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Vass RA, Mikó É, Gál C, Kőszegi T, Vass CI, Bokor S, Molnár D, Funke S, Kovács K, Bódis J, Ertl T. The Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Different Variants on Breast Milk Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1857. [PMID: 37891936 PMCID: PMC10604438 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After birth, breast milk (BM) is a known essential source of antioxidants for infants. We analyzed the non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and glutathione, calcium, transferrin, and total protein levels of human breast milk before and after Holder pasteurization (HoP). METHODS The collected donor BM samples were pasteurized with HoP. RESULTS HoP decreased TAC (-12.6%), ORAC (-12.1%), transferrin (-98.3%), and total protein (-21.4%) levels; HoP did not influence the glutathione concentration, and it increased the total calcium (+25.5%) concentration. Mothers who gave birth via Cesarean section had significantly lower TAC in their BM. TAC and glutathione levels were elevated in the BM of mothers over the age of 30. BM produced in the summer had higher glutathione and calcium levels compared to BM produced in the winter. The glutathione concentration in term milk samples was significantly higher in the first two months of lactation compared to the period between the third and sixth months. The transferrin level of BM for female infants was significantly higher than the BM for boys, and mothers with a BMI above 30 had increased transferrin in their samples. CONCLUSIONS Antioxidant levels in human milk are influenced by numerous factors. Environmental and maternal factors, the postpartum age at breast milk collection, and Holder pasteurization of the milk influence the antioxidant intake of the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Anna Vass
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Magyar Imre Hospital, 8400 Ajka, Hungary
| | - Éva Mikó
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csenge Gál
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba I Vass
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Magyar Imre Hospital, 8400 Ajka, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bokor
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dénes Molnár
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Simone Funke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Kovács
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Bódis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Ertl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Liang N, Mohamed HM, Kim BJ, Burroughs S, Lowder A, Waite-Cusic J, Dallas DC. High-Pressure Processing of Human Milk: A Balance between Microbial Inactivation and Bioactive Protein Preservation. J Nutr 2023; 153:2598-2611. [PMID: 37423385 PMCID: PMC10517232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor human milk banks use Holder pasteurization (HoP; 62.5°C, 30 min) to reduce pathogens in donor human milk, but this process damages some bioactive milk proteins. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine minimal parameters for high-pressure processing (HPP) to achieve >5-log reductions of relevant bacteria in human milk and how these parameters affect an array of bioactive proteins. METHODS Pooled raw human milk inoculated with relevant pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Cronobacter sakazakii) or microbial quality indicators (Bacillus subtilis and Paenibacillus spp. spores) at 7 log CFU/mL was processed at 300-500 MPa at 16-19°C (due to adiabatic heating) for 1-9 min. Surviving microbes were enumerated using standard plate counting methods. For raw milk, and HPP-treated and HoP-treated milk, the immunoreactivity of an array of bioactive proteins was assessed via ELISA and the activity of bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) was determined via a colorimetric substrate assay. RESULTS Treatment at 500 MPa for 9 min resulted in >5-log reductions of all vegetative bacteria, but <1-log reduction in B. subtilis and Paenibacillus spores. HoP decreased immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G, lactoferrin, elastase and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) concentrations, and BSSL activity. The treatment at 500 MPa for 9 min preserved more IgA, IgM, elastase, lactoferrin, PIGR, and BSSL than HoP. HoP and HPP treatments up to 500 MPa for 9 min caused no losses in osteopontin, lysozyme, α-lactalbumin and vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSION Compared with HoP, HPP at 500 MPa for 9 min provides >5-log reduction of tested vegetative neonatal pathogens with improved retention of IgA, IgM, lactoferrin, elastase, PIGR, and BSSL in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjian Liang
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Hussein Mh Mohamed
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Bum Jin Kim
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Samantha Burroughs
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | - Joy Waite-Cusic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
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Wang H, Huang T, Liu K, Yu J, Yao G, Zhang W, Zhang H, Sun T. Protective effects of whey protein hydrolysate on Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8 during freeze-drying and storage. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7308-7321. [PMID: 35931487 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of whey protein hydrolysate as a lyoprotectant for maintaining the cell viability of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8 during freeze-drying and subsequent storage. The moisture content and water activity of the lyophilized samples treated by different concentrations of whey protein hydrolysate were ≤5.23 ± 0.33 g/100 g and ≤0.102 ± 0.003, respectively. During storage at 25°C and 30°C, whey protein hydrolysate had a stronger protective effect on B. lactis Probio-M8 than the same concentration of whey protein. Using the Excel tool GinaFit, we estimated the microbial inactivation kinetics during storage. Whey protein hydrolysate reduced cell damage caused by an increase in temperature. Whey protein hydrolysate could protect cells by increasing the osmotic pressure as a compatible solute. Whey protein hydrolysate improved cell membrane integrity and reduced the amounts of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde produced. The findings indicated that whey protein hydrolysate was a novel antioxidant lyoprotectant that could protect probiotics during freeze-drying and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Tian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Kailong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Guoqiang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Tiansong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
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Donda K, Maheshwari A. Human Milk Lipids Induce Important Metabolic and Epigenetic Changes in Neonates. Clin Perinatol 2022; 49:331-353. [PMID: 35659090 PMCID: PMC9179119 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are a major source of energy during the fetal/neonatal period. Most are received from the mother, transplacentally during the intrauterine period or via maternal milk after birth. However, in addition to the known nutritional roles, lipids are now known to bind a variety of cellular receptors to regulate specific patterns in metabolism and gene expression. The expression of these receptors is regulated by various genetic and environmental stimuli, and ligation can activate positive-feedback loops in the expression and the activity of downstream signaling pathways. The authors summarize the role of lipid ligands, cognate receptors, epigenetic regulation, and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyur Donda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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Erdoğan F, Şenkal E, Özer ÖF, İpek İÖ, Altuntaş ŞL, Özde Ş. Oxidative stress in maternal milk and cord blood in gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. SAO PAULO MED J 2022; 140:390-397. [PMID: 35508001 PMCID: PMC9671259 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2021.0209.r1.25082021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced antioxidant defenses may reflect a poor protective response against oxidative stress and this may be implicated in progression of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia plays a major role in micro and macrovascular complications, which imply endothelial dysfunction. OBJECTIVE Our aim in this study was to investigate the association between GDM and oxidative stress markers measured in plasma, with regard to revealing changes to total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) among mothers showing impairments in oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective study at a university hospital in Turkey. METHODS The study group consisted of 50 mothers with GDM, and 59 healthy mothers served as controls. Umbilical cord blood samples were taken from all mothers during delivery and breast milk samples on the fifth day after delivery. TAC, TOS, thiol and disulfide levels were measured. RESULTS No statistically significant relationship between the blood and milk samples could be found. An analysis on correlations between TAC, TOS and certain parameters revealed that there were negative correlations between TOS and total thiol (r = -0.386; P < 0.001) and between TOS and disulfide (r = -0.388; P < 0.001) in milk in the control group. However, these findings were not observed in the study group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that a compensatory mechanism of oxidative stress was expected to be present in gestational diabetes mellitus and that this might be ameliorated through good glycemic regulation and antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fırat Erdoğan
- MD. Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Evrim Şenkal
- MD. Physician, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ömer Faruk Özer
- MD. Physician, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Bezmiâlem Foundation University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - İlke Özahi İpek
- MD. Professor, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Şükriye Leyla Altuntaş
- MD. Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Şükriye Özde
- MD. Physician, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey.
