based on the established rat model of PD. Kla was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. After inhibiting the "writer" of lactylation P300 in RAW264.7 cells, the lactylation levels decreased, and the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increased. Meanwhile, the levels of CD86 and iNOS increased, and Arg1 and CD206 decreased. CONCLUSIONS Kla may play an important role in PD, regulating the release of inflammatory factors and polarization of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Liu
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jinsi Wang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mo Lao
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Fuyu Liu
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Kenny Man
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jingying Zhang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Leonov GE, Varaeva YR, Livantsova EN, Starodubova AV. The Complicated Relationship of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Oral Microbiome: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2749. [PMID: 37893122 PMCID: PMC10604844 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human oral microbiome has emerged as a focal point of research due to its profound implications for human health. The involvement of short-chain fatty acids in oral microbiome composition, oral health, and chronic inflammation is gaining increasing attention. In this narrative review, the results of early in vitro, in vivo, and pilot clinical studies and research projects are presented in order to define the boundaries of this new complicated issue. According to the results, the current research data are disputable and ambiguous. When investigating the role of SCFAs in human health and disease, it is crucial to distinguish between their local GI effects and the systemic influences. Locally, SCFAs are a part of normal oral microbiota metabolism, but the increased formation of SCFAs usually attribute to dysbiosis; excess SCFAs participate in the development of local oral diseases and in oral biota gut colonization and dysbiosis. On the other hand, a number of studies have established the positive impact of SCFAs on human health as a whole, including the reduction of chronic systemic inflammation, improvement of metabolic processes, and decrease of some types of cancer incidence. Thus, a complex and sophisticated approach with consideration of origin and localization for SCFA function assessment is demanded. Therefore, more research, especially clinical research, is needed to investigate the complicated relationship of SCFAs with health and disease and their potential role in prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy E Leonov
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yurgita R Varaeva
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N Livantsova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Antonina V Starodubova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia
- Therapy Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Xiao X, Xiao X, Liu Y, Sun H, Liu X, Guo Z, Li Q, Sun W. Metaproteomics Characterizes the Human Gingival Crevicular Fluid Microbiome Function in Periodontitis. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37327455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults worldwide. The human proteome and metaproteome characterization of periodontitis is not clearly understood. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from eight periodontitis and eight healthy subjects. Both the human and microbial proteins were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 570 human proteins were found differentially expressed, which were primarily associated with inflammatory response, cell death, cellular junction, and fatty acid metabolism. For the metaproteome, 51 genera were identified, and 10 genera were found highly expressed in periodontitis, while 11 genera were downregulated. The analysis showed that microbial proteins related to butyrate metabolism were upregulated in periodontitis cases. In particular, correlation analysis showed that the expression of host proteins related to inflammatory response, cell death, cellular junction, and lipid metabolism correlates with the alteration of metaproteins, which reflect the changes of molecular function during the occurrence of periodontitis. This study showed that the gingival crevicular fluid human proteome and metaproteome could reflect the characteristics of periodontitis. This might benefit the understanding of the periodontitis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Xiao
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yaoran Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Haidan Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhengguang Guo
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
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Basic A, Dahlén G. Microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases: a narrative review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1210200. [PMID: 37388417 PMCID: PMC10300593 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the importance of microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. These diseases, involving gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory conditions initiated and maintained by the polymicrobial dental plaque/biofilm. Gingivitis is a reversible inflammatory condition while periodontitis involves also irreversible destruction of the periodontal tissues including the alveolar bone. The inflammatory response of the host is a natural reaction to the formation of plaque and the continuous release of metabolic waste products. The microorganisms grow in a nutritious and shielded niche in the periodontal pocket, protected from natural cleaning forces such as saliva. It is a paradox that the consequences of the enhanced inflammatory reaction also enable more slow-growing, fastidious, anaerobic bacteria, with often complex metabolic pathways, to colonize and thrive. Based on complex food chains, nutrient networks and bacterial interactions, a diverse microbial community is formed and established in the gingival pocket. This microbiota is dominated by anaerobic, often motile, Gram-negatives with proteolytic metabolism. Although this alternation in bacterial composition often is considered pathologic, it is a natural development that is promoted by ecological factors and not necessarily a true "dysbiosis". Normal commensals are adapting to the gingival crevice when tooth cleaning procedures are absent. The proteolytic metabolism is highly complex and involves a number of metabolic pathways with production of a cascade of metabolites in an unspecific manner. The metabolites involve short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acid), amines (indole, scatole, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine) and gases (NH3, CO, NO, H2S, H2). A homeostatic condition is often present between the colonizers and the host response, where continuous metabolic fluctuations are balanced by the inflammatory response. While it is well established that the effect of the dental biofilm on the host response and tissue repair is mediated by microbial metabolites, the mechanisms behind the tissue destruction (loss of clinical attachment and bone) are still poorly understood. Studies addressing the functions of the microbiota, the metabolites, and how they interplay with host tissues and cells, are therefore warranted.
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Hyvärinen E, Kashyap B, Kullaa AM. Oral Sources of Salivary Metabolites. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040498. [PMID: 37110157 PMCID: PMC10145445 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is very diverse, where saliva plays an important role in maintaining oral health. The metabolism of saliva has been used to investigate oral diseases as well as general diseases, mainly to detect diagnostic biomarkers. There are many sources of salivary metabolites in the mouth. The online English language search and PubMed databases were searched to retrieve relevant studies on oral salivary metabolites. The physiological balance of the mouth is influenced by many factors that are reflected in the salivary metabolite profile. Similarly, the dysbiosis of microbes can alter the salivary metabolite profile, which may express oral inflammation or oral diseases. This narrative review highlights the factors to be considered when examining saliva and its use as a diagnostic biofluid for different diseases. Salivary metabolites, mainly small molecular metabolites may enter the bloodstream and cause illness elsewhere in the body. The importance of salivary metabolites produced in the oral cavity as risk factors for general diseases and their possible relationship to the body’s function are also discussed.
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Butyrate as a Potential Driver of a Dysbiotic Shift of the Tongue Microbiota. mSphere 2023; 8:e0049022. [PMID: 36507724 PMCID: PMC9942584 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00490-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue dorsum is colonized by a stable microbiota, mostly comprising common commensal taxa. However, the predominance of each taxon varies among individuals. We hypothesized that equilibrium in the tongue microbiota is affected by exposure to butyrate in the oral fluid, which is reported to affect the growth of specific microorganisms. In this study, the bacterial composition of the tongue microbiotas of 69 male adults was determined via 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate its relationship to n-butyric acid concentration in oral rinse samples. The tongue microbiotas of individuals with a higher n-butyric acid level had higher relative abundances of Prevotella histicola, Veillonella atypica, and Streptococcus parasanguinis and lower relative abundances of Neisseria subflava and Porphyromonas pasteri. Subsequently, tongue microbiota samples collected from 12 adults were cultivated for 13 h in basal medium containing mucin and different concentrations of sodium butyrate (0, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mM) to assess its effect on the growth of tongue microbiota organisms. The bacterial composition of the cultivated tongue microbiotas also demonstrated a significant gradual shift with an increase in sodium butyrate levels in beta-diversity analysis. N. subflava was significantly less predominant in the microbiota after cultivation with an increased addition of sodium butyrate, although no statistical difference was observed in the other aforementioned taxa. These results suggest that butyrate in the oral fluid is partially involved in the dysbiotic shift of the tongue microbiota. IMPORTANCE Oral microbial populations that are always ingested with saliva have attracted increasing attention because more oral microorganisms than previously known reach distal organs, such as the lungs and intestinal tract, thereby affecting our health. However, although such organisms are predominately derived from the tongue dorsum, the dynamics and determinants of the tongue microbiota composition remain unclear. This study demonstrated that exposure to butyrate could lead to a dysbiotic shift in the tongue microbiota using an observational epidemiological and microbiota cultivation approach. This result adds a new dimension to tongue microbiota ecology.
