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Akhlaghipour I, Fanoodi A, Zangouei AS, Taghehchian N, Khalili-Tanha G, Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the Critical Regulators of Forkhead Box Protein Family in Pancreatic, Thyroid, and Liver Cancers. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:1645-1674. [PMID: 36781813 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of human body is mainly regulated by the pancreas, liver, and thyroid using the hormones or exocrine secretions that affect the metabolic processes from food digestion to intracellular metabolism. Therefore, metabolic organ disorders have wide clinical symptoms that severely affect the quality of patient's life. The pancreatic, liver, and thyroid cancers as the main malignancies of the metabolic system have always been considered as one of the serious health challenges worldwide. Despite the novel therapeutic modalities, there are still significant high mortality and recurrence rates, especially in liver and pancreatic cancer patients which are mainly related to the late diagnosis. Therefore, it is required to assess the molecular bases of tumor progressions to introduce novel early detection and therapeutic markers in these malignancies. Forkhead box (FOX) protein family is a group of transcription factors that have pivotal roles in regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. They function as oncogene or tumor suppressor during tumor progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also involved in regulation of cellular processes. Therefore, in the present review, we discussed the role of miRNAs during pancreatic, thyroid, and liver tumor progressions through FOX regulation. It has been shown that miRNAs were mainly involved in tumor progression via FOXM and FOXO targeting. This review paves the way for the introduction of miR/FOX axis as an efficient early detection marker and therapeutic target in pancreatic, thyroid, and liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Akhlaghipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Fanoodi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir Sadra Zangouei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negin Taghehchian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Khalili-Tanha
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Katzenellenbogen BS, Guillen VS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Targeting the oncogenic transcription factor FOXM1 to improve outcomes in all subtypes of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:76. [PMID: 37370117 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is an oncogenic transcription factor that is greatly upregulated in breast cancer and many other cancers where it promotes tumorigenesis, and cancer growth and progression. It is expressed in all subtypes of breast cancer and is the factor most associated with risk of poor patient survival, especially so in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, new approaches to inhibiting FOXM1 and its activities, and combination therapies utilizing FOXM1 inhibitors in conjunction with known cancer drugs that work together synergistically, could improve cancer treatment outcomes. Targeting FOXM1 might prove especially beneficial in TNBC where few targeted therapies currently exist, and also in suppressing recurrent advanced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and HER2-positive breast cancers for which treatments with ER or HER2 targeted therapies that were effective initially are no longer beneficial. We present these perspectives and future directions in the context of what is known about FOXM1, its regulation, and its key roles in promoting cancer aggressiveness and metastasis, while being absent or very low in most normal non-regenerating adult tissues. We discuss new inhibitors of FOXM1 and highlight FOXM1 as an attractive target for controlling drug-resistant and difficult-to-suppress breast cancers, and how blocking FOXM1 might improve outcomes for patients with all subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Valeria Sanabria Guillen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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3
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Alimardan Z, Abbasi M, Hasanzadeh F, Aghaei M, Khodarahmi G, Kashfi K. Heat shock proteins and cancer: The FoxM1 connection. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 211:115505. [PMID: 36931349 PMCID: PMC10134075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) and FoxM1 have significant roles in carcinogenesis. According to their relative molecular weight, Hsps are divided into Hsp110, Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp60, Hsp40, and small Hsps. Hsp70 can play essential functions in cancer initiation and is overexpressed in several human cancers. Hsp70, in combination with cochaperones HIP and HOP, refolds partially denatured proteins and acts as a cochaperone for Hsp90. Also, Hsp70, in combination with BAG3, regulates the FoxM1 signaling pathway. FoxM1 protein is a transcription factor of the Forkhead family that is overexpressed in most human cancers and is involved in many cancers' development features, including proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to apoptosis. This review discusses the Hsp70, Hsp90, and FoxM1 structure and function, the known Hsp70 cochaperones, and Hsp70, Hsp90, and FoxM1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alimardan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Maryam Abbasi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Farshid Hasanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmud Aghaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ghadamali Khodarahmi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, NY, USA.
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FOXM1 increases hTERT protein stability and indicates poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Neoplasia 2022; 36:100863. [PMID: 36528911 PMCID: PMC9792884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of most lethal diseases across the world. However, the underlying mechanism of gastric cancer carcinogenesis and development is still not fully known. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) belongs to the FOX family and has crucial roles in transactivation of multiple oncogenes in several cancer types, including gastric cancer. Recent studies have also shown the non-transcriptional function of FOXM1 via protein-protein interactions. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the core subunit of telomerase that facilitates cancer initiation and progression by maintaining cell immortalization, promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis. However, the relationship between FOXM1 and hTERT in gastric cancer is still unclear. In our study, we found that FOXM1 and hTERT were convergent to the cell cycle-related pathways and they were positively related with advanced gastric cancer stages and poor outcomes. Simultaneous high levels of FOXM1 and hTERT predicted the worst prognosis. FOXM1 could increase hTERT protein rather than mRNA levels in a non-transcriptional manner. Mechanistically, FOXM1 interrupted the interaction between the E3 ligase MKRN1 and hTERT and decreased hTERT protein degradation. Further studies revealed that FOXM1 interacted with hTERT through its DNA-binding domain (DBD) region. Finally, we found that hTERT played important roles in FOXM1-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to promote gastric cancer cell proliferation. Taken together, we found a novel non-classical function of FOXM1 to increase hTERT protein stability. Targeting the FOXM1-hTERT pathway may be a potential therapeutic strategy in treating gastric cancer.