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Tian XZ, Wang X, Ban C, Luo QY, Li JX, Lu Q. Effect of Purple Corn Anthocyanin on Antioxidant Activity, Volatile Compound and Sensory Property in Milk During Storage and Light Prevention. Front Nutr 2022; 9:862689. [PMID: 35399684 PMCID: PMC8984100 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.862689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to observe the effect of purple corn anthocyanin on the light-induced antioxidant activity, free radicals, volatile compounds, color parameters, and sensory properties of milk during storage. There were four groups: (1) negative control, no addition of anthocyanins + exposure to fluorescent light (NC); (2) positive control 1, no addition of anthocyanins + protected from fluorescent light (PC1); (3) positive control 2, the addition of 0.3% (w/v) anthocyanins + exposure to fluorescent light (PC2); and (4) the addition of 0.3% anthocyanins + protected from fluorescent light (AC). The results indicated that the concentration of antioxidant activity parameters in the NC group decreased during the entire storage period, whereas antioxidant activity parameters were unchanged except for the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the AC group. Moreover, the NC group showed lower levels of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and higher levels of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide than the other groups after 1 d of storage period. The extent of malondialdehyde accumulation and lipid peroxidation in the control groups were greater than that of the AC group. Twenty-two volatile compounds were determined in milk, which consisted of eight alcohols, three ketones, five aldehydes, two esters, and four hydrocarbons by headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometer analysis. Specifically, individual aldehydes, esters and hydrocarbons in the AC group remained at relatively stable values during storage relative to the other three groups. Stronger positive correlations were detected between several antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase, GSH-Px) and DPPH scavenging activity as well as total ketones in milk. Adding of anthocyanin did not impact on the color values of L*, a* and b* in light-protected milk during the entire storage period. Some sensory evaluation parameters (flat, garlic/onion/weedy, oxidized-light, oxidized-metal, rancid) in AC group were significantly higher than that of the control group at the end of the period. In conclusion, the current study revealed that the addition of purple corn anthocyanin pigment to light-protected milk had the potential to prevent lipid oxidation, enhance antioxidant activity, maintain volatile compounds and increase the sensory scores.
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Martysiak-Żurowska D, Malinowska-Pańczyk E, Orzołek M, Kusznierewicz B, Kiełbratowska B. Effect of microwave and convection heating on selected nutrients of human milk. Food Chem 2022; 369:130958. [PMID: 34479011 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the microwave heating method (MWH) on selected determinants of the nutritional value of human milk (HM) and compare to the effect exerted by the standard convection heating (CH) method, including holder pasteurization (HoP). It was showed that using MWH under conditions assumed to ensure microbiological safety, changes in the level of the nutrients were not observed. In these conditions concentration of fatty acids (FAs), lipid peroxides (LP) and α-lactalbumin (α-La) were on a similar level as in raw milk, and furosine was not formed. MWH treatment of HM led to slight increase in the malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC) content. However, MDA content in HM as a result of MWH was lower than after application CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Martysiak-Żurowska
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Edyta Malinowska-Pańczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Orzołek
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Barbara Kusznierewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Kiełbratowska
- Department of Obstetrics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
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Effect of pasteurization on melatonin concentration in human breast milk. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Women who have problems with lactation can use human milk banks. Mainly this human milk is provided to premature babies and sick newborns. Human milk is the most suitable food for newborns and infants, recommended by WHO (World Health Organization). Human milk has anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, and anti-allergic properties, and also works for immunomodulation. Melatonin has a special, underestimated importance in the composition of breast milk. It is a hormone that has many body functions and, for several decades, its antioxidant potential has been increasingly talked about.
The aim of the study was to examine the effect of Holder pasteurization on melatonin concentration in human milk.
Materials and Methods
18 samples of human milk from donors from the human milk bank were used for the analysis. Melatonin concentration before and after pasteurization was determined by ELISA. In addition, the nutritional content composition of milk was analyzed using MIRIS Human Milk Analyzer and correlations examined.
Results
Melatonin concentration in human milk before pasteurization was 0.65–26.24 pg/mL (Me=9.58, IQR=12.72), while after pasteurization 0.80–29.58 pg/mL (Me=9.98, IQR=11.26). There was a positive correlation between melatonin concentration before and after pasteurization (r=0.797, p<0.001).
Conclusions
The Holder pasteurization process does not affect the concentration of melatonin in milk samples, which may be a recommendation for human milk banks.
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GOMES NR, PARREIRAS PM, MENEZES CC, FALCO TS, VIEIRA MC, PASSOS MC, CUNHA LR. Impact of ultrasound treatment on viability of Staphylococcus aureus and the human milk antioxidant activity. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.40220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Valls-Bellés V, Abad C, Hernández-Aguilar MT, Nacher A, Guerrero C, Baliño P, Romero FJ, Muriach M. Human Milk Antioxidative Modifications in Mastitis: Further Beneficial Effects of Cranberry Supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010051. [PMID: 35052555 PMCID: PMC8772773 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is the inflammation of one or several mammal lobes which can be accompanied by a mammary gland infection, and is the leading cause of undesired early weaning in humans. However, little information exists regarding the changes that this disease may induce in the biochemical composition of human milk, especially in terms of oxidative status. Given that newborns are subject to a significant increase in total ROS burden in their transition to neonatal life and that their antioxidant defense system is not completely developed, the aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant defense (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), total polyphenol content (TPP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) in milk samples from mothers suffering from mastitis and controls. We also measured the oxidative damage to lipids (malondyaldehyde (MDA)) and proteins (carbonyl group content (CGC)) in these samples. Finally, we tested whether dietary supplementation with cranberries (a product rich in antioxidants) in these breastfeeding mothers during 21 days could improve the oxidative status of milk. GPx activity, TPP, and TAC were increased in milk samples from mastitis-affected women, providing a protective mechanism to the newborn drinking mastitis milk. MDA concentrations were diminished in the mastitis group, confirming this proposal. Some oxidative damage might occur in the mammary gland since the CGC was increased in mastitis milk. Cranberries supplementation seems to strengthen the antioxidant system, further improving the antioxidative state of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Valls-Bellés
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciencies de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain; (V.V.-B.); (C.A.); (M.T.H.-A.); (A.N.); (C.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Cristina Abad
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciencies de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain; (V.V.-B.); (C.A.); (M.T.H.-A.); (A.N.); (C.G.); (P.B.)
| | - María Teresa Hernández-Aguilar
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciencies de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain; (V.V.-B.); (C.A.); (M.T.H.-A.); (A.N.); (C.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Amalia Nacher
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciencies de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain; (V.V.-B.); (C.A.); (M.T.H.-A.); (A.N.); (C.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Carlos Guerrero
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciencies de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain; (V.V.-B.); (C.A.); (M.T.H.-A.); (A.N.); (C.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Pablo Baliño
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciencies de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain; (V.V.-B.); (C.A.); (M.T.H.-A.); (A.N.); (C.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Francisco J. Romero
- Hospital General de Requena, Conselleria de Sanitat, Generalitat Valenciana, 46340 Requena, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.R.); (M.M.)
| | - María Muriach
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Facultat de Ciencies de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain; (V.V.-B.); (C.A.); (M.T.H.-A.); (A.N.); (C.G.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: (F.J.R.); (M.M.)