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Guo Y, Xu F, Thomas SC, Zhang Y, Paul B, Sakilam S, Chae S, Li P, Almeter C, Kamer AR, Arora P, Graves DT, Saxena D, Li X. Targeting the succinate receptor effectively inhibits periodontitis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111389. [PMID: 36130514 PMCID: PMC9533417 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases in humans and is initiated by an oral microbial dysbiosis that stimulates inflammation and bone loss. Here, we report an abnormal elevation of succinate in the subgingival plaque of subjects with severe PD. Succinate activates succinate receptor-1 (SUCNR1) and stimulates inflammation. We detected SUCNR1 expression in the human and mouse periodontium and hypothesize that succinate activates SUCNR1 to accelerate periodontitis through the inflammatory response. Administration of exogenous succinate enhanced periodontal disease, whereas SUCNR1 knockout mice were protected from inflammation, oral dysbiosis, and subsequent periodontal bone loss in two different models of periodontitis. Therapeutic studies demonstrated that a SUCNR1 antagonist inhibited inflammatory events and osteoclastogenesis in vitro and reduced periodontal bone loss in vivo. Our study reveals succinate’s effect on periodontitis pathogenesis and provides a topical treatment for this disease. Periodontitis is the most prevalent adult oral disease. Guo et al. show elevation of succinate in periodontitis, which aggravates the disease through the succinate receptor (SUCNR1). They developed a gel formulation of a small compound specifically blocking SUCNR1 to prevent and treat periodontitis by inhibiting dysbiosis, inflammation, and bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Fangxi Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Scott C Thomas
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Bidisha Paul
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Satish Sakilam
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Sungpil Chae
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Patty Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Caleb Almeter
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Angela R Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Paramjit Arora
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA; Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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11
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Luo Y, Gou H, Chen X, Li L, Wang X, Xu Y. Lactate inhibits osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells via autophagy through the MCT1-mTOR signaling pathway. Bone 2022; 162:116444. [PMID: 35589065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) play a crucial role in periodontal bone regeneration. Lactate used to be considered a waste product of glucose metabolism. In recent years, a few pieces of evidence revealed its roles in regulating the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, but the standpoints were controversial. This study aims to investigate the effects and the mechanisms of lactate on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). METHODS The hPDLSCs were treated with different concentrations of lactic acid and lactate to differentiate the effects of the acidic PH and ion lactate. Proliferation and cytotoxicity were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay and Live/Dead assay. The osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs was analyzed by alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and then osteogenic proteins and genes were measured by western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). To investigate the potential signaling pathways, MCT1 inhibitor, G-protein inhibitors, and rapamycin were used, and then autophagy-related proteins and osteogenic proteins were measured by western blot. RESULTS The inhibition of lactic acid on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs was more significant than lactate at the same concentration. Lactate inhibited the expression of ALP which can be rescued by Gα inhibitor. Alizarin red staining, the protein expression levels of osteocalcin (OCN), osteoprotegerin (OPN), osterix (OSX), and beclin1, LC3-II/LC3-I were decreased by lactate and partly rescued by MCT1 inhibitor. Rapamycin restored the protein expression levels of beclin1, LC3-II/LC3-I and OCN, OPN, OSX under the high lactate conditions. CONCLUSIONS Lactate inhibits the expression of ALP via Gα subunit signaling, and inhibits mineralized nodules formation and the expression of osteogenic-related proteins via reducing autophagy through the MCT1-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqing Gou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Hou J, Xu J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Jiao Y, Guo L, Li S. Sodium butyrate inhibits osteogenesis in human periodontal ligament stem cells by suppressing smad1 expression. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:301. [PMID: 35854293 PMCID: PMC9297574 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Butyrate is a major subgingival microbial metabolite that is closely related to periodontal disease. It affects the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. However, the mechanisms by which butyrate affects the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of sodium butyrate (NaB) on the osteogenic differentiation of human PDLSCs. Methods PDLSCs were isolated from human periodontal ligaments and treated with various concentrations of NaB in vitro. The cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometric analysis were used to assess cell viability. The osteogenic differentiation capabilities of PDLSCs were evaluated using the alkaline phosphatase activity assay, alizarin red staining, RT-PCR, western blotting and in vivo transplantation. Results NaB decreased PDLSC proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-depend manner. Additionally, 1 mM NaB reduced alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization ability, and the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related genes and proteins. Treatment with a free fatty acids receptor 2 (FFAR2) antagonist and agonist indicated that NaB inhibited the osteogenic differentiation capacity of PDLSCs by affecting the expression of Smad1. Conclusion Our findings suggest that NaB inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs by activating FFAR2 and decreasing the expression of Smad1. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02255-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Hou
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Junji Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Jiao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China. .,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tian Tan Xi Li No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Schlatterer K, Peschel A, Kretschmer D. Short-Chain Fatty Acid and FFAR2 Activation - A New Option for Treating Infections? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:785833. [PMID: 34926327 PMCID: PMC8674814 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.785833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human innate immune system is equipped with multiple mechanisms to detect microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to fight bacterial infections. The metabolite short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate and butyrate are released by multiple bacteria or are food ingredients. SCFA production, especially acetate production, is usually essential for bacteria, and knockout of pathways involved in acetate production strongly impairs bacterial fitness. Because host organisms use SCFAs as MAMPs and alter immune reactions in response to SCFAs, interventions that modulate SCFA levels can be a new strategy for infection control. The interaction between SCFAs and host cells has been primarily investigated in the intestinal lumen because of the high local levels of SCFAs released by bacterial microbiome members. However, members of not only the intestinal microbiome but also the skin microbiome produce SCFAs, which are known ligands of the seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. In addition to enterocytes, FFAR2 is expressed on other human cell types, including leukocytes, especially neutrophils. This finding is in line with other research that determined that targeted activation of FFAR2 diminishes susceptibility toward various types of infection by bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumonia, Citrobacter rodentium, and