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Winicki NM, Puerta C, Besse CE, Zhang Y, Thistlethwaite PA. NOTCH3 and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6248. [PMID: 38892440 PMCID: PMC11172835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
NOTCH3 receptor signaling has been linked to the regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation and the maintenance of smooth muscle cells in an undifferentiated state. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (World Health Organization Group 1 idiopathic disease: PAH) is a fatal disease characterized clinically by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance caused by extensive vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, perivascular inflammation, and asymmetric neointimal hyperplasia in precapillary pulmonary arteries. In this review, a detailed overview of the specific role of NOTCH3 signaling in PAH, including its mechanisms of activation by a select ligand, downstream signaling effectors, and physiologic effects within the pulmonary vascular tree, is provided. Animal models showing the importance of the NOTCH3 pathway in clinical PAH will be discussed. New drugs and biologics that inhibit NOTCH3 signaling and reverse this deadly disease are highlighted.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Receptor, Notch3/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch3/genetics
- Animals
- Signal Transduction
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/metabolism
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patricia A. Thistlethwaite
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California, 9300 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037-7892, USA
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Milara J, Roger I, Montero P, Artigues E, Escrivá J, Del Río R, Cortijo J. Targeting IL-11 to reduce fibrocyte circulation and lung accumulation in animal models of pulmonary hypertension-associated lung fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38679415 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE IL-11 is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokine initially considered as haematopoietic and cytoprotective factor. Recent evidence indicates that IL-11 promotes lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension in animal models and is elevated in lung tissue of patients with pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived circulating cells that participate in lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension, but the role of IL-11 on fibrocytes is unknown. We investigated the role of IL-11 system on fibrocyte activation in different in vitro and in vivo models of lung fibrosis associated with pulmonary hypertension. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human fibrocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of six healthy donors. Recombinant human (rh)-IL-11 and soluble rh-IL-11 receptor, α subunit (IL-11Rα) were used to stimulated fibrocytes in vitro to measure:- cell migration in a chemotactic migration chamber, fibrocyte to endothelial cell adhesion in a microscope-flow chamber and fibrocyte to myofibroblast transition. Mouse lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension was induced using either IL-11 (s.c.) or bleomycin (intra-tracheal), while in the rat monocrotaline (intra-tracheal) was used. In vivo siRNA-IL-11 was administered to suppress IL-11 in vivo. KEY RESULTS RhIL-11 and soluble rhIL-11Rα promote fibrocyte migration, endothelial cell adhesion and myofibroblast transition. Subcutaneous (s.c.) IL-11 infusion elevates blood, bronchoalveolar and lung tissue fibrocytes. SiRNA-IL-11 transfection in bleomycin and monocrotaline animal models reduces blood and lung tissue fibrocytes and reduces serum CXCL12 and CXCL12/CXCR4 lung expression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Targeting IL-11 reduces fibrocyte circulation and lung accumulation in animal models of pulmonary hypertension-associated lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Artigues
- Surgery Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Escrivá
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Del Río
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Research and teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
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Comarița IK, Tanko G, Anghelache IL, Georgescu A. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of AP-1 restores the function of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle by reducing perivascular and interstitial fibrosis and key molecular players in cardiopulmonary disease. J Transl Med 2024; 22:137. [PMID: 38317144 PMCID: PMC10845748 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex multifactorial vascular pathology characterized by an increased pulmonary arterial pressure, vasoconstriction, remodelling of the pulmonary vasculature, thrombosis in situ and inflammation associated with right-side heart failure. Herein, we explored the potential beneficial effects of treatment with siRNA AP-1 on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), right ventricular dysfunction along with perivascular and interstitial fibrosis in pulmonary artery-PA, right ventricle-RV and lung in an experimental animal model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. METHODS Golden Syrian hamsters were divided into: (1) C group-healthy animals taken as control; (2) MCT group obtained by a single subcutaneous injection of 60 mg/kg MCT at the beginning of the experiment; (3) MCT-siRNA AP-1 group received a one-time subcutaneous dose of MCT and subcutaneous injections containing 100 nM siRNA AP-1, every two weeks. All animal groups received water and standard chow ad libitum for 12 weeks. RESULTS In comparison with the MCT group, siRNA AP-1 treatment had significant beneficial effects on investigated tissues contributing to: (1) a reduction in TGF-β1/ET-1/IL-1β/TNF-α plasma concentrations; (2) a reduced level of cytosolic ROS production in PA, RV and lung and notable improvements regarding the ultrastructure of these tissues; a decrease of inflammatory and fibrotic marker expressions in PA (COL1A/Fibronectin/Vimentin/α-SMA/CTGF/Calponin/MMP-9), RV and lung (COL1A/CTGF/Fibronectin/α-SMA/F-actin/OB-cadherin) and an increase of endothelial marker expressions (CD31/VE-cadherin) in PA; (4) structural and functional recoveries of the PA [reduced Vel, restored vascular reactivity (NA contraction, ACh relaxation)] and RV (enlarged internal cavity diameter in diastole, increased TAPSE and PRVOFs) associated with a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate; (5) a reduced protein expression profile of AP-1S3/ pFAK/FAK/pERK/ERK and a significant decrease in the expression levels of miRNA-145, miRNA-210, miRNA-21, and miRNA-214 along with an increase of miRNA-124 and miRNA-204. CONCLUSIONS The siRNA AP-1-based therapy led to an improvement of pulmonary arterial and right ventricular function accompanied by a regression of perivascular and interstitial fibrosis in PA, RV and lung and a down-regulation of key inflammatory and fibrotic markers in MCT-treated hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Karla Comarița
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Tanko
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Adriana Georgescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
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4
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Bikou O, Sassi Y. The Sugen/Hypoxia Rat Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Heart Failure. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2803:163-172. [PMID: 38676892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3846-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating disease, characterized by complex remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature. PH is classified into five groups based on different etiology, pathology, as well as therapy and prognosis. Animal models are essential for the study of underlying mechanisms, pathophysiology, and preclinical testing of new therapies for PH. The complexity of the disease with different clinical entities dictates the necessity for more than one animal model to resemble PH, as a single model cannot imitate the broad spectrum of human PH.Here we describe a detailed protocol for creating a rat model of PH with right ventricular (RV) failure. Furthermore, we present how to characterize it hemodynamically by invasive measurements of RV and pulmonary arterial (PA) pressures. Animals subjected to this model display severe pulmonary vascular remodeling and RV dysfunction. In this model, rats undergo a single subcutaneous injection of Sugen (SU5416, a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor) and are immediately exposed to chronic hypoxia in a hypoxia chamber for 3-6 weeks. This Sugen/Hypoxia rat model resembles Group 1 PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympia Bikou
- Department of Medicine I, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yassine Sassi
- Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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5
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Zhou YQ, Bonafiglia QA, Zhang H, Heximer SP, Bendeck MP. Comprehensive ultrasound imaging of right ventricular remodeling under surgically induced pressure overload in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H391-H410. [PMID: 36607797 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00590.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a new methodology for right heart imaging by ultrasound in mice under right ventricular (RV) pressure overload. Pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) or sham surgeries were performed on C57BL/6 male mice at 8 wk of age. Ultrasound imaging was conducted at 2, 4, and 8 wk postsurgery using both classical and advanced ultrasound imaging modalities including electrocardiogram (ECG)-based kilohertz visualization, anatomical M-mode, and strain imaging. Based on pulsed Doppler, the PAC group demonstrated dramatically enhanced pressure gradient in the main pulmonary artery (MPA) as compared with the sham group. By the application of advanced imaging modalities in novel short-axis views of the ventricles, the PAC group demonstrated increased thickness of RV free wall, enlarged RV chamber, and reduced RV fractional shortening compared with the sham group. The PAC group also showed prolonged RV contraction, asynchronous interplay between RV and left ventricle (LV), and passive leftward motion of the interventricular septum (IVS) at early diastole. Consequently, the PAC group exhibited prolongation of LV isovolumic relaxation time, without change in LV wall thickness or systolic function. Significant correlations were found between the maximal pressure gradient in MPA measured by Doppler and the RV systolic pressure by catheterization, as well as the morphological and functional parameters of RV by ultrasound.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The established protocol overcomes the challenges in right heart imaging in mice, thoroughly elucidating the changes of RV, the dynamics of IVS, and the impact on LV and provides new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of RV remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zhou
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quinn A Bonafiglia
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott P Heximer
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle P Bendeck
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rotteveel L, Poot AJ, Kooijman EJM, Schuit RC, Schalij I, Sun X, Kurakula K, Happé C, Beaino W, Ten Dijke P, Lammertsma AA, Bogaard HJ, Windhorst AD. Imaging the TGFβ type I receptor in pulmonary arterial hypertension. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 36947258 PMCID: PMC10033812 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-00966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) activity is perturbed in remodelled pulmonary vasculature of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), cancer, vascular diseases and developmental disorders. Inhibition of TGFβ, which signals via activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), prevents progression and development of experimental PAH. The purpose of this study was to assess two ALK5 targeting positron emission tomography (PET) tracers ([11C]LR111 and [18F]EW-7197) for imaging ALK5 in monocrotaline (MCT)- and Sugen/hypoxia (SuHx)-induced PAH. Both tracers were subjected to extensive in vitro and in vivo studies. [11C]LR111 showed the highest metabolic stability, as 46 ± 2% of intact tracer was still present in rat blood plasma after 60 min. In autoradiography experiments, [11C]LR111 showed high ALK5 binding in vitro compared with controls, 3.2 and 1.5 times higher in SuHx and MCT, respectively. In addition, its binding could be blocked by SB431542, an adenosine triphosphate competitive ALK5 kinase inhibitor. However, [18F]EW-7197 showed the best in vivo results. 15 min after injection, uptake was 2.5 and 1.4 times higher in the SuHx and MCT lungs, compared with controls. Therefore, [18F]EW-7197 is a promising PET tracer for ALK5 imaging in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke Rotteveel
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine(s), (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alex J Poot
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine(s), (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J M Kooijman
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine(s), (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine(s), (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Schalij
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqing Sun
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kondababu Kurakula
- Department Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Happé
