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Lam XJ, Xu B, Yeo PL, Cheah PS, Ling KH. Mitochondria dysfunction and bipolar disorder: From pathology to therapy. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:407-418. [PMID: 37388495 PMCID: PMC10300489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the major psychiatric diseases in which the impairment of mitochondrial functions has been closely connected or associated with the disease pathologies. Different lines of evidence of the close connection between mitochondria dysfunction and BD were discussed with a particular focus on (1) dysregulation of energy metabolism, (2) effect of genetic variants, (3) oxidative stress, cell death and apoptosis, (4) dysregulated calcium homeostasis and electrophysiology, and (5) current as well as potential treatments targeting at restoring mitochondrial functions. Currently, pharmacological interventions generally provide limited efficacy in preventing relapses or recovery from mania or depression episodes. Thus, understanding mitochondrial pathology in BD will lead to novel agents targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and formulating new effective therapy for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jieh Lam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Unversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Daxuecheng Outer Ring E Rd, Panyu Qu, Guangzhou Shi, Guangdong 511434, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ling Yeo
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Unversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Unversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Wang X, Xiu M, Wang K, Su X, Li X, Wu F. Plasma linoelaidyl carnitine levels positively correlated with symptom improvement in olanzapine-treated first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia. Metabolomics 2022; 18:50. [PMID: 35819637 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olanzapine (OLA) is one of the most commonly used second-generation antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, the heterogeneity of therapeutic response to OLA among schizophrenia patients deserves further exploration. The role of carnitine in the clinical response to OLA monotherapy remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The current study was designed to investigate whether carnitine and its derivatives are linked to the response to OLA treatment. Drug-naïve first-episode patients with schizophrenia were recruited and treated with OLA for 4 weeks. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in pre and post treatment. RESULTS After treatment, we found a significant decrease in 2-Octenoylcarnitine levels and a significant increase in linoelaidyl carnitine, 11Z-Octadecenylcarnitine and 9-Decenoylcarnitine levels. Furthermore, baseline linoelaidyl carnitine levels were correlated with the reduction of PANSS positive symptom subscore. Linear regression and logistic regression analyses found that the baseline linoelaidyl carnitine level was a predictive marker for the therapeutic response to OLA monotherapy for 4 weeks. CONCLUSION Our pilot study suggests that linoelaidyl carnitine levels at baseline may have a predictive role for the improvement of positive symptoms after OLA monotherapy in the patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Keqiang Wang
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuru Su
- Hebei Province Veterans Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xirong Li
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
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3
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Integrative multi-omics landscape of fluoxetine action across 27 brain regions reveals global increase in energy metabolism and region-specific chromatin remodelling. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4510-4525. [PMID: 36056172 PMCID: PMC9734063 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are major global health burdens. Although SSRIs targeting the serotonergic system are prescribed over 200 million times annually, they have variable therapeutic efficacy and side effects, and mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. Here, we comprehensively characterise the molecular landscape of gene regulatory changes associated with fluoxetine, a widely-used SSRI. We performed multimodal analysis of SSRI response in 27 mammalian brain regions using 310 bulk RNA-seq and H3K27ac ChIP-seq datasets, followed by in-depth characterisation of two hippocampal regions using single-cell RNA-seq (20 datasets). Remarkably, fluoxetine induced profound region-specific shifts in gene expression and chromatin state, including in the nucleus accumbens shell, locus coeruleus and septal areas, as well as in more well-studied regions such as the raphe and hippocampal dentate gyrus. Expression changes were strongly enriched at GWAS loci for depression and antidepressant drug response, stressing the relevance to human phenotypes. We observed differential expression at dozens of signalling receptors and pathways, many of which are previously unknown. Single-cell analysis revealed stark differences in fluoxetine response between the dorsal and ventral hippocampal dentate gyri, particularly in oligodendrocytes, mossy cells and inhibitory neurons. Across diverse brain regions, integrative omics analysis consistently suggested increased energy metabolism via oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial changes, which we corroborated in vitro; this may thus constitute a shared mechanism of action of fluoxetine. Similarly, we observed pervasive chromatin remodelling signatures across the brain. Our study reveals unexpected regional and cell type-specific heterogeneity in SSRI action, highlights under-studied brain regions that may play a major role in antidepressant response, and provides a rich resource of candidate cell types, genes, gene regulatory elements and pathways for mechanistic analysis and identifying new therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety.