Staphylococcus aureus but also by viruses such as respiratory syncytial and influenza viruses. Thus, our immune system appears to be able to use FFAR2-dependent detection of SCFAs for perceiving and even averting severe infections. We summarize recent advances in understanding the role of SCFAs and FFAR2 in various infection types and propose the manipulation of this receptor as an additional therapeutic strategy to fight infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schlatterer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Cluster of Excellence (EXC) 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Cluster of Excellence (EXC) 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Cluster of Excellence (EXC) 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Ishikawa T, Sasaki D, Aizawa R, Yamamoto M, Yaegashi T, Irié T, Sasaki M. The Role of Lactic Acid on Wound Healing, Cell Growth, Cell Cycle Kinetics, and Gene Expression of Cultured Junctional Epithelium Cells in the Pathophysiology of Periodontal Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111507. [PMID: 34832662 PMCID: PMC8620665 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid (LA) is short-chain fatty acid, such as butyric acid and propionic acid, that is produced as a metabolite of lactic acid bacteria, including periodontopathic bacteria. These short-chain fatty acids have positive effects on human health but can also have negative effects, such as the promotion of periodontal disease (PD), which is caused by periodontal pathogens present in the gingival sulcus. PD is characterized by apical migration of junctional epithelium, deepening of pockets, and alveolar bone loss. Thus, the junctional epithelial cells that form the bottom of the gingival sulcus are extremely important in investigating the pathophysiology of PD. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LA on wound healing, cell growth, cell cycle kinetics, and gene expression of cultured junctional epithelium cells. The results showed that stimulation with 10 mM LA slowed wound healing of the junctional epithelial cell layer and arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 (early cell cycle) phase, thereby inhibiting cell growth. However, cell destruction was not observed. LA also enhanced mRNA expression of integrin α5, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand. The results of this study suggest that stimulation of junctional epithelial cells with high concentrations of LA could exacerbate PD, similarly to butyric acid and propionic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-Cho, Morioka 028-3694, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-19-651-5111; Fax: +81-19-908-8011
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka 020-8505, Japan; (D.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Ryo Aizawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan; (R.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan; (R.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Takashi Yaegashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka 020-8505, Japan; (D.S.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tarou Irié
- Division of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-Cho, Morioka 028-3694, Japan;
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idai-dori, Yahaba-Cho, Morioka 028-3694, Japan;
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15
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Effects of pH on the Properties of Membrane Vesicles Including Glucosyltransferase in Streptococcus mutans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112308. [PMID: 34835434 PMCID: PMC8618110 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans releases membrane vesicles (MVs) and induces MV-dependent biofilm formation. Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) are bound to MVs and contribute to the adhesion and glucans-dependent biofilm formation of early adherent bacteria on the tooth surface. The biofilm formation of S. mutans may be controlled depending on whether the initial pH tends to be acidic or alkaline. In this study, the characteristics and effects of MVs extracted from various conditions {(initial pH 6.0 and 8.0 media prepared with lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA), and with NaOH (NO), respectively)} on the biofilm formation of S. mutans and early adherent bacteria were investigated. The quantitative changes in glucans between primary pH 6.0 and 8.0 conditions were observed, associated with different activities affecting MV-dependent biofilm formation. The decreased amount of Gtfs on MVs under the initial pH 6.0 conditions strongly guided low levels of MV-dependent biofilm formation. However, in the initial pH 6.0 and 8.0 solutions prepared with AA and NO, the MVs in the biofilm appeared to be formed by the expression of glucans and/or extracellular DNA. These results suggest that the environmental pH conditions established by acid and alkaline factors determine the differences in the local pathogenic activities of biofilm development in the oral cavity.
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16
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Luo Y, Li L, Chen X, Gou H, Yan K, Xu Y. Effects of lactate in immunosuppression and inflammation: Progress and prospects. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:19-29. [PMID: 34486916 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1974856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lactate used to be considered as a waste product of glucose metabolism. However, accumulating evidence has revealed its crucial role in regulating various biological and pathological processes. Hypoxia, inflammation, viral infection, and tumor promote the production of lactate. Then lactate activates G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) or shuttles across membranes by monocarboxylate-transporters (MCTs) to execute its intricate effects. Many studies highlighted the function of lactate in regulating dendritic cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, mast cells, T cells, tumor cells, fibroblasts, macrophages polarization, and the differentiation of Th1, Th17, MDSCs, Tregs; all of which play a role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the host when challenged with the noxious stimuli. In this review, we summarized the influence of lactate in diverse tissue-specific cells, and discuss their effects on viral infection, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, sepsis, and tumor immunosuppression. The goal of this review is to expose that lactate has a double-edged effect on host immunity and accompanying inflammatory reactions, which could be a potentially effective target for treating the tumor and multiple infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiqing Gou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Comparison of the modulatory effects of three structurally similar potential prebiotic substrates on an in vitro multi-species oral biofilm. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15033. [PMID: 34294810 PMCID: PMC8298493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research identified potential prebiotic substrates for oral health like the structural analogues N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (NADM) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NADG). The main hypothesis of the current study was twofold. Firstly, it was hypothesized that the modulatory effects of NADM are not limited to changes in multi-species oral biofilm composition, but also include effects on metabolism, virulence, and inflammatory potential. Secondly, the presence and orientation of their N-acetyl group could play a role. Therefore, a comparison was made between the effects of NADM, NADG and D-(+)-mannose on multi-species oral biofilms. Besides a beneficial compositional shift, NADM-treated biofilms also showed an altered metabolism, a reduced virulence and a decreased inflammatory potential. At a substrate concentration of 1 M, these effects were pronounced for all biofilm aspects, whereas at ~ 0.05 M (1%(w/v)) only the effects on virulence were pronounced. When comparing between substrates, both the presence and orientation of the N-acetyl group played a role. However, this was generally only at 1 M and dependent on the biofilm aspect. Overall, NADM was found to have different effects at two concentrations that beneficially modulate in vitro multi-species oral biofilm composition, metabolism, virulence and inflammatory potential. The presence and orientation of the N-acetyl group influenced these effects.