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Guo Z, Zou K, Li X, Duan X, Fan Y, Liu X, Wang W. Relationship between miRNAs polymorphisms and peripheral blood leukocyte DNA telomere length in coke oven workers: A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103941. [PMID: 35931358 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting telomere length (TL) in coke oven workers by analyzing the interaction between miRNAs polymorphisms and coke oven emissions (COEs) exposure. METHODS A total of 544 coke oven workers and 238 healthy controls were recruited. Peripheral blood was collected from the subjects, genomic DNA was extracted, leukocyte TL was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and fifteen polymorphisms of eight miRNAs were genotyped by flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed that the peripheral blood DNA TL in the exposure group was shorter than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Generalized linear model found that COEs-exposure [β (95%CI) = -0.427 (-0.556, -0.299), P < 0.001], genotype CC+CT for miR-612 rs1144925 [β (95%CI) = -0.367 (-0.630, -0.104), P = 0.006], and the interaction of miR-181B1 rs12039395 TT genotype and COEs-exposure [β (95% CI) = 0.564 (0.108, 1.020), P = 0.015] were associated with the shortened TL. CONCLUSION COEs-exposure and miR-612 rs1144925 TT could promote telomere shortening in coke oven workers. The interaction of miR-181B1 rs12039395 TT genotype and COEs-exposure could protect telomere. This provides clues for further mechanistic studies between miRNA and telomere damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Guo
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Kaili Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xinling Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoran Duan
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yahui Fan
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Health Inspection of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Li X, Liu W, Tao W. LINC00174 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in renal clear cell carcinoma by regulating miR-612/FOXM1 axis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:746-756. [PMID: 35616230 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2082303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is the most common pathological subtype of kidney tumor. Reportedly, LINC00174 is a key regulator in cancer progression. This study aims to clarify the role and molecular mechanism of LINC00174 in the progression of KIRC. METHODS LINC00174 expression in KIRC and its prognostic value were analyzed by bioinformatics. LINC00174, miR-612 and FOXM1 mRNA expression levels in KIRC clinical samples and cell lines were detected by qRT-PCR. After LINC00174 was overexpressed or knocked down, CCK-8, BrdU and Transwell assays were adopted to evaluate the proliferation and metastatic potential of KIRC cells. Bioinformatics and dual luciferase reporter assays were employed to validate the targeting relationship between miR-612 and LINC00174 or FOXM1 mRNA, respectively. Western blot assay was performed to detect FOXM1 protein expression in KIRC cells. RESULTS LINC00174 expression and FOXM1 expression were up-regulated in 42 cases of KIRC tissues (P < 0.001), while miR-612 expression was down-regulated (P < 0.001). LINC00174 overexpression or miR-612 inhibitor promoted the viability and proliferation of KIRC cells (P < 0.01). Migration and invasion of KIRC cells were promoted when the cells were transfected with LINC00174 overexpression or miR-612 inhibitor (P < 0.05). LINC00174 can competitively bind with miR-612 to repress the expression of miR-612, in turn up-regulate the expression of FOXM1 mRNA. CONCLUSION LINC00174 facilitates the proliferation and metastatic potential of KIRC cells via regulating the miR-612/FOXM1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Li
- Department of Urology, Yangtze River Shipping General Hospital, Wuhan 430010, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, Yangtze River Shipping General Hospital, Wuhan 430010, Hubei, China
| | - Weixiong Tao
- Department of Urology, Yangtze River Shipping General Hospital, Wuhan 430010, Hubei, China
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7
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Liang SK, Hsu CC, Song HL, Huang YC, Kuo CW, Yao X, Li CC, Yang HC, Hung YL, Chao SY, Wu SC, Tsai FR, Chen JK, Liao WN, Cheng SC, Tsou TC, Wang IC. FOXM1 is required for small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis and associated with poor clinical prognosis. Oncogene 2021; 40:4847-4858. [PMID: 34155349 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) continues to cause poor clinical outcomes due to limited advances in sustained treatments for rapid cancer cell proliferation and progression. The transcriptional factor Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) regulates cell proliferation, tumor initiation, and progression in multiple cancer types. However, its biological function and clinical significance in SCLC remain unestablished. Analysis of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and SCLC datasets in the present study disclosed significant upregulation of FOXM1 mRNA in SCLC cell lines and tissues. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that FOXM1 is positively correlated with pathways regulating cell proliferation and DNA damage repair, as evident from sensitization of FOXM1-depleted SCLC cells to chemotherapy. Furthermore, Foxm1 knockout inhibited SCLC formation in the Rb1fl/flTrp53fl/flMycLSL/LSL (RPM) mouse model associated with increased levels of neuroendocrine markers, Ascl1 and Cgrp, and decrease in Yap1. Consistently, FOXM1 depletion in NCI-H1688 SCLC cells reduced migration and enhanced apoptosis and sensitivity to cisplatin and etoposide. SCLC with high FOXM1 expression (N = 30, 57.7%) was significantly correlated with advanced clinical stage, extrathoracic metastases, and decrease in overall survival (OS), compared with the low-FOXM1 group (7.90 vs. 12.46 months). Moreover, the high-FOXM1 group showed shorter progression-free survival after standard chemotherapy, compared with the low-FOXM1 group (3.90 vs. 8.69 months). Our collective findings support the utility of FOXM1 as a prognostic biomarker and potential molecular target for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kai Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chan Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Lin Song
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Kuo
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Xiang Yao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Chao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chi Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ren Tsai
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Neng Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chin Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Tsui-Chun Tsou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
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Vaz S, Ferreira FJ, Macedo JC, Leor G, Ben-David U, Bessa J, Logarinho E. FOXM1 repression increases mitotic death upon antimitotic chemotherapy through BMF upregulation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:542. [PMID: 34035233 PMCID: PMC8149823 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of spindle microtubule (MT) dynamics has been effectively used in cancer treatment. Although the mechanisms by which MT poisons elicit mitotic arrest are fairly understood, efforts are still needed towards elucidating how cancer cells respond to antimitotic drugs owing to cytotoxicity and resistance side effects. Here, we identified the critical G2/M transcription factor Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) as a molecular determinant of cell response to antimitotics. We found FOXM1 repression to increase death in mitosis (DiM) due to upregulation of the BCL-2 modifying factor (BMF) gene involved in anoikis, an apoptotic process induced upon cell detachment from the extracellular matrix. FOXM1 binds to a BMF intronic cis-regulatory element that interacts with both the BMF and the neighbor gene BUB1B promoter regions, to oppositely regulate their expression. This mechanism ensures that cells treated with antimitotics repress BMF and avoid DiM when FOXM1 levels are high. In addition, we show that this mechanism is partly disrupted in anoikis/antimitotics-resistant tumor cells, with resistance correlating with lower BMF expression but in a FOXM1-independent manner. These findings provide a stratification biomarker for antimitotic chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vaz
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Aging and Aneuploidy Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Programa doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fábio J Ferreira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Aging and Aneuploidy Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Vertebrate Development and Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana C Macedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Aging and Aneuploidy Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gil Leor
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Ben-David