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Percent mother's own milk feedings for preterm neonates predicts discharge feeding outcomes. J Perinatol 2021; 41:2766-2773. [PMID: 34526659 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No studies have determined if there is a threshold whereby use of mother's own milk (MOM) during hospitalization predicts exclusive MOM feeding at discharge. METHODS Among 113 very low birthweight neonates, the ratio of MOM to enteral feeds was measured in the first 14 days, 28 days, and overall hospital stay. The primary outcome was exclusive MOM feeding at discharge. RESULTS For every 1% increase in MOM consumption in the first 14 and 28 days, the odds of being discharge home on an exclusive MOM diet increased nearly 7-fold (OR 7.01, 95% CI: 2.09-23.50) and 17-fold (OR 17.46, 95% CI 4.67-63.31), respectively. A threshold of >50%, >83%, and >85% MOM consumption compared to overall enteral feeds in the first 14 days, 28 days, and throughout hospitalization, respectively, is recommended. CONCLUSIONS Promotion of MOM consumption in the first 2-4 weeks is of paramount importance, with negligible impact of increasing MOM consumption after 28 days.
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Juncker HG, Ruhé EJM, Burchell GL, van den Akker CHP, Korosi A, van Goudoever JB, van Keulen BJ. The Effect of Pasteurization on the Antioxidant Properties of Human Milk: A Literature Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111737. [PMID: 34829608 PMCID: PMC8614754 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High rates of oxidative stress are common in preterm born infants and have short- and long-term consequences. The antioxidant properties of human milk limits the consequences of excessive oxidative damage. However, as the mother's own milk it is not always available, donor milk may be provided as the best alternative. Donor milk needs to be pasteurized before use to ensure safety. Although pasteurization is necessary for safety reasons, it may affect the activity and concentration of several biological factors, including antioxidants. This literature review describes the effect of different pasteurization methods on antioxidant properties of human milk and aims to provide evidence to guide donor milk banks in choosing the best pasteurization method from an antioxidant perspective. The current literature suggests that Holder pasteurization reduces the antioxidant properties of human milk. Alternative pasteurization methods seem promising as less reduction is observed in several studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Juncker
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.G.J.); (E.J.M.R.); (B.J.v.K.)
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences—Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Eliza J. M. Ruhé
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.G.J.); (E.J.M.R.); (B.J.v.K.)
| | - George L. Burchell
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Chris H. P. van den Akker
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics–Neonatology, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences—Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Johannes B. van Goudoever
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.G.J.); (E.J.M.R.); (B.J.v.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Britt J. van Keulen
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.G.J.); (E.J.M.R.); (B.J.v.K.)
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13
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Effect of hurdle technology of gentle pasteurisation and drying process on bioactive proteins, antioxidant activity and microbial quality of cow and buffalo colostrum. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Vizzari G, Morniroli D, Ceroni F, Verduci E, Consales A, Colombo L, Cerasani J, Mosca F, Giannì ML. Human Milk, More Than Simple Nourishment. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:863. [PMID: 34682128 PMCID: PMC8535116 DOI: 10.3390/children8100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human breast milk not only has nutritional properties but also holds a functional role. It contains various bioactive factors (lactoferrin, lysozyme, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, cytokines, hormones, human milk oligosaccharides, microbiome, microRNAs and stem cells) shown to contribute to several short- and long-term health outcomes. Some of these factors appear to be involved in the infant's neuro-cognitive development, anti-oncogenic processes, cellular communication and differentiation. Furthermore, breast milk is increasingly recognized to have dynamic characteristics and to play a fundamental role in the cross-talking mother-neonate. This narrative review aims to provide a summary and an update on these bioactive substances, exploring their functions mainly on immunomodulation, microbiome and virome development. Although the knowledge about breast milk potentiality has significantly improved, leading to discovering unexpected functions, the exact mechanisms with which breast milk exercises its bioactivity have not been completely clarified. This can represent a fertile ground for exploring and understanding the complexity behind these functional elements to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vizzari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniela Morniroli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Federica Ceroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Consales
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Colombo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico NICU, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Jacopo Cerasani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico NICU, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (A.C.); (J.C.); (F.M.)
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico NICU, Via Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy;
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15
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High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment Ensures the Microbiological Safety of Human Milk Including Bacillus cereus and Preservation of Bioactive Proteins Including Lipase and Immuno-Proteins: A Narrative Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061327. [PMID: 34207614 PMCID: PMC8230168 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is the nutritional reference for the child and especially for the preterm infant. Breast milk is better than donated breast milk (DHM), but if breast milk is not available, DHM is distributed by the Human Milk Bank (HMB). Raw Human Milk is better than HMB milk, but it may contain dangerous germs, so it is usually milk pasteurized by a Holder treatment (62.5 °C 30 min). However, Holder does not destroy all germs, and in particular, in 7% to 14%, the spores of Bacillus cereus are found, and it also destroys the microbiota, lipase BSSL and immune proteins. Another technique, High-Temperature Short Time (HTST 72 °C, 5–15 s), has been tried, which is imperfect, does not destroy Bacillus cereus, but degrades the lipase and partially the immune proteins. Therefore, techniques that do not treat by temperature have been proposed. For more than 25 years, high hydrostatic pressure has been tried with pressures from 100 to 800 MPa. Pressures above 400 MPa can alter the immune proteins without destroying the Bacillus cereus. We propose a High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) with four pressure cycles ranging from 50–150 MPa to promote Bacillus cereus germination and a 350 MPa Pressure that destroys 106 Bacillus cereus and retains 80–100% of lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin and 64% of IgAs. Other HHP techniques are being tested. We propose a literature review of these techniques.
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16
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Yiğit GG, Cerit İ, Demirkol O. Oxidative stability of cocoa hazelnut cream enriched with inactive yeast cells. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Gül Yiğit
- Department of Food Engineering Sakarya University Esentepe Sakarya Turkey
| | - İnci Cerit
- Department of Food Engineering Sakarya University Esentepe Sakarya Turkey
| | - Omca Demirkol
- Department of Food Engineering Sakarya University Esentepe Sakarya Turkey
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17
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Prazad P, Donovan R, Won B, Cortes D. Migration of cyclohexanone and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone from a neonatal enteral feeding system into human milk. J Perinatol 2021; 41:1074-1082. [PMID: 33758393 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimate the migration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which have been identified by the EPA as a public health concern, from the enteral feeding system into human milk. STUDY DESIGN Unfortified human milk samples were infused through an enteral feeding system with varying duration of infusion, incubator temperature, and pre-infusion tube priming. Purge & Trap analysis and GC/MS were used to identify the VOC profile of milk pre- and post-infusion. RESULT Cyclohexanone and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone (3,3,5-TMC) accumulated significantly in milk samples post-infusion. Duration of infusion had a significant effect on VOC accumulation (p = 0.001). Accumulation patterns of cyclohexanone and 3,3,5-TMC differed significantly based on milk type (donor vs. mother's own milk). CONCLUSIONS VOCs, migrate from plastic-based feeding equipment into human milk. Based on these findings, limiting the duration of feeding infusion would reduce VOC exposure derived from enteral feeding in the neonatal intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian Won
- Rosaland Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Lorençoni MF, Silva RS, Azevedo Júnior R, Fronza M. EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON THE ANTIOXIDANT AND OXIDANT PROPERTIES OF HUMAN MILK. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2020; 39:e2019165. [PMID: 32785463 PMCID: PMC7418336 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of pasteurization on antioxidant and oxidant
properties of human milk. Methods: 42 samples of milk before and after pasteurisation were used to evaluate the
antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing capacity and by scavenging the
2,2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical. Lipid
peroxidation was estimated by the concentration of malondialdehyde product
using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and by the
evaluation of advanced oxidation protein products. Results: No significant difference was observed in fresh human milk and after
pasteurization in relation to antioxidant properties determined by the
ferric reducing capacity (50.0±3.4% and 48.8±3.0%, respectively) and by
scavenging the 2,2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical
(28.9±1.5% and 31.2±1.3%, respectively). The results of malondialdehyde
(62.6±4.1 and 64.3±3.6 µM/mg) and protein oxidation products (59.4±3.4 and
54.2±3.8 µM/L) of fresh and pasteurized milk, respectively, did not
exhibited any significant difference. Conclusions: This data showed that human milk has an important antioxidant activity and
that the pasteurizing process does not influence the antioxidant capacity,
avoiding the peroxidation of breast milk lipids and the formation of
advanced protein oxidation products.