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine(s), (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute and Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine(s), (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Department Pulmonary Medicine, (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department Radiology and Nuclear Medicine(s), (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences), Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Zhang C, Sun Y, Guo Y, Xu J, Zhao H. JMJD1C promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation by activating glycolysis in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:98. [PMID: 36934091 PMCID: PMC10024756 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disorder characterized by hyperproliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). JMJD1C, a member of the Jumonji domain containing C (JMJC) histone demethylase family, contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction. However, the role of JMJD1C in PAH remains unknown. Mice were exposed to hypoxia to mimic several features associated with PAH clinically. We found that JMJD1C was highly expressed in the lungs of mice after hypoxia exposure. JMJD1C knockdown ameliorated hypoxia-induced right ventricular remodeling and thickening of the pulmonary arterial wall. PASMC hyperproliferation and resistance to apoptosis in mice exposed to hypoxia were suppressed by JMJD1C inhibition. We demonstrated that JMJD1C silencing reduced glycolytic enzymes (HK2, PGK1 and LDHA) and lactate overaccumulation in the lungs of mice exposed to hypoxia. In vitro, hypoxia-induced hyperproliferation and activated glycolytic processes in mouse PASMCs were impaired by JMJD1C knockdown. In addition, the activation of STAT3 signaling by hypoxia was suppressed by JMJD1C silencing both in vivo and in vitro. The overexpression of STAT3 reversed the inhibitory effect of JMJD1C depletion on proliferation and glycolysis in PASMCs under hypoxia. Thus, JMJD1C induces glycolytic processes by activating STAT3 signaling to promote PASMC proliferation and pulmonary vascular remodeling, suggesting the potential role of JMJD1C in regulating the metabolic program and vascular remodeling in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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8
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Implications of Hydrogen Sulfide in Development of Pulmonary Hypertension. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060772. [PMID: 35740897 PMCID: PMC9221447 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological mechanisms underlying pulmonary hypertension (PH), as well as its treatment strategy, are crucial issues in this field. This review aimed to summarize the pathological mechanisms by which the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway contributes to PH development and its future implications. The data in this review were obtained from Medline and PubMed sources up to 2022 using the search terms "hydrogen sulfide" and "pulmonary hypertension". In the review, we discussed the significance of endogenous H2S pathway alteration in PH development and showed the advance of the role of H2S as the third gasotransmitter in the mechanisms for hypoxic PH, monocrotaline-induced PH, high blood flow-induced PH, and congenital heart disease-associated PH. Notably, H2S plays a crucial role in the development of PH via certain mechanisms, such as inhibiting the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, suppressing the inflammation and oxidative stress of pulmonary artery endothelial cells, inducing pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell apoptosis, and interacting with other gaseous signaling pathways. Recently, a variety of H2S donors were developed, including naturally occurring donors and synthetic H2S donors. Therefore, understanding the role of H2S in PH development may help in further exploring novel potential therapeutic targets of PH.
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) because of chronic lung disease is categorized as Group 3 PH in the most recent classification system. Prevalence of these diseases is increasing over time, creating a growing need for effective therapeutic options. Recent approval of the first pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy for the treatment of Group 3 PH related to interstitial lung disease represents an encouraging advancement. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms contributing to pulmonary vasculopathy in chronic hypoxia, the pathology and epidemiology of Group 3 PH, the right ventricular dysfunction observed in this population and clinical trial data that inform the use of pulmonary vasodilators in Group 3 PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Singh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (N.S., C.E.V.), Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Peter Dorfmüller
- Department of Pathology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig University, Germany (P.D.).,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany (P.D.)
| | - Oksana A Shlobin
- Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA (O.A.S.)
| | - Corey E Ventetuolo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (N.S., C.E.V.), Brown University, Providence, RI.,Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice (C.E.V.), Brown University, Providence, RI
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10
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Travin N, Dalinin V, Salimov D. Thoracic bilateral sympathectomy as a new method of pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment: gaps of evidence. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 61:1346-1347. [PMID: 35026003 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Travin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Central Military Clinical Hospital n.a. P.V. Mandryka, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Dalinin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Central Military Clinical Hospital n.a. P.V. Mandryka, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Salimov
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Central Military Clinical Hospital n.a. P.V. Mandryka, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Jain PP, Hosokawa S, Babicheva A, Zhao T, Chen J, Thistlethwaite PA, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. In Vivo and Ex Vivo Experimental Approach for Studying Functional Role of Notch in Pulmonary Vascular Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2472:209-220. [PMID: 35674903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2201-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease characterized by sustained vasoconstriction, concentric wall thickening and vascular remodeling leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, causing right heart failure and death. Acute alveolar hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction, while sustained hypoxia causes pulmonary hypertension (PH). Activation of Notch signaling is implicated in the development of PAH and chronic hypoxia induced PH via partially its enhancing effect on Ca2+ signaling in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Pharmacological experiments and genetic approach using animal models of experimental PH (e.g., chronic hypoxia-induced PH) have been routinely utilized to study pathogenic mechanisms of PAH/PH and identify novel therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we describe protocols to investigate the role of Notch by measuring pulmonary hemodynamics in vivo and pulmonary arterial pressure ex vivo in mouse models of experimental PH. Using these experimental protocols, one can study the role of Notch or Notch signaling pathway in the pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary vascular disease and develop novel therapies by targeting Notch ligands and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh P Jain
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susumu Hosokawa
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aleksandra Babicheva
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tengteng Zhao
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patricia A Thistlethwaite
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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12
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Peters EL, Bogaard HJ, Vonk Noordegraaf A, de Man FS. Neurohormonal modulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.04633-2020. [PMID: 33766951 PMCID: PMC8551560 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.04633-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal condition of elevated pulmonary pressures, complicated by right heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension appears in various forms; one of those is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and is particularly characterised by progressive remodelling and obstruction of the smaller pulmonary vessels. Neurohormonal imbalance in PAH patients is associated with worse prognosis and survival. In this back-to-basics article on neurohormonal modulation in PAH, we provide an overview of the pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies that have been tested pre-clinically and clinically. The benefit of neurohormonal modulation strategies in PAH patients has been limited by lack of insight into how the neurohormonal system is changed throughout the disease and difficulties in translation from animal models to human trials. We propose that longitudinal and individual assessments of neurohormonal status are required to improve the timing and specificity of neurohormonal modulation strategies. Ongoing developments in imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography may become helpful to determine neurohormonal status in PAH patients in different disease stages and optimise individual treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Peters
- Dept of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dept of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Dignam JP, Scott TE, Kemp-Harper BK, Hobbs AJ. Animal models of pulmonary hypertension: Getting to the heart of the problem. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:811-837. [PMID: 33724447 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains a fatal disease due to the development of right ventricular (RV) failure. At present, no treatments targeted at the right ventricle are available, and RV function is not widely considered in the preclinical assessment of new therapeutics. Several small animal models are used in the study of PH, including the classic models of exposure to either hypoxia or monocrotaline, newer combinational and genetic models, and pulmonary artery banding, a surgical model of pure RV pressure overload. These models reproduce selected features of the structural remodelling and functional decline seen in patients and have provided valuable insight into the pathophysiology of RV failure. However, significant reversal of remodelling and improvement in RV function remains a therapeutic obstacle. Emerging animal models will provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing the transition from adaptive remodelling to a failing right ventricle, aiding the hunt for druggable molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Dignam
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tara E Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian J Hobbs
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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14
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Liu H, Wang N, Li J, Wang W, Han W, Li Q. AAV1-Mediated shRNA Knockdown of SASH1 in Rat Bronchus Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Artery Remodeling. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:796-805. [PMID: 33297837 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a proliferative disease characterized by pulmonary arterial remodeling (PAR). SAM and SH3 domain containing 1 (SASH1) is a novel tumor suppressor gene whose biological function in PH is unclear. In this study, a hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) rat model was constructed to explore the role of SASH1 in PAR. Histopathological changes in the lung tissue and hemodynamic alteration were detected in SASH1-knockdown rats through adeno-associated virus type-1 (AAV1) infection. In vitro, primary human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) were transfected with SASH1siRNA to investigate the effects of SASH1 on hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration. The molecular mechanisms associated with SASH1 were explored through knockdown and overexpression approaches. We found that SASH1 expression was significantly increased in rat pulmonary arteries and HPASMCs after hypoxia exposure. In vivo, silencing the SASH1 gene expression improved HPH in rats. The SASH1 downregulation inhibited proliferation and migration of hypoxia-induced HPASMCs. The protein expression of phospho-AKT (known as protein kinase B), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in HPASMCs were increased after SASH1 overexpression, whereas these effects were inhibited by SASH1 knockdown. In conclusion, SASH1 downregulation improved hypoxia-induced PAR and PH. SASH1 may be a novel target for PH gene therapy in the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Departments of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and.,Departments of Respiratory Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Departments of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Jun Li
- Departments of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Wenting Wang
- Departments of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Han
- Departments of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and.,Departments of Respiratory Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Departments of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and.,Departments of Respiratory Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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15
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Jasińska-Stroschein M. Toward Better Reproducibility in Experimental Research on New Agents for Pulmonary Hypertension. An Analysis of Data from Four Hundred Animal Studies. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:707-718. [PMID: 33294946 PMCID: PMC8266793 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pre-clinical data can provide a rationale for subsequent clinical trials and they are the first step in drug development; however, the therapeutic effect observed during animal studies does not necessarily translate to similar results in humans. METHODS Taking the example of pulmonary hypertension, the present study explores whether the methodological aspects of preclinical experiments can determine the final result. RESULTS The present paper describes a systematic analysis of 409 studies conducted on a variety of animal models to identify potential drug candidates for PH treatment; it explores the influence of various aspects of study design on the final outcome, e.g. type of animal model of PH, dosage schedules of tested agents, type of anesthesia, measurement of exercise intolerance or animal survival. CONCLUSIONS The animal models of PH used for pre-clinical studies are diverse and there are several methodological items within the established protocols that can determine the obtained result. Graphical abstract.