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - José Bessa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Vertebrate Development and Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa Logarinho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Aging and Aneuploidy Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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Kong J, Wang W. A Systemic Review on the Regulatory Roles of miR-34a in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2855-2872. [PMID: 32308419 PMCID: PMC7138617 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s234549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding single-stranded small-molecule RNAs that regulate gene expression by repressing target messenger RNA (mRNA) translation or degrading mRNA. miR-34a is one of the most important miRNAs participating in various physiological and pathological processes. miR-34a is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors. The roles of miR-34a in gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) draw lots of attention. Numerous studies have demonstrated that dysregulated miR-34a is closely related to the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, as well as the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and chemo-resistance of tumors. Thus, we systematically reviewed the abnormal expression and regulatory roles of miR-34a in GICs including esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pancreatic cancer (PC), and gallbladder cancer (GBC). It may provide a profile of versatile roles of miR-34a in GICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Kong
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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10
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Forkhead box M1 transcription factor: a novel target for pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy. World J Pediatr 2020; 16:113-119. [PMID: 31190319 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1), a member of forkhead family, plays a key role in carcinogenesis, progression, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance. Based on the similarities between cancer and pulmonary arterial hypertension, studies on the roles and mechanisms of FoxM1 in pulmonary arterial hypertension have been increasing. This article aims to review recent advances in the mechanisms of signal transduction associated with FoxM1 in pulmonary arterial hypertension. DATA SOURCES Articles were retrieved from PubMed and MEDLINE published after 1990, including-but not limited to-FoxM1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension. RESULTS FoxM1 is overexpressed in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in both pulmonary arterial hypertension patients and animal models, and promotes pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis via regulating cell cycle progression. Multiple signaling molecules and pathways, including hypoxia-inducible factors, transforming growth factor-β/Smad, SET domain-containing 3/vascular endothelial growth factor, survivin, cell cycle regulatory genes and DNA damage response network, are reported to cross talk with FoxM1 in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Proteasome inhibitors are effective in the prevention and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension by inhibiting the expression and transcriptional activity of FoxM1. CONCLUSIONS FoxM1 has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension and may represent a novel therapeutic target. But more details of interaction between FoxM1 and other signaling pathways need to be clarified in the future.
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Akbari V, Kallhor M, Mollashahi B, Movafagh A. Transcriptome and Network Dissection of Microsatellite Stable and Highly Instable Colorectal Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2445-2454. [PMID: 31450919 PMCID: PMC6852802 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.8.2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide with high number of mortality every year. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a considerable feature of CRC which affects prognosis and treatment. High level of MSI or MSI-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer has better prognosis and immunotherapy response, while microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC has better response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy. More studies are needed, specifically on MSS CRC which has worse prognosis, to further reveal biological differences and similarities between MSS and MSI colorectal cancer, which may equip us with the knowledge to develop more promising therapeutic approaches to target both types or be more effective for each type. Methods: We aimed to find affected biological processes and their regulators in both type, MSS and MSI-H, of CRC; as well as reveal specific ones in each type. We applied meta- and network analysis on freely available transcriptome data in MSS and MSI-H colorectal cancer from gene expression omnibus (GEO) database to detect common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and critical biological processes and predict their most significant regulators. Results: Our results demonstrate considerable up and downregulation in cell cycle and lipid catabolism processes, respectively; and introduced MYC and FOXM1 as two central and up-stream regulators of DEGs in both type of CRC. Chemokine-mediated processes displayed up-regulation in MSI-H type, while metastasis-related processes showed more activation in MSS CRC. Additionally, DACH1 and TP53 were detected as two important transcription factors that differentially expressed just in MSS and MSI-H, respectively. Conclusion: Our results can explain why MSI and MSS CRC display different immunotherapy response, prognosis, and metastasis feature. Moreover, our predicted up-stream regulators in the regulatory networks may be promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Akbari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada. ,
| | - Marzieh Kallhor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Mollashahi
- Department of Cellular-Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Lee HJ, Jeong JH, Ryu JH. Anti-pancreatic cancer activity of Z-ajoene from garlic: An inhibitor of the Hedgehog/Gli/FoxM1 axis. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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13
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Kim MY, Jung AR, Kim GE, Yang J, Ha US, Hong SH, Choi YJ, Moon MH, Kim SW, Lee JY, Park YH. High FOXM1 expression is a prognostic marker for poor clinical outcomes in prostate cancer. J Cancer 2019; 10:749-756. [PMID: 30719174 PMCID: PMC6360432 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to investigate the expression of FOXM1 and to determine the relationships between FOXM1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with PCa. Furthermore, we reconfirmed the prognostic impact of FOXM1 in different cohorts using already published data. Patients and Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were collected from patients with low- (n=17), intermediate- (n=36), and high-risk (n=29) disease, from patients with CRPC (n=2) and from patients with BPH (n=28). To analyze FOXM1 expression, we performed IHC analyses. Also, we analyzed gene expression data from cBioPortal to evaluate the associations between FOXM1 alteration and prognosis of PCa. Results: FOXM1 expression measured using Allred score differed between patients with BPH, and low-, intermediate-, and high-risk PCa (0.3, 1.5, 4.8, and 6.2, respectively; p<0.001). Patients with high FOXM1 expression had higher preoperative PSA levels (p=0.023), more advanced tumor stages (p=0.047), and higher pathologic Gleason score (p<0.001) than those with low FOXM1 expression. ROC curve analysis indicated that FOXM1 expression was a useful marker for discriminating PCa from BPH (AUC 0.851, 95% CI 0.783-0.920) and for discriminating high-risk PCa from low- and intermediate-risk PCa (AUC 0.807, 95% CI 0.719-0.894). In multivariate analyses, high FOXM1 expression was an independent predictor of BCR. Finally, in the TCGA dataset, FOXM1 alteration was associated with poor overall (p=4.521e-4) and disease-free survival (p=0.0108). Conclusions: In patients with PCa, high FOXM1 expression was associated with advanced tumor stages, high Gleason score, and poor prognosis. These data suggest a role of FOXM1 in biologically and clinically aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Young Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Ae Ryang Jung
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Ga Eun Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Jonghyup Yang
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - U-Syn Ha
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoo Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Choi
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Mi Hyoung Moon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Sae Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Park
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
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14
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Smirnov A, Panatta E, Lena A, Castiglia D, Di Daniele N, Melino G, Candi E. FOXM1 regulates proliferation, senescence and oxidative stress in keratinocytes and cancer cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:1384-97. [PMID: 27385468 PMCID: PMC4993337 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several transcription factors, including the master regulator of the epidermis, p63, are involved in controlling human keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Here, we report that in normal keratinocytes, the expression of FOXM1, a member of the Forkhead superfamily of transcription factors, is controlled by p63. We observe that, together with p63, FOXM1 strongly contributes to the maintenance of high proliferative potential in keratinocytes, whereas its expression decreases during differentiation, as well as during replicative-induced senescence. Depletion of FOXM1 is sufficient to induce keratinocyte senescence, paralleled by an increased ROS production and an inhibition of ROS-scavenger genes (SOD2, CAT, GPX2, PRDX). Interestingly, FOXM1 expression is strongly reduced in keratinocytes isolated from old human subjects compared with young subjects. FOXM1 depletion sensitizes both normal keratinocytes and squamous carcinoma cells to apoptosis and ROS-induced apoptosis. Together, these data identify FOXM1 as a key regulator of ROS in normal dividing epithelial cells and suggest that squamous carcinoma cells may also use FOXM1 to control oxidative stress to escape premature senescence and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Smirnov
