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Mubashshir M, Ahmad N, Negi T, Rawal R, Singhvi N, Khatoon H, Laxmi V, Dubey O, Sharma RB, Negi G, Ovais M. Therapeutic Benefits of Melatonin against COVID-19. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:196-205. [PMID: 37336193 PMCID: PMC10614475 DOI: 10.1159/000531550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The assumption of the pineal hormone melatonin as a therapeutic use for COVID-19-affected people seems promising. Its intake has shown significant improvement in the patients' conditions. Higher melatonin titers in children may provide a protective shield against this disease. The hormone melatonin works as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulator, and strategically slows down the cytokine release which is observed in the COVID-19 disease, thereby improving the overall health of afflicted patients. The medical community is expected shortly to use remedial attributes like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antivirals, etc., of melatonin in the successful prevention and cure of COVID-19 morbidity. Thus, the administration of melatonin seems auspicious in the cure and prevention of this COVID-19 fatality. Moreover, melatonin does not seem to reduce the efficiency of approved vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Melatonin increases the production of inflammatory cytokines and Th1 and enhances both humoral and cell-mediated responses. Through the enhanced humoral immunity, melatonin exhibits antiviral activities by suppressing multiple inflammatory products such as IL-6, IL1β, and tumor necrosis factor α, which are immediately released during lung injury of severe COVID-19. Hence, the novel use of melatonin along with other antivirals as an early treatment option against COVID-19 infection is suggested. Here, we have chalked out the invasion mechanisms and appropriate implications of the latest findings concerned with melatonin against the virus SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, within the setting of a clinical intervention, the promising compounds must go through a series of studies before their recommendation. In the clinical field, this is done in a time-ordered sequence, in line with the phase label affixed to proper protocol of trials: phase I-phase II and the final phase III. Nevertheless, while medical recommendations can only be made on the basis of reassuring evidence, there are still three issues worth considering before implementation: representativeness, validity, and lastly generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mubashshir
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Nabeel Ahmad
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Tripti Negi
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Renu Rawal
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Nirjara Singhvi
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Hina Khatoon
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Vijya Laxmi
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Om Dubey
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Renu Bala Sharma
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Ganga Negi
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, India
| | - Mohd Ovais
- Department of Bio-Science, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
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2
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Bešlić I, Lugović-Mihić L, Vrtarić A, Bešlić A, Škrinjar I, Hanžek M, Crnković D, Artuković M. Melatonin in Dermatologic Allergic Diseases and Other Skin Conditions: Current Trends and Reports. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044039. [PMID: 36835450 PMCID: PMC9967801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is the main hormone that regulates the sleep cycle, and it is mostly produced by the pineal gland from the amino acid tryptophan. It has cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Melatonin is also one of the most powerful natural antioxidants, directly acting on free radicals and the intracellular antioxidant enzyme system. Furthermore, it participates in antitumor activity, hypopigmentation processes in hyperpigmentary disorders, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating activity in inflammatory dermatoses, maintaining the integrity of the epidermal barrier and thermoregulation of the body. Due predominantly to its positive influence on sleep, melatonin can be used in the treatment of sleep disturbances for those with chronic allergic diseases accompanied by intensive itching (such as atopic dermatitis and chronic spontaneous urticaria). According to the literature data, there are also many proven uses for melatonin in photoprotection and skin aging (due to melatonin's antioxidant effects and role in preventing damage due to DNA repair mechanisms), hyperpigmentary disorders (e.g., melasma) and scalp diseases (such as androgenic alopecia and telogen effluvium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bešlić
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alen Vrtarić
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ante Bešlić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Škrinjar
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milena Hanžek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijel Crnković
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marinko Artuković
- Department of Polemology, Special Hospital for Pulmonary Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Nikkola V, Huotari-Orava R, Joronen H, Grönroos M, Kautiainen H, Ylianttila L, Snellman E, Partonen T. Melatonin immunoreactivity of epidermal skin is higher in the evening than morning but does not account for erythema sensitivity. Chronobiol Int 2022; 40:132-144. [PMID: 36576151 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2157733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a site of melatonin synthesis, and melatonin has a role in protecting against ultraviolet radiation-induced damage. Ultraviolet B (UVB) induced erythema seems to vary between morning and evening. We investigated whether epidermal melatonin immunoreactivities in the morning differed from those in the evening, and whether UVB-induced erythema was associated with these melatonin immunoreactivities in healthy volunteers. Erythema sensitivity of the skin was determined in the morning and in the evening by scoring the Minimal Erythema Dose and quantifying the erythema index (EI). We took biopsies from the non-UVB-exposed skin of healthy volunteers (n = 39) in the morning and in the evening to study melatonin immunoreactivity with immunohistochemistry (IHC). In the IHC staining, there was more melatonin immunoreactivity in the evening than in the morning (p < .001). Erythema was more pronounced in the evening than in the morning irradiated skin (p < .001). The graded amount of melatonin immunoreactivity in the samples was not associated with the EI. We discovered melatonin immunoreactivity of the non-irradiated skin to vary diurnally. However, endogenous skin melatonin does not seem to be the reason why NB-UVB induces more erythema in the evening than in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Nikkola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Päijät-Häme Social and Health Care Group, Lahti, Finland
| | - Riitta Huotari-Orava
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Department of Pathology and FIMLAB, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heli Joronen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Päijät-Häme Social and Health Care Group, Lahti, Finland
| | - Mari Grönroos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Päijät-Häme Social and Health Care Group, Lahti, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Department of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Unit of Primary Health Care, Kuopio University, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lasse Ylianttila
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Surveillance, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erna Snellman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Public Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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Hormesis: wound healing and fibroblasts. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106449. [PMID: 36113746 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hormetic dose responses are reported here to occur commonly in the dermal wound healing process, with the particular focus on cell viability, proliferation, migration and collagen deposition of human and murine fibroblasts with in vitro studies. Hormetic responses were induced by a wide range of substances, including endogenous agents, pharmaceutical preparations, plant-derived extracts including many well-known dietary supplements, as well as physical stressor agents such as low-level laser treatments. Detailed mechanistic studies have identified common signaling pathways and their cross-pathway communications that mediate the hormetic dose responses. These findings complement and extend a similar comprehensive assessment concerning the occurrence of hormetic dose responses in keratinocytes. These findings demonstrate the generality of the hormetic dose response for key wound healing endpoints, suggesting that the hormesis concept has a fundamental role in wound healing, with respect to guiding strategies for experimental evaluation as well as therapeutic applications.