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16
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Ozen G, Amgoud Y, Abdelazeem H, Mani S, Benyahia C, Bouhadoun A, Tran-Dinh A, Castier Y, Guyard A, Longrois D, Silverstein AM, Norel X. Downregulation of PGI 2 pathway in Pulmonary Hypertension Group-III patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 160:102158. [PMID: 32673988 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive and life-threating lung disorder characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and vascular remodeling. PH is classified into five groups, and one of the most common and lethal forms, PH Group-III is defined as PH due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia. Due to the lack of studies in this group, PH-specific drug therapies including prostacyclin (PGI2) analogues have not been approved or recommended for use in these patients. PGI2 is synthesized by the PGI2 synthase (PGIS) enzyme, and its production is determined by measuring its stable metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1α. An impaired PGI2 pathway has been observed in PH animal models and in PH Group-I patients; however, there are contradictory results. The aim of this study is to determine whether PH Group-III is associated with altered expression of PGIS and production of PGI2 in humans. To explore this hypothesis, we measured PGIS expression (by western blot) and PGI2 production (by ELISA) in a large variety of preparations from the pulmonary circulation including human pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, distal lung tissue, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMC), and bronchi in PH Group-III (n = 35) and control patients (n = 32). Our results showed decreased PGIS expression and/or 6-keto-PGF1α levels in human pulmonary artery, hPASMC, and distal lung tissue derived from PH Group-III patients. Moreover, the production of 6-keto-PGF1α from hPASMC positively correlated with PGIS expression and was inversely correlated with mean pulmonary artery pressure. On the other hand, PH Group-III pulmonary veins and bronchi did not show altered PGI2 production compared to controls. The deficit in PGIS expression and/or PGI2 production observed in pulmonary artery and distal lung tissue in PH Group-III patients may have important implications in the pathogenesis and treatment of PH Group-III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsev Ozen
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasmine Amgoud
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Heba Abdelazeem
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; Alexandria University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salma Mani
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; Université de Monastir-Tunisia, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Tunisia
| | - Chabha Benyahia
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Amel Bouhadoun
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Alexy Tran-Dinh
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris Diderot University, USPC, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Yves Castier
- Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris Diderot University, USPC, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Alice Guyard
- Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris Diderot University, USPC, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Dan Longrois
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris Diderot University, USPC, 75018 Paris, France
| | | | - Xavier Norel
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.
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17
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Hewes JL, Lee JY, Fagan KA, Bauer NN. The changing face of pulmonary hypertension diagnosis: a historical perspective on the influence of diagnostics and biomarkers. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894019892801. [PMID: 32110383 PMCID: PMC7000867 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019892801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a complex, multifactorial disease that results in right
heart failure and premature death. Since the initial reports of pulmonary
hypertension in the late 1800s, the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension has
evolved with respect to its definition, screening tools, and diagnostic
techniques. This historical perspective traces the earliest roots of pulmonary
hypertension detection and diagnosis through to the current recommendations for
classification. We highlight the diagnostic tools used in the past and present,
and end with a focus on the future directions of early detection. Early
detection of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension and the
proper determination of etiology are vital for the early therapeutic
intervention that can prolong life expectancy and improve quality of life. The
search for a non-invasive screening tool for the identification and
classification of pulmonary hypertension is ongoing, and we discuss the role of
animal models of the disease in this search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Hewes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Karen A Fagan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Natalie N Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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18
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Antigny F, Mercier O, Humbert M, Sabourin J. Excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation alteration in right ventricular remodelling caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 113:70-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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19
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Hester J, Ventetuolo C, Lahm T. Sex, Gender, and Sex Hormones in Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:125-170. [PMID: 31853950 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) encompasses a syndrome of diseases that are characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular remodeling and that frequently lead to right ventricular (RV) failure and death. Several types of PH exhibit sexually dimorphic features in disease penetrance, presentation, and progression. Most sexually dimorphic features in PH have been described in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a devastating and progressive pulmonary vasculopathy with a 3-year survival rate <60%. While patient registries show that women are more susceptible to development of PAH, female PAH patients display better RV function and increased survival compared to their male counterparts, a phenomenon referred to as the "estrogen paradox" or "estrogen puzzle" of PAH. Recent advances in the field have demonstrated that multiple sex hormones, receptors, and metabolites play a role in the estrogen puzzle and that the effects of hormone signaling may be time and compartment specific. While the underlying physiological mechanisms are complex, unraveling the estrogen puzzle may reveal novel therapeutic strategies to treat and reverse the effects of PAH/PH. In this article, we (i) review PH classification and pathophysiology; (ii) discuss sex/gender differences observed in patients and animal models; (iii) review sex hormone synthesis and metabolism; (iv) review in detail the scientific literature of sex hormone signaling in PAH/PH, particularly estrogen-, testosterone-, progesterone-, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-mediated effects in the pulmonary vasculature and RV; (v) discuss hormone-independent variables contributing to sexually dimorphic disease presentation; and (vi) identify knowledge gaps and pathways forward. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:125-170, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, Occupational and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Corey Ventetuolo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tim Lahm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, Occupational and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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20
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Malikova E, Carlström M, Kmecova Z, Marusakova M, Zsigmondova B, Krenek P, Klimas J, Henrohn D. Effects of inorganic nitrate in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126:99-109. [PMID: 31429204 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide (NO) pathway represents an alternative source of NO generation, which is independent of NO synthase and potentiated by hypoxia. Augmentation of this pathway by dietary nitrate has proven favourable effects in several cardiovascular disease models. However, less is known regarding its potential value in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of oral inorganic nitrate administration in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Male 12-week-old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg). Nitrate treatment (0.3 or 1 mmol/kg/d; drinking water) commenced on day 12 following the MCT injection and continued for 16 days. Nitrate administration did not attenuate right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, increased lung weight and up-regulated mRNA expression of brain natriuretic peptide. Plasma nitrate and nitrite levels were significantly increased as well as lung nitrate level, whereas nitrite lung level was decreased following nitrate treatment (1 mmol/kg/d). MCT-induced PAH resulted in an increased MnSOD protein level, which was not observed following nitrate treatment. MCT-associated up-regulation of nNOS in the lung appeared to be dose-dependently prevented by nitrate treatment. Western blot analysis did not reveal any differences in eNOS, iNOS, XO or gp91phox expression in the lungs among the groups. In conclusion, nitrate treatment did not significantly attenuate pathological RV and lung remodelling in the rat MCT model of PAH. The suppression of MnSOD and nNOS expression by nitrate could be interpreted as reduced demand of endogenous antioxidant defence in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Malikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Kmecova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Margareta Marusakova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Bianka Zsigmondova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dan Henrohn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Paul S, Gangwar A, Patir H, Bhargava K, Ahmad Y. Reverse translating SULT1A1, a potential biomarker in roentgenographically tested rat model of rapid HAPE induction. Life Sci 2019; 229:132-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Bertero T, Perk D, Chan SY. The molecular rationale for therapeutic targeting of glutamine metabolism in pulmonary hypertension. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:511-524. [PMID: 31055988 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1615438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a deadly enigmatic disease with increasing prevalence. Cellular pathologic hallmarks of PH are driven at least partly by metabolic rewiring, but details are just emerging. The discovery that vascular matrix stiffening can mechanically activate the glutaminase (GLS) enzyme and serve as a pathogenic mechanism of PH has advanced our understanding of the complex role of glutamine in PH. It has also offered a novel therapeutic target for development as a next-generation drug for this disease. Area covered: This review discusses the cellular contribution of glutamine metabolism to PH together with the possible therapeutic application of pharmacologic GLS inhibitors in this disease. Expert opinion: Despite advances in our understanding of glutamine metabolism in PH, questions remain unanswered regarding the development of therapies targeting glutamine in PH. The comprehensive mechanisms by which glutamine metabolism rewiring influences pulmonary vascular cell behavior to drive PH are incompletely understood. Because glutamine metabolism exhibits a variety of functions in organ repair and homeostasis, a better understanding of the overall risk-benefit ratio of these strategies with long-term follow-up is needed. This knowledge should pave the way for the design of new strategies to prevent and hopefully even regress PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bertero