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Panatta
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - AnnaMaria Lena
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Castiglia
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- University of "Tor Vergata", Department of Systems Medicine, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00166, Rome, Italy
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15
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Nandi D, Cheema PS, Jaiswal N, Nag A. FoxM1: Repurposing an oncogene as a biomarker. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:74-84. [PMID: 28855104 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed a tremendous progress in understanding the biology of cancer, which has led to more comprehensive approaches for global gene expression profiling and genome-wide analysis. This has helped to determine more sophisticated prognostic and predictive signature markers for the prompt diagnosis and precise screening of cancer patients. In the search for novel biomarkers, there has been increased interest in FoxM1, an extensively studied transcription factor that encompasses most of the hallmarks of malignancy. Considering the attractive potential of this multifarious oncogene, FoxM1 has emerged as an important molecule implicated in initiation, development and progression of cancer. Bolstered with the skill to maneuver the proliferation signals, FoxM1 bestows resistance to contemporary anti-cancer therapy as well. This review sheds light on the large body of literature that has accumulated in recent years that implies that FoxM1 neoplastic functions can be used as a novel predictive, prognostic and therapeutic marker for different cancers. This assessment also highlights the key features of FoxM1 that can be effectively harnessed to establish FoxM1 as a strong biomarker in diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptashree Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Pradeep Singh Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Neha Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Alo Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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16
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Song X, Fiati Kenston SS, Zhao J, Yang D, Gu Y. Roles of FoxM1 in cell regulation and breast cancer targeting therapy. Med Oncol 2017; 34:41. [PMID: 28176242 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) is an oncogenic transcription factor involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism and DNA damage response. It is overexpressed in many human cancers, especially in breast cancers. Posttranslational modifications are known to play an important role in regulating the expression and transcriptional activity of FoxM1. In this review, we characterize the posttranslational modifications of FoxM1, summarize modifications of FoxM1 by different kinases, explore the relationship between the different sites of modifications and comprehensively describe how posttranslational modifications to regulate the function of FoxM1 by changing protein stability, nucleus localization and transcriptional activity. Additionally, we systematically summarize the roles of FoxM1 in breast cancer occurrence, therapy and drug resistance. The purpose of this paper tries to give a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of FoxM1 in cell regulation and highlights potential of a new method for breast cancer therapy by targeting FoxM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Samuel Selorm Fiati Kenston
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Danting Yang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanliang Gu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhang Z, Zhu P, Zhou Y, Sheng Y, Hong Y, Xiang D, Qian Z, Mosenson J, Wu WS. A novel slug-containing negative-feedback loop regulates SCF/c-Kit-mediated hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. Leukemia 2017; 31:403-413. [PMID: 27451973 PMCID: PMC5288275 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit pathway has crucial roles in controlling hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) renewal. However, little is known about the intracellular regulation of the SCF/c-Kit pathway in HSCs. We report here that Slug, a zinc-finger transcription repressor, functions as a direct transcriptional repressor of c-Kit in HSCs. Conversely, SCF/c-Kit signaling positively regulates Slug through downstream c-Myc and FoxM1 transcription factors. Intriguingly, c-Kit expression is induced by SCF/c-Kit signaling in Slug-deficient HSCs. The balance between Slug and c-Kit is critical for maintaining HSC repopulating potential in vivo. Together, our studies demonstrate that Slug functions in a novel negative-feedback regulatory loop in the SCF/c-Kit signaling pathway in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pei Zhu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yalu Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yue Sheng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuanfan Hong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Di Xiang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhijian Qian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mosenson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wen-Shu Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UI Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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18
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Xu MD, Wang Y, Weng W, Wei P, Qi P, Zhang Q, Tan C, Ni SJ, Dong L, Yang Y, Lin W, Xu Q, Huang D, Huang Z, Ma Y, Zhang W, Sheng W, Du X. A Positive Feedback Loop of lncRNA- PVT1 and FOXM1 Facilitates Gastric Cancer Growth and Invasion. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2071-2080. [PMID: 27756785 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The long, noncoding RNA (lncRNA) PVT1 is an important epigenetic regulator with a critical role in human tumors. Here, we aimed to investigate the clinical application and the potential molecular mechanisms of PVT1 in gastric cancer tumorigenesis and progression.Experimental Design: The expression level of PVT1 was determined by RT-qPCR analysis in 190 pairs of gastric cancer tissues and adjacent normal gastric mucosa tissues (ANT). The biologic functions of PVT1 were assessed by in vitro and in vivo functional experiments. RNA protein pull-down assays and LS/MS mass spectrometry analysis were performed to detect and identify the PVT1- interacting protein FOXM1. Protein-RNA immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to examine the interaction of FOXM1 and PVT1 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase analyses were utilized to identify the binding site of FOXM1 on the PVT1 promoter.Results: The lncRNA PVT1 was significantly upregulated in gastric cancer tissues compared with ANTs. High expression of PVT1 predicted poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. PVT1 enhanced gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivoPVT1 directly bound FOXM1 protein and increased FOXM1 posttranslationally. Moreover, PVT1 is also a FOXM1-responsive lncRNA, and FOXM1 directly binds to the PVT1 promoter to activate its transcription. Finally, PVT1 fulfilled its oncogenic functions in a FOXM1-mediated manner.Conclusions: Our study suggests that PVT1 promotes tumor progression by interacting with FOXM1. PVT1 may be a valuable prognostic predictor for gastric cancer, and the positive feedback loop of PVT1-FOXM1 could be a therapeutic target in pharmacologic strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 2071-80. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Die Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Weng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Juan Ni
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanrun Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Hangzhou Canhelp Genomics Company Limited, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Weiqi Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Du
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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miR-34a induces cellular senescence via modulation of telomerase activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting FoxM1/c-Myc pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3988-4004. [PMID: 25686834 PMCID: PMC4414168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs can act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in carcinogenesis. In the present study, we identified the role of miR-34a in regulating telomerase activity, with subsequent effect on cellular senescence and viability. We found the higher expression of miR-34a was significantly correlated with the advanced clinicopathologic parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, tumor tissues of 75 HCC patients demonstrated an inverse correlation between the miR-34a level and telomere indices (telomere length and telomerase activity). Transient introduction of miR-34a into HCC cell lines inhibited the telomerase activity and telomere length, which induced senescence-like phenotypes and affected cellular viability. We discovered that miR-34a potently targeted c-Myc and FoxM1, both of which were involved in the activation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) transcription, essential for the sustaining activity of telomerase to avoid senescence. Taken together, our results demonstrate that miR-34a functions as a potent tumor suppressor through the modulation of telomere pathway in cellular senescence.