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Lu N, Jiang X, Zhang C, Li B, Tu W, Lei H, Yao W, Xia D. Melatonin mediates via melatonin receptor 1 in a temperature-dependent manner regulating ATP metabolism and antioxidative enzyme activity of boar spermatozoa in vitro. Theriogenology 2022; 188:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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KUNDAK K, YARAT A, DOĞAN B, KURU L. Effect of Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy on Salivary Melatonin Levels. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1053211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Melatonin, a hormone secreted predominantly by pineal gland in a circadian manner, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The current research is conducted to explore the influence of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on levels of salivary melatonin in subjects with gingivitis and periodontitis. Methods: Sixty systemically healthy participants were included in this study; the groups are as follows: gingivitis (G), chronic periodontitis (CP), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) and periodontally healthy (H). NSPT was applied to G group patients for 2 sessions, to CP and GAP group patients for 4 sessions. Plaque and gingival indices, probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were documented at baseline and 3 months post – treatment and early morning salivary samples were collected. ELISA was used to detect melatonin levels in saliva. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire was performed to evaluate of sleep quality of patients. Results: At baseline, significant difference in gingival index, PD, BOP and CAL values was detected among all groups (p
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra KUNDAK
- MARMARA UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
| | - Ayşen YARAT
- MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİ FAKÜLTESİ
| | - Başak DOĞAN
- MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİ FAKÜLTESİ
| | - Leyla KURU
- MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİ FAKÜLTESİ
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A Computational Text Mining-Guided Meta-Analysis Approach to Identify Potential Xerostomia Drug Targets. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051442. [PMID: 35268532 PMCID: PMC8911392 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia (subjective complaint of dry mouth) is commonly associated with salivary gland hypofunction. Molecular mechanisms associated with xerostomia pathobiology are poorly understood, thus hampering drug development. Our objectives were to (i) use text-mining tools to investigate xerostomia and dry mouth concepts, (ii) identify associated molecular interactions involving genes as candidate drug targets, and (iii) determine how drugs currently used in clinical trials may impact these genes and associated pathways. PubMed and PubMed Central were used to identify search terms associated with xerostomia and/or dry mouth. Search terms were queried in pubmed2ensembl. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were determined using the gene/protein network visualization program search tool for recurring instances of neighboring genes (STRING). A similar program, Cytoscape, was used to determine PPIs of overlapping gene sets. The drug–gene interaction database (DGIdb) and the clinicaltrials.gov database were used to identify potential drug targets from the xerostomia/dry mouth PPI gene set. We identified 64 search terms in common between xerostomia and dry mouth. STRING confirmed PPIs between identified genes (CL = 0.90). Cytoscape analysis determined 58 shared genes, with cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction representing the most significant pathway (p = 1.29 × 10−23) found in the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). Fifty-four genes in common had drug interactions, per DGIdb analysis. Eighteen drugs, targeting the xerostomia/dry mouth PPI network, have been evaluated for xerostomia, head and neck cancer oral complications, and Sjögren’s Syndrome. The PPI network genes IL6R, EGFR, NFKB1, MPO, and TNFSF13B constitute a possible biomarker signature of xerostomia. Validation of the candidate biomarkers is necessary to better stratify patients at the genetic and molecular levels to facilitate drug development or to monitor response to treatment.
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8
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Duan H, Hu J, Xiao L, Lv J, Zhang Y, Zhao X. β-Estradiol inhibits melatonin synthesis and melatonin receptor expression in sheep granulosa cells. Gene 2021; 814:146128. [PMID: 34971752 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, an important regulator of mammalian reproduction, is mainly produced in the pineal gland, and granulosa cells (GCs), the main mammalian ovarian secretory cells, synthesize melatonin and express melatonin receptors (MRs) MT1 and MT2. However, studies on melatonin regulation in GCs are lacking in sheep. In this study, we explored the effects of β-estradiol (E2) on melatonin production and MR expression in GCs. We cultured sheep GCs to analyze the expression of the melatonin rate-limiting enzymes AANAT and HIOMT and the effects of E2 on AANAT, HIOMT, and MR expression and melatonin synthesis. To determine whether estrogen receptors (ERs) mediated E2 action on melatonin secretion and MR expression, we assessed ERA and ERB expression in GCs and observed whether ER antagonists counterbalanced the effects of E2. GCs expressed AANAT and HIOMT mRNA, indicating that they transformed exogenous serotonin into melatonin. E2 inhibited melatonin production by downregulating AANAT, HIOMT, and MRs. GCs expressed ERA and ERB; ERA/ERB inhibitors abolished E2-mediated inhibition of melatonin secretion and MR expression. PHTPP upregulated melatonin secretion and MT1 expression in E2-treated GCs, but did not significantly affect AANAT and MT2 expression. In conclusion, melatonin secretion in GCs was inhibited by E2 through an ERA- and ERB-mediated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Duan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianshu Lv
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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9
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Parameters of Oxidative Stress, Vitamin D, Osteopontin, and Melatonin in Patients with Lip, Oral Cavity, and Pharyngeal Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2364931. [PMID: 34721756 PMCID: PMC8550860 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2364931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers (LOCP) constitute a group of rare neoplasms with unfavorable prognosis. So far, not much is known about the role of vitamin D and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of LOCP in the European population. The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of vitamin D, osteopontin, melatonin, and malondialdehyde (MDA) as markers of oxidative stress and/or inflammation, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the course of LOCP. The vitamin D, melatonin, and osteopontin concentrations in blood serum, the MDA levels in erythrocytes and blood plasma, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in erythrocytes were measured in blood samples taken from 25 LOCP patients of middle age (YCG), 20 LOCP elderly patients (OCG), and 25 healthy middle-aged volunteers. In both cancer groups, decreases in vitamin D and CAT, as well as increases in osteopontin and blood plasma MDA, were observed. An increase in GPx activity in YCG and a decrease in melatonin level in OCG were found. The results indicate the vitamin D deficiency and disturbed oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis in LOCP patients. Osteopontin seems to be associated with LOCP carcinogenesis and requires further research.
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10
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Salarić I, Karmelić I, Lovrić J, Baždarić K, Rožman M, Čvrljević I, Zajc I, Brajdić D, Macan D. Salivary melatonin in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13201. [PMID: 34168230 PMCID: PMC8225878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin’s role in circadian rhythm is well documented, as are its’ anti-oxidant, oncostatic and anti-inflammatory properties. Poor sleep quality has been associated as a potential risk factor for several malignancies, including head and neck cancers. The purpose of this study is to determine salivary melatonin (MLT) levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, compare the salivary MLT levels with those in healthy individuals and compare the salivary and serum levels in OSCC patients. Furthermore, the aim is to investigate the potential relationship between sleep quality and salivary MLT levels in OSCC patients. Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva was sampled from patients with T1N0M0 and T2N0M0 OSCC (N = 34) and 33 sex and age matched healthy subjects. Serum samples were taken from 11 OSCC patients. Sleep quality was measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Melatonin levels in UWS and SWS were significantly higher in the OSCC group. Sleep quality was significantly lower in patients with OSCC (P = 0.0001). ROC analysis was found to be significant (P < 0.001) in evaluating MLT concentration limit in diagnosing OSCC. The expected relationship between sleep quality and salivary MLT levels in OSCC patients was not observed. Our results suggest salivary MLT as a potential biomarker that might facilitate non-invasive detection of early stage OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Salarić
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Av. Gojka Šuška 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Karmelić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Lovrić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Baždarić
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marko Rožman
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Čvrljević
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Zajc
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Av. Gojka Šuška 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Brajdić
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Av. Gojka Šuška 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Macan
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Av. Gojka Šuška 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia.
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11
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Cross KM, Landis DM, Sehgal L, Payne JD. Melatonin for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Possible Efficacy. Endocr Pract 2021; 27:850-855. [PMID: 34119679 PMCID: PMC8190272 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the use of melatonin as an early treatment option on the first day of diagnosis for COVID-19. METHODS Medical Subject Headings terms "COVID-19" and "viral diseases" were manually searched on PubMed, and relevant articles were included. RESULTS The results showed that melatonin acts to reduce reactive oxygen species-mediated damage, cytokine-induced inflammation, and lymphopenia in viral diseases similar to COVID-19. CONCLUSION These conclusions provide evidence for potential benefits in melatonin use for COVID-19 treatment as early as the day of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Cross
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas.
| | - Dylan M Landis
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Laveena Sehgal
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - J Drew Payne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas
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12
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Toan NK, Ahn SG. Aging-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in the Salivary Gland: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5835. [PMID: 34072470 PMCID: PMC8198609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-related salivary dysfunction commonly induces the poor oral health, including decreased saliva flow and dental caries. Although the clinical significance of the salivary glands is well-known, the complex metabolic pathways contributing to the aging-dysfunction process are only beginning to be uncovered. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the metabolic changes in aging-mediated salivary gland dysfunction as a key aspect of oral physiology. Several metabolic neuropeptides or hormones are involved in causing or contributing to salivary gland dysfunction, including hyposalivation and age-related diseases. Thus, aging-related metabolism holds promise for early diagnosis, increased choice of therapy and the identification of new metabolic pathways that could potentially be targeted in salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang-Gun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
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Metallothionein 3 Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation in C2C12 Cells via Reduction of Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094312. [PMID: 33919218 PMCID: PMC8122383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are intracellular cysteine-rich proteins, and their expressions are enhanced under stress conditions. MTs are recognized as having the ability to regulate redox balance in living organisms; however, their role in regulating osteoblast differentiation is still unclear. In this research, we found that the expression of MT3, one member of the MT protein family, was specifically upregulated in the differentiation process of C2C12 myoblasts treated with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). Transfection with MT3-overexpressing plasmids in C2C12 cells enhanced their differentiation to osteoblasts, together with upregulating the protein expression of bone specific transcription factors runt-related gene 2 (Runx2), Osterix, and distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5). Additionally, MT3 knockdown performed the opposite. Further studies revealed that overexpression of MT3 decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in C2C12 cells treated with BMP4, and MT3 silencing enhanced ROS production. Treating C2C12 cells with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine also promoted osteoblast differentiation, and upregulated Runx2/Osterix/Dlx5, while ROS generator antimycin A treatment performed the opposite. Finally, antimycin A treatment inhibited osteoblast differentiation and Runx2/Osterix/Dlx5 expression in MT3-overexpressing C2C12 cells. These findings identify the role of MT3 in osteoblast differentiation and indicate that MT3 may have interesting potential in the field of osteogenesis research.