- a Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , Université Côte d'Azur , Valbonne , France
| | - Dror Perk
- b Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- b Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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23
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Li Q, Wu J, Xu Y, Liu L, Xie J. Role of RASEF hypermethylation in cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle remodeling. Respir Res 2019; 20:52. [PMID: 30845941 PMCID: PMC6407244 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive and fatal disease. While cigarette smoke can change DNA methylation status, the role of such molecular alterations in smoke-associated PH is unclear. Methods A PH rat model was developed by exposing animals to cigarette smoke for 3 months. Right ventricular systolic pressure was measured with a right heart catheter. Histological changes (right ventricular hypertrophy index, medial wall thickness in pulmonary arteries (PAs)) and DNMT1 protein levels in rat PAs or primary human PA smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) exposed to cigarette smoke extract were assessed. Methylation sequencing and MassArray® were used to detect genomic and RASEF promoter methylation status, respectively. After DNMT1 knockdown and cigarette smoke extract exposure, HPASMCs behavior (proliferation, migration) and RASEF methylation status were examined; RASEF mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time-polymerase chain reaction. RASEF overexpression viral vectors were used to assess the impact of RASEF on rat PH and HPASMCs remodeling. Results Higher right ventricular systolic pressure, medial wall thickness, and right ventricular hypertrophy index values were observed in the smoking group rats. Smoke exposure increased DNMT1 expression and RASEF methylation levels in rat PAs and HPASMCs. Cigarette smoke extract induced HPASMCs behavioral changes and RASEF hypermethylation followed by silencing, while DNMT1 knockdown markedly inhibited these changes. RASEF overexpression distinctly inhibited PH and HPASMCs remodeling, possibly through phospho-AKT (Ser473), PCNA, and MMP9 downregulation. Conclusions Cigarette smoke caused PA remodeling in PH rats related to RASEF hypermethylation. These results expand our understanding of key epigenetic mechanisms in cigarette smoke-associated PH and potentially provide a novel therapeutic target for PH. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-019-1014-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Jixing Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jungang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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24
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Lambert M, Capuano V, Olschewski A, Sabourin J, Nagaraj C, Girerd B, Weatherald J, Humbert M, Antigny F. Ion Channels in Pulmonary Hypertension: A Therapeutic Interest? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103162. [PMID: 30322215 PMCID: PMC6214085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a multifactorial and severe disease without curative therapies. PAH pathobiology involves altered pulmonary arterial tone, endothelial dysfunction, distal pulmonary vessel remodeling, and inflammation, which could all depend on ion channel activities (K⁺, Ca2+, Na⁺ and Cl-). This review focuses on ion channels in the pulmonary vasculature and discusses their pathophysiological contribution to PAH as well as their therapeutic potential in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lambert
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, 94270 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- UMRS 999, INSERM and Univ. Paris⁻Sud, Laboratoire d'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Hôpital-Marie-Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France.
| | - Véronique Capuano
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, 94270 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- UMRS 999, INSERM and Univ. Paris⁻Sud, Laboratoire d'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Hôpital-Marie-Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France.
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, Graz 8010, Austria.
- Department of Physiology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Jessica Sabourin
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, UMRS 1180, Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Barbara Girerd
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, 94270 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- UMRS 999, INSERM and Univ. Paris⁻Sud, Laboratoire d'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Hôpital-Marie-Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France.
| | - Jason Weatherald
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, 94270 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- UMRS 999, INSERM and Univ. Paris⁻Sud, Laboratoire d'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Hôpital-Marie-Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France.
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T1Y 6J4, Canada.
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T1Y 6J4, Canada.
| | - Marc Humbert
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, 94270 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- UMRS 999, INSERM and Univ. Paris⁻Sud, Laboratoire d'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Hôpital-Marie-Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France.
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, 94270 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- UMRS 999, INSERM and Univ. Paris⁻Sud, Laboratoire d'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Hôpital-Marie-Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France.
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Chaudhary KR, Deng Y, Suen CM, Taha M, Petersen TH, Mei SHJ, Stewart DJ. Efficacy of treprostinil in the SU5416-hypoxia model of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension: haemodynamic benefits are not associated with improvements in arterial remodelling. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3976-3989. [PMID: 30098019 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease that leads to progressive pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure and death. Parenteral prostaglandins (PGs), including treprostinil, a prostacyclin analogue, represent the most effective medical treatment for severe PAH. We investigated the effect of treprostinil on established severe PAH and underlying mechanisms using the rat SU5416 (SU, a VEGF receptor-2 inhibitor)-chronic hypoxia (Hx) model of PAH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with SU (20 mg·kg-1 , s.c.) followed by 3 weeks of Hx (10% O2 ) to induce severe PAH. Four weeks post-SU injection, baseline right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured, and the rats were randomized to receive vehicle or treprostinil treatment (Trep-100: 100 ng·kg-1 ·min-1 or Trep-810: 810 ng·kg-1 ·min-1 ). Following 3 weeks of treatment, haemodynamic and echocardiographic assessments were performed, and tissue samples were collected for protein expression and histological analysis. KEY RESULTS At week 7, no difference in RVSP or RV hypertrophy was observed between vehicle and Trep-100; however, Trep-810 significantly reduced RVSP and RV hypertrophy. Trep-810 treatment significantly improved cardiac structure and function. Further, a short-term infusion of treprostinil in rats with established PAH at 4 weeks post-SU produced an acute, dose-dependent reduction in RVSP consistent with a vasodilator effect. However, chronic Trep-810 treatment did not alter media wall thickness, degree of vascular occlusion or total vessel count in the lungs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Treprostinil exerts therapeutic benefits in PAH through decreased vascular resistance and improved cardiac structure and function; however, treprostinil treatment does not have direct impact vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketul R Chaudhary
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yupu Deng
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Colin M Suen
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamad Taha
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shirley H J Mei
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- Sinclair Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Tanaka M, Abe K, Oka M, Saku K, Yoshida K, Ishikawa T, McMurtry IF, Sunagawa K, Hoka S, Tsutsui H. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase unmasks vigorous vasoconstriction in established pulmonary arterial hypertension. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29208691 PMCID: PMC5727286 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that impaired bioavailability of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, there are published data that show that relatively many PAH patients respond favorably to acetylcholine‐induced pulmonary vasodilation during their follow‐up period, when diverse stages of the disorder are included. We hypothesized that NO bioavailability varies depending on the progression of PAH. Adult rats were exposed to the VEGF receptor blocker Sugen5416 and 3 weeks of hypoxia followed by return to normoxia for various additional weeks. All rats developed increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and occlusive lesion formation at 1, 3, 5, and 8 weeks after the Sugen5416 injection. Acute NO synthase blockade did not change the elevated RVSP at the 1‐week time point, while it further increased RVSP markedly at the 3‐, 5‐, and 8‐week time points, leading to death in all rats tested at 8 weeks. Acetylcholine caused significant reduction in RVSP at the 8‐week but not the 1‐week time point, whereas sodium nitroprusside decreased the pressure similarly at both time points. Increased NO‐mediated cGMP production was found in lungs from the 8‐week but not the 1‐week time point. In conclusion, despite its initial impairment, NO bioavailability is restored and endogenous NO plays a critical protective role by counteracting severe pulmonary vasoconstriction in established stages of PAH in the Sugen5416/hypoxia/normoxia‐exposed rats. Our results provide solid pharmacological evidence for a major contribution of a NO‐suppressed vasoconstrictor component in the pathophysiology of established PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Oka
- Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama Mobile, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Keita Saku
- Department of Therapeutic Regulation of Cardiovascular Homeostasis, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keimei Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohito Ishikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama Mobile, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Kenji Sunagawa