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20
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Yuan ZY, Lu X, Lei F, Chai YS, Wang YG, Jiang JF, Feng TS, Wang XP, Yu X, Yan XJ, Xing DM, Du LJ. TATA boxes in gene transcription and poly (A) tails in mRNA stability: New perspective on the effects of berberine. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18326. [PMID: 26671652 PMCID: PMC4680869 DOI: 10.1038/srep18326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound with variable pharmacological effects and a broad panel of target genes. We investigated berberine’s pharmacological activities from the perspective of its nucleotide-binding ability and discovered that BBR directly regulates gene expression by targeting TATA boxes in transcriptional regulatory regions as well as the poly adenine (poly (A)) tail at the mRNA terminus. BBR inhibits gene transcription by binding the TATA boxes in the transcriptional regulatory region, but it promotes higher levels of expression by targeting the poly (A) tails of mRNAs. The present study demonstrates that TATA boxes and poly (A) tails are the first and second primary targets by which BBR regulates gene expression. The final outcome of gene regulation by BBR depends on the structure of the individual gene. This is the first study to reveal that TATA boxes and poly (A) tails are direct targets for BBR in its regulation of gene expression. Our findings provide a novel explanation for the complex activities of a small molecule compound in a biological system and a novel horizon for small molecule-compound pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fan Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Shuang Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Gang Wang
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jing-Fei Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Shi Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin-Pei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dong-Ming Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li-Jun Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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21
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Prognostic Value of FOXM1 in Patients with Malignant Solid Tumor: A Meta-Analysis and System Review. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:352478. [PMID: 26451068 PMCID: PMC4584221 DOI: 10.1155/2015/352478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), a member of the Fox transcription factors family, was closely related with cell cycle. FOXM1 played an important role in MST and prompted a poor prognosis for MST patients. However, there were also some studies revealing no significant association between the FOXM1 expression and prognosis of patients. Therefore, we conducted meta-analysis to investigate whether the expression of FOXM1 was associated with MST prognosis. We collected 36 relevant studies through PubMed database and obtained research data of 4946 patients. Stata 12.0 was used to express the results as hazard ratio (HR) for time-to-event outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). It was shown that overexpression of FOXM1 was relevant to worse survival of MST patients (HR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.79–2.21, P < 0.001; I2 = 26.4%, Ph = 0.076). Subgroup analysis suggested that overexpression of FOXM1 in breast cancer (BC), gastric cancer (GC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) all predicted a worse survival (P < 0.05), in addition to ovarian cancer (OC) (P = 0.084). In conclusion, our research indicated that overexpression of FOXM1 was to the disadvantage of the prognosis for majority of MST and therefore can be used as an evaluation index of prognosis.
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Sanders DA, Gormally MV, Marsico G, Beraldi D, Tannahill D, Balasubramanian S. FOXM1 binds directly to non-consensus sequences in the human genome. Genome Biol 2015; 16:130. [PMID: 26100407 PMCID: PMC4492089 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Forkhead (FKH) transcription factor FOXM1 is a key regulator of the cell cycle and is overexpressed in most types of cancer. FOXM1, similar to other FKH factors, binds to a canonical FKH motif in vitro. However, genome-wide mapping studies in different cell lines have shown a lack of enrichment of the FKH motif, suggesting an alternative mode of chromatin recruitment. We have investigated the role of direct versus indirect DNA binding in FOXM1 recruitment by performing ChIP-seq with wild-type and DNA binding deficient FOXM1. Results An in vitro fluorescence polarization assay identified point mutations in the DNA binding domain of FOXM1 that inhibit binding to a FKH consensus sequence. Cell lines expressing either wild-type or DNA binding deficient GFP-tagged FOXM1 were used for genome-wide mapping studies comparing the distribution of the DNA binding deficient protein to the wild-type. This shows that interaction of the FOXM1 DNA binding domain with target DNA is essential for recruitment. Moreover, analysis of the protein interactome of wild-type versus DNA binding deficient FOXM1 shows that the reduced recruitment is not due to inhibition of protein-protein interactions. Conclusions A functional DNA binding domain is essential for FOXM1 chromatin recruitment. Even in FOXM1 mutants with almost complete loss of binding, the protein-protein interactions and pattern of phosphorylation are largely unaffected. These results strongly support a model whereby FOXM1 is specifically recruited to chromatin through co-factor interactions by binding directly to non-canonical DNA sequences. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0696-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Sanders
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Center, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK. .,Present address: Domainex, 162 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GH, UK.
| | - Michael V Gormally
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Center, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Giovanni Marsico
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Center, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Dario Beraldi
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Center, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - David Tannahill
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Center, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Center, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK. .,School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.