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Kang J, Chen H, Zhang F, Yan T, Fan W, Jiang L, He H, Huang F. RORα Regulates Odontoblastic Differentiation and Mediates the Pro-Odontogenic Effect of Melatonin on Dental Papilla Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:1098. [PMID: 33669807 PMCID: PMC7922395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental papilla cells (DPCs), precursors of odontoblasts, are considered promising seed cells for tissue engineering. Emerging evidence suggests that melatonin promotes odontoblastic differentiation of DPCs and affects tooth development, although the precise mechanisms remain unknown. Retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα) is a nuclear receptor for melatonin that plays a critical role in cell differentiation and embryonic development. This study aimed to explore the role of RORα in odontoblastic differentiation and determine whether melatonin exerts its pro-odontogenic effect via RORα. Herein, we observed that RORα was expressed in DPCs and was significantly increased during odontoblastic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. The overexpression of RORα upregulated the expression of odontogenic markers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralized nodules formation (p < 0.05). In contrast, odontoblastic differentiation of DPCs was suppressed by RORα knockdown. Moreover, we found that melatonin elevated the expression of odontogenic markers, which was accompanied by the upregulation of RORα (p < 0.001). Utilising small interfering RNA, we further demonstrated that RORα inhibition attenuated melatonin-induced odontogenic gene expression, ALP activity and matrix mineralisation (p < 0.01). Collectively, these results provide the first evidence that RORα can promote odontoblastic differentiation of DPCs and mediate the pro-odontogenic effect of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (J.K.); (H.C.); (F.Z.); (T.Y.); (W.F.); (L.J.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haoling Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (J.K.); (H.C.); (F.Z.); (T.Y.); (W.F.); (L.J.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (J.K.); (H.C.); (F.Z.); (T.Y.); (W.F.); (L.J.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tong Yan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (J.K.); (H.C.); (F.Z.); (T.Y.); (W.F.); (L.J.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (J.K.); (H.C.); (F.Z.); (T.Y.); (W.F.); (L.J.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Liulin Jiang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (J.K.); (H.C.); (F.Z.); (T.Y.); (W.F.); (L.J.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (J.K.); (H.C.); (F.Z.); (T.Y.); (W.F.); (L.J.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
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García-Bernal D, López-García S, Sanz JL, Guerrero-Gironés J, García-Navarro EM, Moraleda JM, Forner L, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ. Melatonin Treatment Alters Biological and Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Augmented Transforming Growth Factor Beta Secretion. J Endod 2020; 47:424-435. [PMID: 33359532 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melatonin is an endogenous neurohormone with well-reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but the direct biological and immunomodulatory effects of melatonin on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of melatonin on the cytocompatibility, proliferation, cell migration, odontogenic differentiation, mineralized nodule formation, and immunomodulatory properties of hDPSCs. METHODS To address the melatonin biological effects on hDPSCs, the cytocompatibility, proliferation, cell migration, odontogenic differentiation, mineralized nodule formation, and immunomodulatory properties of hDPSCs after melatonin treatment were evaluated. The statistical differences were evaluated using 1-way analysis of variance with the Tukey multiple comparison test. RESULTS We found that melatonin did not alter hDPSC immunophenotype or cell viability, even at the highest concentrations used. However, using intermediate melatonin concentrations (10-300 μmol/L), a significantly higher proliferation rate (P < .05 and P < .01) and migration of hDPSCs (P < .01) were observed. Importantly, melatonin treatment (100 μmol/L) significantly increased the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (P < .05 and P < .01) and provoked a more robust antiproliferative effect on mitogen-stimulated T cells (P < .05). Finally, and unlike previous results found with mesenchymal stem cells from other sources, melatonin fails to induce or accelerate the spontaneous osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings provide key data on the bioactivity of melatonin and its effects on hPDSC biological and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- David García-Bernal
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sergio López-García
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - José L Sanz
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Esther M García-Navarro
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose M Moraleda
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Leopoldo Forner
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Rodríguez-Lozano
- Hematopoietic Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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16
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Shih YH, Chiu KC, Wang TH, Lan WC, Tsai BH, Wu LJ, Hsia SM, Shieh TM. Effects of melatonin to arecoline-induced reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:668-678. [PMID: 32800657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Arecoline, the major alkaloid of areca nut, is known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage during oral cancer progression. This study aim to evaluate whether melatonin, an antioxidant, supported or repressed the arecoline-induced carcinogenesis phenotypes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS The cytotoxicity of arecoline or melatonin treatment alone and their co-treatment in the OSCC cell line OEC-M1 were analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cell cycle, cell death, and total ROS production were analyzed using flow cytometer. The protein expression was determined using western blot analysis. The genotoxicity and mutation rate were determined using micronucleus assay and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) forward mutation assay, respectively, in CHO-K1 cells. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) promoter activity and DNA repair ability were determined through reporter assay. RESULTS The result showed that both the arecoline and melatonin induced ROS production and antioxidant enzymes expression. Melatonin treatment enhanced arecoline-induced ROS production, cytotoxicity, G2/M phase arrest, and cell apoptosis in OSCC cells. On the other hand, melatonin treatment activated DNA repair activity to reverse arecoline-induced DNA damage and mutation. CONCLUSION These results indicated that melatonin is a potential chemopreventive agent for betel quid chewers to prevent OSCC initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hwa Shih
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chou Chiu
- Division of Oral Diagnosis and Family Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Lan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bi-He Tsai
- Department of Oral Hygiene, Jen-The Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jia Wu
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Food and Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Experimental Study on the Influence of Apigenin K and Melatonin in Socket Preservation as Bone Stimulators: An Experimental Study in Beagle Dogs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to evaluate whether apigenin K and melatonin M5250 were able to stimulate bone formation after tooth extraction at one, two, and three months follow-up. Six male beagle dogs were used. Apigenin K and melatonin M5250 immersed in hemostatic collagen sponges were placed in the third and fourth premolar and the first molar extracted sockets; the second premolar was used as control. At one, two, and three months, bone core biopsies were performed, and picrosirius–hematoxylin was used for the staining process. In the first month, a higher amount of calcified bone tissue was observed in the melatonin (77.87% ± 1.2%) and apigenin K (69.81% ± 1.8%) groups than the control group (57.27% ± 0.54%), with apparent discrepancies in values between the three groups (p < 0.04). In the second month, there was a considerable improvement in the results in the areas with melatonin (79.81% ± 0.11%) than in those of apigenin K (71.65% ± 0.52%) and control (64.77% ± 0.44%) (p < 0.04). In the third month, the number of mature bone was similar to all the groups. The creation of new bone was significant in the melatonin group (82.78% ± 0.87%), followed by the apigenin K group (78.76% ± 0.43%) and the control group (57.27% ± 0.11%). From this experimental study in dogs, it can be concluded that melatonin and apigenin K can accelerate the process of mineralization of the bone matrix, and thus the creation of laminae in the early stages of healing (1 month). Less reabsorption of the post-extraction sockets can be expected with the topical application of melatonin and apigenin K. It seems that the stimulatory effects of bone healing induced by the topical application of melatonin and apigenin K are defect-size-dependent, being more evident in small defects compared to larger defects.