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19
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Malinowska-Pańczyk E. Can high hydrostatic pressure processing be the best way to preserve human milk? Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Effect of thermosonication on microorganisms, the antioxidant activity and the retinol level of human milk. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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YİĞİT AA. Animal and plant-based milk and their antioxidant properties. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.549028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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22
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El-Fattah AA, Azzam M, Elkashef H, Elhadydy A. Antioxidant Properties of Milk: Effect of Milk Species, Milk Fractions and Heat Treatments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE 2019; 15:1-9. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2020.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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23
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A Review of Bioactive Factors in Human Breastmilk: A Focus on Prematurity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061307. [PMID: 31185620 PMCID: PMC6628333 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is an increasing worldwide problem. Prematurity is the second most common cause of death in children under 5 years of age. It is associated with a higher risk of several pathologies in the perinatal period and adulthood. Maternal milk, a complex fluid with several bioactive factors, is the best option for the newborn. Its dynamic composition is influenced by diverse factors such as maternal age, lactation period, and health status. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding some bioactive factors present in breastmilk, namely antioxidants, growth factors, adipokines, and cytokines, paying specific attention to prematurity. The revised literature reveals that the highest levels of these bioactive factors are found in the colostrum and they decrease along the lactation period; bioactive factors are found in higher levels in preterm as compared to full-term milk, they are lacking in formula milk, and decreased in donated milk. However, there are still some gaps and inconclusive data, and further research in this field is needed. Given the fact that many preterm mothers are unable to complete breastfeeding, new information could be important to develop infant supplements that best match preterm human milk.
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24
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Wesolowska A, Sinkiewicz-Darol E, Barbarska O, Bernatowicz-Lojko U, Borszewska-Kornacka MK, van Goudoever JB. Innovative Techniques of Processing Human Milk to Preserve Key Components. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1169. [PMID: 31137691 PMCID: PMC6566440 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk not only contains all nutritional elements that an infant requires, but is also the source of components whose regulatory role was confirmed by demonstrating health-related deficiencies in formula-fed children. A human milk diet is especially important for premature babies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In cases where breastfeeding is not possible and the mother's own milk is insufficient in volume, the most preferred food is pasteurized donor milk. The number of human milk banks has increased recently but their technical infrastructure is continuously developing. Heat treatment at a low temperature and long time, also known as holder pasteurization (62.5 °C, 30 min), is the most widespread method of human milk processing, whose effects on the quality of donor milk is well documented. Holder pasteurization destroys vegetative forms of bacteria and most viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) herpes and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The macronutrients remain relatively intact but various beneficial components are destroyed completely or compromised. Enzymes and immune cells are the most heat sensitive elements. The bactericidal capacity of heat-pasteurized milk is lower than that of untreated milk. The aim of the study was for a comprehensive comparison of currently tested methods of improving the preservation stage. Innovative techniques of milk processing should minimize the risk of milk-borne infections and preserve the bioactivity of this complex biological fluid better than the holder method. In the present paper, the most promising thermal pasteurization condition (72 °C-75 °C,) and a few non-thermal processes were discussed (high pressure processing, microwave irradiation). This narrative review presents an overview of methods of human milk preservation that have been explored to improve the safety and quality of donor milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Neonatology, 63A Zwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elena Sinkiewicz-Darol
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier' Provincial Polyclinical Hospital in Torun, Torun, 53-59 St. Jozef St., 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Olga Barbarska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Neonatology, 63A Zwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Bernatowicz-Lojko
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier' Provincial Polyclinical Hospital in Torun, Torun, 53-59 St. Jozef St., 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | | | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Martysiak-Żurowska D, Puta M, Kiełbratowska B. The effect of convective heating and microwave heating on antioxidant enzymes in pooled mature human milk. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Sun H, Han S, Cheng R, Hei M, Kakulas F, Lee SK. Testing the feasibility and safety of feeding preterm infants fresh mother's own milk in the NICU: A pilot study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:941. [PMID: 30700726 PMCID: PMC6353969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death among infants born at <30 weeks’ gestation, but donor human milk can reduce the incidence of NEC. Unfortunately, freezing or pasteurizing human milk deactivates beneficial bioactive components. We evaluated the feasibility, safety, and impact of feeding very preterm infants fresh (unprocessed) mother’s own milk within 4 hours of expression. In our multicentre prospective cohort analytic study, we fed 109 control and 98 intervention infants previously frozen donor or mother’s own milk; only the intervention group was fed fresh mother’s own milk once daily from enrollment until 32 weeks’ corrected age. Control group mothers could not commit to provide fresh milk daily and were less likely receive antenatal corticosteroids than mothers in the intervention group. In the intervention group, 87.5% (98/112) of mothers were able to provide at least one feed of fresh milk a day. No critical incidents or non-compliance with the protocol were reported. The duration of mechanical ventilation and total parenteral nutrition use were shorter in the intervention group than controls (P < 0.01) but the length of hospital stay was similar (P = 0.57). Although the study might be underpowered, the intervention group had lower unadjusted rates of the composite outcome NEC ≥ stage 2 or mortality (8% vs 20%, P = 0.04), sepsis (22% vs 38%, P = 0.02), retinopathy of prematurity (17% vs 39%, P < 0.01) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (32% vs 47%, P < 0.01) than the control. These results indicated that feeding fresh mother’s own milk once daily was safe, feasible, and may reduce morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Sun
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neonatology, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neonatology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuping Han
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyan Hei
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shoo K Lee
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Paediatrics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Bazacliu C, Neu J. Pathophysiology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: An Update. Curr Pediatr Rev 2019; 15:68-87. [PMID: 30387398 DOI: 10.2174/1573396314666181102123030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NEC is a devastating disease that, once present, is very difficult to treat. In the absence of an etiologic treatment, preventive measures are required. Advances in decoding the pathophysiology of NEC are being made but a more comprehensive understanding is needed for the targeting of preventative strategies. A better definition of the disease as well as diagnostic criteria are needed to be able to specifically label a disease as NEC. Multiple environmental factors combined with host susceptibility appear to contribute to enhanced risks for developing this disease. Several different proximal pathways are involved, all leading to a common undesired outcome: Intestinal necrosis. The most common form of this disease appears to involve inflammatory pathways that are closely meshed with the intestinal microbiota, where a dysbiosis may result in dysregulated inflammation. The organisms present in the intestinal tract prior to the onset of NEC along with their diversity and functional capabilities are just beginning to be understood. Fulfillment of postulates that support causality for particular microorganisms is needed if bacteriotherapies are to be intelligently applied for the prevention of NEC. Identification of molecular effector pathways that propagate inflammation, understanding of, even incipient role of genetic predisposition and of miRNAs may help solve the puzzle of this disease and may bring the researchers closer to finding a treatment. Despite recent progress, multiple limitations of the current animal models, difficulties related to studies in humans, along with the lack of a "clear" definition will continue to make it a very challenging disease to decipher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Bazacliu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida, FL, United States
