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Helgoe J, Davy SK, Weis VM, Rodriguez-Lanetty M. Triggers, cascades, and endpoints: connecting the dots of coral bleaching mechanisms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:715-752. [PMID: 38217089 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis is the engine that underpins the success of coral reefs, one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. However, the breakdown of the symbiosis and the loss of the microalgal symbiont (i.e. coral bleaching) due to environmental changes are resulting in the rapid degradation of coral reefs globally. There is an urgent need to understand the cellular physiology of coral bleaching at the mechanistic level to help develop solutions to mitigate the coral reef crisis. Here, at an unprecedented scope, we present novel models that integrate putative mechanisms of coral bleaching within a common framework according to the triggers (initiators of bleaching, e.g. heat, cold, light stress, hypoxia, hyposalinity), cascades (cellular pathways, e.g. photoinhibition, unfolded protein response, nitric oxide), and endpoints (mechanisms of symbiont loss, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis, exocytosis/vomocytosis). The models are supported by direct evidence from cnidarian systems, and indirectly through comparative evolutionary analyses from non-cnidarian systems. With this approach, new putative mechanisms have been established within and between cascades initiated by different bleaching triggers. In particular, the models provide new insights into the poorly understood connections between bleaching cascades and endpoints and highlight the role of a new mechanism of symbiont loss, i.e. 'symbiolysosomal digestion', which is different from symbiophagy. This review also increases the approachability of bleaching physiology for specialists and non-specialists by mapping the vast landscape of bleaching mechanisms in an atlas of comprehensible and detailed mechanistic models. We then discuss major knowledge gaps and how future research may improve the understanding of the connections between the diverse cascade of cellular pathways and the mechanisms of symbiont loss (endpoints).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Helgoe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 2701 SW Campus Way, 2403 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Mauricio Rodriguez-Lanetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, USA
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Rahman MS, Billah MM, Rangel V, Cantu E. Elevated temperature triggers increase in global DNA methylation, 5-methylcytosine expression levels, apoptosis and NOx levels in the gonads of Atlantic sea urchin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 269:110899. [PMID: 37673203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is one of the greatest threats to living organisms. Among them, marine invertebrates are severely impacted on reproductive fitness by rising seawater surface temperatures due to climate change (e.g., massive heat waves). In this study, we used highly sensitive radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in situ TUNEL assay, luminescence assay, and colorimetric assay techniques to investigate the impacts of high temperatures on global DNA methylation, cellular apoptosis, and nitrative stress in gonads of Atlantic sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata, a commercially important species). Young adult sea urchins were exposed to 24, 28, and 32 °C for one week in a controlled laboratory setting. High temperatures (28 and 32 °C) markedly increased global DNA methylation (around 1.1-1.5-fold in testes and ~ 1.7-fold in ovaries) and 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) levels in gonads (around 2.7- to ~5.1-fold in ovaries and ~ 3.5- to ~6.2-fold in testes) compared with controls (24 °C). The number of apoptotic nuclei in gonads was much higher in high-temperature groups. The caspase activity also increased significantly (P < 0.05) in gonads in high-temperature groups. Nitrate/nitrites (NOx, a biomarker of reactive nitrogen species) levels were increased around 2.6- to ~5.2-fold in testes and ~ 1.9- to ~3.8-fold in ovaries in high-temperature groups. Collectively, these outcomes indicate that high temperatures drastically induce global DNA methylation, 5-mC expression levels, cellular apoptosis, and NOx levels in the gonads of Atlantic sea urchin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saydur Rahman
- School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA; School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA.
| | - Mohammad Maruf Billah
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Victor Rangel
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Esmirna Cantu
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
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Ramírez-Carreto S, Miranda-Zaragoza B, Simões N, González-Muñoz R, Rodríguez-Almazán C. Marine Bioprospecting: Enzymes and Stress Proteins from the Sea Anemones Anthopleura dowii and Lebrunia neglecta. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:12. [PMID: 38248637 PMCID: PMC10821040 DOI: 10.3390/md22010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The bioprospecting of sea anemone tissues and secretions has revealed that they are natural libraries of polypeptides with diverse biological activities that can be utilized to develop of biotechnological tools with potential medical and industrial applications. This study conducted a proteomic analysis of crude venom extracts from Anthopleura dowii Verrill, 1869, and Lebrunia neglecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860. The obtained data allowed us to identify 201 polypeptides, of which 39% were present in both extracts. Among the obtained sequences, hydrolase-type enzymes, oxidoreductases, transferases, heat shock proteins, adhesion proteins, and protease inhibitors, among others, were identified. Interaction analysis and functional annotation indicated that these proteins are primarily involved in endoplasmic reticulum metabolic processes such as carbon metabolism and protein processing. In addition, several proteins related to oxidative stress were identified, including superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxin, and glutathione oxidase. Our results provide novel information on the polypeptide composition of the crude venom extract from sea anemones, which can be utilized to develop molecules for therapeutic tools and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos Ramírez-Carreto
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Av. Universidad #655, Santa María Ahuacatitlan, Cuernavaca C.P. 62100, Mexico;
| | - Beatriz Miranda-Zaragoza
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cto. Exterior S/N, C.U., Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico;
| | - Nuno Simões
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación en Sisal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Abrigo s/n, Sisal C.P. 97356, Mexico;
- International Chair for Coastal and Marine Studies, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A and M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
- Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera (LANRESC), Laboratorios Nacionales, CONACYT, Sisal C.P. 97356, Mexico
| | - Ricardo González-Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata C.P. 7600, Argentina;
| | - Claudia Rodríguez-Almazán
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cto. Exterior S/N, C.U., Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico;
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Mashini AG, Oakley CA, Beepat SS, Peng L, Grossman AR, Weis VM, Davy SK. The Influence of Symbiosis on the Proteome of the Exaiptasia Endosymbiont Breviolum minutum. Microorganisms 2023; 11:292. [PMID: 36838257 PMCID: PMC9967746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of nutrient exchange, immune response, and symbiont population growth in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis are poorly resolved. Here, we employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to elucidate proteomic changes associated with symbiosis in Breviolum minutum, a native symbiont of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana ('Aiptasia'). We manipulated nutrients available to the algae in culture and to the holobiont in hospite (i.e., in symbiosis) and then monitored the impacts of our treatments on host-endosymbiont interactions. Both the symbiotic and nutritional states had significant impacts on the B. minutum proteome. B. minutum in hospite showed an increased abundance of proteins involved in phosphoinositol metabolism (e.g., glycerophosphoinositol permease 1 and phosphatidylinositol phosphatase) relative to the free-living alga, potentially reflecting inter-partner signalling that promotes the stability of the symbiosis. Proteins potentially involved in concentrating and fixing inorganic carbon (e.g., carbonic anhydrase, V-type ATPase) and in the assimilation of nitrogen (e.g., glutamine synthase) were more abundant in free-living B. minutum than in hospite, possibly due to host-facilitated access to inorganic carbon and nitrogen limitation by the host when in hospite. Photosystem proteins increased in abundance at high nutrient levels irrespective of the symbiotic state, as did proteins involved in antioxidant defences (e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione s-transferase). Proteins involved in iron metabolism were also affected by the nutritional state, with an increased iron demand and uptake under low nutrient treatments. These results detail the changes in symbiont physiology in response to the host microenvironment and nutrient availability and indicate potential symbiont-driven mechanisms that regulate the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clinton A. Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Sandeep S. Beepat
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Cubillos VM, Ramírez FE, Mardones-Toledo DA, Valdivia N, Chaparro OR, Montory JA, Cruces EA. Specific plasticity of the anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica to intertidal and subtidal environmental conditions of the Quempillén estuary. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279482. [PMID: 36603008 PMCID: PMC9815623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular capacity of marine organisms to address rapid fluctuations in environmental conditions is decisive, especially when their bathymetric distribution encompasses intertidal and subtidal zones of estuarine systems. To understand how the bathymetric distribution determines the oxidative damage and antioxidant response of the estuarine anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica, individuals were collected from upper intertidal and shallow subtidal zones of Quempillén River estuary (Chile), and their response analysed in a fully orthogonal, multifactorial laboratory experiment. The organisms were exposed to the effects of temperature (10°C and 30°C), salinity (10 ppt and 30 ppt) and radiation (PAR, > 400-700 nm; PAR+UV-A, > 320-700 nm; PAR+UV-A+UV-B, > 280-700 nm), and their levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl and total antioxidant capacity were determined. The results indicated that the intertidal individuals of A. hermaphroditica presented higher levels of tolerance to the stressful ranges of temperature, salinity, and radiation than individuals from the subtidal zone, which was evident from their lower levels of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. These results were consistent with increased levels of total antioxidant capacity observed in subtidal organisms. Thus intertidal individuals could have greater plasticity to environmental variations than subtidal individuals. Future studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying stress adaptation in individuals from this estuarine anemone subjected to different environmental stressors during their life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M. Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Felipe E. Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniela A. Mardones-Toledo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nelson Valdivia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Oscar R. Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Edgardo A. Cruces
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), Copiapó, Chile
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Takahashi T. Method for Stress Assessment of Endosymbiotic Algae in Paramecium bursaria as a Model System for Endosymbiosis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061248. [PMID: 35744766 PMCID: PMC9228868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiosis between heterotrophic host and microalga often breaks down because of environmental conditions, such as temperature change and exposure to toxic substances. By the time of the apparent breakdown of endosymbiosis, it is often too late for the endosymbiotic system to recover. In this study, I developed a technique for the stress assessment of endosymbiotic algae using Paramecium bursaria as an endosymbiosis model, after treatment with the herbicide paraquat, an endosymbiotic collapse inducer. Microcapillary flow cytometry was employed to evaluate a large number of cells in an approach that is more rapid than microscopy evaluation. In the assay, red fluorescence of the chlorophyll reflected the number of endosymbionts within the host cell, while yellow fluorescence fluctuated in response to the deteriorating viability of the endosymbiont under stress. Hence, the yellow/red fluorescence intensity ratio can be used as an algal stress index independent of the algal number. An optical evaluation revealed that the viability of the endosymbiotic algae within the host cell decreased after treatment with paraquat and that the remaining endosymbionts were exposed to high stress. The devised assay is a potential environmental monitoring method, applicable not only to P. bursaria but also to multicellular symbiotic units, such as corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Miyakonojo College, Miyazaki 885-8567, Japan
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7
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Bleaching physiology: who's the 'weakest link' - host vs. symbiont? Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:17-32. [PMID: 35179208 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress, such as an increase in the sea surface temperature, triggers coral bleaching, a profound dysfunction of the mutualist symbiosis between the host cnidarians and their photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the Family Symbiodiniaceae. Because of climate change, mass coral bleaching events will increase in frequency and severity in the future, threatening the persistence of this iconic marine ecosystem at global scale. Strategies adapted to coral reefs preservation and restoration may stem from the identification of the succession of events and of the different molecular and cellular contributors to the bleaching phenomenon. To date, studies aiming to decipher the cellular cascade leading to temperature-related bleaching, emphasized the involvement of reactive species originating from compromised bioenergetic pathways (e.g. cellular respiration and photosynthesis). These molecules are responsible for damage to various cellular components causing the dysregulation of cellular homeostasis and the breakdown of symbiosis. In this review, we synthesize the current knowledge available in the literature on the cellular mechanisms caused by thermal stress, which can initiate or participate in the cell cascade leading to the loss of symbionts, with a particular emphasis on the role of each partner in the initiating processes.