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Zhang J, Yuan C, Wu J, Elsayed Z, Fu Z. Polo-like kinase 1-mediated phosphorylation of Forkhead box protein M1b antagonizes its SUMOylation and facilitates its mitotic function. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:3708-19. [PMID: 25533473 PMCID: PMC4319035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Forkhead box protein M1b (FoxM1b) plays an important role during mitotic entry and progression. Our previous studies identified polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a major regulator of FoxM1b. During G2/M transition, PLK1 directly interacts with and phosphorylates FoxM1b, resulting in full activation of the transactivation capacity of FoxM1b. Such a vital regulatory mechanism is essential for timely mitotic entry and progression. However, the molecular mechanism by which PLK1-mediated phosphorylation enhances the transcriptional activity of FoxM1b remains to be determined. We demonstrate that FoxM1b can be SUMOylated in vitro and in vivo, preferentially by SUMO-1. SUMOylation of FoxM1b was found to occur at multiple sites, leading to suppression of FoxM1b transcriptional activity. Such a posttranslational modification of FoxM1b was antagonized by PLK1-mediated phosphorylation. By immunofluorescence staining and subcellular fractionation, we demonstrate that SUMO conjugation promotes cytosolic translocation of FoxM1b. Moreover, SUMO modification of FoxM1b facilitates the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of FoxM1b. PLK1-mediated phosphorylation of FoxM1b abrogates the inhibitory effect on FoxM1b by SUMO modification, thereby promoting its nuclear translocation and preventing its proteolytic degradation in the cytoplasm. Such an antagonistic regulatory mechanism is essential for the mitotic function of FoxM1b, ensuring timely mitotic entry and progression. Taken together, our studies have revealed a working mechanism by which PLK1 positively regulates the activity and level of FoxM1b, which would greatly facilitate therapeutic interventions that focus on targeting the PLK1-mediated and/or FoxM1-mediated signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Zhang
- From the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- From the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Jianguo Wu
- From the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Zeinab Elsayed
- From the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Zheng Fu
- From the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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Suppression of the FOXM1 transcriptional programme via novel small molecule inhibition. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5165. [PMID: 25387393 PMCID: PMC4258842 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXM1 binds to sequence-specific motifs on DNA (C/TAAACA) through its DNA binding domain (DBD), and activates proliferation- and differentiation-associated genes. Aberrant overexpression of FOXM1 is a key feature in oncogenesis and progression of many human cancers. Here — from a high-throughput screen applied to a library of 54,211 small molecules — we identify novel small molecule inhibitors of FOXM1 that block DNA binding. One of the identified compounds: FDI-6 (NCGC00099374) is characterized in depth and is shown to bind directly to FOXM1 protein, to displace FOXM1 from genomic targets in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and induce concomitant transcriptional down-regulation. Global transcript profiling of MCF-7 cells by RNA-seq shows that FDI-6 specifically down regulates FOXM1-activated genes with FOXM1 occupancy confirmed by ChIP-seq. This small molecule mediated effect is selective for FOXM1-controlled genes with no effect on genes regulated by homologous forkhead family factors.
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Ning Z, Wang A, Liang J, Xie Y, Liu J, Feng L, Yan Q, Wang Z. USP22 promotes the G1/S phase transition by upregulating FoxM1 expression via β-catenin nuclear localization and is associated with poor prognosis in stage II pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1594-608. [PMID: 24993031 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22), a newly discovered member of ubiquitin hydrolase family, exhibits a critical function in cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. The forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) transcription factor plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, differentiation and transformation. However, the expression and functions of USP22 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and whether FoxM1 is involved in USP22-mediated cell cycle regulation have not been studied. We examined the expression of USP22 and FoxM1 in 136 stage II PDA tissues by immunohistochemistry. Clinical significance was analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test. RT-PCR, western blot analysis, luciferase and immunofluorescence assays were used to investigate the molecular function of USP22 and FoxM1 in PDA fresh tissues and cell lines. USP22 and FoxM1 were significantly upregulated in PDA tissues compared with the paired normal carcinoma-adjacent tissues. A statistical correlation was observed between USP22 and FoxM1 expression. The expression of USP/FoxM1 and co-expression of both factors correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and overall survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the expression of USP22/FoxM1, especially the co-expression of both factors, is an independent, unfavorable prognostic factor. USP22 overexpression is accompanied by an increase in FoxM1 expression and USP22 increases FoxM1 expression to promote G1/S transition and cell proliferation through promoting β-catenin nuclear translocation in PDA cell lines. USP22 promotes the G1/S phase transition by upregulating FoxM1 expression via promoting β-catenin nuclear localization. USP22 and FoxM1 may act as prognostic markers and potential targets for PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ning
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Aman Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Jinxiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Xie
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Jiwei Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, P.R. China
| | - Qiu Yan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