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4
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The role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: A critical review of the evidence focusing on mitochondrial complex one. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:449-464. [PMID: 34864002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Mitochondrial complex one (MCI) dysfunction may represent a mechanism linking bioenergetic impairment with the alterations in dopamine signalling, glutamatergic dysfunction, and oxidative stress found in the disorder. New lines of evidence from novel approaches make it timely to review evidence for mitochondrial involvement in schizophrenia, with a specific focus on MCI. The most consistent findings in schizophrenia relative to controls are reductions in expression of MCI subunits in post-mortem brain tissue (Cohen's d> 0.8); reductions in MCI function in post-mortem brains (d> 0.7); and reductions in neural glucose utilisation (d= 0.3 to 0.6). Antipsychotics may affect glucose utilisation, and, at least in vitro, affect MC1. The findings overall are consistent with MCI dysfunction in schizophrenia, but also highlight the need for in vivo studies to determine the link between MCI dysfunction and symptoms in patients. If new imaging tools confirm MCI dysfunction in the disease, this could pave the way for new treatments targeting this enzyme.
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5
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Blood-based mitochondrial respiratory chain function in major depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:593. [PMID: 34789750 PMCID: PMC8599473 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). A measure of mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) enzymatic activity-the Mitochondrial Health Index (MHI)-has previously been found to correlate with stress and emotional states in caregivers. We here report mitochondrial RC activities, mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), and the composite MHI in unmedicated and somatically healthy subjects with MDD (n = 47) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 11). We also explore, in a subset of the MDD sample (n = 33), whether these markers are associated with response to 8 weeks of SSRI treatment. Mitochondrial RC complexes I, II, IV, citrate synthase (CS), mtDNAcn, and the MHI were assayed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Treatment response was defined as >50% decrease on the 25-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRDS-25). There were no significant differences in MHI or any of the mitochondrial markers between MDD subjects and HCs. Compared to SSRI nonresponders, SSRI responders had significantly higher baseline mitochondrial content markers CS (p = 0.02) and mtDNAcn (p = 0.02), and higher complex I activity (p = 0.01). Complex II activity increased significantly over treatment, irrespective of clinical response (p = 0.03). Complex I activity decreased in responders (n = 9), but increased in nonresponders (n = 18) (group x time interaction, p = 0.02). Absolute treatment-associated change in HDRS-25 scores correlated significantly with change in complex I activity between baseline and week 8 (r = 0.47, p = 0.01). Although mitochondrial markers did not distinguish MDD from controls, they did distinguish SSRI responders from nonresponders. If larger studies validate these mitochondrial differences, they may become useful biomarkers and identify new drug targets.
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6
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Emmerzaal TL, Nijkamp G, Veldic M, Rahman S, Andreazza AC, Morava E, Rodenburg RJ, Kozicz T. Effect of neuropsychiatric medications on mitochondrial function: For better or for worse. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:555-571. [PMID: 34000348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with mitochondrial disease often present with psychopathological comorbidity, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as the underlying pathobiology in various psychiatric disorders. Several studies have suggested that medications used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders could directly influence mitochondrial function. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effect of these medications on mitochondrial function. We collected preclinical information on six major groups of antidepressants and other neuropsychiatric medications and found that the majority of these medications either positively influenced mitochondrial function or showed mixed effects. Only amitriptyline, escitalopram, and haloperidol were identified as having exclusively adverse effects on mitochondrial function. In the absence of formal clinical trials, and until such trials are completed, the data from preclinical studies reported and discussed here could inform medication prescribing practices for individuals with psychopathology and impaired mitochondrial function in the underlying pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim L Emmerzaal
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Mayo Clinic, Department of Clinical Genomics, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gerben Nijkamp
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marin Veldic
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cristina Andreazza
- University of Toronto, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eva Morava
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Clinical Genomics, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Mayo Clinic, Department of Clinical Genomics, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rochester, MN, USA.