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18
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Kim S, Kim HJ, Song Y, Lee HA, Kim S, Chung J. Metabolic phenotyping of saliva to identify possible biomarkers of periodontitis using proton nuclear magnetic resonance. J Clin Periodontol 2021; 48:1240-1249. [PMID: 34189748 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to propose biomarker candidates for periodontitis via untargeted metabolomics analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metabolic profiling was performed using saliva samples from 92 healthy controls (H) and 129 periodontitis patients (P) in the discovery cohort using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Random forest was applied to identify metabolites that significantly differentiated the control group from the periodontitis group. Candidate metabolites were then validated in an independent validation cohort. RESULTS In the discovery set, the metabolic profiles of the P group were clearly separated from those of the H group. A total of 31 metabolites were identified in saliva, and 7 metabolites were selected as candidate biomarkers. These metabolites were further confirmed in the validation set. Ethanol, taurine, isovalerate, butyrate, and glucose were finally confirmed as biomarkers. Furthermore, the biomarker panel showed more than 0.9 of the area under curve value in both discovery and validation sets, indicating that panels were more effective than individual metabolites for diagnosing periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS We identified five metabolite biomarkers that discriminated patients with periodontitis from healthy controls in two independent cohorts. These biomarkers have the potential for periodontal screening, detection of periodontitis, and monitoring of the outcome of periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghye Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Song
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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19
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Verspecht T, Van Holm W, Boon N, Bernaerts K, Daep CA, Masters JG, Zayed N, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Potential prebiotic substrates modulate composition, metabolism, virulence and inflammatory potential of an in vitro multi-species oral biofilm. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1910462. [PMID: 33968313 PMCID: PMC8079042 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1910462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Modulation of the commensal oral microbiota constitutes a promising preventive/therapeutic approach in oral healthcare. The use of prebiotics for maintaining/restoring the health-associated homeostasis of the oral microbiota has become an important research topic. Aims: This study hypothesised that in vitro 14-species oral biofilms can be modulated by (in)direct stimulation of beneficial/commensal bacteria with new potential prebiotic substrates tested at 1 M and 1%(w/v), resulting in more host-compatible biofilms with fewer pathogens, decreased virulence and less inflammatory potential. Methods: Established biofilms were repeatedly rinsed with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, α-D-lactose, D-(+)-trehalose or D-(+)-raffinose at 1 M or 1%(w/v). Biofilm composition, metabolic profile, virulence and inflammatory potential were eventually determined. Results: Repeated rinsing caused a shift towards a more health-associated microbiological composition, an altered metabolic profile, often downregulated virulence gene expression and decreased the inflammatory potential on oral keratinocytes. At 1 M, the substrates had pronounced effects on all biofilm aspects, whereas at 1%(w/v) they had a pronounced effect on virulence gene expression and a limited effect on inflammatory potential. Conclusion: Overall, this study identified four new potential prebiotic substrates that exhibit different modulatory effects at two different concentrations that cause in vitro multi-species oral biofilms to become more host-compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Verspecht
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van Holm
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven Chem & Tech, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlo A Daep
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | | | - Naiera Zayed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Stanisic D, Jeremic N, Majumder S, Pushpakumar S, George A, Singh M, Tyagi SC. High Fat Diet Dysbiotic Mechanism of Decreased Gingival Blood Flow. Front Physiol 2021; 12:625780. [PMID: 33746772 PMCID: PMC7965981 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.625780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has a very important role in human health and its influence on the development of numerous diseases is well known. In this study, we investigated the effect of high fat diet (HFD) on the onset of dysbiosis, gingival blood flow decreases, and the periodontal matrix remodeling. We established a dysbiosis model (HFD group) and probiotic model by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) treatment for 12weeks. Fecal samples were collected 24h before mice sacrificing, while short chain fatty acids (SCFA) analysis, DNA extraction, and sequencing for metagenomic analysis were performed afterwards. After sacrificing the animals, we collected periodontal tissues and conducted comprehensive morphological and genetic analyses. While HFD reduced Bacteroidetes, SCFA, and gingival blood flow, this type of diet increased Firmicutes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein, TLR4, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) expression, and also altered markers of bone resorption (OPG and RANKL). However, LGG treatment mitigated these effects. Thus, it was observed that HFD increased molecular remodeling via inflammation, matrix degradation, and functional remodeling and consequently cause reduced gingival blood flow. All of these changes may lead to the alveolar bone loss and the development of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Stanisic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Suravi Majumder
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Akash George
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Suresh C. Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Manipulation of Saliva-Derived Microcosm Biofilms To Resemble Dysbiotic Subgingival Microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02371-20. [PMID: 33158898 PMCID: PMC7848911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02371-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In line with the new paradigm of the etiology of periodontitis, an inflammatory disorder initiated by dysbiotic subgingival microbiota, novel therapeutic strategies have been proposed targeting reversing dysbiosis and restoring host-compatible microbiota rather than eliminating the biofilms unselectively. Thus, appropriate laboratory models are required to evaluate the efficacy of potential microbiome modulators. Periodontitis is a highly prevalent oral inflammatory disease triggered by dysbiotic subgingival microbiota. For the development of microbiome modulators that can reverse the dysbiotic state and reestablish a health-associated microbiota, a high-throughput in vitro multispecies biofilm model is needed. Our aim is to establish a model that resembles a dysbiotic subgingival microbial biofilm by incorporating the major periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis into microcosm biofilms cultured from pooled saliva of healthy volunteers. The biofilms were grown for 3, 7, and 10 days and analyzed for their microbial composition by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing as well as measurement of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) activity and butyric acid production. The addition of P. gingivalis increased its abundance in saliva-derived microcosm biofilms from 2.7% on day 3 to >50% on day 10, which significantly reduced the Shannon diversity but did not affect the total number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The P. gingivalis-enriched biofilms displayed altered microbial composition as revealed by principal-component analysis and reduced interactions among microbial species. Moreover, these biofilms exhibited enhanced DPP4 activity and butyric acid production. In conclusion, by adding P. gingivalis to saliva-derived microcosm biofilms, we established an in vitro pathogen-enriched dysbiotic microbiota which resembles periodontitis-associated subgingival microbiota in terms of increased P. gingivalis abundance and higher DPP4 activity and butyric acid production. This model may allow for investigating factors that accelerate or hinder a microbial shift from symbiosis to dysbiosis and for developing microbiome modulation strategies. IMPORTANCE In line with the new paradigm of the etiology of periodontitis, an inflammatory disorder initiated by dysbiotic subgingival microbiota, novel therapeutic strategies have been proposed targeting reversing dysbiosis and restoring host-compatible microbiota rather than eliminating the biofilms unselectively. Thus, appropriate laboratory models are required to evaluate the efficacy of potential microbiome modulators. In the present study, we used the easily obtainable saliva as an inoculum, spiked the microcosm biofilms with the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, and obtained a P. gingivalis-enriched microbiota, which resembles the in vivo pathogen-enriched subgingival microbiota in severe periodontitis. This biofilm model circumvents the difficulties encountered when using subgingival plaque as the inoculum and achieves microbiota in a dysbiotic state in a controlled and reproducible manner, which is required for high-throughput and large-scale evaluation of strategies that can potentially modulate microbial ecology.
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22
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Abstract
Butyrate is one of the most harmful metabolic end products found in the oral cavity. Thus, it would be important to characterize the enzymes responsible for production of this metabolite to elucidate the pathogenicity of periodontogenic bacteria. Here, a spectrophotometric assay for butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase activity and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurement of butyrate and other short chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
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23
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Guan X, Li W, Meng H. A double-edged sword: Role of butyrate in the oral cavity and the gut. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:121-131. [PMID: 33155411 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate, a four-carbon short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), is a metabolite of anaerobic bacteria. Butyrate has primarily been described as an energy substance in the studies on the digestive tract. The multiple mechanisms of its protective function in the gut and on underlying diseases (including metabolic diseases, diseases of the nervous system, and osteoporosis) via interaction with intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells have been well documented. There are many butyrogenic bacteria in the oral cavity as well. As essential components of the oral microbiome, periodontal pathogens are also able to generate butyrate when undergoing metabolism. Considerable evidence has indicated that butyrate plays an essential role in the initiation and perpetuation of periodontitis. However, butyrate is considered to participate in the pro-inflammatory activities in periodontal tissue and the reactivation of latent viruses. In this review, we focused on the production and biological impact of butyrate in both intestine and oral cavity and explained the possible pathway of various diseases that were engaged by butyrate. Finally, we suggested two hypotheses, which may give a better understanding of the significantly different functions of butyrate in different organs (i.e., the expanded butyrate paradox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Guan
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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24
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Zhao Y, Li J, Guo W, Li H, Lei L. Periodontitis-level butyrate-induced ferroptosis in periodontal ligament fibroblasts by activation of ferritinophagy. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:119. [PMID: 33298848 PMCID: PMC7655826 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) is one critical issue for regenerating lost periodontal tissues. A wide variety of regulated cell death pathways, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis have been proposed in the periodontitis development. The aim of the present study was to explore whether long-term periodontitis-level butyrate may trigger ferroptosis, a newly characterized iron-dependent regulated cell death in PDLFs. Here, we showed that long-term treatment of butyrate, an important short-chain fatty acid in the periodontal pocket, induces the cargo receptor nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy and ferroptosis in PDLFs. Butyrate-induced iron accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation in PDLFs, and the butyrate-induced ferroptosis can be blocked by the lipid peroxide scavenger ferrostatin-1. The NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy is dependent on p38/hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway activation as well as Bromodomain-containing protein (BRD) 4 and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) coordination. These lines of evidence provide a new mechanistic insight into the mechanism of loss of PDLFs during periodontitis development, showing that periodontitis-level butyrate disrupted iron homeostasis by activation of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, leading to ferroptosis in PDLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Zhao
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Houxuan Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lang Lei
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China. .,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210008, Nanjing, China.