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Thymiakou E, Kardassis D. Novel mechanism of transcriptional repression of the human ATP binding cassette transporter A1 gene in hepatic cells by the winged helix/forkhead box transcription factor A2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:526-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Huang C, Xie D, Cui J, Li Q, Gao Y, Xie K. FOXM1c promotes pancreatic cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis via upregulation of expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator system. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1477-88. [PMID: 24452790 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The transcription factor Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) plays important roles in the formation of several human tumors, including pancreatic cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which FOXM1 promotes pancreatic tumor epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis are unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of altered expression of FOXM1 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) on EMT and metastasis was examined using animal models of pancreatic cancer. Also, the underlying mechanisms of altered pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis were analyzed using in vitro molecular biology assays. Finally, the clinical relevance of dysregulated FOXM1/uPAR signaling was investigated using pancreatic tumor and normal pancreatic tissue specimens. RESULTS Pancreatic tumor specimens and cell lines predominantly overexpressed the FOXM1 isoform FOXM1c. FOXM1c overexpression promoted EMT in and migration, invasion, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells, whereas downregulation of FOXM1 expression inhibited these processes. The level of FOXM1 expression correlated directly with that of uPAR expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines and tumor specimens. Moreover, FOXM1c overexpression upregulated uPAR expression in pancreatic cancer cells, whereas inhibition of FOXM1 expression suppressed uPAR expression. Furthermore, transfection of FOXM1c into pancreatic cancer cells directly activated the uPAR promoter, whereas inhibition of FOXM1 expression by FOXM1 siRNA suppressed its activation in these cells. Finally, we identified an FOXM1-binding site in the uPAR promoter and demonstrated that FOXM1 protein bound directly to it. Deletion mutation of this site significantly attenuated uPAR promoter activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that FOXM1c contributes to pancreatic cancer development and progression by enhancing uPAR gene transcription, and thus, tumor EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases Research; Departments of General Surgery and Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital; Department of Oncology and Tumor Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Yang F, Xue X, Zheng L, Bi J, Zhou Y, Zhi K, Gu Y, Fang G. Long non-coding RNA GHET1 promotes gastric carcinoma cell proliferation by increasing c-Myc mRNA stability. FEBS J 2014; 281:802-13. [PMID: 24397586 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a recently characterized class of non-coding RNAs, have been shown to have important regulatory roles and are de-regulated in a variety of tumors. However, the contributions of lncRNAs to gastric carcinoma and their functional mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that lncRNA gastric carcinoma high expressed transcript 1 (lncRNA-GHET1) was up-regulated in gastric carcinoma. The over-expression of this lncRNA correlates with tumor size, tumor invasion and poor survival. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses demonstrated that GHET1 over-expression promotes the proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of GHET1 inhibits the proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells. RNA pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that GHET1 physically associates with insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) and enhances the physical interaction between c-Myc mRNA and IGF2BP1, consequently increasing the stability of c-Myc mRNA and expression. The expression of GHET1 and c-Myc is strongly correlated in gastric carcinoma tissues. Depletion of c-Myc abolishes the effects of GHET1 on proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that GHET1 plays a pivotal role in gastric carcinoma cell proliferation via increasing c-Myc mRNA stability and expression, which suggests potential use of GHET1 for the prognosis and treatment of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wierstra I. The transcription factor FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1): proliferation-specific expression, transcription factor function, target genes, mouse models, and normal biological roles. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 118:97-398. [PMID: 23768511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407173-5.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor, which stimulates cell proliferation and exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern. Accordingly, both the expression and the transcriptional activity of FOXM1 are increased by proliferation signals, but decreased by antiproliferation signals, including the positive and negative regulation by protooncoproteins or tumor suppressors, respectively. FOXM1 stimulates cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Moreover, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates the expression of genes, whose products control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition, and M-phase progression. Additionally, FOXM1 target genes encode proteins with functions in the execution of DNA replication and mitosis. FOXM1 is a transcriptional activator with a forkhead domain as DNA binding domain and with a very strong acidic transactivation domain. However, wild-type FOXM1 is (almost) inactive because the transactivation domain is repressed by three inhibitory domains. Inactive FOXM1 can be converted into a very potent transactivator by activating signals, which release the transactivation domain from its inhibition by the inhibitory domains. FOXM1 is essential for embryonic development and the foxm1 knockout is embryonically lethal. In adults, FOXM1 is important for tissue repair after injury. FOXM1 prevents premature senescence and interferes with contact inhibition. FOXM1 plays a role for maintenance of stem cell pluripotency and for self-renewal capacity of stem cells. The functions of FOXM1 in prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy and in homologous recombination repair of DNA-double-strand breaks suggest an importance of FOXM1 for the maintenance of genomic stability and chromosomal integrity.
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Identification of candidate B-lymphoma genes by cross-species gene expression profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76889. [PMID: 24130802 PMCID: PMC3793908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genome-wide expression profiling of malignant tumor counterparts across the human-mouse species barrier has a successful track record as a gene discovery tool in liver, breast, lung, prostate and other cancers, but has been largely neglected in studies on neoplasms of mature B-lymphocytes such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma (BL). We used global gene expression profiles of DLBCL-like tumors that arose spontaneously in Myc-transgenic C57BL/6 mice as a phylogenetically conserved filter for analyzing the human DLBCL transcriptome. The human and mouse lymphomas were found to have 60 concordantly deregulated genes in common, including 8 genes that Cox hazard regression analysis associated with overall survival in a published landmark dataset of DLBCL. Genetic network analysis of the 60 genes followed by biological validation studies indicate FOXM1 as a candidate DLBCL and BL gene, supporting a number of studies contending that FOXM1 is a therapeutic target in mature B cell tumors. Our findings demonstrate the value of the “mouse filter” for genomic studies of human B-lineage neoplasms for which a vast knowledge base already exists.