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7
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Allen J, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Severe life stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and depressive behavior: A pathophysiological and therapeutic perspective. Mitochondrion 2020; 56:111-117. [PMID: 33220501 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are responsible for providing our cells with energy, as well as regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis, and considerable evidence demonstrates that mitochondria-related alterations are prevalent during chronic stress and depression. Here, we discuss how chronic stress may induce depressive behavior by potentiating mitochondrial allostatic load, which ultimately decreases energy production, elevates the generation of harmful reactive oxygen species, damages mitochondrial DNA and increases membrane permeability and pro-apoptotic factor release. We also discuss how mitochondrial insults can exacerbate the immune response, contributing to depressive symptomology. Furthermore, we illustrate how depression symptoms are associated with specific mitochondrial defects, and how targeting of these defects with pharmacological agents may be a promising avenue for the development of novel, more efficacious antidepressants. In summary, this review supports the notion that severe psychosocial stress induces mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby increasing the vulnerability to developing depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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8
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Mitochondria under the spotlight: On the implications of mitochondrial dysfunction and its connectivity to neuropsychiatric disorders. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2535-2546. [PMID: 33033576 PMCID: PMC7522539 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) such as bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SZ) and mood disorder (MD) are hard to manage due to overlapping symptoms and lack of biomarkers. Risk alleles of BD/SZ/MD are emerging, with evidence suggesting mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction as a critical factor for disease onset and progression. Mood stabilizing treatments for these disorders are scarce, revealing the need for biomarker discovery and artificial intelligence approaches to design synthetically accessible novel therapeutics. Here, we show mt involvement in NPDs by associating 245 mt proteins to BD/SZ/MD, with 7 common players in these disease categories. Analysis of over 650 publications suggests that 245 NPD-linked mt proteins are associated with 800 other mt proteins, with mt impairment likely to rewire these interactions. High dosage of mood stabilizers is known to alleviate manic episodes, but which compounds target mt pathways is another gap in the field that we address through mood stabilizer-gene interaction analysis of 37 prescriptions and over-the-counter psychotropic treatments, which we have refined to 15 mood-stabilizing agents. We show 26 of the 245 NPD-linked mt proteins are uniquely or commonly targeted by one or more of these mood stabilizers. Further, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived patient neurons and three-dimensional human brain organoids as reliable BD/SZ/MD models are outlined, along with multiomics methods and machine learning-based decision making tools for biomarker discovery, which remains a bottleneck for precision psychiatry medicine.