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Cotinat P, Fricano C, Toullec G, Röttinger E, Barnay-Verdier S, Furla P. Intrinsically High Capacity of Animal Cells From a Symbiotic Cnidarian to Deal With Pro-Oxidative Conditions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:819111. [PMID: 35222085 PMCID: PMC8867213 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.819111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis is a mutualistic intracellular association based on the photosynthetic activity of the endosymbiont. This relationship involves significant constraints and requires co-evolution processes, such as an extensive capacity of the holobiont to counteract pro-oxidative conditions induced by hyperoxia generated during photosynthesis. In this study, we analyzed the capacity of Anemonia viridis cells to deal with pro-oxidative conditions by in vivo and in vitro approaches. Whole specimens and animal primary cell cultures were submitted to 200 and 500 μM of H2O2 during 7 days. Then, we monitored global health parameters (symbiotic state, viability, and cell growth) and stress biomarkers (global antioxidant capacity, oxidative protein damages, and protein ubiquitination). In animal primary cell cultures, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also evaluated under H2O2 treatments. At the whole organism scale, both H2O2 concentrations didn’t affect the survival and animal tissues exhibited a high resistance to H2O2 treatments. Moreover, no bleaching has been observed, even at high H2O2 concentration and after long exposure (7 days). Although, the community has suggested the role of ROS as the cause of bleaching, our results indicating the absence of bleaching under high H2O2 concentration may exculpate this specific ROS from being involved in the molecular processes inducing bleaching. However, counterintuitively, the symbiont compartment appeared sensitive to an H2O2 burst as it displayed oxidative protein damages, despite an enhancement of antioxidant capacity. The in vitro assays allowed highlighting an intrinsic high capacity of isolated animal cells to deal with pro-oxidative conditions, although we observed differences on tolerance between H2O2 treatments. The 200 μM H2O2 concentration appeared to correspond to the tolerance threshold of animal cells. Indeed, no disequilibrium on redox state was observed and only a cell growth decrease was measured. Contrarily, the 500 μM H2O2 concentration induced a stress state, characterized by a cell viability decrease from 1 day and a drastic cell growth arrest after 7 days leading to an uncomplete recovery after treatment. In conclusion, this study highlights the overall high capacity of cnidarian cells to cope with H2O2 and opens new perspective to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this peculiar resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Cotinat
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Clara Fricano
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Gaëlle Toullec
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Eric Röttinger
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Stéphanie Barnay-Verdier
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- UFR 927, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paola Furla
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche – Ressources Marines (MARRES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Paola Furla,
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Thummasan M, Casareto BE, Ramphul C, Suzuki T, Toyoda K, Suzuki Y. Physiological responses (Hsps 60 and 32, caspase 3, H 2O 2 scavenging, and photosynthetic activity) of the coral Pocillopora damicornis under thermal and high nitrate stresses. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112737. [PMID: 34298325 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the physiological responses of the coral Pocillopora damicornis to high nitrate concentrations and thermal stresses. The expression of heat shock proteins Hsp60 and Hsp32, Symbiodiniaceae density, Chl a concentration, Fv/Fm, H2O2 scavenging, and caspase 3 activity varied during 60 h incubations at 28 °C or 32 °C, ambient or high nitrate (~10 μM) concentrations, and their combinations. In combined stresses, corals showed a rapid and high oxidation level negatively affecting the Symbiodiniaceae density and Chl a concentration at 12 h, followed by caspase 3 and Hsps upregulations that induced apoptosis, bleaching and tissue detachment. Corals under thermal stress showed the highest oxidation and upregulation of Hsps and caspase 3 resulting in coral discoloration. High nitrate treatment alone did not seriously affect the coral function. Results showed that combined stress treatment severely affected coral physiology and, judging from the condition of detached tissues, these corals might have lower chances to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaphat Thummasan
- Environmental and Energy System, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Beatriz Estela Casareto
- Environmental and Energy System, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Chitra Ramphul
- Environmental and Energy System, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Environmental and Energy System, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Keita Toyoda
- Environmental and Energy System, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Suzuki
- Environmental and Energy System, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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10
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Zhu X, Liu P, Hou X, Zhang J, Lv J, Lu W, Zeng Q, Huang X, Xing Q, Bao Z. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals PC4 as the Candidate Gene for Thermal Tolerance in Bay Scallop ( Argopecten irradians irradians). Front Genet 2021; 12:650045. [PMID: 34349776 PMCID: PMC8328476 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.650045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing sea temperature caused by global warming has resulted in severe mortalities in maricultural scallops. Therefore, improving thermal tolerance has become an active research area in the scallop farming industry. Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians irradians) was introduced into China in 1982 and has developed into a vast aquaculture industry in northern China. To date, genetic studies on thermal tolerance in bay scallops are limited, and no systematic screening of thermal tolerance-related loci or genes has been conducted in this species. In the present study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for thermal tolerance using the Arrhenius break temperature (ABT) indicators of 435 bay scallops and 38,011 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The GWAS identified 1,906 significant thermal tolerance-associated SNPs located in 16 chromosomes of bay scallop. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses showed that 638 genes were enriched in 42 GO terms, while 549 annotated genes were enriched in aggregation pathways. Additionally, the SNP (15-5091-20379557-1) with the lowest P value was located in the transcriptional coactivator p15 (PC4) gene, which is involved in regulating DNA damage repair and stabilizing genome functions. Further analysis in another population identified two new thermal tolerance-associated SNPs in the first coding sequence of PC4 in bay scallops (AiPC4). Moreover, AiPC4 expression levels were significantly correlated (r = 0.675–0.962; P < 0.05) with the ABT values of the examined bay scallops. Our data suggest that AiPC4 might be a positive regulator of thermal tolerance and a potential candidate gene for molecular breeding in bay scallop aiming at thermal tolerance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiujiang Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia Lv
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qifan Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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11
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Brahmi C, Chapron L, Le Moullac G, Soyez C, Beliaeff B, Lazareth CE, Gaertner-Mazouni N, Vidal-Dupiol J. Effects of elevated temperature and pCO 2 on the respiration, biomineralization and photophysiology of the giant clam Tridacna maxima. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab041. [PMID: 34150209 PMCID: PMC8208665 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many reef organisms, such as the giant clams, are confronted with global change effects. Abnormally high seawater temperatures can lead to mass bleaching events and subsequent mortality, while ocean acidification may impact biomineralization processes. Despite its strong ecological and socio-economic importance, its responses to these threats still need to be explored. We investigated physiological responses of 4-year-old Tridacna maxima to realistic levels of temperature (+1.5°C) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) (+800 μatm of CO2) predicted for 2100 in French Polynesian lagoons during the warmer season. During a 65-day crossed-factorial experiment, individuals were exposed to two temperatures (29.2°C, 30.7°C) and two pCO2 (430 μatm, 1212 μatm) conditions. The impact of each environmental parameter and their potential synergetic effect were evaluated based on respiration, biomineralization and photophysiology. Kinetics of thermal and/or acidification stress were evaluated by performing measurements at different times of exposure (29, 41, 53, 65 days). At 30.7°C, the holobiont O2 production, symbiont photosynthetic yield and density were negatively impacted. High pCO2 had a significant negative effect on shell growth rate, symbiont photosynthetic yield and density. No significant differences of the shell microstructure were observed between control and experimental conditions in the first 29 days; however, modifications (i.e. less-cohesive lamellae) appeared from 41 days in all temperature and pCO2 conditions. No significant synergetic effect was found. Present thermal conditions (29.2°C) appeared to be sufficiently stressful to induce a host acclimatization response. All these observations indicate that temperature and pCO2 are both forcing variables affecting T. maxima's physiology and jeopardize its survival under environmental conditions predicted for the end of this century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Brahmi
- Univ. Polynésie française, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, EIO UMR 241, F-98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, Polynésie française
| | - Leila Chapron
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gilles Le Moullac
- IFREMER, IRD, Institut Louis-Malardé, Univ. Polynésie française, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynésie française, France
| | - Claude Soyez
- IFREMER, IRD, Institut Louis-Malardé, Univ. Polynésie française, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynésie française, France
| | - Benoît Beliaeff