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25
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Influence of the FIV Status and Chronic Gingivitis on Feline Oral Microbiota. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050383. [PMID: 32429494 PMCID: PMC7281021 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) has an unclear pathogenesis with the oral microbiome and viral infections, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), thought to contribute. Although the relationship between the FIV status and FCGS is not clear, one theory is FIV-induced immune dysregulation could contribute to oral dysbiosis, promoting FCGS development. To further understand the relationship between FCGS, FIV infection, and the oral microbiome, oral cavities of forty cats fitting within 4 groups (FIV- without gingivitis, FIV+ without gingivitis, FIV- with gingivitis, FIV+ with gingivitis) were swabbed. Next generation sequencing targeting the V4 region of the 16s rRNA gene was performed for bacterial community profiling. No differences in diversity were observed, however, analysis of the data in terms of gingivitis revealed differences in the relative abundance of taxa and predicted functional output. Odoribacter spp., a bacteria associated with oral disease, was found in higher relative abundances in cats with the highest gingivitis grade. Cats with gingivitis were also found to harbor communities more involved in production of short-chain fatty acids, which have been connected with oral disease. Significant findings associated with the FIV status were few and of low impact, suggesting any connection between the FIV status and FCGS is likely not related to the oral microbiota.
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26
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Bao M, Zhang K, Wei Y, Hua W, Gao Y, Li X, Ye L. Therapeutic potentials and modulatory mechanisms of fatty acids in bone. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12735. [PMID: 31797479 PMCID: PMC7046483 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolism is a lifelong process that includes bone formation and resorption. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the predominant cell types associated with bone metabolism, which is facilitated by other cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), osteocytes and chondrocytes. As an important component in our daily diet, fatty acids are mainly categorized as long-chain fatty acids including polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFAs), saturated fatty acids (LCSFAs), medium-/short-chain fatty acids (MCFAs/SCFAs) as well as their metabolites. Fatty acids are closely associated with bone metabolism and associated bone disorders. In this review, we summarized the important roles and potential therapeutic implications of fatty acids in multiple bone disorders, reviewed the diverse range of critical effects displayed by fatty acids on bone metabolism, and elucidated their modulatory roles and mechanisms on specific bone cell types. The evidence supporting close implications of fatty acids in bone metabolism and disorders suggests fatty acids as potential therapeutic and nutritional agents for the treatment and prevention of metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyue Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yangyini Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weihan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yanzi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesDepartment of Cariology and EndodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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27
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Gawron K, Wojtowicz W, Łazarz-Bartyzel K, Łamasz A, Qasem B, Mydel P, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M, Potempa J, Mlynarz P. Metabolomic Status of The Oral Cavity in Chronic Periodontitis. In Vivo 2019; 33:1165-1174. [PMID: 31280206 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of tooth-supporting tissues associated with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Expansion and invasion of this bacterium into the periodontium is associated with changes in the metabolome of the oral cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metabolomics analysis of mouth washout and tongue swab samples based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) method was employed to determine metabolic status of the oral cavity in chronic periodontal disease. RESULTS Mouth washout extracts contained a total of 23 metabolites and tongue swab extracts contained 17. Identified metabolites partially overlap with the content of saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. The colonization of the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis by bacteria was manifested in the change in levels of eight metabolites. CONCLUSION NMR-based metabolomics analysis is a potentially useful methodological approach for monitoring the pathological processes observed in the oral cavity in the course of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wojtowicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Łazarz-Bartyzel
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Łamasz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Badr Qasem
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Chomyszyn-Gajewska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, U.S.A
| | - Piotr Mlynarz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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28
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Liu J, Wang Y, Meng H, Yu J, Lu H, Li W, Lu R, Zhao Y, Li Q, Su L. Butyrate rather than LPS subverts gingival epithelial homeostasis by downregulation of intercellular junctions and triggering pyroptosis. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:894-907. [PMID: 31241781 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (NaB) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gingival epithelial barrier. MATERIAL AND METHODS We cultured human primary gingival epithelial cells and investigated the effects of NaB and LPS on gingival epithelial barrier and involved mechanisms at in vitro and in vivo levels by immunostaining, confocal microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), FTIC-dextran flux, flow cytometry, real-time PCR and Western blot assays. RESULTS Our results showed that NaB, rather than LPS, destroyed the epithelial barrier by breaking down cell-cell junctions and triggering gingival epithelial cell pyroptosis with characteristic morphological changes, including swollen cells, large bubbles, pore formation in the plasma membrane and subcellular organelles changes. The upregulated expression of pyroptosis-related markers, caspase-3 and gasdermin-E (GSDME) contributed to this effect. Pyroptosis aroused by NaB is a pro-inflammatory cell death. Pyroptotic cell death provoked inflammatory responses by upregulation of IL-8 and MCP-1, and releasing intracellular contents into the extracellular microenvironment after pyroptotic rupture of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS Our new findings indicate that butyrate is a potent destructive factor of gingival epithelial barrier and pro-inflammatory mediator, which shed a new light on our understanding of periodontitis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Central Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingting Yu
- Department of General Dentistry II, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongye Lu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifang Lu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqiang Li
- Department of Periodontology, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Su
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University, Beijing, China
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29
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Importance of Virulence Factors for the Persistence of Oral Bacteria in the Inflamed Gingival Crevice and in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091339. [PMID: 31470579 PMCID: PMC6780532 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation that develops due to a destructive tissue response to prolonged inflammation and a disturbed homeostasis (dysbiosis) in the interplay between the microorganisms of the dental biofilm and the host. The infectious nature of the microbes associated with periodontitis is unclear, as is the role of specific bacterial species and virulence factors that interfere with the host defense and tissue repair. This review highlights the impact of classical virulence factors, such as exotoxins, endotoxins, fimbriae and capsule, but also aims to emphasize the often-neglected cascade of metabolic products (e.g., those generated by anaerobic and proteolytic metabolism) that are produced by the bacterial phenotypes that survive and thrive in deep, inflamed periodontal pockets. This metabolic activity of the microbes aggravates the inflammatory response from a low-grade physiologic (homeostatic) inflammation (i.e., gingivitis) into more destructive or tissue remodeling processes in periodontitis. That bacteria associated with periodontitis are linked with a number of systemic diseases of importance in clinical medicine is highlighted and exemplified with rheumatoid arthritis, The unclear significance of a number of potential "virulence factors" that contribute to the pathogenicity of specific bacterial species in the complex biofilm-host interaction clinically is discussed in this review.