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9
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Park DI, Novak B, Yan Y, Kaya ME, Turck CW. Paroxetine binding and activation of phosphofructokinase implicates energy metabolism in antidepressant mode of action. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 129:8-14. [PMID: 32540574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the predominant drugs prescribed for Major Depressive Disorder. The immediate pharmacological target of SSRIs is the serotonin transporter. However, the delayed therapeutic effect and high rate of patient non-response make it highly likely that SSRIs also have other molecular targets that are yet to be identified. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) is a method based on thermal stabilization of target proteins upon drug binding. In the present study, we show that the SSRI paroxetine binds to phosphofructokinase (PFK) protein using CETSA. We found that mouse brain PFK and recombinant human PFK proteins are stabilized by paroxetine incubation. Chronic paroxetine treatment also significantly increased mouse brain PFK thermal stability. Paroxetine significantly elevated in vitro and in vivo PFK activity. Levels of several metabolites in glutamate- and energy metabolism-related pathways are significantly correlated with PFK activity in mouse hippocampus. Our data show that paroxetine can bind to PFK and affect its activity. Implications of these results for the antidepressant mode of action of paroxetine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ik Park
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Danish National Research Foundation Center, PROMEMO, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Božidar Novak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu Yan
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Melahat Ezgi Kaya
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph W Turck
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
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10
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Emmerzaal TL, Jacobs L, Geenen B, Verweij V, Morava E, Rodenburg RJ, Kozicz T. Chronic fluoxetine or ketamine treatment differentially affects brain energy homeostasis which is not exacerbated in mice with trait suboptimal mitochondrial function. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2986-3001. [PMID: 32644274 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants have been shown to influence mitochondrial function directly, and suboptimal mitochondrial function (SMF) has been implicated in complex psychiatric disorders. In the current study, we used a mouse model for trait SMF to test the hypothesis that chronic fluoxetine treatment in mice subjected to chronic stress would negatively impact brain bioenergetics, a response that would be more pronounced in mice with trait SMF. In contrast, we hypothesized that chronic ketamine treatment would positively impact mitochondrial function in both WT and mice with SMF. We used an animal model for trait SMF, the Ndufs4GT/GT mice, which exhibit 25% lower mitochondrial complex I activity. In addition to antidepressant treatment, mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). This paradigm is widely used to model complex behaviours expressed in various psychiatric disorders. We assayed several physiological indices as proxies for the impact of chronic stress and antidepressant treatment. Furthermore, we measured brain mitochondrial complex activities using clinically validated assays as well as established metabolic signatures using targeted metabolomics. As hypothesized, we found evidence that chronic fluoxetine treatment negatively impacted brain bioenergetics. This phenotype was, however, not further exacerbated in mice with trait SMF. Ketamine did not have a significant influence on brain mitochondrial function in either genotype. Here we report that trait SMF could be a moderator for an individual's response to antidepressant treatment. Based on these results, we propose that in individuals with SMF and comorbid psychopathology, fluoxetine should be avoided, whereas ketamine could be a safer choice of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim L Emmerzaal
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Leah Jacobs
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Geenen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne Verweij
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Chan ST, McCarthy MJ, Vawter MP. Psychiatric drugs impact mitochondrial function in brain and other tissues. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:136-147. [PMID: 31744750 PMCID: PMC7228833 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been linked to the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ). However, studies of mitochondria in SZ might be confounded by the effects of pharmacological treatment with antipsychotic drugs (APDs) and other common medications. This review summarizes findings on relevant mitochondria mechanisms underlying SZ, and the potential impact of psychoactive drugs including primarily APDs, but also antidepressants and anxiolytics. The summarized data suggest that APDs impair mitochondria function by decreasing Complex I activity and ATP production and dissipation of the mitochondria membrane potential. At the same time, in the brains of patients with SZ, antipsychotic drug treatment normalizes gene expression modules enriched in mitochondrial genes that are decreased in SZ. This indicates that APDs may have both positive and negative effects on mitochondria. The available evidence suggests three conclusions i) alterations in mitochondria functions in SZ exist prior to APD treatment, ii) mitochondria alterations in SZ can be reversed by APD treatment, and iii) APDs directly cause impairment of mitochondria function. Overall, the mechanisms of action of psychiatric drugs on mitochondria are both direct and indirect; we conclude the effects of APDs on mitochondria may contribute to both their therapeutic and metabolic side effects. These studies support the hypothesis that neuronal mitochondria are an etiological factor in SZ. Moreover, APDs and other drugs must be considered in the evaluation of this pathophysiological role of mitochondria in SZ. Considering these effects, pharmacological actions on mitochondria may be a worthwhile target for further APD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna T Chan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA; School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Psychiatry Service VA San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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12