- Department of Therapeutic Regulation of Cardiovascular Homeostasis, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sumio Hoka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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Brenner JS, Pan DC, Myerson JW, Marcos-Contreras OA, Villa CH, Patel P, Hekierski H, Chatterjee S, Tao JQ, Parhiz H, Bhamidipati K, Uhler TG, Hood ED, Kiseleva RY, Shuvaev VS, Shuvaeva T, Khoshnejad M, Johnston I, Gregory JV, Lahann J, Wang T, Cantu E, Armstead WM, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov V. Red blood cell-hitchhiking boosts delivery of nanocarriers to chosen organs by orders of magnitude. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2684. [PMID: 29992966 PMCID: PMC6041332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery by nanocarriers (NCs) has long been stymied by dominant liver uptake and limited target organ deposition, even when NCs are targeted using affinity moieties. Here we report a universal solution: red blood cell (RBC)-hitchhiking (RH), in which NCs adsorbed onto the RBCs transfer from RBCs to the first organ downstream of the intravascular injection. RH improves delivery for a wide range of NCs and even viral vectors. For example, RH injected intravenously increases liposome uptake in the first downstream organ, lungs, by ~40-fold compared with free NCs. Intra-carotid artery injection of RH NCs delivers >10% of the injected NC dose to the brain, ~10× higher than that achieved with affinity moieties. Further, RH works in mice, pigs, and ex vivo human lungs without causing RBC or end-organ toxicities. Thus, RH is a clinically translatable platform technology poised to augment drug delivery in acute lung disease, stroke, and several other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Brenner
- Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Daniel C Pan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacob W Myerson
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Oscar A Marcos-Contreras
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carlos H Villa
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Transfusion Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Priyal Patel
- Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hugh Hekierski
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shampa Chatterjee
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jian-Qin Tao
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kartik Bhamidipati
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thomas G Uhler
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Hood
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raisa Yu Kiseleva
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir S Shuvaev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tea Shuvaeva
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Makan Khoshnejad
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ian Johnston
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason V Gregory
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Edward Cantu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Wyss Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Xu J, Wang J, Shao C, Zeng X, Sun L, Kong H, Xie W, Wang H. New dynamic viewing of mast cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): contributors or outsiders to cardiovascular remodeling. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:3016-3026. [PMID: 29997969 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background In patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), mast cells (MCs) are extensively observed around pulmonary vessels. However, their temporal and spatial variation during PAH development remains obscure. This study investigated the dynamic evolution of MCs in lungs and right ventricles (RV) to illuminate their role in pulmonary vascular and RV remodeling. Methods The PAH model was established by a single intra-peritoneal injection of monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg) in rats. On day 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 after MCT injection, lung and RV tissues were harvested for staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Gomori aldehyde fuchsin (GAF), toluidine blue (TB) and picrosirius red (PSR). Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the levels of α-SMA, CD68 and tryptase. A simple RV remolding model was produced as well by pulmonary artery banding (PAB). RV tissues were collected to determine the degree of MCs infiltration. Results After MCT challenge, elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), increased RV systolic pressure (RVSP), pulmonary arterial media hypertrophy as well as distal vascular muscularization gradually occurred with time. MCs recruitment along with CD68+ macrophages accumulation was observed around distal pulmonary vessels and in alveolar septa. Excessive infiltration and degranulation of MCs were detected in MCT-treated group in lung tissues but not in RV. In addition, no exacerbation of MCs infiltration and degranulation in RV was noted in PAB-treated rats, suggesting few contributions of MCs to RV remodeling. Conclusions Our findings implied a crucial role of MCs in the remodeling of pulmonary vessels, not RV, which probably through releasing cytokines such as tryptase. The present study enriches the knowledge about PAH, providing a potential profile of MCs as a switch for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chengjie Shao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaoning Zeng
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lixiang Sun
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Weiping Xie
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Xiong PY, Potus F, Chan W, Archer SL. Models and Molecular Mechanisms of World Health Organization Group 2 to 4 Pulmonary Hypertension. Hypertension 2018; 71:34-55. [PMID: 29158355 PMCID: PMC5777609 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.08824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu Xiong
- From the Department of Medicine and Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU) (P.Y.X., F.P., W.C., S.L.A.) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (P.Y.X.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francois Potus
- From the Department of Medicine and Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU) (P.Y.X., F.P., W.C., S.L.A.) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (P.Y.X.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Winnie Chan
- From the Department of Medicine and Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU) (P.Y.X., F.P., W.C., S.L.A.) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (P.Y.X.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen L Archer
- From the Department of Medicine and Queen's Cardiopulmonary Unit (QCPU) (P.Y.X., F.P., W.C., S.L.A.) and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (P.Y.X.), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Recent Progress in Research on the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Thromboembolism: An Old Story with New Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6516791. [PMID: 28484717 PMCID: PMC5397627 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6516791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is part of a larger clinicopathological entity, venous thromboembolism. It is also a complex, multifactorial disorder divided into four major disease processes including venous thrombosis, thrombus in transit, acute pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary circulation reconstruction. Even when treated, some patients develop chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. PTE is also a common fatal type of pulmonary vascular disease worldwide, but earlier studies primarily focused on the pathological changes in the blood component of the disease. With contemporary advances in molecular and cellular biology, people are becoming increasingly aware of coagulation pathways, the function of vascular smooth muscle cells, microparticles, and the inflammatory pathways that play key roles in PTE. Combined hypoxia and immune research has revealed that PTE should be regarded as a class of complex diseases caused by multiple factors involving the vascular microenvironment and vascular cell dysfunction.
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Nagy BM, Nagaraj C, Egemnazarov B, Kwapiszewska G, Stauber RE, Avian A, Olschewski H, Olschewski A. Lack of ABCG2 Leads to Biventricular Dysfunction and Remodeling in Response to Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2017; 8:98. [PMID: 28270772 PMCID: PMC5318436 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The ATP-binding cassette (ABC)G2 transporter protects the heart from pressure overload-induced ventricular dysfunction but also protects cancer cells from chemotherapeutic agents. It is upregulated in the myocardium of heart failure patients and clears hypoxia-induced intracellular metabolites. This study employs ABCG2 knockout (KO) mice to elucidate the relevance of ABCG2 for cardiac and pulmonary vascular structure and function in chronic hypoxia, and uses human primary cardiac fibroblasts to investigate the potential role of ABCG2 in cardiac fibrosis. Methods and results: ABCG2 KO and control mice (n = 10) were subjected to 4 weeks normoxia or hypoxia. This allowed for investigation of the interaction between genotype and hypoxia (GxH). In hypoxia, KO mice showed pronounced right (RV) and left (LV) ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Compared to normoxia, end-diastolic pressure (EDP) was increased in control vs. KO mice by +1.1 ± 0.3 mmHg vs. +4.8 ± 0.3 mmHg, p for GxH < 0.001 (RV) and +3.9 ± 0.5 mmHg vs. +11.5 ± 1.6 mmHg, p for GxH = 0.110 (LV). The same applied for myocardial fibrosis with +0.3 ± 0.1% vs. 1.3 ± 0.2%, p for GxH = 0.036 (RV) and +0.06 ± 0.03% vs. +0.36 ± 0.08%, p for GxH = 0.002 (LV), whereas systolic function and capillary density was unaffected. ABCG2 deficiency did not influence hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension or vascular remodeling. In line with these observations, human cardiac fibroblasts showed increased collagen production upon ABCG2 silencing in hypoxia (p for GxH = 0.04). Conclusion: Here we provide evidence for the first time that ABCG2 membrane transporter can play a crucial role in ventricular dysfunction and fibrosis in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence M Nagy
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGraz, Austria
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGraz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | | | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGraz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Rudolf E Stauber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Avian
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGraz, Austria; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGraz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular ResearchGraz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria
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Colvin KL, Yeager ME. What people with Down Syndrome can teach us about cardiopulmonary disease. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26:26/143/160098. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0098-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality among live-born infants. Through full or partial trisomy of chromosome 21, Down syndrome is associated with cognitive impairment, congenital malformations (particularly cardiovascular) and dysmorphic features. Immune disturbances in Down syndrome account for an enormous disease burden ranging from quality-of-life issues (autoimmune alopecia) to more serious health issues (autoimmune thyroiditis) and life-threatening issues (leukaemia, respiratory tract infections and pulmonary hypertension). Cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases account for ∼75% of the mortality seen in persons with Down syndrome. This review summarises the cardiovascular, respiratory and immune challenges faced by individuals with Down syndrome, and the genetic underpinnings of their pathobiology. We strongly advocate increased comparative studies of cardiopulmonary disease in persons with and without Down syndrome, as we believe these will lead to new strategies to prevent and treat diseases affecting millions of people worldwide.