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30
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Montalvany-Antonucci CC, Duffles LF, de Arruda JAA, Zicker MC, de Oliveira S, Macari S, Garlet GP, Madeira MFM, Fukada SY, Andrade I, Teixeira MM, Mackay C, Vieira AT, Vinolo MA, Silva TA. Short-chain fatty acids and FFAR2 as suppressors of bone resorption. Bone 2019; 125:112-121. [PMID: 31100533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) exert a variety of immune and metabolic functions by binding to G-protein-coupled receptors, mainly free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2). However, the effects of SCFAs and FFARs on bone remodeling, especially in alveolar bone, have been less explored. In this study, we investigated the influence of the SCFA/FFAR2 axis on alveolar bone. Bone samples from wild-type (WT) and FFAR2-deficient mice (FFAR2-/-) were analyzed using micro-CT, histology and qPCR. WT and FFAR2-/- animals received a high-fiber diet (HFD) reported to increase circulating levels of SCFAs. Additionally, we analyzed the effects of SCFAs and a synthetic FFAR2 agonist, phenylacetamide-1 (CTMB), on bone cell differentiation. The participation of histone deacetylase inhibitors (iHDACs) in the effects of SCFAs was further assessed in vitro. CTMB treatment was also evaluated in vivo during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). FFAR2-/- mice exhibited deterioration of maxillary bone parameters. Consistent with this, FFAR2-/- mice exhibited a significant increase of OTM and changes in bone cell numbers and in the expression of remodeling markers. The HFD partially reversed bone loss in the maxillae of FFAR2-/- mice. In WT mice, the HFD induced changes in the bone markers apparently favoring a bone formation scenario. In vitro, bone marrow cells from FFAR2-/- mice exhibited increased differentiation into osteoclasts, while no changes in osteoblasts were observed. In line with this, differentiation of osteoclasts was diminished by SCFAs and CTMB. Moreover, CTMB treatment significantly reduced OTM. Pretreatment of osteoclasts with iHDACs did not modify the effects of SCFAs on these cells. In conclusion, SCFAs function as regulators of bone resorption. The effects of SCFAs on osteoclasts are dependent on FFAR2 activation and are independent of the inhibition of HDACs. FFAR2 agonists may be useful to control bone osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Montalvany-Antonucci
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil; Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - L F Duffles
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - J A A de Arruda
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - M C Zicker
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - S de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - S Macari
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - G P Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - M F M Madeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - S Y Fukada
- Department of Pharmacological Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - I Andrade
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M M Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A T Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M A Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - T A Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
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31
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Zeller I, Malovichko MV, Hurst HE, Renaud DE, Scott DA. Cigarette smoke reduces short chain fatty acid production by a Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical isolate. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:566-571. [PMID: 30982987 PMCID: PMC6776670 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We hypothesized that short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production by oral pathogens is suppressed by exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Background Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for plaque‐induced periodontal diseases. Despite increased disease susceptibility, overt oral inflammation is suppressed in smokers, presenting a diagnostic conundrum. Bacterial‐derived SCFAs can penetrate into oral tissues where they influence multiple components of immune and healing responses. Indeed, the SCFA burden has been correlated with the inflammatory condition of the gingiva. However, the influence of cigarette consumption on SCFA production is unknown. Methods GC/MS was employed to monitor the production of several SCFAs (propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid) by representative anaerobic oral pathogens (Filifactor alocis 35896, Fusobacterium nucleatum 25586, Porphyromonas gingivalis 33277) that were exposed, or not, to a physiologically relevant dose of CSE (2000 ng/ml nicotine equivalents) generated from 3R4F reference cigarettes. Results The growth of all three bacterial species was unaffected by CSE. The capacity to produce SCFAs by these bacteria was highly varied. F alocis produced the highest concentration of a specific SCFA (butyrate); P gingivalis provided the most robust overall SCFA signal, while F alocis and F nucleatum did not release detectable levels of isobutyrate or isovalerate. As P gingivalis 33277 was the broadest SCFA producer, three low‐passage clinical isolates (10208C, 5607, and 10512) were also examined. Compared to unconditioned microbes, reduced SCFA release was apparent in CSE‐exposed low‐passage clinical isolates of P gingivalis which reached significance for one of the three isolates (propionic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids, all P < 0.05). Conclusions There is high disparity in the SCFA profiles of variant chronic periodontitis‐associated bacteria, while CSE exposure reduces SCFA production by a specific clinical strain of P gingivalis. If the latter phenomenon occurs in vivo, a reduced SCFA burden may help explain the reduced vascular response to dental plaque in tobacco smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Zeller
- Departments of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Marina V Malovichko
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center and Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,American Heart Association Tobacco Regulatory Science and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Harrell E Hurst
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Diane E Renaud
- Departments of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David A Scott
- Departments of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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32
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García-Villaescusa A, Morales-Tatay JM, Monleón-Salvadó D, González-Darder JM, Bellot-Arcis C, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Using NMR in saliva to identify possible biomarkers of glioblastoma and chronic periodontitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0188710. [PMID: 29408884 PMCID: PMC5800567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays there is increasing interest in identifying–and using–metabolites that can be employed as biomarkers for diagnosing, treating and monitoring diseases. Saliva and NMR have been widely used for this purpose as they are fast and inexpensive methods. This case-control study aimed to find biomarkers that could be related to glioblastoma (GBL) and periodontal disease (PD) and studied a possible association between GBL and periodontal status. The participants numbered 130, of whom 10 were diagnosed with GBL and were assigned to the cases group, while the remaining 120 did not present any pathology and were assigned to the control group. On one hand, significantly increased (p < 0.05) metabolites were found in GBL group: leucine, valine, isoleucine, propionate, alanine, acetate, ethanolamine and sucrose. Moreover, a good tendency to separation between the two groups was observed on the scatterplot of the NMR. On the other hand, the distribution of the groups attending to the periodontal status was very similar and we didn´t find any association between GBL and periodontal status (Chi-Square 0.1968, p = 0.91). Subsequently, the sample as a whole (130 individuals) was divided into three groups by periodontal status in order to identify biomarkers for PD. Group 1 was composed of periodontally healthy individuals, group 2 had gingivitis or early periodontitis and group 3 had moderate to advanced periodontitis. On comparing periodontal status, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in certain metabolites was observed. These findings along with previous reports suggest that these could be used as biomarkers of a PD: caproate, isocaproate+butyrate, isovalerate, isopropanol+methanol, 4 aminobutyrate, choline, sucrose, sucrose-glucose-lysine, lactate-proline, lactate and proline. The scatter plot showed a good tendency to wards separation between group 1 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto García-Villaescusa
- Departament d’Estomatologia, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - José Manuel Morales-Tatay
- Unidad Central de Investigación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleón-Salvadó
- Fundación de Investigación del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Clínico Valencia (INCLIVA),Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Bellot-Arcis
- Departament d’Estomatologia, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Montiel-Company
- Departament d’Estomatologia, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Almerich-Silla