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Wu P, Ding B, Ye L, Huang Y, Ji J, Fan Y, Xu L. Zhibaidihuang Decoction Ameliorates Cell Oxidative Stress by Regulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Signalling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:9294605. [PMID: 32104200 PMCID: PMC7037871 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9294605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Zhibaidihuang decoction (ZBDHD) is a Chinese herbal formula, which is used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat symptoms of Yinxuhuowang (Yin deficiency and high fire) syndrome. This study elucidates the mechanism of ZBDHD on oral ulcers, one Yinxuhuowang syndrome. Simultaneously, some ingredients in ZBDHD were found and identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A Ganjiangfuzirougui decoction- (GJD-) induced Yinxuhuowang syndrome SD rat model was used to demonstrate the efficiency of ZBDHD treatment. The oral mucosa of rat in the GJD group, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), showed epidermal shedding and inflammatory cell infiltration. And an alleviation efficiency of ZBDHD in GJD-induced pathological changes in the oral mucosa could be obtained. ZBDHD treatment restored the GJD-induced imbalance of metabolites, which were choline, glycocholic acid, and palmitoyl-L-carnitine (PALC). GJD stimulated the expression of NF-κB. And the overexpressed of NF-κB in mucosa of rat in the GJD group could be inhibited by ZBDHD treatment. Simultaneously, the optimal efficiency of ZBDHD treatment on the cellular ATP content, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration was evaluated, in vitro assay. Compared to the control cells, the ATP content, OCR, and SOD activity in the ZBDHD-treated cells were significantly higher. For the mechanisms study, seven cytokines were screened with a Dual-Luciferase Reporter gene assay. In the ARE assay, the luciferase signal was stimulated significantly by ZBDHD. In cells, the transcription of nrf2, maf, and keap1, which were related to the ARE pathway, was elevated by ZBDHD treatment. Our study demonstrated that high-dose GJD could lead to Yinxuhuowang syndrome, such as oral ulcers, and the imbalance in serum metabolites. And ZBDHD can improve oral cell inflammation and the imbalance of metabolism by inhibiting NF-κB and enhancing the activity of the ARE signalling pathway to ameliorate oxidative stress in the cell. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of ZBDHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Ye
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfen Huang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinjun Ji
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Stanciu AE, Zamfir-Chiru-Anton A, Stanciu MM, Stoian AP, Jinga V, Nitipir C, Bucur A, Pituru TS, Arsene AL, Dragoi CM, Hainarosie R, Nicolae AC, Gherghe M, Gheorghe DC, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Papasavva M, Drakoulis N. Clinical significance of serum melatonin in predicting the severity of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1537-1543. [PMID: 31966079 PMCID: PMC6956408 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, the primary hormone produced by the pineal gland, is intensely assessed for its anticancer properties. This study aimed to reveal the clinical significance of serum melatonin levels in predicting the severity of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). For this purpose, 40 male patients with OSCC and 30 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. The serum levels of melatonin were determined by ELISA. The results revealed that the melatonin concentrations were significantly lower in the patients with OSCC compared with the controls (18.2 vs. 47.6 pg/ml, P<0.001). In addition, the serum melatonin levels had a high predictive accuracy for discriminating patients with OSCC with T-depth of invasion (DOI) II from the healthy controls (89.1%), as well as in discriminating patients with OSCC with nodal metastasis from those without nodal metastasis (83.8%). On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that the serum melatonin concentrations are closely related to the severity of OSCC and may thus be used to assess the different stages of oral cancer objectively and accurately. The present study also supports the conclusion that melatonin may be a potential therapeutic agent for use in the treatment of patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina E Stanciu
- Department of Carcinogenesis and Molecular Biology, Institute of Oncology Bucharest, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Zamfir-Chiru-Anton
- ENT Department, Grigore Alexandrescu Children's Emergency Hospital and Coltea Clinical Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marcel M Stanciu
- Electrical Engineering Faculty, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Department of Urology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cornelia Nitipir
- Department of Oncology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Bucur
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodora S Pituru
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea L Arsene
- Department of General and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina M Dragoi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Hainarosie
- ENT Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina C Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Gherghe
- Department of Radiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan C Gheorghe
- ENT Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,ENT Department and Maria Sklodowska Curie Children's Emergency Hospital, 077120 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Papasavva
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Isola M, Ekström J, Isola R, Loy F. Melatonin release by exocytosis in the rat parotid gland. J Anat 2019; 234:338-345. [PMID: 30536666 PMCID: PMC6365479 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several beneficial effects on oral health are ascribed to melatonin. Due to its lipophilic nature, non-protein-bound circulating melatonin is usually thought to enter the saliva by passive diffusion through salivary acinar gland cells. Recently, however, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), melatonin was found in acinar secretory granules of human salivary glands. To test the hypothesis that granular located melatonin is actively discharged into the saliva by exocytosis, i.e. contrary to the general belief, the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoprenaline, which causes the degranulation of acinar parotid serous cells, was administered to anaesthetised rats. Sixty minutes after an intravenous bolus injection of isoprenaline (5 mg kg-1 ), the right parotid gland was removed; pre-administration, the left control gland had been removed. Samples were processed to demonstrate melatonin reactivity using the immunogold staining method. Morphometric assessment was made using TEM. Gold particles labelling melatonin appeared to be preferentially associated with secretory granules, occurring in their matrix and at membrane level but, notably, it was also associated with vesicles, mitochondria and nuclei. Twenty-six per cent of the total granular population (per 100 μm2 per cell area) displayed melatonin labelling in the matrix; three-quarters of this fraction disappeared (P < 0.01) in response to isoprenaline, and melatonin reactivity appeared in dilated lumina. Thus, evidence is provided of an alternative route for melatonin to reach the gland lumen and the oral cavity by active release through exocytosis, a process which is under the influence of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous activity and is the final event along the so-called regulated secretory pathway. During its stay in granules, anti-oxidant melatonin may protect their protein/peptide constituents from damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Isola
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDivision of CytomorphologyUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Jörgen Ekström
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDivision of CytomorphologyUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
- Institute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyDepartment of PharmacologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Raffaella Isola
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDivision of CytomorphologyUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDivision of CytomorphologyUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
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Ghallab NA. Diagnostic potential and future directions of biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of periodontal diseases: Review of the current evidence. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 87:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Isola M, Lilliu MA, Loy F, Isola R. Diabetic Status Influences the Storage of Melatonin in Human Salivary Glands. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:711-716. [PMID: 29236363 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported on the detailed localization of melatonin (and its receptors) in human salivary glands, revealing that serous cells are able to store and secrete melatonin into saliva. Since we found that type 2 diabetic patients display reduced melatonin content in saliva, our next step was to examine the presence of melatonin in salivary glands removed from type 2 diabetic subjects. The resulting data were compared with those previously obtained by identical procedures in non-diabetics, to establish if the diabetic status may affect melatonin distribution. Bioptic samples of diabetic parotid and submandibular glands were fixed, dehydrated, embedded in Epon Resin and processed to demonstrate melatonin reactivity by the immunogold staining method. The labeling density (expressed as the number of gold particles per μm2 /granule) and the percentage of melatonin-positive granules were assessed in diabetic samples. These values were compared with those in non-diabetic samples and differences were evaluated. In parotid and submandibular diabetic glands the reactivity for melatonin was specifically associated with secretory granules and small vesicles in serous cells. Melatonin reactivity was higher in parotid than in submandibular glands. Our data were in line with those obtained in our previous study on non-diabetic glands. Diabetic salivary glands showed a higher labeling density and a lower number of melatonin-positive granules compared to non-diabetic glands. Taken together, these data might explain the decreased salivary melatonin content and the associated oral problems observed in diabetics. Anat Rec, 301:711-716, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
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Oral Mucositis: Melatonin Gel an Effective New Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051003. [PMID: 28481279 PMCID: PMC5454916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment for cervico-facial cancer involves radio and/or chemotherapy. Unfortunately, cancer therapies can lead to local and systemic complications such as mucositis, which is the most common dose-dependent complication in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. Mucositis can cause a considerably reduced quality of life in cancer patients already suffering from physical and psychological exhaustion. However, the role of melatonin in the treatment of mucositis has recently been investigated, and offers an effective alternative therapy in the prevention and/or management of radio and/or chemotherapy-induced mucositis. This review focuses on the pathobiology and management of mucositis in order to improve the quality of cancer patients' lives.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to its antioxidant properties and its ability to detoxify free radicals, melatonin may interfere in the function of osteoclasts and thereby inhibit bone resorption. This inhibition of bone resorption may be enhanced by a reaction of indolamine in osteoclastogenesis and this may contribute to certain benefits in implantology. OBJECTIVE This systematic literature review on the use of melatonin in implant dentistry aims to provide guidelines for clinicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Science Direct, ISI Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane base databases were used to identify articles published between 1999 and 2013 on melatonin use in implant dentistry. Ten articles were selected consisting of 9 animal research studies and 1 review article, involving 60 Beagle dogs, 57 rats, and 30 rabbits and a total of 352 implants. RESULTS Melatonin, which is released into the saliva, has important implications in the oral cavity. To achieve dental implant stability, osseointegration involves a cascade of protein and cell apposition, vascular invasion, bone formation, and maturation. This process may be accelerated by local delivery of growth-promoting factors, as occurs with the topical application of melatonin over the implant surface. CONCLUSIONS The experimental evidence suggests that topical applications of melatonin may be useful in oral surgery and implant dentistry, increasing bone-to-implant contact values and new bone formation, and so improving the success and long-term survival of implant treatments.