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Pursell ER, Vélez-Rendón D, Valdez-Jasso D. Biaxial Properties of the Left and Right Pulmonary Arteries in a Monocrotaline Rat Animal Model of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:2565260. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4034826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a monocrotaline (MCT) induced-pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) rat animal model, the dynamic stress–strain relation was investigated in the circumferential and axial directions using a linear elastic response model within the quasi-linear viscoelasticity theory framework. Right and left pulmonary arterial segments (RPA and LPA) were mechanically tested in a tubular biaxial device at the early stage (1 week post-MCT treatment) and at the advanced stage of the disease (4 weeks post-MCT treatment). The vessels were tested circumferentially at the in vivo axial length with matching in vivo measured pressure ranges. Subsequently, the vessels were tested axially at the mean pulmonary arterial pressure by stretching them from in vivo plus 5% of their length. Parameter estimation showed that the LPA and RPA remodel at different rates: axially, both vessels decreased in Young's modulus at the early stage of the disease, and increased at the advanced disease stage. Circumferentially, the Young's modulus increased in advanced PAH, but it was only significant in the RPA. The damping properties also changed in PAH; in the LPA relaxation times decreased continuously as the disease progressed, while in the RPA they initially increased and then decreased. Our modeling efforts were corroborated by the restructuring organization of the fibers imaged under multiphoton microscopy, where the collagen fibers become strongly aligned to the 45 deg angle in the RPA from an uncrimped and randomly organized state. Additionally, collagen content increased almost 10% in the RPA from the placebo to advanced PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica R. Pursell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Daniela Vélez-Rendón
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Daniela Valdez-Jasso
- Assistant Professor Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S Morgan Street, SEO 208, Chicago, IL 60607 e-mail:
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Comparison of Macitentan and Bosentan on Right Ventricular Remodeling in a Rat Model of Non-vasoreactive Pulmonary Hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 66:457-67. [PMID: 26230396 PMCID: PMC4632117 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content Is Available in the Text. We compared the efficacy of macitentan, a novel dual endothelin A/endothelin B receptor antagonist, with that of another dual endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, in a rat model of non-vasoreactive pulmonary hypertension (PH) with particular emphasis on right ventricular (RV) remodeling.
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Why drugs fail in clinical trials in pulmonary arterial hypertension, and strategies to succeed in the future. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abe K, Shinoda M, Tanaka M, Kuwabara Y, Yoshida K, Hirooka Y, McMurtry IF, Oka M, Sunagawa K. Haemodynamic unloading reverses occlusive vascular lesions in severe pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:16-25. [PMID: 27037259 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS An important pathogenic mechanism in the development of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is hypothesized to be a cancer-like cellular proliferation independent of haemodynamics. However, because the vascular lesions are inseparably coupled with haemodynamic stress, the fate of the lesions is unknown when haemodynamic stress is eliminated. METHODS AND RESULTS We applied left pulmonary artery banding to a rat model with advanced pulmonary hypertension to investigate the effects of decreased haemodynamic stress on occlusive vascular lesions. Rats were given an injection of the VEGF blocker Sugen5416 and exposed to 3 weeks of hypoxia plus an additional 7 weeks of normoxia (total 10 weeks) (SU/Hx/Nx rats). The banding surgery to reduce haemodynamic stress to the left lung was done at 1 week prior to (preventive) or 5 weeks after (reversal) the SU5416 injection. All SU/Hx/Nx-exposed rats developed severe pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. Histological analyses showed that the non-banded right lungs developed occlusive lesions including plexiform lesions with marked perivascular cell accumulation. In contrast, banding the left pulmonary artery not only prevented the development of but also reversed the established occlusive lesions as well as perivascular inflammation in the left lungs. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that haemodynamic stress is prerequisite to the development and progression of occlusive neointimal lesions in this rat model of severe pulmonary hypertension. We conclude that perivascular inflammation and occlusive neointimal arteriopathy are driven by haemodynamic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Abe
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Regulation and Therapeutics, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 811-1347, Japan
| | - Masako Shinoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukimitsu Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keimei Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Regulation and Therapeutics, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 811-1347, Japan
| | - Ivan F McMurtry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA
| | - Masahiko Oka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama Mobile, 307 N University Blvd #130, Mobile, AL 36608, USA
| | - Kenji Sunagawa
- Therapeutic Regulation of Cardiovascular Homeostasis, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 811-1347, Japan
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Exploring the monocrotaline animal model for the study of pulmonary arterial hypertension: A network approach. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Machado RD, Southgate L, Eichstaedt CA, Aldred MA, Austin ED, Best DH, Chung WK, Benjamin N, Elliott CG, Eyries M, Fischer C, Gräf S, Hinderhofer K, Humbert M, Keiles SB, Loyd JE, Morrell NW, Newman JH, Soubrier F, Trembath RC, Viales RR, Grünig E. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Current Perspective on Established and Emerging Molecular Genetic Defects. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:1113-27. [PMID: 26387786 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an often fatal disorder resulting from several causes including heterogeneous genetic defects. While mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) gene are the single most common causal factor for hereditary cases, pathogenic mutations have been observed in approximately 25% of idiopathic PAH patients without a prior family history of disease. Additional defects of the transforming growth factor beta pathway have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Specifically, studies have confirmed activin A receptor type II-like 1 (ACVRL1), endoglin (ENG), and members of the SMAD family as contributing to PAH both with and without associated clinical phenotypes. Most recently, next-generation sequencing has identified novel, rare genetic variation implicated in the PAH disease spectrum. Of importance, several identified genetic factors converge on related pathways and provide significant insight into the development, maintenance, and pathogenetic transformation of the pulmonary vascular bed. Together, these analyses represent the largest comprehensive compilation of BMPR2 and associated genetic risk factors for PAH, comprising known and novel variation. Additionally, with the inclusion of an allelic series of locus-specific variation in BMPR2, these data provide a key resource in data interpretation and development of contemporary therapeutic and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv D Machado
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Southgate
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina A Eichstaedt
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxclinic at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Eric D Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - D Hunter Best
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicola Benjamin
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxclinic at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Gregory Elliott
- Departments of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mélanie Eyries
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMR_S 1166), Université Pierre and Marie Curie Université Paris 06 (UPMC) and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Genetics Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Christine Fischer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation (TORINO), Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Paris, France
| | - Steven B Keiles
- Quest Diagnostics, Action from Insight, San Juan Capistrano, California
| | - James E Loyd
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Addenbrooke's & Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John H Newman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Florent Soubrier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMR_S 1166), Université Pierre and Marie Curie Université Paris 06 (UPMC) and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Genetics Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Richard C Trembath
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Rodríguez Viales
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxclinic at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Grünig
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxclinic at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Adesina SE, Kang BY, Bijli KM, Ma J, Cheng J, Murphy TC, Michael Hart C, Sutliff RL. Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species to modulate hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:36-47. [PMID: 26073127 PMCID: PMC4615392 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular remodeling, resistance, and pressures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to PH-associated vascular dysfunction. NADPH oxidases (Nox) and mitochondria are major sources of superoxide (O(2)(•-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in pulmonary vascular cells. Hypoxia, a common stimulus of PH, increases Nox expression and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. The interactions between these two sources of ROS generation continue to be defined. We hypothesized that mitochondria-derived O(2)(•-) (mtO(2)(•-)) and H(2)O(2) (mtH(2)O(2)) increase Nox expression to promote PH pathogenesis and that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can reduce mtROS, Nox expression, and hypoxia-induced PH. Exposure of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells to hypoxia for 72 h increased mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2). To assess the contribution of mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2) to hypoxia-induced PH, mice that overexpress superoxide dismutase 2 (Tg(hSOD2)) or mitochondria-targeted catalase (MCAT) were exposed to normoxia (21% O(2)) or hypoxia (10% O(2)) for three weeks. Compared with hypoxic control mice, MCAT mice developed smaller hypoxia-induced increases in RVSP, α-SMA staining, extracellular H(2)O(2) (Amplex Red), Nox2 and Nox4 (qRT-PCR and Western blot), or cyclinD1 and PCNA (Western blot). In contrast, Tg(hSOD2) mice experienced exacerbated responses to hypoxia. These studies demonstrate that hypoxia increases mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2). Targeting mtH(2)O(2) attenuates PH pathogenesis, whereas targeting mtO(2)(•-) exacerbates PH. These differences in PH pathogenesis were mirrored by RVSP, vessel muscularization, levels of Nox2 and Nox4, proliferation, and H(2)O(2) release. These studies suggest that targeted reductions in mtH(2)O(2) generation may be particularly effective in preventing hypoxia-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry E Adesina