| | - Josef Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida, FL, United States
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28
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Gayà A, Calvo J. Improving Pasteurization to Preserve the Biological Components of Donated Human Milk. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:288. [PMID: 30356694 PMCID: PMC6189300 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor human milk (DHM) in human milk banks (HMB) is routinely subjected to heat treatment to ensure microbiological security, most guidelines recommending a temperature of 62. 5°C for 30 min. However, this procedure negatively impacts on milk quality, due to the destruction of biological components. Different studies have called for a more respectful treatment of DHM to preserve its properties, and have explored the use of alternative technologies. There is also clear evidence that bacterial and viral contamination in human milk can be effectively destroyed by temperatures lower than that currently recommended (62.5°C). Thus, a simple option would be to optimize the conventional pasteurization technique so the treated milk is free of infectious elements yet retains a maximum amount of biological components. An advantage of this approach is that it would be unnecessary to replace the pasteurization equipment currently available in most HMB. On the basis of a literature review, we here analyze and discuss evidence that pasteurization of human milk at a temperature below 62.5°C results in an improved preservation of its properties without compromising safety regarding the transmission of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Gayà
- Banc de Llet Materna, Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Terapia Celular e Ingeniería Tisular, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Javier Calvo
- Banc de Llet Materna, Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Terapia Celular e Ingeniería Tisular, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Bertino E, Peila C, Cresi F, Maggiora E, Sottemano S, Gazzolo D, Arslanoglu S, Coscia A. Donor Human Milk: Effects of Storage and Heat Treatment on Oxidative Stress Markers. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:253. [PMID: 30345262 PMCID: PMC6182067 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother's own milk is the first choice for the feeding and nutrition of preterm and term newborns. When mother's own milk is unavailable or in short supply donor human milk (DM) could represent a solution. Heat treatment and cold storage are common practices in Human Milk Banks (HMBs). Currently, Holder pasteurization process is the recommended heat treatment in all international guidelines. This method is thought to lead to a good compromise between the microbiological safety and nutritional/biological quality of DM. Moreover, storage of refrigerated milk is a common practice in HMBs and in NICUs. Depending on the length and on the type of storage, human milk may lose some important nutritional and functional properties. The available data on oxidative stress markers confirm that pasteurization and refrigeration affected this important elements to variable degrees, even though it is rather difficult to quantify the level of deterioration. Nonetheless, clinical practice demonstrates that many beneficial properties of human milk are preserved, even after cold storage and heat treatment. Future studies should be focused on the evaluation of new pasteurization techniques, in order to achieve a better compromise between biological quality and safety of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bertino
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesco Cresi
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Maggiora
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Diego Gazzolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sertac Arslanoglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Sánchez-Illana Á, Parra-Llorca A, Escuder-Vieco D, Pallás-Alonso CR, Cernada M, Gormaz M, Vento M, Kuligowski J. Biomarkers of oxidative stress derived damage to proteins and DNA in human breast milk. Anal Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Oxidative Stress and Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Opportunities for Intervention, and Role of Human Milk. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7397659. [PMID: 30057683 PMCID: PMC6051049 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7397659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review will examine the role of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and explore potential preventive and therapeutic antioxidant strategies. Preterm infants are particularly exposed to OS as a result of several perinatal stimuli and constitutive defective antioxidant defenses. For this reason, OS damage represents a contributing factor to several complications of prematurity, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Being NEC a multifactorial disease, OS may act as downstream component of the pathogenetic cascade. To counteract OS in preterm infants with NEC, several antioxidant strategies have been proposed and different antioxidant compounds have been experimented. It is well known that human milk (HM) is an important source of antioxidants. At the same time, the role of an exclusive HM diet is well recognized in the prevention of NEC. However, donor HM (DHM) processing may impair antioxidant properties. As DHM is becoming a common nutritional intervention for high risk PI, the antioxidant status of preterm and DHM and potential ways to preserve its antioxidant capacity may merit further investigation.
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Escuder-Vieco D, Espinosa-Martos I, Rodríguez JM, Corzo N, Montilla A, Siegfried P, Pallás-Alonso CR, Fernández L. High-Temperature Short-Time Pasteurization System for Donor Milk in a Human Milk Bank Setting. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:926. [PMID: 29867837 PMCID: PMC5958646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor milk is the best alternative for the feeding of preterm newborns when mother's own milk is unavailable. For safety reasons, it is usually pasteurized by the Holder method (62.5°C for 30 min). Holder pasteurization results in a microbiological safe product but impairs the activity of many biologically active compounds such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, cytokines, growth factors, hormones or oxidative stress markers. High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization has been proposed as an alternative for a better preservation of some of the biological components of human milk although, at present, there is no equipment available to perform this treatment under the current conditions of a human milk bank. In this work, the specific needs of a human milk bank setting were considered to design an HTST equipment for the continuous and adaptable (time-temperature combination) processing of donor milk. Microbiological quality, activity of indicator enzymes and indices for thermal damage of milk were evaluated before and after HTST treatment of 14 batches of donor milk using different temperature and time combinations and compared to the results obtained after Holder pasteurization. The HTST system has accurate and simple operation, allows the pasteurization of variable amounts of donor milk and reduces processing time and labor force. HTST processing at 72°C for, at least, 10 s efficiently destroyed all vegetative forms of microorganisms present initially in raw donor milk although sporulated Bacillus sp. survived this treatment. Alkaline phosphatase was completely destroyed after HTST processing at 72 and 75°C, but γ-glutamil transpeptidase showed higher thermoresistance. Furosine concentrations in HTST-treated donor milk were lower than after Holder pasteurization and lactulose content for HTST-treated donor milk was below the detection limit of analytical method (10 mg/L). In conclusion, processing of donor milk at 72°C for at least 10 s in this HTST system allows to achieve the microbiological safety objectives established in the milk bank while having a lower impact regarding the heat damage of the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Escuder-Vieco
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Corzo
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Montilla
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen R Pallás-Alonso
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Souroullas K, Aspri M, Papademas P. Donkey milk as a supplement in infant formula: Benefits and technological challenges. Food Res Int 2018; 109:416-425. [PMID: 29803466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review paper is to assess the applicability of donkey's milk to infants suffering from Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) compared to human and other available milk types. The bioactive and immune-supportive character which could be beneficial as a fortifier to the formula-fed infants is described while limitations of this type of milk are also discussed. Studies showed that human and donkey's milk have similar, overall, chemical composition as well as protein homogeneity and antigenic similarities. Several in vitro and in vivo studies showed that donkey's milk has nutraceutical and functional properties that can support immunity, alter metabolism and beneficially modify gut microbiota. Clinical studies illustrated that donkeys' milk is well tolerated (82.6%-88%) by infants. Finally, the effect that processing (i.e. thermal, non-thermal treatments, drying methods) has on donkey milk components is also discussed pointing out the need for minimally processing this type of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallis Souroullas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Maria Aspri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Photis Papademas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus.