- IFREMER, IRD, Institut Louis-Malardé, Univ. Polynésie française, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynésie française, France
| | - Claire E Lazareth
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 Rue Buffon, CP53, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni
- Univ. Polynésie française, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, EIO UMR 241, F-98702 Faa’a, Tahiti, Polynésie française
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- IFREMER, IRD, Institut Louis-Malardé, Univ. Polynésie française, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, Polynésie française, France
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier France
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12
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Li F, Cui J, Shaheen T, Tang G, Wang T, Woolfley T, Li M. Biocidal efficacy of tutin and its influence on immune cells and expression of growth-blocking and neuroglian peptides in Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 107:e21767. [PMID: 33835527 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mythimna separata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the major pests that can cause severe damage to grain crops. The development of low-toxicity and high-performance botanical insecticides is becoming the focus of new pesticide research to control M. separata. Tutin, a sesquiterpene lactone compound obtained from Coriaria sinica Maxim, a native Chinese poisonous plant, has antifeedant, absorption, and stomach poisoning against a variety of pests. To understand the toxic effect of tutin on M. separata larvae, we set out to determine their antifeedant, mortality, paralysis, weight change, and to examine the spreading of M. separata hemocytes under different concentrations of tutin treatment. Tissue distribution of the immune-associated gene growth-blocking peptide (GBP) and neuroglian peptide (Nrg) was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR was carried out to determine the expression profiles of GBP and Nrg after different concentrations of tutin stimulation. Our results revealed that tutin exhibited significant antifeedant and insecticidal activities, paralysis, weight loss to M. separata. Besides, tutin significantly influenced on the morphology of hemocytes and enhanced the expression of GBP and Nrg in M. separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Cui
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tayyab Shaheen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Nursing Department, College of Science and Engineering, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, Arkansas, USA
| | - Tracy Woolfley
- Nursing Department, College of Science and Engineering, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, Arkansas, USA
| | - Menglou Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Tripp-Valdez MA, Cicala F, Galindo-Sánchez CE, Chacón-Ponce KD, López-Landavery E, Díaz F, Re-Araujo D, Lafarga-De la Cruz F. Growth Performance and Transcriptomic Response of Warm-Acclimated Hybrid Abalone Haliotis rufescens (♀) × H. corrugata (♂). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:62-76. [PMID: 33040235 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-10002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Along the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico), abalone represents one of the most lucrative fisheries. As wild populations are currently depleted, abalone farm production aims to balance the decreasing populations with the increasing demand. The Mexican abalone aquaculture is almost entirely based on red abalone (Haliotis rufescens). However, the increasing frequency of extreme temperature events is hampering this activity. The use interspecific hybrids can potentially improve abalone culture, as species have differences in their thermal tolerance. Therefore, the hybrid progeny between H. rufescens (♀) and pink abalone H. corrugata (♂), a temperate and a warmer water abalone species, respectively, will naturally support higher temperature. To test this hypothesis, growth rate, mortality and metabolic rate of both pure (RR) and hybrid abalone (RP) were assessed under the H. rufescens' optimum (18 °C) and thermally stressed (22 °C) conditions. To unveil the molecular pathways involved in the heat response, transcriptional profiling of both crosses was also investigated. At high temperature, we observed constrained growth and survival in RR while RP showed a significant increase in both rates, supporting the improved performance of the hybrid compared. These results match with the transcriptional profiling of hybrids showing higher expression of genes involved in growth and calcification, whereas in the pure red progeny, the transcriptional profile was mainly associated with the regulation of necroptosis process. Our results may contribute to propose new management plans to increase farm abalone production in Baja California.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tripp-Valdez
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - F Cicala
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - C E Galindo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - K D Chacón-Ponce
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - E López-Landavery
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - F Díaz
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - D Re-Araujo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - F Lafarga-De la Cruz
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, B. C. Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Fraccionamiento Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
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14
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Vogeler S, Carboni S, Li X, Joyce A. Phylogenetic analysis of the caspase family in bivalves: implications for programmed cell death, immune response and development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:80. [PMID: 33494703 PMCID: PMC7836458 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is an important process for an organism's innate immune system to respond to pathogens, while also allowing for cell differentiation and other essential life functions. Caspases are one of the key protease enzymes involved in the apoptotic process, however there is currently a very limited understanding of bivalve caspase diversity and function. RESULTS In this work, we investigated the presence of caspase homologues using a combination of bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses. We blasted the Crassostrea gigas genome for caspase homologues and identified 35 potential homologues in the addition to the already cloned 23 bivalve caspases. As such, we present information about the phylogenetic relationship of all identified bivalve caspases in relation to their homology to well-established vertebrate and invertebrate caspases. Our results reveal unexpected novelty and complexity in the bivalve caspase family. Notably, we were unable to identify direct homologues to the initiator caspase-9, a key-caspase in the vertebrate apoptotic pathway, inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, - 4 or - 5) or executioner caspases-3, - 6, - 7. We also explored the fact that bivalves appear to possess several unique homologues to the initiator caspase groups - 2 and - 8. Large expansions of caspase-3 like homologues (caspase-3A-C), caspase-3/7 group and caspase-3/7-like homologues were also identified, suggesting unusual roles of caspases with direct implications for our understanding of immune response in relation to common bivalve diseases. Furthermore, we assessed the gene expression of two initiator (Cg2A, Cg8B) and four executioner caspases (Cg3A, Cg3B, Cg3C, Cg3/7) in C. gigas late-larval development and during metamorphosis, indicating that caspase expression varies across the different developmental stages. CONCLUSION Our analysis provides the first overview of caspases across different bivalve species with essential new insights into caspase diversity, knowledge that can be used for further investigations into immune response to pathogens or regulation of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vogeler
- Department of Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottbergsgata 22 B, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Carboni
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- South Australia Research and Development Institute Aquatic Sciences Centre, 2 Hamra Ave, West Beach, SA, 5024, Australia
| | - Alyssa Joyce
- Department of Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottbergsgata 22 B, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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15
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Fricano C, Röttinger E, Furla P, Barnay-Verdier S. Cnidarian Cell Cryopreservation: A Powerful Tool for Cultivation and Functional Assays. Cells 2020; 9:E2541. [PMID: 33256018 PMCID: PMC7761476 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarian primary cell cultures have a strong potential to become a universal tool to assess stress-response mechanisms at the cellular level. However, primary cell cultures are time-consuming regarding their establishment and maintenance. Cryopreservation is a commonly used approach to provide stable cell stocks for experiments, but it is yet to be established for Cnidarian cell cultures. The aim of this study was therefore to design a cryopreservation protocol for primary cell cultures of the Cnidarian Anemonia viridis, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant, enriched or not with fetal bovine serum (FBS). We determined that DMSO 5% with 25% FBS was an efficient cryosolution, resulting in 70% of post-thaw cell survival. The success of this protocol was first confirmed by a constant post-thaw survival independently of the cell culture age (up to 45 days old) and the storage period (up to 87 days). Finally, cryopreserved cells displayed a long-term recovery with a maintenance of the primary cell culture parameters and cellular functions: formation of cell aggregates, high viability and constant cell growth, and unchanged intrinsic resistance to hyperthermal stress. These results will further bring new opportunities for the scientific community interested in molecular, cellular, and biochemical aspects of cnidarian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Fricano
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d’Azur, 28 avenue de Valombrose, F-06107 Nice, France; (C.F.); (E.R.); (P.F.)
| | - Eric Röttinger
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d’Azur, 28 avenue de Valombrose, F-06107 Nice, France; (C.F.); (E.R.); (P.F.)
| | - Paola Furla
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d’Azur, 28 avenue de Valombrose, F-06107 Nice, France; (C.F.); (E.R.); (P.F.)
| | - Stéphanie Barnay-Verdier
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d’Azur, 28 avenue de Valombrose, F-06107 Nice, France; (C.F.); (E.R.); (P.F.)