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Cikánková T, Fišar Z, Hroudová J. In vitro effects of antidepressants and mood-stabilizing drugs on cell energy metabolism. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:797-811. [PMID: 31858154 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of drug-induced mitochondrial impairment may be important in drug development as well as in the comprehension of molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic and adverse effects of drugs. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of four drugs for treatment of depression (bupropion, fluoxetine, amitriptyline, and imipramine) and five drugs for bipolar disorder treatment (lithium, valproate, valpromide, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine) on cell energy metabolism. The in vitro effects of the selected psychopharmaca were measured in isolated pig brain mitochondria; the activities of citrate synthase (CS) and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes (I, II + III, and IV) and mitochondrial respiration rates linked to complex I and complex II were measured. Complex I was significantly inhibited by lithium, carbamazepine, fluoxetine, amitriptyline, and imipramine. The activity of complex IV was decreased after exposure to carbamazepine. The activities of complex II + III and CS were not affected by any tested drug. Complex I-linked respiration was significantly inhibited by bupropion, fluoxetine, amitriptyline, imipramine, valpromide, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine. Significant inhibition of complex II-linked respiration was observed after mitochondria were exposed to amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and carbamazepine. Our outcomes confirm the need to investigate the effects of drugs on both the total respiration rate and the activities of individual enzymes of the ETC to reveal the risk of adverse effects as well as to understand the molecular mechanisms leading to drug-induced changes in the respiratory rate. Our approach can be further replicated to study the mechanisms of action of newly developed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Cikánková
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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13
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Muscular and mitochondrial effects of long-term fluoxetine treatment in mice, combined with physical endurance exercise on treadmill. Life Sci 2019; 232:116508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Allen J, Romay-Tallon R, Brymer KJ, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Mitochondria and Mood: Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Key Player in the Manifestation of Depression. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:386. [PMID: 29928190 PMCID: PMC5997778 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal studies suggest an intriguing link between mitochondrial diseases and depression. Although depression has historically been linked to alterations in monoaminergic pharmacology and adult hippocampal neurogenesis, new data increasingly implicate broader forms of dampened plasticity, including plasticity within the cell. Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouse of eukaryotic cells, and they also regulate brain function through oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this paper, we make the case that mitochondrial dysfunction could play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. Alterations in mitochondrial functions such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and membrane polarity, which increase oxidative stress and apoptosis, may precede the development of depressive symptoms. However, the data in relation to antidepressant drug effects are contradictory: some studies reveal they have no effect on mitochondrial function or even potentiate dysfunction, whereas other studies show more beneficial effects. Overall, the data suggest an intriguing link between mitochondrial function and depression that warrants further investigation. Mitochondria could be targeted in the development of novel antidepressant drugs, and specific forms of mitochondrial dysfunction could be identified as biomarkers to personalize treatment and aid in early diagnosis by differentiating between disorders with overlapping symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kyle J Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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15
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Perić I, Costina V, Stanisavljević A, Findeisen P, Filipović D. Proteomic characterization of hippocampus of chronically socially isolated rats treated with fluoxetine: Depression-like behaviour and fluoxetine mechanism of action. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:268-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Simões‐Alves AC, Silva‐Filho RC, Braz GR, Silva SC, da Silva AI, Lagranha CJ, Fernandes MP. Neonatal treatment with fluoxetine improves mitochondrial respiration and reduces oxidative stress in liver of adult rats. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6555-6565. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiany C. Simões‐Alves
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise BiochemistryDepartment of Physical Education Sports Science Federal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity Graduate ProgramFederal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
| | - Reginaldo C. Silva‐Filho
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise BiochemistryDepartment of Physical Education Sports Science Federal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity Graduate ProgramFederal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
| | - Glauber R.F. Braz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise BiochemistryDepartment of Physical Education Sports Science Federal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
| | - Severina C.A. Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise BiochemistryDepartment of Physical Education Sports Science Federal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