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Application of industrial treatments to donor human milk: influence of pasteurization treatments, storage temperature, and time on human milk gangliosides. NPJ Sci Food 2018; 2:5. [PMID: 31304255 PMCID: PMC6550147 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-018-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor milk is the best option when mother’s own milk is unavailable. Heat treatments are applied to ensure donor milk safety. The effects of heat treatments on milk gangliosides—bioactive compounds with beneficial antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and prebiotic roles—have not been studied. The most abundant gangliosides in non-homogenized human milk were characterized and quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)/MS before and after pasteurization treatments mimicking industrial conditions (63 °C/30 min, 72 °C/15 s, 127 °C/5 s, and 140 °C/6 s). Ganglioside stability over a 3-month period was assessed following the storage at 4 and 23 °C. Independent of the heat treatment applied, gangliosides were stable after 3 months of storage at 4 or 23 °C, with only minor variations in individual ganglioside structures. These findings will help to define the ideal processing and storage conditions for donor milk to maximize the preservation of the structure of bioactive compounds to enhance the health of fragile newborns. Moreover, these results highlight the need for, and provide a basis for, a standardized language enabling biological and food companies, regulatory agencies, and other food stakeholders to both annotate and compute the ways in which production, processing, and storage conditions alter or maintain the nutritive, bioactive, and organoleptic properties of ingredients and foods, as well as the qualitative effects these foods and ingredients may have on conferring phenotype in the consuming organism. Donor human milk, the best alternative to mother’s own milk, usually needs to be pasteurized before use out of safety concerns. Daniela Barile at University of California Davis, USA, and colleagues studied the effects of heat treatment and storage temperature and time on milk gangliosides, a class of sugar-derived compounds important for neural and brain development of newborns, among other bioactivities. They found that, while there were minor structural changes during mimicked industrial pasteurization processes, gangliosides remain stable for at least three months either in the refrigerator or at room temperature. These results may help standardize the processing protocols and storage conditions for donor milk, and the methods can be extended to other bioactive components.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE When own mother's milk falls short, pasteurized human donor milk is recommended as alternative feeding for preterm infants. Donor milk has to meet the highest safety standards, but its processing and storage is expensive. The recommended storage time of pasteurized donor milk is 3 months. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the frozen storage time of pasteurized donor milk can be extended beyond 3 months without compromising its safety and quality. METHODS For this prospective observational study breast milk samples of 34 unique women, collected between November 2014 and June 2015, were provided by the Dutch Human Milk Bank. Samples were Holder pasteurized within 3 months after expression and stored at -20°C. Analysis of both bacterial growth (by inoculation of milk on a blood and a cysteine-, lactose-, and electrolyte-deficient agar) and fat, crude protein, carbohydrate and energy content of milk (analyzed by infrared spectroscopy) was done monthly during the first 6 months and every 2 months thereafter, up to 1 year postpasteurization. RESULTS Thirty of 306 (9.8%) follow-up samples showed bacterial growth when cultured. None of the samples showed sequential contamination with the same strain up to 8 months of frozen storage. No significant decreases in macronutrients and energy content were observed over 8 months. CONCLUSION Pasteurized human donor milk can be stored safely for 8 months at -20°C, without compromising its macronutrient and energy content. This longer storage time will reduce disposal of expired donor milk and subsequently reduce costs.
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Escuder-Vieco D, Espinosa-Martos I, Rodríguez JM, Fernández L, Pallás-Alonso CR. Effect of HTST and Holder Pasteurization on the Concentration of Immunoglobulins, Growth Factors, and Hormones in Donor Human Milk. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2222. [PMID: 30319659 PMCID: PMC6170621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor human milk (DHM) is submitted to Holder pasteurization (HoP) to ensure its microbiological safety in human milk banks but this treatment affects some of its bioactive compounds. The objective of this work was to compare the effects of HoP and high temperature short time (HTST) treatments on some bioactive compounds found in DHM. A total of 24 DHM batches were processed in a continuous HTST system (70, 72, and 75°C for 5-25 s) and by HoP (62.5°C for 30 min). The concentrations of immunoglobulins (Igs) A, G, and M, transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), adiponectine, ghrelin, and leptin were measured using a multiplex system, whereas the concentration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was determined by ELISA. In relation to Igs, IgG showed the highest preservation rates (87-101%) after HTST treatments, followed by IgA (54-88%) and IgM (25-73%). Ig retention after any of the HTST treatments was higher than after HoP (p < 0.001). Treatment times required to reduce the concentration of IgM by 90% (D-value) were 130, 88, and 49 s at 70, 72, and 75°C, while the number of degrees Celsius required to change the D-value by one factor of 10 (z-value) was 11.79°C. None of the heat treatments had a significant effect on the concentrations of TGF-β2, EGF, adiponectin, and ghrelin. In contrast, leptin was detected only in 4 of the samples submitted to HoP, whereas it was present in all samples after the different HTST treatments, with retention rates ranging between 34 and 68%. Globally, the concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM, and leptin in DHM was significantly higher after HTST pasteurization performed in a continuous system designed to be used in human milk banks than after the HoP procedure that is routinely applied at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Escuder-Vieco
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Diana Escuder-Vieco
| | | | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Sección Departamental de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rosa Pallás-Alonso
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Öztürk S, Cerit İ, Mutlu S, Demirkol O. Enrichment of cookies with glutathione by inactive yeast cells ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ): Physicochemical and functional properties. J Cereal Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Martysiak-Żurowska D, Puta M, Barczak N, Dąbrowska J, Malinowska-Pańczyk E, Kiełbratowska B, Kołodziejska I. Effect of High Pressure and Sub-Zero Temperature on Total Antioxidant Capacity and the Content of Vitamin C, Fatty Acids and Secondary Products of Lipid Oxidation in Human Milk. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pjfns-2016-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Li Y, Nguyen DN, de Waard M, Christensen L, Zhou P, Jiang P, Sun J, Bojesen AM, Lauridsen C, Lykkesfeldt J, Dalsgaard TK, Bering SB, Sangild PT. Pasteurization Procedures for Donor Human Milk Affect Body Growth, Intestinal Structure, and Resistance against Bacterial Infections in Preterm Pigs. J Nutr 2017; 147:1121-1130. [PMID: 28298536 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.244822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Holder pasteurization (HP) destroys multiple bioactive factors in donor human milk (DM), and UV-C irradiation (UVC) is potentially a gentler method for pasteurizing DM for preterm infants.Objective: We investigated whether UVC-treated DM improves gut maturation and resistance toward bacterial infections relative to HP-treated DM.Methods: Bacteria, selected bioactive components, and markers of antioxidant capacity were measured in unpasteurized donor milk (UP), HP-treated milk, and UVC-treated milk (all from the same DM pool). Fifty-seven cesarean-delivered preterm pigs (91% gestation; ratio of males to females, 30:27) received decreasing volumes of parental nutrition (average 69 mL · kg-1 · d-1) and increasing volumes of the 3 DM diets (n = 19 each, average 89 mL · kg-1 · d-1) for 8-9 d. Body growth, gut structure and function, and systemic bacterial infection were evaluated.Results: A high bacterial load in the UP (6×105 colony forming units/mL) was eliminated similarly by HP and UVC treatments. Relative to HP-treated milk, both UVC-treated milk and UP showed greater activities of lipase and alkaline phosphatase and concentrations of lactoferrin, secretory immunoglobulin A, xanthine dehydrogenase, and some antioxidant markers (all P < 0.05). The pigs fed UVC-treated milk and pigs fed UP showed higher relative weight gain than pigs fed HP-treated milk (5.4% and 3.5%), and fewer pigs fed UVC-treated milk had positive bacterial cultures in the bone marrow (28%) than pigs fed HP-treated milk (68%) (P < 0.05). Intestinal health was also improved in pigs fed UVC-treated milk compared with those fed HP-treated milk as indicated by a higher plasma citrulline concentration (36%) and villus height (38%) (P < 0.05) and a tendency for higher aminopeptidase N (48%) and claudin-4 (26%) concentrations in the distal intestine (P < 0.08). The gut microbiota composition was similar among groups except for greater proportions of Enterococcus in pigs fed UVC-treated milk than in pigs fed UP and those fed HP-treated milk in both cecum contents (20% and 10%) and distal intestinal mucosa (24% and 20%) (all P < 0.05).Conclusions: UVC is better than HP treatment in preserving bioactive factors in DM. UVC-treated milk may induce better weight gain, intestinal health, and resistance against bacterial infections as shown in preterm pigs as a model for DM-fed preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Li