- Sorbonne Université, UFR 927, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
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16
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Ottaviani A, Eid R, Zoccola D, Pousse M, Dubal JM, Barajas E, Jamet K, Lebrigand K, Lapébie P, Baudoin C, Giraud-Panis MJ, Rouan A, Beauchef G, Guéré C, Vié K, Barbry P, Tambutté S, Gilson E, Allemand D. Longevity strategies in response to light in the reef coral Stylophora pistillata. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19937. [PMID: 33203910 PMCID: PMC7673115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process that results in progressive loss of regenerative capacity and tissue function while simultaneously favoring the development of a large array of age-related diseases. Evidence suggests that the accumulation of senescent cells in tissue promotes both normal and pathological aging. Oxic stress is a key driver of cellular senescence. Because symbiotic long-lived reef corals experience daily hyperoxic and hypoxic transitions, we hypothesized that these long-lived animals have developed specific longevity strategies in response to light. We analyzed transcriptome variation in the reef coral Stylophora pistillata during the day-night cycle and revealed a signature of the FoxO longevity pathway. We confirmed this pathway by immunofluorescence using antibodies against coral FoxO to demonstrate its nuclear translocation. Through qPCR analysis of nycthemeral variations of candidate genes under different light regimens, we found that, among genes that were specifically up- or downregulated upon exposure to light, human orthologs of two "light-up" genes (HEY1 and LONF3) exhibited anti-senescence properties in primary human fibroblasts. Therefore, these genes are interesting candidates for counteracting skin aging. We propose a large screen for other light-up genes and an investigation of the biological response of reef corals to light (e.g., metabolic switching) to elucidate these processes and identify effective interventions for promoting healthy aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ottaviani
- Medical School of Nice, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
| | - Rita Eid
- Medical School of Nice, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Mélanie Pousse
- Medical School of Nice, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Marc Dubal
- Medical School of Nice, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Karine Jamet
- Medical School of Nice, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Kevin Lebrigand
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, 06560, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pascal Lapébie
- Medical School of Nice, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Christian Baudoin
- Medical School of Nice, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Alice Rouan
- Medical School of Nice, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Gallic Beauchef
- Laboratoires Clarins, 12 avenue de la porte des Ternes, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Guéré
- Laboratoires Clarins, 12 avenue de la porte des Ternes, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Katell Vié
- Laboratoires Clarins, 12 avenue de la porte des Ternes, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Barbry
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, 06560, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Eric Gilson
- Medical School of Nice, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France. .,Department of Genetics, CHU, Nice, France.
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17
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Shrestha S, Tung J, Grinshpon RD, Swartz P, Hamilton PT, Dimos B, Mydlarz L, Clark AC. Caspases from scleractinian coral show unique regulatory features. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14578-14591. [PMID: 32788218 PMCID: PMC7586219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are experiencing precipitous declines around the globe with coral diseases and temperature-induced bleaching being primary drivers of these declines. Regulation of apoptotic cell death is an important component in the coral stress response. Although cnidaria are known to contain complex apoptotic signaling pathways, similar to those in vertebrates, the mechanisms leading to cell death are largely unexplored. We identified and characterized two caspases each from Orbicella faveolata, a disease-sensitive reef-building coral, and Porites astreoides, a disease-resistant reef-building coral. The caspases are predicted homologs of the human executioner caspases-3 and -7, but OfCasp3a (Orbicella faveolata caspase-3a) and PaCasp7a (Porites astreoides caspase-7a), which we show to be DXXDases, contain an N-terminal caspase activation/recruitment domain (CARD) similar to human initiator/inflammatory caspases. OfCasp3b (Orbicella faveolata caspase-3b) and PaCasp3 (Porites astreoides caspase-3), which we show to be VXXDases, have short pro-domains, like human executioner caspases. Our biochemical analyses suggest a mechanism in coral which differs from that of humans, where the CARD-containing DXXDase is activated on death platforms but the protease does not directly activate the VXXDase. The first X-ray crystal structure of a coral caspase, of PaCasp7a determined at 1.57 Å resolution, reveals a conserved fold and an N-terminal peptide bound near the active site that may serve as a regulatory exosite. The binding pocket has been observed in initiator caspases of other species. These results suggest mechanisms for the evolution of substrate selection while maintaining common activation mechanisms of CARD-mediated dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Shrestha
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica Tung
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Robert D Grinshpon
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Swartz
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul T Hamilton
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bradford Dimos
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Laura Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - A Clay Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.
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18
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Dimos BA, Butler CC, Ricci CA, MacKnight NJ, Mydlarz LD. Responding to Threats Both Foreign and Domestic: NOD-Like Receptors in Corals. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:819-829. [PMID: 31236558 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically mechanisms with which basal animals such as reef-building corals use to respond to changing and increasingly stressful environments have remained elusive. However, the increasing availability of genomic and transcriptomic data from these organisms has provided fundamental insights into the biology of these critically important ecosystem engineers. Notably, insights into cnidarians gained in the post-genomics age have revealed a surprisingly complex immune system which bears a surprising level of similarity with the vertebrate innate immune system. This system has been critically linked to how corals respond to the two most prominent threats on a global scale, emerging coral diseases and increasing water temperature, which are recognized cellularly as either foreign or domestic threats, respectively. These threats can arise from pathogenic microbes or internal cellular dysfunction, underscoring the need to further understand mechanisms corals use to sense and respond to threats to their cellular integrity. In this investigation and meta-analysis, we utilize resources only recently available in the post-genomic era to identify and characterize members of an underexplored class of molecules known as NOD-like receptors in the endangered Caribbean coral Orbicella faveolata. We then leverage these data to identify pathways possibly mediated by NLRs in both O. faveolata and the ecologically important branching coral Acropora digitifera. Overall, we find support that this class of proteins may provide a mechanistic link to how reef-building corals respond to threats both foreign and domestic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford A Dimos
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Caleb C Butler
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Contessa A Ricci
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Nicholas J MacKnight
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Laura D Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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19
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Dias M, Ferreira A, Gouveia R, Madeira C, Jogee N, Cabral H, Diniz M, Vinagre C. Long-term exposure to increasing temperatures on scleractinian coral fragments reveals oxidative stress. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 150:104758. [PMID: 31301459 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is leading to increases in tropical storms' frequency and intensity, allowing fragmentation of reef-forming coral species, but also to coral bleaching and mortality. The first level of organism's response to an environmental perturbation occurs at the cellular level. This study investigated the long-term oxidative stress on fragments of nine Indo-Pacific reef-forming coral species exposed for 60 days to increasing temperatures (30 °C and 32 °C) and compared results with control temperature (26 °C). Coral overall condition (appearance), lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase activity (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were assessed. The species Turbinaria reniformis, Galaxea fascicularis, and Psammocora contigua were the most resistant to heat stress, presenting no oxidative damage at 30 °C. Unlike G. fasciularis, both T. reniformis and P. contigua showed no evidence of oxidative damage at 32 °C. All remaining species' fragments died at 32 °C. Stylophora pistillata and Pocillopora damicornis were the most susceptible species to heat stress, not resisting at 30 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dias
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Ferreira
- Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I, 1990-005, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raúl Gouveia
- Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D. Carlos I, 1990-005, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Madeira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nadia Jogee
- The School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, The Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Henrique Cabral
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Irstea, UR EABX, 50, Avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas, France
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Vinagre
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Cooke I, Mead O, Whalen C, Boote C, Moya A, Ying H, Robbins S, Strugnell JM, Darling A, Miller D, Voolstra CR, Adamska M. Molecular techniques and their limitations shape our view of the holobiont. ZOOLOGY 2019; 137:125695. [PMID: 31759226 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognised that the biology of almost any organism cannot be fully understood without recognising the existence and potential functional importance of associated microbes. Arguably, the emergence of this holistic viewpoint may never have occurred without the development of a crucial molecular technique, 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, which allowed microbial communities to be easily profiled across a broad range of contexts. A diverse array of molecular techniques are now used to profile microbial communities, infer their evolutionary histories, visualise them in host tissues, and measure their molecular activity. In this review, we examine each of these categories of measurement and inference with a focus on the questions they make tractable, and the degree to which their capabilities and limitations shape our view of the holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Cooke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Oliver Mead
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Casey Whalen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Chloë Boote
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Aurelie Moya
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Hua Ying
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Steven Robbins
- Australian Center for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jan M Strugnell
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; Centre of Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, 4810, QLD, Australia; Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3083, Australia
| | - Aaron Darling
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | | | - Maja Adamska
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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21
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Overmans S, Nordborg M, Díaz-Rúa R, Brinkman DL, Negri AP, Agustí S. Phototoxic effects of PAH and UVA exposure on molecular responses and developmental success in coral larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 198:165-174. [PMID: 29550714 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic carbons (PAHs) poses a growing risk to coral reefs due to increasing shipping and petroleum extraction in tropical waters. Damaging effects of specific PAHs can be further enhanced by the presence of ultraviolet radiation, known as phototoxicity. We tested phototoxic effects of the PAHs anthracene and phenanthrene on larvae of the scleractinian coral Acropora tenuis in the presence and absence of UVA (320-400 nm). Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme was reduced by anthracene while phenanthrene and UVA exposure did not have any effect. Gene expression of MnSod remained constant across all treatments. The genes Catalase, Hsp70 and Hsp90 showed increased expression levels in larvae exposed to anthracene, but not phenanthrene. Gene expression of p53 was upregulated in the presence of UVA, but downregulated when exposed to PAHs. The influence on stress-related biochemical pathways and gene expresson in A. tenuis larvae was considerably greater for anthracene than phenanthrene, and UVA-induced phototoxicity was only evident for anthracene. The combined effects of UVA and PAH exposure on larval survival and metamorphosis paralleled the sub-lethal stress responses, clearly highlighting the interaction of UVA on anthracene toxicity and ultimately the coral's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Overmans
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mikaela Nordborg
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia; James Cook University (JCU), Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Rubén Díaz-Rúa
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diane L Brinkman
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susana Agustí
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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22
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How does an animal behave like a plant? Physiological and molecular adaptations of zooxanthellae and their hosts to symbiosis. C R Biol 2018; 341:276-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Ventura P, Toullec G, Fricano C, Chapron L, Meunier V, Röttinger E, Furla P, Barnay-Verdier S. Cnidarian Primary Cell Culture as a Tool to Investigate the Effect of Thermal Stress at Cellular Level. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:144-154. [PMID: 29313151 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global change, symbiotic cnidarians are largely affected by seawater temperature elevation leading to symbiosis breakdown. This process, also called bleaching, is triggered by the dysfunction of the symbiont photosystems causing an oxidative stress and cell death to both symbiont and host cells. In our study, we wanted to elucidate the intrinsic capacity of isolated animal cells to deal with thermal stress in the absence of symbiont. In that aim, we have characterized an animal primary cell culture form regenerating tentacles of the temperate sea anemone Anemonia viridis. We first compared the potential of whole tissue tentacle or separated epidermal or gastrodermal monolayers as tissue sources to settle animal cell cultures. Interestingly, only isolated cells extracted from whole tentacles allowed establishing a viable and proliferative primary cell culture throughout 31 days. The analysis of the expression of tissue-specific and pluripotency markers defined cultivated cells as differentiated cells with gastrodermal origin. The characterization of the animal primary cell culture allowed us to submit the obtained gastrodermal cells to hyperthermal stress (+ 5 and + 8 °C) during 1 and 7 days. Though cell viability was not affected at both hyperthermal stress conditions, cell growth drastically decreased. In addition, only a + 8 °C hyperthermia induced a transient increase of antioxidant defences at 1 day but no ubiquitin or carbonylation protein damages. These results demonstrated an intrinsic resistance of cnidarian gastrodermal cells to hyperthermal stress and then confirmed the role of symbionts in the hyperthermia sensitivity leading to bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ventura
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Antilles, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - G Toullec
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Antilles, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - C Fricano
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Antilles, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - L Chapron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Antilles, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France
| | - V Meunier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Antilles, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - E Röttinger
- CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - P Furla
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Antilles, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - S Barnay-Verdier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Université Antilles, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France.