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El-Gammal MY, Salem AS, Anees MM, Tawfik MA. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Immediate Loaded Dental Implants With Local Application of Melatonin: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2016; 42:119-25. [DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-14-00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immediate loading of dental implants in situations where low bone density exist, such as the posterior maxillary region, became possible recently after the introduction of biomimetic agents. This 1-year preliminary clinical trial was carried out to clinically and radiographically evaluate immediate-loaded 1-piece implants with local application of melatonin in the osteotomy site as a biomimetic material. 14 patients with missing maxillary premolars were randomized to receive 14 implants of 1-piece type that were subjected to immediate loading after 2 weeks of initial placement. Group I included 7 implants with acid-etched surface while group II included 7 implants with acid-etched surface combined with local application of melatonin gel at the osteotomy site. Patients were recalled for follow up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after loading. All implants were considered successful after 12 months of follow-up. Significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between both groups at 1 month of implant loading when considering the implant stability. At 1 and 3 months there were significant differences in the marginal bone level between the 2 groups. These results suggest that the local application of melatonin at the osteotomy site is associated with good stability and minimal bone resorption. However, more studies for longer follow-up periods are required to confirm the effect of melatonin hormone on osseointegration of dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Y. El-Gammal
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Salem
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven and Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed M. Anees
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Tawfik
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Satué M, Ramis JM, del Mar Arriero M, Monjo M. A new role for 5-methoxytryptophol on bone cells function in vitro. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:551-8. [PMID: 25358700 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the direct action of 5-methoxytryptophol (5-MTX) in both MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells and compares it with melatonin (MEL), another 5-methoxyindol known to play a significant role on bone metabolism. We first screened increasing doses of both 5-MTX and MEL to determine their effect on metabolic activity and viability of preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The optimal dose was used to determine its effect on differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and preosteoclastic RAW264.7 cells. Finally, we investigated the mechanism of action by adding the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole (LUZ) and detecting the immunostaining of phospho-ERK. In MC3T3-E1 cells, most of the 5-MTX doses reduced slightly the metabolic activity of osteoblasts compared with the control, while MEL only decreased it for the highest dose (2.5 mM). As regards to cytotoxicity, low doses (0.001-0.1 mM) of both indoles showed a protective effect on osteoblasts, while the highest dose of MEL showed a higher cytotoxicity than the 5-MTX one. After 14 days of cell culture, Rankl mRNA levels were decreased, especially for 5-MTX. 5-MTX also induced a higher osteocalcin secretion and mineralization capacity than MEL. In RAW264.7 cells, 5-MTX decreased the number of osteoclast formed and its activity whereas MEL did not affect significantly the number of multinucleated TRAP-positive cells formed and showed a lower activity. Finally, MEL and 5-MTX promoted activation of the ERK1/2 pathway through the phosphorylation of ERK, while LUZ addition suppressed this effect. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates a new role of 5-MTX inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and promoting osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Satué
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS). University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Melatonin Delivery: Transdermal and Transbuccal Evaluation in Different Vehicles. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1615-27. [PMID: 26956459 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melatonin (MLT) could be candidate drug for treatment of several diseases because of its high antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity and its important biological roles. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different vehicles on the permeation of MLT through buccal and skin tissues. METHODS Formulations were characterized in terms of rheology, drug release and permeation through human skin as well as porcine buccal mucosa. Irradiation experiments were also performed. RESULTS The lowest amount of MLT released was from oral adhesive paste Orabase® (OB) and the highest from the emulsion system Montanov® 68 (M68). Skin permeation revealed high pattern for Carbopol® 940 (C940) and M68, and poor for poloxamer 407 (P407) and Pluronic® lecithin organogel (PLO). Statistical differences of MLT remaining in skin between M68 vs C940 (p < 0.05) and M68 vs PLO (p < 0.05) were observed. Transmucosal results showed that sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) was the best and OB the worst vehicle. P407 and PLO followed similar behaviour. Photostability studies revealed high percentage of degradation of MLT in solution which was also similar when was loaded in OB. The rest of formulations showed low rates of degradation. CONCLUSIONS C940 or M68 and NaCMC can be proposed as formulations for a potential systemic effect of MLT by skin and buccal mucosa routes, respectively. However, if the intended objective is to obtain local action in the skin and buccal mucosa, the proposed formulations are M68 or P407 and PLO.