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and
| | | | - Marita de Waard
- Dutch Human Milk Bank, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Jing Sun
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition and .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Madore LS, Bora S, Erdei C, Jumani T, Dengos AR, Sen S. Effects of Donor Breastmilk Feeding on Growth and Early Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants: An Observational Study. Clin Ther 2017; 39:1210-1220. [PMID: 28576299 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.05.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Donor breastmilk (DBM) has gained popularity as an alternative to formula when mother's own milk (MOM) is unavailable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a predominantly DBM diet on growth and subsequent neurodevelopment in preterm infants at a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS This single-center, observational cohort study compared data from preterm infants supplemented with predominantly (>50%) DBM to those from age- and weight-matched infants fed only MOM or supplemented with predominantly (>50%) preterm formula (PF). The primary outcome was in-hospital weight gain, and the secondary outcome was neurodevelopment, as assessed by the Bayley III scale at 1 and 2 years' corrected age. Exclusion criteria were major congenital defects, death prior to discharge from the NICU, or supplementation volumes of <50% over the first month of life. We compared the outcomes among the 3 feeding groups with the χ2 test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA, with post hoc pairwise comparisons after adjustment for the following confounders: bronchopulmonary dysplasia, multiple births, and social work involvement. FINDINGS In the entire cohort, the mean gestational age was 27.1 weeks and the mean birthweight was 914 g. The DBM (n = 27) and PF (n = 25) groups were similar with regard to socioeconomic characteristics. DBM infants regained birthweight more slowly over the first month of life compared with infants fed MOM (n = 29) or PF (mean [SD], 17.9 [5.7], 22.0 [6.8], and 20.3 [5.7] g/kg/d, respectively; P = 0.05); however, this growth difference was attenuated at later time points. In a fully adjusted model, the DBM group scored significantly lower in cognition at both 1 year (P = 0.005) and 2 years (P = 0.03) of age compared with the infants fed non-DBM diets. IMPLICATIONS The findings from this study suggest that in this NICU, preterm infants supplemented with predominantly DBM had compromised early in-hospital weight gain and, possibly, early cognitive delays compared with infants fed only MOM or infants supplemented with predominantly PF. These findings reinforce the need for further research on the optimal use of DBM in the preterm population and a continued need for promoting breastfeeding efforts to supply MOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Madore
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts.
| | - Samudragupta Bora
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmina Erdei
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tina Jumani
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allison R Dengos
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarbattama Sen
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Dicky O, Ehlinger V, Montjaux N, Gremmo-Féger G, Sizun J, Rozé JC, Arnaud C, Casper C. Policy of feeding very preterm infants with their mother's own fresh expressed milk was associated with a reduced risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:755-762. [PMID: 28128874 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM Since 2005, the French Food Safety Agency has recommended that very preterm or low-birthweight babies should be fed with pasteurised, expressed breastmilk, and feeding policies on this vary widely in French neonatal units. We investigated the differences between using a mother's expressed milk, in fresh or pasteurised forms, for very preterm infants. METHODS This observational multicentre study analysed data on 926 very preterm infants: 636 from neonatal units who used the mother's own fresh milk and 290 who used the mother's milk after pasteurisation. We analysed necrotising enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, in-hospital mortality, late-onset sepsis, weight gain, length of hospital stay, the duration of parenteral nutrition and the duration of enteral feeding with a nasogastric tube. Multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the impact of maternal milk policies. RESULTS After adjustment, there was a reduced risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the fresh milk group with an odds ratio of 0.40 and 95% confidence interval of 0.27-0.67 (p < 0.001). No other statistically significant differences were observed. CONCLUSION Feeding very preterm infants with their mother's expressed fresh milk was associated with a reduced risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and further investigations are needed to evaluate the clinical impact of this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Dicky
- Department of Neonatology; Children Hospital; University Hospital; Toulouse France
- U.1027; INSERM; Toulouse France
- Paul Sabatier University; Toulouse France
| | - Virginie Ehlinger
- U.1027; INSERM; Toulouse France
- Paul Sabatier University; Toulouse France
| | - Nathalie Montjaux
- Department of Neonatology; Children Hospital; University Hospital; Toulouse France
| | | | - Jacques Sizun
- Department of Woman, Mother and Child; University Hospital; Brest France
| | | | - Catherine Arnaud
- U.1027; INSERM; Toulouse France
- Paul Sabatier University; Toulouse France
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit; CHU Purpan; Toulouse France
| | - Charlotte Casper
- Department of Neonatology; Children Hospital; University Hospital; Toulouse France
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Human Milk Processing: A Systematic Review of Innovative Techniques to Ensure the Safety and Quality of Donor Milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:353-361. [PMID: 27755345 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurization, performed at 62.5°C for 30 minutes (holder pasteurization), is currently recommended in all international human milk banks guidelines, but it affects some human milk bioactive and nutritive components. The present systematic review is aimed at critically reviewing evidence on the suitability of human milk processing techniques other than holder pasteurization, both thermal and nonthermal, to ensure microbiological safety, and on the effects of these techniques on biologically active donor milk components. A systematic review of English and non-English articles using Medline, PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and CAB Abstracts, with no restriction in publication date was performed. Search terms included: human, breast, donor, or banked milk, breastmilk, breast fed, breastfed, breastfeed; HTST, Flash, High Pressure, UV, ultrasonic or nonthermal; process, pasteuris, pasteuriz. Only primary research articles published in peer-reviewed journals were included, providing or not a comparison with holder pasteurized human milk, provided that the pasteurization technique was clearly described, and not intended for domestic use. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of relevant articles. Twenty-six studies were identified as being relevant. Two examined both High Pressure Processing and High-Temperature-Short-Time pasteurization; 10 only examined High Pressure Processing; 10 only examined High-Temperature-Short-Time; 2 articles examined ultraviolet irradiation; 2 articles examined (thermo-)ultrasonic processing. The results indicate that data about safety for microbiological control are still scarce for most of the novel technologies, and that consensus on processing conditions is necessary for nonthermal technologies, before any conclusions on the qualitative and nutritional advantages of these techniques can be drawn.