- UMR 7138 "Evolution Paris Seine", Symbiose Marine Team, Paris, France.
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24
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Nicosia A, Bennici C, Biondo G, Costa S, Di Natale M, Masullo T, Monastero C, Ragusa MA, Tagliavia M, Cuttitta A. Characterization of Translationally Controlled Tumour Protein from the Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis and Transcriptome Wide Identification of Cnidarian Homologues. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010030. [PMID: 29324689 PMCID: PMC5793182 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene family encoding translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is defined as highly conserved among organisms; however, there is limited knowledge of non-bilateria. In this study, the first TCTP homologue from anthozoan was characterised in the Mediterranean Sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. The release of the genome sequence of Acropora digitifera, Exaiptasia pallida, Nematostella vectensis and Hydra vulgaris enabled a comprehensive study of the molecular evolution of TCTP family among cnidarians. A comparison among TCTP members from Cnidaria and Bilateria showed conserved intron exon organization, evolutionary conserved TCTP signatures and 3D protein structure. The pattern of mRNA expression profile was also defined in A. viridis. These analyses revealed a constitutive mRNA expression especially in tissues with active proliferation. Additionally, the transcriptional profile of A. viridis TCTP (AvTCTP) after challenges with different abiotic/biotic stresses showed induction by extreme temperatures, heavy metals exposure and immune stimulation. These results suggest the involvement of AvTCTP in the sea anemone defensome taking part in environmental stress and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Nicosia
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, 91021 Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Bennici
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, 91021 Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
| | - Girolama Biondo
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, 91021 Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Costa
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
| | - Marilena Di Natale
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, 91021 Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Masullo
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, 91021 Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
| | - Calogera Monastero
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, 91021 Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Ragusa
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
| | - Marcello Tagliavia
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, 91021 Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
| | - Angela Cuttitta
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, 91021 Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
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25
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Life Cycle Analysis of Endosymbiotic Algae in an Endosymbiotic Situation with Paramecium bursaria Using Capillary Flow Cytometry. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10091413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Wu X, Yao H, Cao L, Zheng Z, Chen X, Zhang M, Wei Z, Cheng J, Jiang S, Pan L, Li X. Improving Acetic Acid Production by Over-Expressing PQQ-ADH in Acetobacter pasteurianus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1713. [PMID: 28932219 PMCID: PMC5592214 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrroquinoline quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (PQQ-ADH) is a key enzyme in the ethanol oxidase respiratory chain of acetic acid bacteria (AAB). To investigate the effect of PQQ-ADH on acetic acid production by Acetobacter pasteurianus JST-S, subunits I (adhA) and II (adhB) of PQQ-ADH were over-expressed, the fermentation parameters and the metabolic flux analysis were compared in the engineered strain and the original one. The acetic acid production was improved by the engineered strain (61.42 g L−1) while the residual ethanol content (4.18 g L−1) was decreased. Analysis of 2D maps indicated that 19 proteins were differently expressed between the two strains; of these, 17 were identified and analyzed by mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. With further investigation of metabolic flux analysis (MFA) of the pathway from ethanol and glucose, the results reveal that over-expression of PQQ-ADH is an effective way to improve the ethanol oxidation respiratory chain pathway and these can offer theoretical references for potential mechanism of metabolic regulation in AAB and researches with its acetic acid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China.,Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Hongli Yao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Lili Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China.,Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China.,Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Xiaoju Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Chaohu UniversityHefei, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Zhaojun Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Jieshun Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China.,Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China.,Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Lijun Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China.,Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China.,Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
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27
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Cuttitta A, Ragusa MA, Costa S, Bennici C, Colombo P, Mazzola S, Gianguzza F, Nicosia A. Evolutionary conserved mechanisms pervade structure and transcriptional modulation of allograft inflammatory factor-1 from sea anemone Anemonia viridis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:86-94. [PMID: 28579525 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene family encoding allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is well conserved among organisms; however, there is limited knowledge in lower organisms. In this study, the first AIF-1 homologue from cnidarians was identified and characterised in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. The full-length cDNA of AvAIF-1 was of 913 bp with a 5' -untranslated region (UTR) of 148 bp, a 3'-UTR of 315 and an open reading frame (ORF) of 450 bp encoding a polypeptide with149 amino acid residues and predicted molecular weight of about 17 kDa. The predicted protein possesses evolutionary conserved EF hand Ca2+ binding motifs, post-transcriptional modification sites and a 3D structure which can be superimposed with human members of AIF-1 family. The AvAIF-1 transcript was constitutively expressed in all tested tissues of unchallenged sea anemone, suggesting that AvAIF-1 could serve as a general protective factor under normal physiological conditions. Moreover, we profiled the transcriptional activation of AvAIF-1 after challenges with different abiotic/biotic stresses showing induction by warming conditions, heavy metals exposure and immune stimulation. Thus, mechanisms associated to inflammation and immune challenges up-regulated AvAIF-1 mRNA levels. Our results suggest its involvement in the inflammatory processes and immune response of A. viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cuttitta
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via mare del Sud, 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Ragusa
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Salvatore Costa
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bennici
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via mare del Sud, 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzola
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via mare del Sud, 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gianguzza
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Via mare del Sud, 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola (TP), Sicily, Italy.