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Ghallab NA, Hamdy E, Shaker OG. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and melatonin levels in gingival crevicular fluid of aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients. Aust Dent J 2016; 61:53-61. [PMID: 25581300 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and melatonin levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) as biomarkers for oxidative stress. METHODS The study comprised 65 subjects: 15 healthy individuals, 25 CP patients and 25 GAgP patients. Plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, clinical attachment level measurements and GCF samples were obtained from all subjects. MDA, SOD and melatonin levels were determined utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS GCF-MDA levels were significantly higher in the GAgP group compared to the CP and control groups (p < 0.001) and significantly higher in the CP group than the C group (p < 0.001). SOD and melatonin GCF levels were significantly higher in the control than the GAgP and CP groups (p < 0.05), and significantly lower in the GAgP than the CP group (p < 0.05). The CP group demonstrated a significant negative correlation between GCF-MDA and melatonin concentrations. A positive correlation was observed between SOD and CAL in the CP group and PD in the GAgP group. CONCLUSIONS MDA, melatonin and SOD could be considered as biomarkers for oxidative stress in periodontal diseases and might be useful diagnostic aids in distinguishing CP and GAgP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Ghallab
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Diagnosis, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - E Hamdy
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Diagnosis, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - O G Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Isola M, Lilliu MA. Melatonin localization in human salivary glands. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:510-5. [PMID: 26694219 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating melatonin is believed to reach body fluids by crossing passively the cell membranes, but alternative ways for melatonin transport also are hypothesized. This investigation was carried out to furnish ultrastructural evidences for melatonin transport by salivary gland cells in order to indicate plausible routes by which circulating melatonin can reach saliva. METHODS Bioptic samples of parotid, submandibular and labial glands were processed for the electron microscopy and treated to demonstrate melatonin reactivity by the immunogold staining method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The preferential sites of melatonin reactivity were the granules and vesicles of serous cells. Our results suggested that the acinar cells are able to store melatonin and that the hormone can be released into saliva through granule and vesicle exocytosis. The quantitative evaluation of labelling showed that the parotid gland is the most involved in the release of melatonin in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Perez-Heredia M, Clavero-González J, Marchena-Rodríguez L. Use of melatonin in oral health and as dental premedication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:13. [PMID: 26594638 PMCID: PMC4653916 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-015-0036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is a common problem in dentistry which could affect the correct treatment and involve failure. Oral premedication is needed to treat several anxious patients. Many people are so highly anxious that oral sedation is not effective and need to be under deep sedation or even general anaesthesia in order to receive dental care. In these patients, due to a high level of anxiety, even the insertion of an intravenous catheter can be difficult. Benzodiazepines have been the most commonly used anxiolytic in these cases, but many may be associated with paradoxical reactions. Melatonin has a good potential to be used in this field as alternative to benzodiazepines because it may induce a natural sleepiness and improve sedation. The purpose of this paper was to summarize what is known about the use of melatonin in oral health and as dental premedication in anxious dental patients. Databases were searched for the relevant published literature to 30 April 2015. The following search items were used in various combinations: melatonin, premedication, anxiety, dental, sedation and anaesthesia. Few articles were found about this aspect, and the use of melatonin is still a controversial aspect in dental field. More detailed/specific studies are necessary to extend the therapeutic possibilities of melatonin as premedication in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Perez-Heredia
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada, Spain, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Clavero-González
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada, Spain, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Leticia Marchena-Rodríguez
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Granada, Spain, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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31
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Manchester LC, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Andersen LPH, Zhou Z, Galano A, Vriend J, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: an ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable. J Pineal Res 2015; 59:403-19. [PMID: 26272235 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is remarkably functionally diverse with actions as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, circadian rhythm regulator, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulating molecule, and as an oncostatic agent. We hypothesize that the initial and primary function of melatonin in photosynthetic cyanobacteria, which appeared on Earth 3.5-3.2 billion years ago, was as an antioxidant. The evolution of melatonin as an antioxidant by this organism was necessary as photosynthesis is associated with the generation of toxic-free radicals. The other secondary functions of melatonin came about much later in evolution. We also surmise that mitochondria and chloroplasts may be primary sites of melatonin synthesis in all eukaryotic cells that possess these organelles. This prediction is made on the basis that mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes developed from purple nonsulfur bacteria (which also produce melatonin) and cyanobacteria when they were engulfed by early eukaryotes. Thus, we speculate that the melatonin-synthesizing actions of the engulfed bacteria were retained when these organelles became mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively. That mitochondria are likely sites of melatonin formation is supported by the observation that this organelle contains high levels of melatonin that are not impacted by blood melatonin concentrations. Melatonin has a remarkable array of means by which it thwarts oxidative damage. It, as well as its metabolites, is differentially effective in scavenging a variety of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Moreover, melatonin and its metabolites modulate a large number of antioxidative and pro-oxidative enzymes, leading to a reduction in oxidative damage. The actions of melatonin on radical metabolizing/producing enzymes may be mediated by the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. Beyond its direct free radical scavenging and indirect antioxidant effects, melatonin has a variety of physiological and metabolic advantages that may enhance its ability to limit oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien C Manchester
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ana Coto-Montes
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jose Antonio Boga
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lars Peter H Andersen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MA, Canada
| | - Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Abstract
Oxygen is used by eukaryotic cells for metabolic transformations and energy production in mitochondria. Under physiological conditions, there is a constant endogenous production of intermediates of reactive oxygen (ROI) and nitrogen species (RNI) that interact as signaling molecules in physiological mechanisms. When these species are not eliminated by antioxidants or are produced in excess, oxidative stress arises. Oxidative stress can damage proteins, lipids, DNA, and organelles. It is a process directly linked to inflammation; in fact, inflammatory cells secrete a large number of cytokines and chemokines responsible for the production of ROI and RNI in phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells through the activation of protein kinases signaling. Currently, there is a wide variety of diseases capable of producing inflammatory manifestations. While, in the short term, most of these diseases are not fatal they have a major impact on life quality. Since there is a direct relationship between chronic inflammation and many emerging disorders like cancer, oral diseases, kidney diseases, fibromyalgia, gastrointestinal chronic diseases or rheumatics diseases, the aim of this review is to describe the use and role of melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, that works directly and indirectly as a free radical scavenger, like a potent antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroha Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Avenue, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII Avenue, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja Street, Granada 18071, Spain.
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Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, García-Bernal D, Ros-Roca MDLÁ, Algueró MDC, Oñate-Sánchez RE, Camacho-Alonso F, Moraleda JM. Cytoprotective effects of melatonin on zoledronic acid-treated human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:855-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Weil ZM, Borniger JC, Cisse YM, Abi Salloum BA, Nelson RJ. Neuroendocrine control of photoperiodic changes in immune function. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 37:108-18. [PMID: 25456047 PMCID: PMC4402123 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variation in immune function putatively maximizes survival and reproductive success. Day length (photoperiod) is the most potent signal for time of year. Animals typically organize breeding, growth, and behavior to adapt to spatial and temporal niches. Outside the tropics individuals monitor photoperiod to support adaptations favoring survival and reproductive success. Changes in day length allow anticipation of seasonal changes in temperature and food availability that are critical for reproductive success. Immune function is typically bolstered during winter, whereas reproduction and growth are favored during summer. We provide an overview of how photoperiod influences neuronal function and melatonin secretion, how melatonin acts directly and indirectly to govern seasonal changes in immune function, and the manner by which other neuroendocrine effectors such as glucocorticoids, prolactin, thyroid, and sex steroid hormones modulate seasonal variations in immune function. Potential future research avenues include commensal gut microbiota and light pollution influences on photoperiodic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yasmine M Cisse
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bachir A Abi Salloum
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Effect of melatonin on human dental papilla cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17304-17. [PMID: 25264744 PMCID: PMC4227163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin regulates a variety of biological processes, which are the control of circadian rhythms, regulation of seasonal reproductive function and body temperature, free radical scavenging and so on. Our previous studies have shown that various cells exist in human and mouse tooth germs that express the melatonin 1a receptor (Mel1aR). However, little is known about the effects of melatonin on tooth development and growth. The present study was performed to examine the possibility that melatonin might exert its influence on tooth development. DP-805 cells, a human dental papilla cell line, were shown to express Mel1aR. Expression levels of mRNA for Mel1aR in DP-805 cells increased until 3 days after reaching confluence and decreased thereafter. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that melatonin increased the expression of mRNAs for osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1) and dentin sialophosphoprotin (DSPP). Melatonin also enhanced the mineralized matrix formation in DP-805 cell cultures in a dose-dependent manner. These results strongly suggest that melatonin may play a physiological role in tooth development/growth by regulating the cellular function of odontogenic cells in tooth germs.