- Departament d’Estomatologia, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Rzeznik M, Triba MN, Levy P, Jungo S, Botosoa E, Duchemann B, Le Moyec L, Bernaudin JF, Savarin P, Guez D. Identification of a discriminative metabolomic fingerprint of potential clinical relevance in saliva of patients with periodontitis using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182767. [PMID: 28837579 PMCID: PMC5570357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is characterized by the loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth in an inflammatory-infectious context. The diagnosis relies on clinical and X-ray examination. Unfortunately, clinical signs of tissue destruction occur late in the disease progression. Therefore, it is mandatory to identify reliable biomarkers to facilitate a better and earlier management of this disease. To this end, saliva represents a promising fluid for identification of biomarkers as metabolomic fingerprints. The present study used high-resolution 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to identify the metabolic signature of active periodontitis. The metabolome of stimulated saliva of 26 patients with generalized periodontitis (18 chronic and 8 aggressive) was compared to that of 25 healthy controls. Principal Components Analysis (PCA), performed with clinical variables, indicated that the patient population was homogeneous, demonstrating a strong correlation between the clinical and the radiological variables used to assess the loss of periodontal tissues and criteria of active disease. Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure (OPLS) analysis showed that patients with periodontitis can be discriminated from controls on the basis of metabolite concentrations in saliva with satisfactory explained variance (R2X = 0.81 and R2Y = 0.61) and predictability (Q2Y = 0.49, CV-AUROC = 0.94). Interestingly, this discrimination was irrespective of the type of generalized periodontitis, i.e. chronic or aggressive. Among the main discriminating metabolites were short chain fatty acids as butyrate, observed in higher concentrations, and lactate, γ-amino-butyrate, methanol, and threonine observed in lower concentrations in periodontitis. The association of lactate, GABA, and butyrate to generate an aggregated variable reached the best positive predictive value for diagnosis of periodontitis. In conclusion, this pilot study showed that 1H-NMR spectroscopy analysis of saliva could differentiate patients with periodontitis from controls. Therefore, this simple, robust, non-invasive method, may offer a significant help for early diagnosis and follow-up of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rzeznik
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France.,APHP, Department of Periodontology, Bretonneau Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Nawfal Triba
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France
| | - Pierre Levy
- APHP, Department of Public Health, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,UMR-S1136 (EPAR team), INSERM UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Jungo
- APHP, Department of Periodontology, Bretonneau Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Eliot Botosoa
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France
| | - Boris Duchemann
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France.,APHP, Department of Pneumology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Jean-François Bernaudin
- APHP, Department of Pneumology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.,UPMC Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA2363, Bobigny, France
| | - Philippe Savarin
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France
| | - Dominique Guez
- APHP, Department of Periodontology, Bretonneau Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
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Corrêa R, Vieira A, Sernaglia E, Lancellotti M, Vieira A, Avila-Campos M, Rodrigues H, Vinolo M. Bacterial short-chain fatty acid metabolites modulate the inflammatory response against infectious bacteria. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. O. Corrêa
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - E. M. Sernaglia
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. Lancellotti
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. T. Vieira
- Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - M. J. Avila-Campos
- Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - H. G. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nutrients and Tissue Repair, School of Applied Sciences; University of Campinas; Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. A. R. Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Gerber FA, Sahrmann P, Schmidlin OA, Heumann C, Beer JH, Schmidlin PR. Influence of obesity on the outcome of non-surgical periodontal therapy - a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:90. [PMID: 27590050 PMCID: PMC5010690 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and periodontitis are important chronic health problems. Obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of periodontitis. Whether obesity also affects the outcome of non-surgical periodontal therapy is to date still unclear. METHODS A systematic review of studies referenced in SCOPUS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, Biosis and Web of Science was performed. Titles, abstracts and finally full texts were scrutinized for possible inclusion by two independent investigators. Quality and heterogeneity of the studies were assessed and the study designs were examined. Probing pocket depth reduction was analyzed as primary surrogate parameter for therapeutic success after non-surgical periodontal therapy. RESULTS One-hundred-and-fifty-nine potentially qualifying studies were screened. Eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Three of eight studies failed to show an influence of obesity on pocket depth reduction after non-surgical therapy. The remaining five studies documented a clear negative effect on the outcome of non-surgical periodontal therapy. The finally included studies did not correspond to the highest level of quality (RCTs). Due to the heterogeneity of the data a meta-analysis was not possible. CONCLUSION The literature on the effect of obesity on the treatment outcome of non-surgical periodontal therapy remains controversial. The data, however, support that obesity is not only a factor associated with poorer periodontal health but might also result in inferior response to non-surgical treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne A. Gerber
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Sahrmann
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver A. Schmidlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heumann
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürg Hans Beer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Patrick R. Schmidlin
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Fatty acids as modulators of neutrophil recruitment, function and survival. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 785:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sato M, Yoshida Y, Nagano K, Hasegawa Y, Takebe J, Yoshimura F. Three CoA Transferases Involved in the Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1146. [PMID: 27486457 PMCID: PMC4949257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase, which produces butyrate and acetyl-CoA from butyryl-CoA and acetate, is responsible for the final step of butyrate production in bacteria. This study demonstrates that in the periodontopathogenic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis this reaction is not catalyzed by PGN_1171, previously annotated as butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase, but by three distinct CoA transferases, PGN_0725, PGN_1341, and PGN_1888. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and spectrophotometric analyses were performed using crude enzyme extracts from deletion mutant strains and purified recombinant proteins. The experiments revealed that, in the presence of acetate, PGN_0725 preferentially utilized butyryl-CoA rather than propionyl-CoA. By contrast, this preference was reversed in PGN_1888. The only butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase activity was observed in PGN_1341. Double reciprocal plots revealed that all the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes follow a ternary-complex mechanism, in contrast to previously characterized CoA transferases. GC-MS analysis to determine the concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in culture supernatants of P. gingivalis wild type and mutant strains revealed that PGN_0725 and PGN_1888 play a major role in the production of butyrate and propionate, respectively. Interestingly, a triple deletion mutant lacking PGN_0725, PGN_1341, and PGN_1888 produced low levels of SCFAs, suggesting that the microorganism contains CoA transferase(s) in addition to these three enzymes. Growth rates of the mutant strains were mostly slower than that of the wild type, indicating that many carbon compounds produced in the SCFA synthesis appear to be important for the biological activity of this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunari Sato
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin UniversityNagoya, Japan; Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin UniversityNagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun Takebe
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
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Effect of mouthwashes on the composition and metabolic activity of oral biofilms grown in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1221-1230. [PMID: 27337976 PMCID: PMC5399055 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an oxygenating mouthwash compared to two other established mouthwash products on bacterial composition and metabolic activity of oral biofilms in vitro. Material and methods Twelve healthy subjects participated as donors. Plaque-saliva mixture inoculated biofilms were grown and treated with 3 different chemotherapeutic mouthwashes [amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (MD), oxygenating agent (AX), chlorhexidine 0.12 % (PA), and water (W)]. Effects of treatments were assessed on biofilm composition (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing), production of organic acids (formate, acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate using capillary electrophoresis), and viability of the remaining biofilm (CFUs). Results Microbial profiles of biofilms clustered per inoculum donor and were dominated by the genera Veillonella, Streptococcus, and Prevotella. Microbial diversity was only reduced after PA treatment. Significant changes in composition occurred after treatment with AX, resulting in lower proportions of Veillonella and higher proportions of non-mutans streptococci. Production of all organic acids after PA and lactate after MD was significantly lower as compared to W. AX resulted in reduction of acetate, butyrate, and propionate and increase in lactate production (p < 0.05). Viable counts were significantly lower after PA and AX treatments compared to W, while no significant reduction was observed after MD. Conclusions All studied mouthwashes affected the in vitro biofilms differently. The effects of the AX treatment were the most prominent which resulted in changes of the bacterial composition and metabolism. Clinical implications Awareness by the dental team that mouthwashes can change the bacterial composition and metabolism is important when advising its use.