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Kaiser M Bijli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Juan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - C Michael Hart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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Lee H, Lee JC, Kwon JH, Kim KC, Cho MS, Yang YS, Oh W, Choi SJ, Seo ES, Lee SJ, Wang TJ, Hong YM. The Effect of Umbilical Cord Blood Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Monocrotaline-induced Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Rats. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:576-85. [PMID: 25931788 PMCID: PMC4414641 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.5.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) causes right ventricular failure due to a gradual increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The purposes of this study were to confirm the engraftment of human umbilical cord blood-mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) placed in the correct place in the lung and research on changes of hemodynamics, pulmonary pathology, immunomodulation and several gene expressions in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rat models after hUCB-MSCs transfusion. The rats were grouped as follows: the control (C) group; the M group (MCT 60 mg/kg); the U group (hUCB-MSCs transfusion). They received transfusions via the external jugular vein a week after MCT injection. The mean right ventricular pressure (RVP) was significantly reduced in the U group after the 2 week. The indicators of RV hypertrophy were significantly reduced in the U group at week 4. Reduced medial wall thickness in the pulmonary arteriole was noted in the U group at week 4. Reduced number of intra-acinar muscular pulmonary arteries was observed in the U group after 2 week. Protein expressions such as endothelin (ET)-1, endothelin receptor A (ERA), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 significantly decreased at week 4. The decreased levels of ERA, eNOS and MMP-2 immunoreactivity were noted by immnohistochemical staining. After hUCB-MSCs were administered, there were the improvement of RVH and mean RVP. Reductions in several protein expressions and immunomodulation were also detected. It is suggested that hUCB-MSCs may be a promising therapeutic option for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Chul Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwan Chang Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sun Cho
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Sun Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST, Co., Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonil Oh
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST, Co., Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST, Co., Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Seo
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Young Mi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Vitali SH, Hansmann G, Rose C, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Scheid A, Mitsialis SA, Kourembanas S. The Sugen 5416/hypoxia mouse model of pulmonary hypertension revisited: long-term follow-up. Pulm Circ 2015; 4:619-29. [PMID: 25610598 DOI: 10.1086/678508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist, Sugen 5416 (SU5416), and chronic hypoxia is known to cause pronounced pulmonary hypertension (PH) with angioobliterative lesions in rats and leads to exaggerated PH in mice as well. We sought to determine whether weekly SU5416 injections during 3 weeks of hypoxia leads to long-term development of angioobliterative lesions and sustained or progressive PH in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were injected with SU5416 (SuHx) or vehicle (VehHx) weekly during 3 weeks of exposure to 10% oxygen. Echocardiographic and invasive measures of hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular morphometry were performed after the 3-week hypoxic exposure and after 10 weeks of recovery in normoxia. SuHx led to higher right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure and RV hypertrophy than VehHx after 3 weeks of hypoxia. Ten weeks after hypoxic exposure, RV systolic pressure decreased but remained elevated in SuHx mice compared with VehHx or normoxic control mice, but RV hypertrophy had resolved. After 3 weeks of hypoxia and 10 weeks of follow-up in normoxia, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was significantly decreased, indicating decreased systolic RV function. Very few angioobliterative lesions were found at the 10-week follow-up time point in SuHx mouse lungs. In conclusion, SU5416 combined with 3 weeks of hypoxia causes a more profound PH phenotype in mice than hypoxia alone. PH persists over 10 weeks of normoxic follow-up in SuHx mice, but significant angioobliterative lesions do not occur, and neither PH nor RV dysfunction worsens. The SuHx mouse model is a useful adjunct to other PH models, but the search will continue for a mouse model that better recapitulates the human phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally H Vitali
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA ; SHV and GH contributed equally to this work
| | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA ; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany ; SHV and GH contributed equally to this work
| | - Chase Rose
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angeles Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annette Scheid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Alex Mitsialis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stella Kourembanas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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De Raaf MA, Hussaini AA, Gomez-Arroyo J, Kraskaukas D, Farkas D, Happé C, Voelkel NF, Bogaard HJ. Histone deacetylase inhibition with trichostatin A does not reverse severe angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension in rats (2013 Grover Conference series). Pulm Circ 2014; 4:237-43. [PMID: 25006442 DOI: 10.1086/675986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rapidly progressive and devastating disease characterized by remodeling of lung vessels, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and eventually right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. Because histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are agents hampering tumor growth and cardiac hypertrophy, they have been attributed a therapeutic potential for patients with PAH. Outcomes of studies evaluating the use of HDAC inhibitors in models of PAH and right ventricular pressure overload have been equivocal, however. Here we describe the levels of HDAC activity in the lungs and hearts of rats with pulmonary hypertension and right heart hypertrophy or failure, experimentally induced by monocrotaline (MCT), the combined exposure to the VEGF-R inhibitor SU5416 and hypoxia (SuHx), and pulmonary artery banding (PAB). We show that HDAC activity levels are reduced in the lungs of rat with experimentally induced hypertension, whereas activity levels are increased in the hypertrophic hearts. In contrast to what was previously found in the MCT model, the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A had no effect on pulmonary vascular remodeling in the SuHx model. When our results and those in the published literature are taken together, it is suggested that the effects of HDAC inhibitors in humans with PAH and associated RV failure are, at best, unpredictable. Significant progress can perhaps be made by using more specific HDAC inhibitors, but before clinical tests in human PAH can be undertaken, careful preclinical studies are required to determine potential cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Alexander De Raaf
- Department of Pulmonology, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Knowledge Centre, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aysar Al Hussaini
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jose Gomez-Arroyo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Donatas Kraskaukas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniela Farkas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Chris Happé
- Department of Pulmonology, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Knowledge Centre, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonology, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Knowledge Centre, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gilbert G, Ducret T, Marthan R, Savineau JP, Quignard JF. Stretch-induced Ca2+ signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells depends on Ca2+ store segregation. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:313-23. [PMID: 24692174 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Calcium is a key second messenger that can be mobilized from both the extracellular medium and intracellular calcium stores. Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) respond to stretch by a calcium increase, a mechanism enhanced during pulmonary hypertension (PH). We investigated the role of the spatial organization between plasma membrane stretch-activated channels (SACs) and intracellular calcium stores [sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), mitochondria, and lysosomes) in response to stretch. METHODS AND RESULTS Studies were performed in freshly isolated PASMCs from both control and two different rat models of PH (chronically hypoxic and monocrotaline-treated rats). Co-immunolabellings revealed that the subcellular segregation between each subtype of SR ryanodine receptors (RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3), SERCA2 pumps (SERCA2a and SERCA2b), mitochondria, or lysosomes in freshly isolated PASMCs differs from control and PH PASMCs. In control PASMCs, stretching the membrane activates a Ca(2+) influx through SACs. This influx is amplified by cell hyperpolarization, a calcium release by subplasmalemmal RyR1 and is then buffered by mitochondria. In two different PH rat models, the calcium response to stretch is enhanced due to hyper-reactivity of SACs and a greater calcium amplification by all RyR subtypes. CONCLUSION The spatial organization of RyR and calcium stores in PASMCs is important for cell signalling and plays a causal role in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gilbert
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, U 1045, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Thomas Ducret
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, U 1045, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Roger Marthan
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, U 1045, Bordeaux F-33000, France CHU Bordeaux, Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Savineau
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, U 1045, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Jean-François Quignard
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, U 1045, Bordeaux F-33000, France Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bat TP - 2ème étage, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Kuc RE, Carlebur M, Maguire JJ, Yang P, Long L, Toshner M, Morrell NW, Davenport AP. Modulation of endothelin receptors in the failing right ventricle of the heart and vasculature of the lung in human pulmonary arterial hypertension. Life Sci 2014; 118:391-6. [PMID: 24582810 PMCID: PMC4288792 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), increases in endothelin-1 (ET-1) contribute to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance which ultimately causes death by right ventricular (RV) heart failure. ET antagonists are effective in treating PAH but lack efficacy in treating left ventricular (LV) heart failure, where ETA receptors are significantly increased. The aim was to quantify the density of ETA and ETB receptors in cardiopulmonary tissue from PAH patients and the monocrotaline (MCT) rat, which recapitulates some of the pathophysiological features, including increased RV pressure. MAIN METHODS Radioligand binding assays were used to quantify affinity, density and ratio of ET receptors. KEY FINDINGS In RV from human PAH hearts, there was a significant increase in the ratio of ETA to ETB receptors compared with normal hearts. In the RV of the MCT rat, the ratio also changed but was reversed. In both human and rat, there was no change in LV. In human PAH lungs, ETA receptors were significantly increased in the medial layer of small pulmonary arteries with no change detectable in MCT rat vessels. SIGNIFICANCE Current treatments for PAH focus mainly on pulmonary vasodilatation. The increase in ETA receptors in arteries provides a mechanism for the beneficial vasodilator actions of ET antagonists. The increase in the ratio of ETA in RV also implicates changes to ET signalling although it is unclear if ET antagonism is beneficial but the results emphasise the unexploited potential for therapies that target the RV, to improve survival in patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda E Kuc