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28
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Dani V, Priouzeau F, Mertz M, Mondin M, Pagnotta S, Lacas-Gervais S, Davy SK, Sabourault C. Expression patterns of sterol transporters NPC1 and NPC2 in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dani
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
- UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine; Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | - Fabrice Priouzeau
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
- UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine; Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | - Marjolijn Mertz
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | - Magali Mondin
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée; Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | | | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Cécile Sabourault
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
- UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine; Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
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29
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Kitchen SA, Weis VM. The sphingosine rheostat is involved in the cnidarian heat stress response but not necessarily in bleaching. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1709-1720. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.153858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids play important roles in mitigating cellular heat and oxidative stress by altering membrane fluidity, receptor clustering and gene expression. Accumulation of signaling sphingolipids that comprise the sphingosine rheostat, pro-apoptotic sphingosine (Sph) and pro-survival sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is key to determining cell fate. Reef-building corals and other symbiotic cnidarians living in shallow tropical waters can experience elevated seawater temperature and high UV irradiance, two stressors that are increasing in frequency and severity with climate change. In symbiotic cnidarians, these stressors disrupt the photosynthetic machinery of the endosymbiont and ultimately result in the collapse of the partnership (dysbiosis), known as cnidarian bleaching. In a previous study, exogenously applied sphingolipids altered heat-induced bleaching in the symbiotic anemone Aiptasia pallida, but endogenous regulation of these lipids is unknown. Here, we characterized the role of the rheostat in the cnidarian heat stress response (HSR) and in dysbiosis. Gene expression of rheostat enzymes sphingosine kinase (AP-SPHK) and S1P phosphatase (AP-SGPP), and concentrations of sphingolipids were quantified from anemones incubated at elevated temperatures. We observed a biphasic HSR in A. pallida. At early exposure, rheostat gene expression and lipid levels were suppressed while gene expression of a heat stress biomarker increased and 40% of symbionts were lost. After longer incubations at the highest temperature, AP-SGPP and then Sph levels both increased. These results indicate that the sphingosine rheostat in A. pallida does not participate in initiation of dysbiosis, but instead functions in the chronic response to prolonged heat stress that promotes host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A. Kitchen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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30
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Roberty S, Furla P, Plumier JC. Differential antioxidant response between two Symbiodinium species from contrasting environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2713-2724. [PMID: 27577027 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High sea surface temperature accompanied by high levels of solar irradiance is responsible for the disruption of the symbiosis between cnidarians and their symbiotic dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium. This phenomenon, known as coral bleaching, is one of the major threats affecting coral reefs around the world. Because an important molecular trigger to bleaching appears related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is critical to understand the function of the antioxidant network of Symbiodinium species. In this study we investigated the response of two Symbiodinium species, from contrasting environments, to a chemically induced oxidative stress. ROS produced during this oxidative burst reduced photosynthesis by 30 to 50% and significantly decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase. Lipid peroxidation levels and carotenoid concentrations, especially diatoxanthin, confirm that these molecules act as antioxidants and contribute to the stabilization of membrane lipids. The comparative analysis between the two Symbiodinium species allowed us to highlight that Symbiodinium sp. clade A temperate was more tolerant to oxidative stress than the tropical S. kawagutii clade F. These differences are very likely a consequence of adaptation to their natural environment, with the temperate species experiencing conditions of temperature and irradiance much more variable and extreme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roberty
- Université de Liège, InBioS - Animal Physiology, Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution, 4 Chemin de la Vallée, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - P Furla
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7138'Evolution Paris Seine', équipe 'Symbiose marine', 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR 7138 'Evolution Paris Seine', 7, quai Saint-Bernard, 75252, Paris cedex 05, France
- CNRS, UMR 7138 'Evolution Paris Seine', 7, quai Saint-Bernard, 75252, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - J-C Plumier
- Université de Liège, InBioS - Animal Physiology, Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution, 4 Chemin de la Vallée, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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Guzman C, Conaco C. Gene Expression Dynamics Accompanying the Sponge Thermal Stress Response. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165368. [PMID: 27788197 PMCID: PMC5082814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are important members of coral reef ecosystems. Thus, their responses to changes in ocean chemistry and environmental conditions, particularly to higher seawater temperatures, will have potential impacts on the future of these reefs. To better understand the sponge thermal stress response, we investigated gene expression dynamics in the shallow water sponge, Haliclona tubifera (order Haplosclerida, class Demospongiae), subjected to elevated temperature. Using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, we show that these conditions result in the activation of various processes that interact to maintain cellular homeostasis. Short-term thermal stress resulted in the induction of heat shock proteins, antioxidants, and genes involved in signal transduction and innate immunity pathways. Prolonged exposure to thermal stress affected the expression of genes involved in cellular damage repair, apoptosis, signaling and transcription. Interestingly, exposure to sublethal temperatures may improve the ability of the sponge to mitigate cellular damage under more extreme stress conditions. These insights into the potential mechanisms of adaptation and resilience of sponges contribute to a better understanding of sponge conservation status and the prediction of ecosystem trajectories under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Guzman
- Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Cecilia Conaco
- Marine Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- * E-mail:
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Takahashi T. Simultaneous Evaluation of Life Cycle Dynamics between a Host Paramecium and the Endosymbionts of Paramecium bursaria Using Capillary Flow Cytometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31638. [PMID: 27531180 PMCID: PMC4987690 DOI: 10.1038/srep31638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbioses are driving forces underlying cell evolution. The endosymbiosis exhibited by Paramecium bursaria is an excellent model with which to study symbiosis. A single-cell microscopic analysis of P. bursaria reveals that endosymbiont numbers double when the host is in the division phase. Consequently, endosymbionts must arrange their cell cycle schedule if the culture-condition-dependent change delays the generation time of P. bursaria. However, it remains poorly understood whether endosymbionts keep pace with the culture-condition-dependent behaviors of P. bursaria, or not. Using microscopy and flow cytometry, this study investigated the life cycle behaviors occurring between endosymbionts and the host. To establish a connection between the host cell cycle and endosymbionts comprehensively, multivariate analysis was applied. The multivariate analysis revealed important information related to regulation between the host and endosymbionts. Results show that dividing endosymbionts underwent transition smoothly from the division phase to interphase, when the host was in the logarithmic phase. In contrast, endosymbiont division stagnated when the host was in the stationary phase. This paper explains that endosymbionts fine-tune their cell cycle pace with their host and that a synchronous life cycle between the endosymbionts and the host is guaranteed in the symbiosis of P. bursaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Miyakonojo College, Miyazaki, Japan
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Bieri T, Onishi M, Xiang T, Grossman AR, Pringle JR. Relative Contributions of Various Cellular Mechanisms to Loss of Algae during Cnidarian Bleaching. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152693. [PMID: 27119147 PMCID: PMC4847765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When exposed to stress such as high seawater temperature, corals and other cnidarians can bleach due to loss of symbiotic algae from the host tissue and/or loss of pigments from the algae. Although the environmental conditions that trigger bleaching are reasonably well known, its cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of at least four different cellular mechanisms for the loss of symbiotic algae from the host tissue: in situ degradation of algae, exocytic release of algae from the host, detachment of host cells containing algae, and death of host cells containing algae. The relative contributions of these several mechanisms to bleaching remain unclear, and it is also not known whether these relative contributions change in animals subjected to different types and/or durations of stresses. In this study, we used a clonal population of the small sea anemone Aiptasia, exposed individuals to various precisely controlled stress conditions, and quantitatively assessed the several possible bleaching mechanisms in parallel. Under all stress conditions tested, except for acute cold shock at 4°C, expulsion of intact algae from the host cells appeared to be by far the predominant mechanism of bleaching. During acute cold shock, in situ degradation of algae and host-cell detachment also became quantitatively significant, and the algae released under these conditions appeared to be severely damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Bieri
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Tingting Xiang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - John R Pringle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Maor-Landaw K, Levy O. Gene expression profiles during short-term heat stress; branching vs. massive Scleractinian corals of the Red Sea. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1814. [PMID: 27069783 PMCID: PMC4824894 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that there is a hierarchy of susceptibilities amongst coral genera during heat-stress. However, molecular mechanisms governing these differences are still poorly understood. Here we explored if specific corals possessing different morphologies and different susceptibilities to heat stress may manifest varied gene expression patterns. We examined expression patterns of seven genes in the branching corals Stylophora pistillata and Acropora eurystoma and additionally in the massive robust coral, Porites sp. The tested genes are representatives of key cellular processes occurring during heat-stress in Cnidaria: oxidative stress, ER stress, energy metabolism, DNA repair and apoptosis. Varied response to the heat-stress, in terms of visual coral paling, algal maximum quantum yield and host gene expression was evident in the different growth forms. The two branching corals exhibited similar overall responses that differed from that of the massive coral. A. eurystoma that is considered as a susceptible species did not bleach in our experiment, but tissue sloughing was evident at 34 °C. Interestingly, in this species redox regulation genes were up-regulated at the very onset of the thermal challenge. In S. pistillata, bleaching was evident at 34 °C and most of the stress markers were already up-regulated at 32 °C, either remaining highly expressed or decreasing when temperatures reached 34 °C. The massive Porites species displayed severe bleaching at 32 °C but stress marker genes were only significantly elevated at 34 °C. We postulate that by expelling the algal symbionts from Porites tissues, oxidation damages are reduced and stress genes are activated only at a progressed stage. The differential gene expression responses exhibited here can be correlated with the literature well-documented hierarchy of susceptibilities amongst coral morphologies and genera in Eilat’s coral reef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Maor-Landaw