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Yoshida Y, Sato M, Nagano K, Hasegawa Y, Okamoto T, Yoshimura F. Production of 4-hydroxybutyrate from succinate semialdehyde in butyrate biosynthesis in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2582-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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Provenzano JC, Rôças IN, Tavares LFD, Neves BC, Siqueira JF. Short-chain Fatty Acids in Infected Root Canals of Teeth with Apical Periodontitis before and after Treatment. J Endod 2015; 41:831-5. [PMID: 25799538 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are bacterial metabolic end products that may function as virulence factors. This study evaluated the occurrence of SCFAs in infected root canals before and after treatment. METHODS Samples were taken from root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis before (S1) and after (S2) chemomechanical preparation with either NaOCl or chlorhexidine as the irrigant and then after interappointment medication with calcium hydroxide (S3). High-performance liquid chromatography was used for detection of SCFAs. Selected bacterial taxa that are recognized producers of the target SCFAs were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Butyric acid was the most common fatty acid in S1, followed by propionic acid. Both molecules were also found in S2 and S3 from both NaOCl and chlorhexidine groups. Lactic acid was not present in detectable levels in S1, but it occurred in 1 postinstrumentation sample and in 9 samples taken after calcium hydroxide medication. Of the target taxa, Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most prevalent in S1 (76%), followed by members of the Actinobacteria phylum (71%), Streptococcus species (59%), and Parvimonas micra (53%). Gram-positive taxa, especially streptococci, were the most prevalent bacteria in S2 and S3. SCFA detection was matched with the respective potential producer species in most cases. CONCLUSIONS This first report of SCFAs in infected root canals suggests that these molecules may play a role in the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis. Significance of persistence of SCFAs after treatment and its effects on the long-term outcome await elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Claudio Provenzano
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando D Tavares
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Proteins, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Cruz Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Proteins, Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José F Siqueira
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oral mucositis is one of the most prevalent toxicities after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mucositis is initiated by the chemotherapy or radiotherapy preceding the transplantation. It is commonly accepted that microorganisms play a role in the process of oral mucositis. Despite the upcoming techniques to determine the whole oral bacterial ecosystem, the exact role of the microflora in mucositis is not yet understood. This article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research on the oral microflora and mucositis. RECENT FINDINGS A shift in microflora, in both the intestine and the oral cavity, can be found after chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The presence of oral ulcerative mucositis coincides with the presence of periodontitis-associated bacteria, in particular Porphyromonas gingivalis. Moreover, this bacterium can inhibit wound healing processes in an in-vitro model. SUMMARY We come to realize that some diseases are associated with a shift in the microflora. The role of the microflora in oral and intestinal mucositis is gaining more attention in recent literature. In the oral cavity, periodontitis-associated bacteria may influence the healing of ulcerations and the role they play in mucositis may be more subtle and complicated than was previously thought.
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Li Y, He J, He Z, Zhou Y, Yuan M, Xu X, Sun F, Liu C, Li J, Xie W, Deng Y, Qin Y, VanNostrand JD, Xiao L, Wu L, Zhou J, Shi W, Zhou X. Phylogenetic and functional gene structure shifts of the oral microbiomes in periodontitis patients. ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:1879-91. [PMID: 24671083 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Determining the composition and function of subgingival dental plaque is crucial to understanding human periodontal health and disease, but it is challenging because of the complexity of the interactions between human microbiomes and human body. Here, we examined the phylogenetic and functional gene differences between periodontal and healthy individuals using MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and a specific functional gene array (a combination of GeoChip 4.0 for biogeochemical processes and HuMiChip 1.0 for human microbiomes). Our analyses indicated that the phylogenetic and functional gene structure of the oral microbiomes were distinctly different between periodontal and healthy groups. Also, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that 39 genera were significantly different between healthy and periodontitis groups, and Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Treponema, Filifactor, Eubacterium, Tannerella, Hallella, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus and Catonella showed higher relative abundances in the periodontitis group. In addition, functional gene array data showed that a lower gene number but higher signal intensity of major genes existed in periodontitis, and a variety of genes involved in virulence factors, amino acid metabolism and glycosaminoglycan and pyrimidine degradation were enriched in periodontitis, suggesting their potential importance in periodontal pathogenesis. However, the genes involved in amino acid synthesis and pyrimidine synthesis exhibited a significantly lower relative abundance compared with healthy group. Overall, this study provides new insights into our understanding of phylogenetic and functional gene structure of subgingival microbial communities of periodontal patients and their importance in pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhili He
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengting Yuan
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Yujia Qin
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Joy D VanNostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Liying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyou Wu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China [2] UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Tu Q, He Z, Li Y, Chen Y, Deng Y, Lin L, Hemme CL, Yuan T, Van Nostrand JD, Wu L, Zhou X, Shi W, Li L, Xu J, Zhou J. Development of HuMiChip for functional profiling of human microbiomes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90546. [PMID: 24595026 PMCID: PMC3942451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the diversity, composition, structure, function, and dynamics of human microbiomes in individual human hosts is crucial to reveal human-microbial interactions, especially for patients with microbially mediated disorders, but challenging due to the high diversity of the human microbiome. Here we have developed a functional gene-based microarray for profiling human microbiomes (HuMiChip) with 36,802 probes targeting 50,007 protein coding sequences for 139 key functional gene families. Computational evaluation suggested all probes included are highly specific to their target sequences. HuMiChip was used to analyze human oral and gut microbiomes, showing significantly different functional gene profiles between oral and gut microbiome. Obvious shifts of microbial functional structure and composition were observed for both patients with dental caries and periodontitis from moderate to advanced stages, suggesting a progressive change of microbial communities in response to the diseases. Consistent gene family profiles were observed by both HuMiChip and next generation sequencing technologies. Additionally, HuMiChip was able to detect gene families at as low as 0.001% relative abundance. The results indicate that the developed HuMiChip is a useful and effective tool for functional profiling of human microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Tu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Zhili He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Lu Lin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Christopher L. Hemme
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Tong Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Joy D. Van Nostrand
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Liyou Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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44
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Lu R, Meng H, Gao X, Xu L, Feng X. Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on short chain fatty acid levels in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:574-83. [PMID: 25340203 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Lu
- Department of Periodontology; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - H. Meng
- Department of Periodontology; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - X. Gao
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - L. Xu
- Department of Periodontology; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - X. Feng
- Department of Periodontology; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
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