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Abstract
The aim of human milk banks is to deliver safe and high quality donor human milk. Treatment of human milk has to destroy most microorganisms while preserving immunological and nutrient components, which is obtained when using low time low temperature pasteurization. However it destroys bile-simulated lipase, reduces lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, and bactericidal capacity of human milk. New methods are under investigation such as high temperature short time pasteurization, high pressure processing, or ultraviolet irradiation. They have been tested in experimental conditions and there are promising results, but they have to be tested in real conditions in human milk bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Picaud
- Neonatal Unit, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon F-69004, France; Rhone-Alpes Auvergneregional Human Milk Bank, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon F-69004, France; Lyon Sud Charles Merieux School of Medicine, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite F-69310, France; Rhone-Alpes Human Nutrition Research Center, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite F-69310, France; European Milk Bank Association (EMBA), Milano, Italy.
| | - Rachel Buffin
- Neonatal Unit, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon F-69004, France; Rhone-Alpes Auvergneregional Human Milk Bank, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon F-69004, France
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Martysiak-Żurowska D, Puta M, Kotarska J, Cybula K, Malinowska-Pańczyk E, Kołodziejska I. The effect of UV-C irradiation on lipids and selected biologically active compounds in human milk. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Donor Human Milk for the High-Risk Infant: Preparation, Safety, and Usage Options in the United States. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-3440. [PMID: 27994111 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of donor human milk is increasing for high-risk infants, primarily for infants born weighing <1500 g or those who have severe intestinal disorders. Pasteurized donor milk may be considered in situations in which the supply of maternal milk is insufficient. The use of pasteurized donor milk is safe when appropriate measures are used to screen donors and collect, store, and pasteurize the milk and then distribute it through established human milk banks. The use of nonpasteurized donor milk and other forms of direct, Internet-based, or informal human milk sharing does not involve this level of safety and is not recommended. It is important that health care providers counsel families considering milk sharing about the risks of bacterial or viral contamination of nonpasteurized human milk and about the possibilities of exposure to medications, drugs, or herbs in human milk. Currently, the use of pasteurized donor milk is limited by its availability and affordability. The development of public policy to improve and expand access to pasteurized donor milk, including policies that support improved governmental and private financial support for donor milk banks and the use of donor milk, is important.
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Serrao F, Papacci P, Costa S, Giannantonio C, Cota F, Vento G, Romagnoli C. Effect of Early Expressed Human Milk on Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 and Short-Term Outcomes in Preterm Infants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168139. [PMID: 27973552 PMCID: PMC5156408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Preterm breast milk contains high levels of bioactive components, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), that are reduced by Holder pasteurization. Animal studies have shown that milk-borne IGF-1 is likely absorbed intact in a bioactive form by the intestines. The aim of this study was to assess if early non-pasteurized expressed breast milk nutrition may affect IGF-1 plasma levels in premature infants. We also investigated the possible association between early expressed milk nutrition and short-term outcomes. Methods Fifty-two preterm infants with gestational age < 31 weeks were divided into two groups according to expressed breast milk intake (< or ≥ 50 mL/Kg/day) until 32 weeks of postmenstrual age when blood sampling for IGF-1 analysis was performed. Results In our population, early expressed breast milk does not affect IGF-1 plasma levels (p 0.48). An association was observed between early expressed milk nutrition and a lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, feeding intolerance, need for parenteral nutrition and length of hospitalization. Conclusions Contrary to the results in some animal studies, our results did not seem to show that early expressed breast milk can help to maintain postnatal IGF-1 near foetal levels in preterm infants. The observed protective effect of expressed breast milk on short-term outcomes can be the starting point for further study of the effects of non-pasteurized human milk in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Serrao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrizia Papacci
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Giannantonio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cota
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vento
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Costantino Romagnoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Hanson C, Lyden E, Furtado J, Van Ormer M, Anderson-Berry A. A Comparison of Nutritional Antioxidant Content in Breast Milk, Donor Milk, and Infant Formulas. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110681. [PMID: 27801820 PMCID: PMC5133069 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is the optimal food for human infants, including infants born prematurely. In the event that a mother of a hospitalized infant cannot provide breast milk, donor milk is considered an acceptable alternative. It is known that the macronutrient composition of donor milk is different than human milk, with variable fat content and protein content. However, much less is known about the micronutrient content of donor milk, including nutritional antioxidants. Samples of breast milk from 12 mothers of infants hospitalized in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit until were collected and analyzed for concentrations of nutritional antioxidants, including α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein + zeaxanthin, retinol, and α-tocopherol. Additionally, a homogenized sample of donor milk available from a commercial milk bank and samples of infant formulas were also analyzed. Concentrations of nutritional antioxidants were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared to breast milk collected from mothers of hospitalized infants, commercially available donor milk had 18%–53% of the nutritional antioxidant content of maternal breast milk. As donor milk is becoming a common nutritional intervention for the high risk preterm infant, the nutritional antioxidant status of donor milk–fed premature infants and outcomes related to oxidative stress may merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Hanson
- College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Medical Nutrition Education, 984045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4045, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Lyden
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984375 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4375, USA.
| | - Jeremy Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Matthew Van Ormer
- Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA.
| | - Ann Anderson-Berry
- Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA.
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Peila C, Moro GE, Bertino E, Cavallarin L, Giribaldi M, Giuliani F, Cresi F, Coscia A. The Effect of Holder Pasteurization on Nutrients and Biologically-Active Components in Donor Human Milk: A Review. Nutrients 2016; 8:E477. [PMID: 27490567 PMCID: PMC4997390 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When a mother's milk is unavailable, the best alternative is donor milk (DM). Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks should be pasteurized in order to inactivate the microbial agents that may be present. Currently, pasteurization, performed at 62.5 °C for 30 min (Holder Pasteurization, HoP), is recommended for this purpose in international guidelines. Several studies have been performed to investigate the effects of HoP on the properties of DM. The present paper has the aim of reviewing the published papers on this topic, and to provide a comparison of the reported variations of biologically-active DM components before and after HoP. This review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that clearly identified the HoP parameters and compared the same DM samples, before and after pasteurization, were focused on. A total of 44 articles satisfied the above criteria, and were therefore selected. The findings from the literature report variable results. A possible explanation for this may be the heterogeneity of the test protocols that were applied. Moreover, the present review spans more than five decades, and modern pasteurizers may be able to modify the degradation kinetics for heat-sensitive substances, compared to older ones. Overall, the data indicate that HoP affects several milk components, although it is difficult to quantify the degradation degree. However, clinical practices demonstrate that many beneficial properties of DM still persist after HoP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Peila
- Complex Structure Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks, Via Libero Temolo 4, Milan 20126, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Complex Structure Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Concil, largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy.
| | - Marzia Giribaldi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Concil, largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy.
- Food & Nutrition Research Center, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, via Ardeatina 546, Roma 00178, Italy.
| | - Francesca Giuliani
- Complex Structure Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cresi
- Complex Structure Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Complex Structure Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Torino 10126, Italy.
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Giribaldi M, Coscia A, Peila C, Antoniazzi S, Lamberti C, Ortoffi M, Moro GE, Bertino E, Civera T, Cavallarin L. Pasteurization of human milk by a benchtop High-Temperature Short-Time device. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Milk banks collect, pasteurize, and freeze/store human milk. The processing may alter redox properties of milk, but the effects have not been fully examined. METHODS We collected 10 mature milk and 10 colostrum samples and applied a battery of biochemical assays and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to inspect changes that milk undergoes with pasteurization and 30 days storage at -20°C. RESULTS Pasteurization and storage of raw milk did not affect total nonenzymatic antioxidative capacity, but specific components and features were altered. Urate radical and ascorbyl radical emerge as products of exposure of milk to hydroxyl radical-generating system. Processing shifted the load of antioxidative activity from ascorbate to urate and lowered the capacity of milk to diminish hydroxyl radical. Pasteurization caused a significant drop in the activity of 2 major antioxidative enzymes-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, whereas freezing/storage of raw milk affected only superoxide dismutase. Colostrum showed drastically higher total nonenzymatic antioxidative capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and glutathione reductase activity compared with mature milk. CONCLUSIONS Pasteurization and storage affect nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidative agents in human milk. It appears that nonenzymatic antioxidative systems in colostrum and milk are different. The effects of processing may be partially compensated by fortification/spiking with ascorbate before use.
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