- Biochemistry and Physiology Graduate ProgramFederal University of PernambucoRecifePernambucoBrazil
| | - Aline I. da Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise BiochemistryDepartment of Physical Education Sports Science Federal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
| | - Claudia J. Lagranha
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise BiochemistryDepartment of Physical Education Sports Science Federal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
- Biochemistry and Physiology Graduate ProgramFederal University of PernambucoRecifePernambucoBrazil
| | - Mariana P. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise BiochemistryDepartment of Physical Education Sports Science Federal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity Graduate ProgramFederal University of Pernambuco‐CAVVitória de Santo AntãoPernambucoBrazil
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17
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de Oliveira MR. Fluoxetine and the mitochondria: A review of the toxicological aspects. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:185-191. [PMID: 27392437 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)) is used as an antidepressant by modulating the levels of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. Nevertheless, fluoxetine also induces undesirable effects, such as anxiety, sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal impairments. Fluoxetine has been viewed as an agent that may interfere with cell fate by triggering apoptosis. On the other hand, fluoxetine intake has been associated with increased cancer risk. Nonetheless, data remain contradictory and no conclusions were taken. Several studies demonstrated that fluoxetine interacts with mitochondria triggering apoptosis and/or altering mitochondrial function by modulating the activity of respiratory chain components and enzymes of the Krebs cycle. Furthermore, fluoxetine affects mitochondria-related redox parameters in different experimental models. In this review, data demonstrating the effects of fluoxetine upon mammalian mitochondria are described and discussed, as well as several unsolved questions in this field of research are addressed. A separate section deals with future needs regarding the research involving the impact of fluoxetine treatment upon mitochondria and mitochondria-related signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry/ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900 Cuiaba, MT, Brazil.
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18
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Caiaffo V, Oliveira BDR, de Sá FB, Evêncio Neto J. Anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant activity of fluoxetine. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00231. [PMID: 27433341 PMCID: PMC4876141 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that has been widely used to determine the neurotransmission of serotonin in the central nervous system. This substance has emerged as the drug of choice for the treatment of depression due to is safer profile, fewer side effects, and greater tolerability. Studies have found the following important functions of fluoxetine related to the central nervous system: neuroprotection; anti-inflammatory properties similar to standard drugs for the treatment of inflammatory conditions; antioxidant properties, contributing to its therapeutic action and an important intracellular mechanism underlying the protective pharmacological effects seen in clinical practice in the treatment of different stress-related adverse health conditions; and antiapoptotic properties, with greater neuron survival and a reduction in apoptosis mediators as well as oxidative substances, such as superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide. The aim of this study was to perform a review of the literature on the important role of fluoxetine in anti-inflammatory, cell survival, and neuron trophicity mechanisms (antiapoptotic properties) as well as its role regarding enzymes of the antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Caiaffo
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Belisa D R Oliveira
- Department of Physiotherapy Caruaruense Association of Higher Education Brazil
| | - Fabrício B de Sá
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Joaquim Evêncio Neto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco Brazil
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19
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Réus GZ, Abelaira HM, Agostinho FR, Ribeiro KF, Vitto MF, Luciano TF, Souza CTD, Quevedo J. The administration of olanzapine and fluoxetine has synergistic effects on intracellular survival pathways in the rat brain. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:1029-35. [PMID: 22575330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have emerged suggesting a role of the intracellular survival pathways in the treatment of mood disorders. In addition, the beneficial effects of using a combination of antipsychotics and antidepressants have been shown. With this in mind, we evaluated the effects of the acute administration of fluoxetine (FLX), olanzapine (OLZ) and the combination of fluoxetine/olanzapine on the brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding (CREB), Protein Kinase B (PKB, Akt), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD) in the rat brain. Adult Wistar rats received an acute injection of OLZ (3 or 6 mg/kg) and/or FLX (12.5 or 25 mg/kg), and were evaluated for Akt, BDNF, CREB, Bcl-2 and BAD protein levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Our results showed that treatment with FLX and OLZ alone or in combination increased the Akt, CREB, BDNF, Bcl-2 and BAD levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. However, the combination of FLX and OLZ at high doses was associated with a greater increase in the levels of Akt in the prefrontal cortex, and did not have an effect on the levels of BAD in any of the brain areas that we evaluated. Finally, these findings further support the hypothesis that treatment with FLX and OLZ alone or in combination exert neuroprotective effects, and that intracellular survival pathways could be involved in the therapeutic effects of combining antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), and Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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