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Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral SA, Liu XY, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Tan DX. Melatonin in the oral cavity: physiological and pathological implications. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:9-17. [PMID: 24665831 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this article was to summarize what is known about the function of melatonin in the oral cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Databases were searched for the relevant published literature to 30 November, 2013. The following search items were used in various combinations: melatonin, gingiva, periodontium, inflammation, herpes, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, dental implants, xerostomia, methacrylate, chlorhexidine, cancer. The literature uncovered is summarized herein. RESULTS Salivary melatonin levels exhibit a circadian rhythm with highest values at night. Melatonin has both receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions in cells of the oral cavity. Melatonin is released into the saliva by the acinar cells of the major salivary glands and via the gingival fluid. Functions of melatonin in the oral cavity are likely to relate primarily to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These actions may suppress inflammation of the gingiva and periodontium, reduce alveolar bone loss, abrogate herpes lesions, enhance osteointegration of dental implants, limit oral cancer, and suppress disorders that have a free radical component. Sublingual melatonin tablets or oral melatonin sprays and topical melatonin-containing gel, if used on a regular basis, may improve overall oral health and reduce mucosal lesions. CONCLUSION Collectively, the results indicate that endogenously-produced and exogenously-applied melatonin are beneficial to the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Calvo-Guirado JL, Gómez-Moreno G, Maté-Sánchez JE, López-Marí L, Delgado-Ruiz R, Romanos GE. Retracted:
New bone formation in bone defects after melatonin and porcine bone grafts: experimental study in rabbits. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 26:399-406. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo Gómez-Moreno
- Pharmacological Interactions in Dentistry and Special Care in Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Delgado-Ruiz
- Prosthodontics and Digital Technology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY USA
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Abstract
Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and regulates various physiological processes including osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a mineralized connective tissue-specific protein expressed in the early stage of cementum and bone mineralization. To elucidate the effects of melatonin on human BSP gene expression, we utilized human Saos2 osteoblast-like cells. Melatonin (100 nM) increased the level of BSP mRNA at 3 h, and the level became maximal at 12 and 24 h. We then investigated the melatonin-induced transcriptional activity of luciferase constructs (between -84LUC and -868LUC) including different lengths of the human BSP gene promoter transfected into Saos2 cells. The effects of melatonin abrogated in constructs included 2-bp mutations in the two cAMP response elements (CRE1 and CRE2). The effects of melatonin were suppressed by protein kinase A, tyrosine kinase, ERK1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors. Gel mobility shift assays showed that melatonin increased the binding of nuclear proteins to CRE1 and CRE2, and antibodies against CRE binding protein 1 (CREB1), phospho-CREB1, c-Fos, c-Jun, JunD and Fra2 disrupted CRE1 and CRE2 protein complex formation. These data indicate that melatonin induces BSP transcription via the CRE1 and CRE2 elements in the human BSP gene promoter. (J Oral Sci 56, 67-76, 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
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Cutando A, López-Valverde A, DE Vicente J, Gimenez JL, Carcía IA, DE Diego RG. Action of melatonin on squamous cell carcinoma and other tumors of the oral cavity (Review). Oncol Lett 2014; 7:923-926. [PMID: 24944644 PMCID: PMC3961399 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT; N-acetyl-5-metoxy-tryptamine) is a hormone that is principally synthesized in the pineal gland. MLT has been shown to exhibit a variety of functions. The hormone, which is a free radical scavenger, plays an immunomodulatory role, stimulates the proliferation and synthesis of type I collagen and promotes bone formation. Moreover, MLT exerts oncostatic activity through several biological mechanisms, including antiproliferative functions, stimulation of anticancer immunity, modulation of oncogene expression and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiangiogenic effects. In addition, MLT inhibits human cancer cell growth in culture, and previous clinical studies have also confirmed its anticancer properties in vivo. With regard to the underlying mechanisms of MLT in tumor processes, including oral cavity tumors such as epidermoid carcinoma, knowledge of the role played by the MT1 and 2 membrane receptors, MT3 and the calmodulin cytosolic binding sites, as well as the nuclear receptors of the RZR/ROR family, is increasing. It has been hypothesized that exogenous restoration of MT1 (MTNR1A) expression inhibits the growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells lacking the expression of the receptor. The tumor suppressing functions of MLT and the presence of the MT1 receptor in various tumors indicate that the receptor may play a pivotal role in oral carcinogenesis. The current review discusses the clinical significance of MLT in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cutando
- Department of Special Care in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Valverde
- Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Joaquin DE Vicente
- Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Julian López Gimenez
- Department of Special Care in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Isaac Alias Carcía
- Department of Special Care in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Rafael Gomez DE Diego
- Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, University Alfonso X, Madrid 28691, Spain
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Effect of polycaprolactone on in vitro release of melatonin encapsulated niosomes in artificial and whole saliva. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties of melatonin on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1784-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Tsukamoto N, Otsuka F, Ogura-Ochi K, Inagaki K, Nakamura E, Toma K, Terasaka T, Iwasaki Y, Makino H. Melatonin receptor activation suppresses adrenocorticotropin production via BMP-4 action by pituitary AtT20 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 375:1-9. [PMID: 23701823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of melatonin, a regulator of circadian rhythm, in adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) production by corticotrope cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin on ACTH production in relation to the biological activity of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 using mouse corticotrope AtT20 cells that express melatonin type-1 (MT1R) but not type-2 (MT2R) receptors. We previously reported that BMP-4 inhibits corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induced ACTH production and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) transcription by inhibiting MAPK signaling. Both melatonin and an MT1R/MT2R agonist, ramelteon, suppressed CRH-induced ACTH production, POMC transcription and cAMP synthesis. The inhibitory effects of ramelteon on basal and CRH-induced POMC mRNA and ACTH levels were more potent than those of melatonin. Treatment with melatonin or ramelteon in combination with BMP-4 additively suppressed CRH-induced ACTH production. Of note, the level of MT1R expression was upregulated by BMP-4 stimulation. The suppressive effects of melatonin and ramelteon on POMC transcription and cAMP synthesis induced by CRH were not affected by an MT2R antagonist, luzindole. On the other hand, BMP-4-induced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and the expression of a BMP target gene, Id-1, were augmented in the presence of melatonin and ramelteon. Considering that the expression levels of BMP receptors, ALK-3/BMPRII, were increased by ramelteon, MT1R action may play an enhancing role in BMP-receptor signaling. Among the MT1R signaling pathways including AKT, ERK and JNK pathways, inhibition of AKT signaling functionally reversed the MT1R effects on both CRH-induced POMC transcription and BMP-4-induced Id-1 transcription. Collectively, MT1R signaling and BMP-4 actions were mutually augmented, leading to fine-tuning of ACTH production by corticotrope cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/biosynthesis
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/physiology
- Cell Line
- Corticotrophs/metabolism
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Indenes/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Melatonin/physiology
- Mice
- Pituitary Gland/cytology
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Tsukamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Cutando A, López-Valverde A, Gómez-de-Diego R, Arias-Santiago S, de Vicente-Jiménez J. Effect of gingival application of melatonin on alkaline and acid phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin in patients with diabetes and periodontal disease. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e657-63. [PMID: 23524437 PMCID: PMC3731095 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the effect of topical application of melatonin to the gingiva on salivary fluid concentrations of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and osteocalcin.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study of 30 patients with diabetes and periodontal disease and 30 healthy subjects. Diabetic patients were treated with topical application of melatonin (1% orabase cream formula) once daily for 20 days and controls with a placebo formulation.
Results: Before treatment with melatonin, diabetic patients showed significantly higher mean salivary levels of alkaline and acid phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin than healthy subjects (P < 0.01). After treatment with melatonin, there was a statistically significant decrease of the gingival index (15.84± 10.3 vs 5.6 ± 5.1) and pocket depth (28.3 ± 19.5 vs 11.9 ± 9.0) (P < 0.001). Also, use of melatonin was associated with a significant reduction of the four biomarkers. Changes of salivary acid phosphatase and osteopontin correlated significantly with changes in the gingival index, whereas changes of alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin correlated significantly with changes in the pocket depth.
Conclusions: Treatment with topical melatonin was associated with an improvement in the gingival index and pocket depth, a reduction in salivary concentrations of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin.
Key words:Melatonin, diabetes mellitus, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cutando
- Department of Special Care in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Melatonin effects on hard tissues: bone and tooth. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10063-74. [PMID: 23665905 PMCID: PMC3676828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an endogenous hormone rhythmically produced in the pineal gland under the control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the light/dark cycle. This indole plays an important role in many physiological processes including circadian entrainment, blood pressure regulation, seasonal reproduction, ovarian physiology, immune function, etc. Recently, the investigation and applications of melatonin in the hard tissues bone and tooth have received great attention. Melatonin has been investigated relative to bone remolding, osteoporosis, osseointegration of dental implants and dentine formation. In the present review, we discuss the large body of published evidence and review data of melatonin effects on hard tissues, specifically, bone and tooth.