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Myrna Carlebur
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peiran Yang
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lu Long
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark Toshner
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Iglarz M, Bossu A, Wanner D, Bortolamiol C, Rey M, Hess P, Clozel M. Comparison of pharmacological activity of macitentan and bosentan in preclinical models of systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Life Sci 2014; 118:333-9. [PMID: 24582812 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The endothelin (ET) system is a tissular system, as the production of ET isoforms is mostly autocrine or paracrine. Macitentan is a novel dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonist with enhanced tissue distribution and sustained receptor binding properties designed to achieve a more efficacious ET receptor blockade. To determine if these features translate into improved efficacy in vivo, a study was designed in which rats with either systemic or pulmonary hypertension and equipped with telemetry were given macitentan on top of maximally effective doses of another dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonist, bosentan, which does not display sustained receptor occupancy and shows less tissue distribution. MAIN METHODS After establishing dose-response curves of both compounds in conscious, hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive and pulmonary hypertensive bleomycin-treated rats, macitentan was administered on top of the maximal effective dose of bosentan. KEY FINDINGS In hypertensive rats, macitentan 30 mg/kg further decreased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by 19 mm Hg when given on top of bosentan 100 mg/kg (n=9, p<0.01 vs. vehicle). Conversely, bosentan given on top of macitentan failed to induce an additional MAP decrease. In pulmonary hypertensive rats, macitentan 30 mg/kg further decreased mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) by 4 mm Hg on top of bosentan (n=8, p<0.01 vs. vehicle), whereas a maximal effective dose of bosentan given on top of macitentan did not cause any additional MPAP decrease. SIGNIFICANCE The add-on effect of macitentan on top of bosentan in two pathological models confirms that this novel compound can achieve a superior blockade of ET receptors and provides evidence for greater maximal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Iglarz
- Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Bossu
- Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wanner
- Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Céline Bortolamiol
- Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Martine Clozel
- Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Maarman G, Lecour S, Butrous G, Thienemann F, Sliwa K. A comprehensive review: the evolution of animal models in pulmonary hypertension research; are we there yet? Pulm Circ 2013; 3:739-56. [PMID: 25006392 PMCID: PMC4070827 DOI: 10.1086/674770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disorder that develops as a result of remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and is characterized by narrowing/obliteration of small pulmonary arteries, leading to increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Subsequently, PH increases the right ventricular afterload, which leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and eventually right ventricular failure. The pathophysiology of PH is not fully elucidated, and current treatments have only a modest impact on patient survival and quality of life. Thus, there is an urgent need for improved treatments or a cure. The use of animal models has contributed extensively to the current understanding of PH pathophysiology and the investigation of experimental treatments. However, PH in current animal models may not fully represent current clinical observations. For example, PH in animal models appears to be curable with many therapeutic interventions, and the severity of PH in animal models is also believed to correlate poorly with that observed in humans. In this review, we discuss a variety of animal models in PH research, some of their contributions to the field, their shortcomings, and how these have been addressed. We highlight the fact that the constant development and evolution of animal models will help us to more closely model the severity and heterogeneity of PH observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Maarman
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ghazwan Butrous
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute, Kent Enterprise Hub, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Friedrich Thienemann
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Toba M, Alzoubi A, O'Neill KD, Gairhe S, Matsumoto Y, Oshima K, Abe K, Oka M, McMurtry IF. Temporal hemodynamic and histological progression in Sugen5416/hypoxia/normoxia-exposed pulmonary arterial hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H243-50. [PMID: 24240870 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00728.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the temporal relationship between the hemodynamic and histological/morphological progression in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension that develops pulmonary arterial lesions morphologically indistinguishable from those in human pulmonary arterial hypertension. Adult male rats were injected with Sugen5416 and exposed to hypoxia for 3 wk followed by a return to normoxia for various additional weeks. At 1, 3, 5, 8, and 13 wk after the Sugen5416 injection, hemodynamic and histological examinations were performed. Right ventricular systolic pressure reached its maximum 5 wk after Sugen5416 injection and plateaued thereafter. Cardiac index decreased at the 3∼5-wk time point, and tended to further decline at later time points. Reflecting these changes, calculated total pulmonary resistance showed a pattern of progressive worsening. Acute intravenous fasudil markedly reduced the elevated pressure and resistance at all time points tested. The percentage of severely occluded small pulmonary arteries showed a similar pattern of progression to that of right ventricular systolic pressure. These small vessels were occluded predominantly with nonplexiform-type neointimal formation except for the 13-wk time point. There was no severe occlusion in larger arteries until the 13-wk time point, when significant numbers of vessels were occluded with plexiform-type neointima. The Sugen5416/hypoxia/normoxia-exposed rat shows a pattern of chronic hemodynamic progression similar to that observed in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. In addition to vasoconstriction, nonplexiform-type neointimal occlusion of small arteries appears to contribute significantly to the early phase of pulmonary arterial hypertension development, and plexiform-type larger vessel occlusion may play a role in the late deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michie Toba
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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Lv Y, Tang LL, Wei JK, Xu XF, Gu W, Fu LC, Zhang LY, Du LZ. Decreased Kv1.5 expression in intrauterine growth retardation rats with exaggerated pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L856-65. [PMID: 24077947 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00179.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia pulmonary hypertension (CH-PHT) in adulthood is likely to be of fetal origin following intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Oxygen (O₂)-sensitive voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv channels) in resistance pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) play an important role in scaling pulmonary artery (PA) pressure. Expression and functional changes of Kv channels are determined, in part, by embryonic development. We hypothesized that O₂-sensitive Kv channels play an important role in exaggerated CH-PHT following IUGR. We established a rat model of IUGR by restricting maternal food during the entire pregnancy and exposed IUGR rats and their age-matched controls aged 12 wk to hypoxia for 2 wk. We found that hypoxia exposure significantly induced increased PA pressure and thicker smooth muscle layer in the IUGR group relative to controls. We compared the constriction of the resistance PA to inhibitors of K⁺ channels, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), tetraethylammonium, and BaCl₂. Despite the thickness of the smooth muscle layer, the constriction to 4-AP was significantly reduced in the IUGR group exposed to hypoxia. Consistent with these changes in pulmonary vascular reactivity, 2 wk of hypoxia induced weaker 4-AP-sensitive Kv currents in a single IUGR PASMC. Moreover, after 2 wk of hypoxia, Kv1.5 expression in resistance PAs decreased significantly in the IUGR group. Overexpression of Kv1.5 in cultured PASMCs could offset hypoxia-induced cell proliferation and hypoxia-inhibited Kv currents in the IUGR group. These results suggest that the inhibited expression of Kv1.5 in PASMCs contribute to the development of exaggerated CH-PHT in IUGR rats during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lv
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang Univ. School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, P.R. China, 310003.
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Piao L, Fang YH, Parikh K, Ryan JJ, Toth PT, Archer SL. Cardiac glutaminolysis: a maladaptive cancer metabolism pathway in the right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1185-97. [PMID: 23794090 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The rapid growth of cancer cells is permitted by metabolic changes, notably increased aerobic glycolysis and increased glutaminolysis. Aerobic glycolysis is also evident in the hypertrophying myocytes in right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), particularly in association with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It is unknown whether glutaminolysis occurs in the heart. We hypothesized that glutaminolysis occurs in RVH and assessed the precipitating factors, transcriptional mechanisms, and physiological consequences of this metabolic pathway. RVH was induced in two models, one with PAH (Monocrotaline-RVH) and the other without PAH (pulmonary artery banding, PAB-RVH). Despite similar RVH, ischemia as determined by reductions in RV VEGFα, coronary blood flow, and microvascular density was greater in Monocrotaline-RVH versus PAB-RVH. A sixfold increase in (14)C-glutamine metabolism occurred in Monocrotaline-RVH but not in PAB-RVH. In the RV working heart model, the glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) decreased glutaminolysis, caused a reciprocal increase in glucose oxidation, and elevated cardiac output. Consistent with the increased glutaminolysis in RVH, RV expressions of glutamine transporters (SLC1A5 and SLC7A5) and mitochondrial malic enzyme were elevated (Monocrotaline-RVH > PAB-RVH > control). Capillary rarefaction and glutamine transporter upregulation also occurred in RVH in patients with PAH. cMyc and Max, known to mediate transcriptional upregulation of glutaminolysis, were increased in Monocrotaline-RVH. In vivo, DON (0.5 mg/kg/day × 3 weeks) restored pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, reduced RVH, and increased cardiac output (89 ± 8, vs. 55 ± 13 ml/min, p < 0.05) and treadmill distance (194 ± 71, vs. 36 ±7 m, p < 0.05) in Monocrotaline-RVH. Glutaminolysis is induced in the RV in PAH by cMyc-Max, likely as a consequence of RV ischemia. Inhibition of glutaminolysis restores glucose oxidation and has a therapeutic benefit in vivo. KEY MESSAGE Patients with pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) have evidence of cardiac glutaminolysis. Cardiac glutaminolysis is associated with microvascular rarefaction/ischemia. As in cancer, cardiac glutaminolysis results from activation of cMyc-Max. The specific glutaminolysis inhibitor DON regresses right ventricular hypertrophy. DON improves cardiac function and exercise capacity in an animal model of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Piao
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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