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Oren Levy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
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Krueger T, Hawkins TD, Becker S, Pontasch S, Dove S, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Leggat W, Fisher PL, Davy SK. Differential coral bleaching—Contrasting the activity and response of enzymatic antioxidants in symbiotic partners under thermal stress. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 190:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lutz A, Raina JB, Motti CA, Miller DJ, van Oppen MJH. Host Coenzyme Q Redox State Is an Early Biomarker of Thermal Stress in the Coral Acropora millepora. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139290. [PMID: 26426118 PMCID: PMC4591267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleaching episodes caused by increasing seawater temperatures may induce mass coral mortality and are regarded as one of the biggest threats to coral reef ecosystems worldwide. The current consensus is that this phenomenon results from enhanced production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupt the symbiosis between corals and their endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, Symbiodinium. Here, the responses of two important antioxidant defence components, the host coenzyme Q (CoQ) and symbiont plastoquinone (PQ) pools, are investigated for the first time in colonies of the scleractinian coral, Acropora millepora, during experimentally-induced bleaching under ecologically relevant conditions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to quantify the states of these two pools, together with physiological parameters assessing the general state of the symbiosis (including photosystem II photochemical efficiency, chlorophyll concentration and Symbiodinium cell densities). The results show that the responses of the two antioxidant systems occur on different timescales: (i) the redox state of the Symbiodinium PQ pool remained stable until twelve days into the experiment, after which there was an abrupt oxidative shift; (ii) by contrast, an oxidative shift of approximately 10% had occurred in the host CoQ pool after 6 days of thermal stress, prior to significant changes in any other physiological parameter measured. Host CoQ pool oxidation is thus an early biomarker of thermal stress in corals, and this antioxidant pool is likely to play a key role in quenching thermally-induced ROS in the coral-algal symbiosis. This study adds to a growing body of work that indicates host cellular responses may precede the bleaching process and symbiont dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Lutz
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cherie A. Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J. Miller
- Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. van Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Nicosia A, Maggio T, Mazzola S, Gianguzza F, Cuttitta A, Costa S. Characterization of small HSPs from Anemonia viridis reveals insights into molecular evolution of alpha crystallin genes among cnidarians. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105908. [PMID: 25251681 PMCID: PMC4175457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene family encoding small Heat-Shock Proteins (sHSPs containing α-crystallin domain) are found both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms; however, there is limited knowledge of their evolution. In this study, two small HSP genes termed AvHSP28.6 and AvHSP27, both organized in one intron and two exons, were characterised in the Mediterranean snakelocks anemone Anemonia viridis. The release of the genome sequence of Hydra magnipapillata and Nematostella vectensis enabled a comprehensive study of the molecular evolution of α-crystallin gene family among cnidarians. Most of the H. magnipapillata sHSP genes share the same gene organization described for AvHSP28.6 and AvHSP27, differing from the sHSP genes of N. vectensis which mainly show an intronless architecture. The different genomic organization of sHSPs, the phylogenetic analyses based on protein sequences, and the relationships among Cnidarians, suggest that the A.viridis sHSPs represent the common ancestor from which H. magnipapillata genes directly evolved through segmental genome duplication. Additionally retroposition events may be considered responsible for the divergence of sHSP genes of N. vectensis from A. viridis. Analyses of transcriptional expression profile showed that AvHSP28.6 was constitutively expressed among different tissues from both ectodermal and endodermal layers of the adult sea anemones, under normal physiological conditions and also under different stress condition. Specifically, we profiled the transcriptional activation of AvHSP28.6 after challenges with different abiotic/biotic stresses showing induction by extreme temperatures, heavy metals exposure and immune stimulation. Conversely, no AvHSP27 transcript was detected in such dissected tissues, in adult whole body cDNA library or under stress conditions. Hence, the involvement of AvHSP28.6 gene in the sea anemone defensome is strongly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Nicosia
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR) Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy
| | - Teresa Maggio
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research-ISPRA, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzola
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Calata Porta di Massa, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gianguzza
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Cuttitta
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR) Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy
| | - Salvatore Costa
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Dani V, Ganot P, Priouzeau F, Furla P, Sabourault C. Are Niemann-Pick type C proteins key players in cnidarian-dinoflagellate endosymbioses? Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4527-40. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dani
- UMR7138; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis; Faculty of Science; 28 Avenue Valrose Nice 06108 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Sorbonne Universités Paris VI; 7 quai Saint Bernard Paris 75005 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Paris 75016 France
| | - Philippe Ganot
- UMR7138; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis; Faculty of Science; 28 Avenue Valrose Nice 06108 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Sorbonne Universités Paris VI; 7 quai Saint Bernard Paris 75005 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Paris 75016 France
| | - Fabrice Priouzeau
- UMR7138; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis; Faculty of Science; 28 Avenue Valrose Nice 06108 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Sorbonne Universités Paris VI; 7 quai Saint Bernard Paris 75005 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Paris 75016 France
| | - Paola Furla
- UMR7138; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis; Faculty of Science; 28 Avenue Valrose Nice 06108 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Sorbonne Universités Paris VI; 7 quai Saint Bernard Paris 75005 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Paris 75016 France
| | - Cecile Sabourault
- UMR7138; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis; Faculty of Science; 28 Avenue Valrose Nice 06108 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Sorbonne Universités Paris VI; 7 quai Saint Bernard Paris 75005 France
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine; UMR7138; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Paris 75016 France
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Takahashi T. Direct evaluation of endosymbiotic status in Paramecium bursaria using a capillary flow cytometer. Cytometry A 2014; 85:911-4. [PMID: 25160605 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Miyakonojo College, Miyazaki, Japan
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41
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Extensive differences in gene expression between symbiotic and aposymbiotic cnidarians. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 4:277-95. [PMID: 24368779 PMCID: PMC3931562 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.009084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs provide habitats for a disproportionate number of marine species relative to the small area of the oceans that they occupy. The mutualism between the cnidarian animal hosts and their intracellular dinoflagellate symbionts provides the nutritional foundation for coral growth and formation of reef structures, because algal photosynthesis can provide >90% of the total energy of the host. Disruption of this symbiosis (“coral bleaching”) is occurring on a large scale due primarily to anthropogenic factors and poses a major threat to the future of coral reefs. Despite the importance of this symbiosis, the cellular mechanisms involved in its establishment, maintenance, and breakdown remain largely unknown. We report our continued development of genomic tools to study these mechanisms in Aiptasia, a small sea anemone with great promise as a model system for studies of cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis. Specifically, we have generated de novo assemblies of the transcriptomes of both a clonal line of symbiotic anemones and their endogenous dinoflagellate symbionts. We then compared transcript abundances in animals with and without dinoflagellates. This analysis identified >900 differentially expressed genes and allowed us to generate testable hypotheses about the cellular functions affected by symbiosis establishment. The differentially regulated transcripts include >60 encoding proteins that may play roles in transporting various nutrients between the symbiotic partners; many more encoding proteins functioning in several metabolic pathways, providing clues regarding how the transported nutrients may be used by the partners; and several encoding proteins that may be involved in host recognition and tolerance of the dinoflagellate.
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Libro S, Kaluziak ST, Vollmer SV. RNA-seq profiles of immune related genes in the staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis infected with white band disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81821. [PMID: 24278460 PMCID: PMC3836749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral diseases are among the most serious threats to coral reefs worldwide, yet most coral diseases remain poorly understood. How the coral host responds to pathogen infection is an area where very little is known. Here we used next-generation RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to produce a transcriptome-wide profile of the immune response of the Staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis to White Band Disease (WBD) by comparing infected versus healthy (asymptomatic) coral tissues. The transcriptome of A. cervicornis was assembled de novo from A-tail selected Illumina mRNA-seq data from whole coral tissues, and parsed bioinformatically into coral and non-coral transcripts using existing Acropora genomes in order to identify putative coral transcripts. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified in the coral and non-coral datasets to identify genes that were up- and down-regulated due to disease infection. RNA-seq analyses indicate that infected corals exhibited significant changes in gene expression across 4% (1,805 out of 47,748 transcripts) of the coral transcriptome. The primary response to infection included transcripts involved in macrophage-mediated pathogen recognition and ROS production, two hallmarks of phagocytosis, as well as key mediators of apoptosis and calcium homeostasis. The strong up-regulation of the enzyme allene oxide synthase-lipoxygenase suggests a key role of the allene oxide pathway in coral immunity. Interestingly, none of the three primary innate immune pathways - Toll-like receptors (TLR), Complement, and prophenoloxydase pathways, were strongly associated with the response of A. cervicornis to infection. Five-hundred and fifty differentially expressed non-coral transcripts were classified as metazoan (n = 84), algal or plant (n = 52), fungi (n = 24) and protozoans (n = 13). None of the 52 putative Symbiodinium or algal transcript had any clear immune functions indicating that the immune response is driven by the coral host, and not its algal symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Libro
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefan T. Kaluziak
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven V. Vollmer
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Hawkins TD, Bradley BJ, Davy SK. Nitric oxide mediates coral bleaching through an apoptotic‐like cell death pathway: evidence from a model sea anemone‐dinoflagellate symbiosis. FASEB J 2013; 27:4790-8. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-235051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Hawkins
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonKelburn ParadeWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Benjamin J. Bradley
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonKelburn ParadeWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonKelburn ParadeWellingtonNew Zealand