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Liu J, Zhou H, Fan W, Dong W, Fu S, He H, Huang F. Melatonin influences proliferation and differentiation of rat dental papilla cells in vitro and dentine formation in vivo by altering mitochondrial activity. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:170-8. [PMID: 22946647 PMCID: PMC3597977 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin mediates a variety of biological processes ranging from the control of circadian rhythms to immune regulation. Melatonin also influences bone formation and osteointegration of dental implants. However, the effects of melatonin on dentine formation have not been examined. This study investigated the effects of melatonin on the proliferation and differentiation of rat dental papilla cells (rDPCs) in vitro and dentine formation in vivo. We found that melatonin (0, 10(-12) , 10(-10) ,10(-8) m) induced a dose-dependent reduction in rDPCs proliferation, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the expression of dentine sialoprotein (DSP), and mineralized matrix formation in vitro. In vivo melatonin (50 mg/kg, BW, i.p.) inhibited dentine formation. Melatonin (10(-8 ) m) suppressed the activity of complex I and IV in the basal medium (OS-) and enhanced the activity of complex I and complex IV in osteogenic medium (OS+). These results demonstrate that melatonin suppresses the proliferation and promotes differentiation of rDPCs, the mechanisms of which may be related to activity of mitochondrial complex I and complex IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of pediatric dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of pediatric dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Shenli Fu
- Department of pediatric dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of pediatric dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Almughrabi OM, Marzouk KM, Hasanato RM, Shafik SS. Melatonin levels in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:315-21. [PMID: 23033974 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure melatonin levels in the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of subjects with healthy periodontal tissues, plaque-induced gingival inflammation, chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 70 subjects were examined and assigned to four groups: healthy periodontium (10 subjects); plaque-induced gingival inflammation (20 subjects); chronic periodontitis (20 subjects); and aggressive periodontitis (20 subjects). Gingival crevicular fluid and saliva samples were collected from each subject and analyzed using ELISAs. RESULTS The melatonin levels in both gingival crevicular fluid and saliva were lower in patients with chronic periodontitis (10.4 and 12.8 pg/mL, respectively) and aggressive periodontitis (8.4 and 8.8 pg/mL, respectively) than in patients with gingivitis (13.9 and 17.6 pg/mL, respectively) and in healthy subjects (16.6 and 22.9 pg/mL, respectively). The mean melatonin levels in both gingival crevicular fluid and saliva were statistically significantly higher in healthy patients compared with patients with chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis; however, there was no significant difference in the plaque-induced gingival inflammation between the study groups. CONCLUSIONS The melatonin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva are decreased in diseased periodontal tissues, especially periodontitis. The melatonin level was lowest in the aggressive periodontitis group.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Almughrabi
- Department Preventive Dentistry, Periodontics Division, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Melatonin: a novel indolamine in oral health and disease. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:720185. [PMID: 22899929 PMCID: PMC3415143 DOI: 10.1155/2012/720185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper attempts to summarise the findings accumulated within the last few years concerning the hormone of darkness “melatonin.” Based on its origin, from the pineal gland until recently it was portrayed exclusively as a hormone. Due to its lipophilic nature, it is accessible to every cell. Thus, in the classic sense it is a cell protector rather than a hormone. Recent studies, by Claustrat et al. (2005), detected few extrapineal sources of melatonin like retina, gastrointestinal tract, and salivary glands. Due to these sources, research by Cutando et al. (2007), is trying to explore the implications of melatonin in the oral cavity, in addition to its physiologic anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory and oncostatic functions at systemic level that may be receptor dependent or independent. Recently, certain in vivo studies by Shimozuma et al. (2011), detected the secretion of melatonin from salivary glands further emphasising its local activity. Thus, within our confines the effects of melatonin in the mouth are reviewed, adding a note on therapeutic potentials of melatonin both systemically and orally.
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48
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Bertl K, Schoiber A, Haririan H, Laky M, Steiner I, Rausch WD, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. Non-surgical periodontal therapy influences salivary melatonin levels. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:1219-25. [PMID: 22847856 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Melatonin is a hormone, which is involved in the control of the circadian rhythm, but also acts as an antioxidant and immune modulator. Previous studies reported decreased salivary and serum melatonin levels in periodontitis. This prospective cohort trial assessed the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on melatonin levels. METHODS Salivary and serum samples of 60 participants (30 patients suffering from a severe generalized form of periodontitis, 30 healthy controls) were collected at baseline and 19 samples of periodontitis patients after treatment. Salivary and serum melatonin levels were determined by a commercially available ELISA kit and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) by a routine laboratory test. RESULTS At baseline, periodontitis patients showed significantly increased serum CRP values and significantly decreased salivary melatonin levels compared to the control group. Clinical periodontal parameters significantly correlated with salivary melatonin levels and serum CRP. Periodontal therapy resulted in a recovery of the decreased salivary melatonin levels and a negative correlation was detected for the changes of salivary melatonin and the inflammatory parameter bleeding on probing. Serum melatonin levels showed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Salivary melatonin levels recovered after periodontal therapy and correlated with a decrease of local periodontal inflammation. This may imply the local involvement of melatonin in the pathogenesis of periodontitis due to its antioxidant abilities. However, the exact role of melatonin in periodontal disease remains to be investigated in future trials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present results suggest salivary melatonin as a risk indicator for the severity of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bertl
- Division of Oral Surgery, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Vienna, Austria
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49
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Abstract
While initially the oral cavity was considered to be mainly a source of various bacteria, their toxins and antigens, recent studies showed that it may also be a location of oxidative stress and periodontal inflammation. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the involvement of melatonin in oxidative stress diseases of oral cavity as well as on potential therapeutic implications of melatonin in dental disorders. Melatonin has immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities, stimulates the proliferation of collagen and osseous tissue, and acts as a protector against cellular degeneration associated with aging and toxin exposure. Arising out of its antioxidant actions, melatonin protects against inflammatory processes and cellular damage caused by the toxic derivates of oxygen. As a result of these actions, melatonin may be useful as a coadjuvant in the treatment of certain conditions of the oral cavity. However, the most important effect of melatonin seems to result from its potent antioxidant, immunomodulatory, protective, and anticancer properties. Thus, melatonin could be used therapeutically for instance, locally, in the oral cavity damage of mechanical, bacterial, fungal, or viral origin, in postsurgical wounds caused by tooth extractions and other oral surgeries. Additionally, it can help bone formation in various autoimmunological disorders such as Sjorgen syndrome, in periodontal diseases, in toxic effects of dental materials, in dental implants, and in oral cancers.
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50
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Slominski RM, Reiter RJ, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Ostrom RS, Slominski AT. Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: distribution and functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:152-66. [PMID: 22245784 PMCID: PMC3288509 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many of melatonin's actions are mediated through interaction with the G-protein coupled membrane bound melatonin receptors type 1 and type 2 (MT1 and MT2, respectively) or, indirectly with nuclear orphan receptors from the RORα/RZR family. Melatonin also binds to the quinone reductase II enzyme, previously defined the MT3 receptor. Melatonin receptors are widely distributed in the body; herein we summarize their expression and actions in non-neural tissues. Several controversies still exist regarding, for example, whether melatonin binds the RORα/RZR family. Studies of the peripheral distribution of melatonin receptors are important since they are attractive targets for immunomodulation, regulation of endocrine, reproductive and cardiovascular functions, modulation of skin pigmentation, hair growth, cancerogenesis, and aging. Melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists have an exciting future since they could define multiple mechanisms by which melatonin modulates the complexity of such a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States
| | - Natalia Schlabritz-Loutsevitch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Rennolds S. Ostrom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 5000, Memphis, TN 38163, United States. Tel.: +1 901 448 3741. (A.T. Slominski)
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