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Foti Cuzzola V, Galuppo M, Iori R, De Nicola GR, Cassata G, Giacoppo S, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Beneficial effects of (RS)-glucoraphanin on the tight junction dysfunction in a mouse model of restraint stress. Life Sci 2013; 93:288-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Dunlap WC, Starcevic A, Baranasic D, Diminic J, Zucko J, Gacesa R, van Oppen MJH, Hranueli D, Cullum J, Long PF. KEGG orthology-based annotation of the predicted proteome of Acropora digitifera: ZoophyteBase - an open access and searchable database of a coral genome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:509. [PMID: 23889801 PMCID: PMC3750612 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contemporary coral reef research has firmly established that a genomic approach is urgently needed to better understand the effects of anthropogenic environmental stress and global climate change on coral holobiont interactions. Here we present KEGG orthology-based annotation of the complete genome sequence of the scleractinian coral Acropora digitifera and provide the first comprehensive view of the genome of a reef-building coral by applying advanced bioinformatics. DESCRIPTION Sequences from the KEGG database of protein function were used to construct hidden Markov models. These models were used to search the predicted proteome of A. digitifera to establish complete genomic annotation. The annotated dataset is published in ZoophyteBase, an open access format with different options for searching the data. A particularly useful feature is the ability to use a Google-like search engine that links query words to protein attributes. We present features of the annotation that underpin the molecular structure of key processes of coral physiology that include (1) regulatory proteins of symbiosis, (2) planula and early developmental proteins, (3) neural messengers, receptors and sensory proteins, (4) calcification and Ca2+-signalling proteins, (5) plant-derived proteins, (6) proteins of nitrogen metabolism, (7) DNA repair proteins, (8) stress response proteins, (9) antioxidant and redox-protective proteins, (10) proteins of cellular apoptosis, (11) microbial symbioses and pathogenicity proteins, (12) proteins of viral pathogenicity, (13) toxins and venom, (14) proteins of the chemical defensome and (15) coral epigenetics. CONCLUSIONS We advocate that providing annotation in an open-access searchable database available to the public domain will give an unprecedented foundation to interrogate the fundamental molecular structure and interactions of coral symbiosis and allow critical questions to be addressed at the genomic level based on combined aspects of evolutionary, developmental, metabolic, and environmental perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Dunlap
- Centre for Marine Microbiology and Genetics, Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3 Townsville MC, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Starcevic
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Damir Baranasic
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Janko Diminic
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jurica Zucko
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranko Gacesa
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Madeleine JH van Oppen
- Centre for Marine Microbiology and Genetics, Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3 Townsville MC, Townsville 4810, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daslav Hranueli
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John Cullum
- Department of Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Paul F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Barnay-Verdier S, Dall'osso D, Joli N, Olivré J, Priouzeau F, Zamoum T, Merle PL, Furla P. Establishment of primary cell culture from the temperate symbiotic cnidarian, Anemonia viridis. Cytotechnology 2013; 65:697-704. [PMID: 23595421 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The temperate symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis, a member of the Cnidaria phylum, is a relevant experimental model to investigate the molecular and cellular events involved in the preservation or in the rupture of the symbiosis between the animal cells and their symbiotic microalgae, commonly named zooxanthellae. In order to increase research tools for this model, we developed a primary culture from A. viridis animal cells. By adapting enzymatic dissociation protocols, we isolated animal host cells from a whole tentacle in regeneration state. Each plating resulted in a heterogeneous primary culture consisted of free zooxanthellae and many regular, small rounded and adherent cells (of 3-5 μm diameter). Molecular analyses conducted on primary cultures, maintained for 2 weeks, confirmed a specific signature of A. viridis cells. Further serial dilutions and micromanipulation allowed us to obtain homogenous primary cultures of the small rounded cells, corresponding to A. viridis "epithelial-like cells". The maintenance and the propagation over a 4 weeks period of primary cells provide, for in vitro cnidarian studies, a preliminary step for further investigations on cnidarian cellular pathways notably in regard to symbiosis interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Barnay-Verdier
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, UMR 7138 Systématique Adaptation Evolution, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252, Paris cedex 05, France,
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Parrin AP, Harmata KL, Netherton SE, Yaeger MA, Bross LS, Blackstone NW. Within-colony migration of symbionts during bleaching of octocorals. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2012; 223:245-256. [PMID: 23111136 DOI: 10.1086/bblv223n2p245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Octocorals compose a major part of cnidarian diversity. As with other symbiont-containing cnidarians, octocorals are susceptible to a stress response and subsequent "bleaching," which typically involves the loss of photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts. Studies of bleaching often focus on hexacorals, including sea anemones and scleractinians. The extent to which these results can be generalized to octocorals remains unclear. Bleaching was examined using two representative species of the Holaxonia-Alcyoniina clade of alcyonacean octocorals, Phenganax parrini and Sarcothelia sp. Remarkably, colonies of both species showed the same pattern in response to perturbation: symbionts in the polyps detach or die, leaving the polyps entirely bleached, yet at the same time large numbers of symbionts accumulate in the stolons. These symbionts are contained in host cells, many of which appear to attach to the stolon tissue. A comparison of living and fixed specimens suggests that these cells are loosely bound to, but not actually in, the stolonal tissue. Since gastrovascular fluid in the stolons is driven by cilia, these accumulating cells may lower fluid velocities. The accumulation of symbionts in the stolons during perturbation may have considerable relevance to how octocoral colonies recover from bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Parrin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Ilinois 60115, USA
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Dunn SR, Pernice M, Green K, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Dove SG. Thermal stress promotes host mitochondrial degradation in symbiotic cnidarians: are the batteries of the reef going to run out? PLoS One 2012; 7:e39024. [PMID: 22815696 PMCID: PMC3398039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between cnidarians and their dinoflagellate symbionts, Symbiodinium spp, which underpins the formation of tropical coral reefs, can be destabilized by rapid changes to environmental conditions. Although some studies have concluded that a breakdown in the symbiosis begins with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation within the symbiont due to a decoupling of photosynthesis, others have reported the release of viable symbionts via a variety of host cell derived mechanisms. We explored an alternative model focused upon changes in host cnidarian mitochondrial integrity in response to thermal stress. Mitochondria are often likened to being batteries of the cell, providing energy in the form of ATP, and controlling cellular pathway activation and ROS generation. The overall morphology of host mitochondria was compared to that of associated symbionts under an experimental thermal stress using confocal and electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that hyperthermic stress induces the degradation of cnidarian host mitochondria that is independent of symbiont cellular deterioration. The potential sites of host mitochondrial disruption were also assessed by measuring changes in the expression of genes associated with electron transport and ATP synthesis using quantitative RT-PCR. The primary site of degradation appeared to be downstream of complex III of the electron transport chain with a significant reduction in host cytochrome c and ATP synthase expression. The consequences of reduced expression could limit the capacity of the host to mitigate ROS generation and maintain both organelle integrity and cellular energy supplies. The disruption of host mitochondria, cellular homeostasis, and subsequent cell death irrespective of symbiont integrity highlights the importance of the host response to thermal stress and in symbiosis dysfunction that has substantial implications for understanding how coral reefs will survive in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Dunn
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Weston AJ, Dunlap WC, Shick JM, Klueter A, Iglic K, Vukelic A, Starcevic A, Ward M, Wells ML, Trick CG, Long PF. A profile of an endosymbiont-enriched fraction of the coral Stylophora pistillata reveals proteins relevant to microbial-host interactions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.015487. [PMID: 22351649 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the response of Symbiodinium sp. endosymbionts from the coral Stylophora pistillata to moderate levels of thermal "bleaching" stress, with and without trace metal limitation. Using quantitative high throughput proteomics, we identified 8098 MS/MS events relating to individual peptides from the endosymbiont-enriched fraction, including 109 peptides meeting stringent criteria for quantification, of which only 26 showed significant change in our experimental treatments; 12 of 26 increased expression in response to thermal stress with little difference affected by iron limitation. Surprisingly, there were no significant increases in antioxidant or heat stress proteins; those induced to higher expression were generally involved in protein biosynthesis. An outstanding exception was a massive 114-fold increase of a viral replication protein indicating that thermal stress may substantially increase viral load and thereby contribute to the etiology of coral bleaching and disease. In the absence of a sequenced genome for Symbiodinium or other photosymbiotic dinoflagellate, this proteome reveals a plethora of proteins potentially involved in microbial-host interactions. This includes photosystem proteins, DNA repair enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, metabolic redox enzymes, heat shock proteins, globin hemoproteins, proteins of nitrogen metabolism, and a wide range of viral proteins associated with these endosymbiont-enriched samples. Also present were 21 unusual peptide/protein toxins thought to originate from either microbial consorts or from contamination by coral nematocysts. Of particular interest are the proteins of apoptosis, vesicular transport, and endo/exocytosis, which are discussed in context of the cellular processes of coral bleaching. Notably, the protein complement provides evidence that, rather than being expelled by the host, stressed endosymbionts may mediate their own departure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Weston
- King's College London Proteomics Facility, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
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Moya A, Ganot P, Furla P, Sabourault C. The transcriptomic response to thermal stress is immediate, transient and potentiated by ultraviolet radiation in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1158-74. [PMID: 22288383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the environmental threats to coral reef health, temperature and ultraviolet increases have been proposed as major agents, although the relative contribution of each in the cnidarian/zooxanthellae symbiosis breakdown has been poorly addressed. We have investigated the transcriptomic response to thermal stress, with and without ultraviolet radiation (UVR), in the symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis. Using the Oligo2K A. viridis microarray, dedicated to genes potentially involved in the symbiosis interaction, we monitored the gene expression profiles after 1, 2 and 5 days of stresses that further lead to massive losses of zooxanthellae. Each stress showed a specific gene expression profile with very little overlap. We showed that the major response to thermal stress is immediate (24 h) but returns to the baseline gene expression profile after 2 days. UVR alone has little effect but potentiates thermal stress, as a second response at 5 days was observed when the two stresses were coupled. Several pathways were highlighted, such as mesoglea loosening, cell death and calcium homeostasis and described in more details. Finally, we showed that the dermatopontin gene family, potentially involved in collagen fibrillogenesis, issued from actinarian-specific duplication events, with one member preferentially expressed in the gastroderm and specifically responding to stress. Anemonia viridis EST sequences have been deposited into GenBank dbEST ([GenBank:FK719875–FK759813].
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moya
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, UMR7138 Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Valrose, Nice Cedex 02, France
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