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Kong X, Li L, Li Z, Le X, Huang C, Jia Z, Cui J, Huang S, Wang L, Xie K. Dysregulated expression of FOXM1 isoforms drives progression of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3987-96. [PMID: 23598278 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) plays important roles in oncogenesis. However, the expression statuses of FOXM1 isoforms and their impact on and molecular basis in oncogenesis are unknown. We sought to determine the identities of FOXM1 isoforms in and the impact of their expression on pancreatic cancer development and progression using human tissues, cell lines, and animal models. Overexpression of FOXM1 mRNA and protein was pronounced in human pancreatic tumors and cancer cell lines. We identified five FOXM1 isoforms present in pancreatic cancer: FOXM1a, FOXM1b, and FOXM1c along with two isoforms tentatively designated as FOXM1b1 and FOXM1b2 because they were closely related to FOXM1b. Interestingly, FOXM1c was predominantly expressed in pancreatic tumors and cancer cell lines, whereas FOXM1a expression was generally undetectable in them. Functional analysis revealed that FOXM1b, FOXM1b1, FOXM1b2, and FOXM1c, but not FOXM1a, promoted pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis. Consistently, FOXM1b, FOXM1b1, FOXM1b2, and FOXM1c activated transcription of their typical downstream genes. Also, Sp1 mechanistically activated the FOXM1 promoter, whereas Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) repressed its activity. Finally, we identified an Sp1- and KLF4-binding site in the FOXM1 promoter and showed that both Sp1 and KLF4 protein bound directly to it. Deletion mutation of this binding site significantly attenuated the transcriptional regulation of the FOXM1 promoter positively by Sp1 and negatively by KLF4. We showed that overexpression of specific FOXM1 isoforms critically regulates pancreatic cancer development and progression by enhancing tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Our findings strongly suggest that targeting specific FOXM1 isoforms effectively attenuates pancreatic cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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Bernard DJ, Tran S. Mechanisms of activin-stimulated FSH synthesis: the story of a pig and a FOX. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:78. [PMID: 23426431 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activins were discovered and, in fact, named more than a quarter century ago based on their abilities to stimulate pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion. However, it is only in the last decade that we have finally come to understand their underlying mechanisms of action in gonadotroph cells. In this minireview, we chronicle the research that led to the recent discovery of forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) as an essential mediator of activin-regulated FSH beta subunit (Fshb) transcription in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
FOXM1 is an oncogenic transcription factor of the Forkhead family and it has a well-defined role in cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression. Expression of FOXM1 is excluded in quiescent or differentiated cells, but its level is highly elevated in proliferating and malignant cells. Overexpression of FOXM1 has been reported in more than 20 types of human cancer. In recent years, FOXM1 has been implicated in diverse cellular processes and also a growing body of experimental data has underlined the relevance of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis. Although FOXM1 is under the control of three major tumor suppressors (RB, p53, and p19(ARF)), it is still active in the majority of human cancers. The oncogenic potential of FOXM1 is mainly based on its ability to transcriptionally activate genes that are involved in different facets of cancer development. In this review, the contribution of FOXM1 to each of the hallmarks of cancer will be summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Halasi
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Wierstra I. Cyclin D1/Cdk4 increases the transcriptional activity of FOXM1c without phosphorylating FOXM1c. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:753-9. [PMID: 23333330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Anders et al. (2011) [11] reported that cyclinD1/Cdk4 and cyclinD3/Cdk6 enhance the transcriptional activity of FOXM1c by phosphorylating its TAD. They defined 12 Cdk consensus sites as essential for the activation of FOXM1c by cyclinD1/Cdk4 and cyclinD3/Cdk6 and stated that the 12 Cdk-sites are positioned within the TAD of FOXM1c. In contrast, this study demonstrates that all potential cyclin/Cdk phosphorylation sites S/T-P of FOXM1c are located outside its TAD so that the TAD of FOXM1c contains no potential cyclin/Cdk site, which excludes a phosphorylation of the FOXM1c-TAD by cyclinD1/Cdk4 and cyclinD3/Cdk6. This study shows that the activation of FOXM1c by cyclinD1/Cdk4 is lost without removal of any cyclin/Cdk site and gained without addition of any cyclin/Cdk site because it depends on a FOXM1c domain with no potential cyclin/Cdk site, namely on the interaction domain for the tumor suppressor RB, which binds to and represses FOXM1c. CyclinD1/Cdk4 activates FOXM1c because cyclinD1/Cdk4 releases FOXM1c from its repression by RB through removal of RB from FOXM1c. For this purpose, cyclinD1/Cdk4 phosphorylates only RB, but not FOXM1c, so that cyclinD1/Cdk4 increases the transcriptional activity of FOXM1c without phosphorylating FOXM1c and activates FOXM1c independently of cyclin/Cdk phosphorylation sites in FOXM1c. In summary, this study changes the model of Anders et al. (2011) [11] completely because it disproves their central conclusion that cyclinD1/Cdk4 and cyclinD3/Cdk6 enhance the transcriptional activity of FOXM1c by phosphorylating its TAD at the 12 Cdk-sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Wierstra
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Wierstra I. The transcription factor FOXM1c is activated by protein kinase CK2, protein kinase A (PKA), c-Src and Raf-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:230-5. [PMID: 21875579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXM1c possesses a very strong C-terminal TAD (transactivation domain), but full-length FOXM1c is only a weak transactivator because the TAD is completely inhibited by the auto-inhibitory N-terminus. The N-terminus blocks the TAD by directly binding to the TAD. Accordingly, FOXM1c deletion mutants without N-terminus are strong transactivators. Therefore, the question arises whether signals exist, which activate full-length FOXM1c by releasing the FOXM1c-TAD from its inhibition by the N-terminus. Indeed, full-length FOXM1c is strongly activated by protein kinase CK2 and PKA (protein kinase A). Both CK2 and PKA do not activate a FOXM1c deletion mutant without N-terminus demonstrating that the activation of FOXM1c by CK2 and PKA depends on the presence of the N-terminus. Consequently, CK2 and PKA activate FOXM1c by alleviating the inhibition of FOXM1c by its N-terminus. The presence of two potential CK2 phosphorylation sites and two potential PKA phosphorylation sites in the N-terminus of FOXM1c suggests that CK2 and PKA may activate FOXM1c through phosphorylation of the FOXM1c N-terminus. Thus, CK2 and PKA strongly activate full-length FOXM1c because they alleviate the repression of FOXM1c by its own auto-inhibitory N-terminus. Also c-Src activates full-length FOXM1c by relieving the inhibition of FOXM1c by its N-terminus. In contrast, Raf-1 activates FOXM1c independently of the FOXM1c N-terminus. In summary, this study shows for the first time that FOXM1c is activated by the four kinases CK2, PKA, c-Src and Raf-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Wierstra
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Liu Y, Sadikot RT, Adami GR, Kalinichenko VV, Pendyala S, Natarajan V, Zhao YY, Malik AB. FoxM1 mediates the progenitor function of type II epithelial cells in repairing alveolar injury induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1473-84. [PMID: 21708928 PMCID: PMC3135362 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium is composed of the flat type I cells comprising 95% of the gas-exchange surface area and cuboidal type II cells comprising the rest. Type II cells are described as facultative progenitor cells based on their ability to proliferate and trans-differentiate into type I cells. In this study, we observed that pneumonia induced by intratracheal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in mice increased the expression of the forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 in type II cells coincidentally with the induction of alveolar epithelial barrier repair. FoxM1 was preferentially expressed in the Sca-1(+) subpopulation of progenitor type II cells. In mice lacking FoxM1 specifically in type II cells, type II cells showed decreased proliferation and impaired trans-differentiation into type I cells. Lungs of these mice also displayed defective alveolar barrier repair after injury. Expression of FoxM1 in the knockout mouse lungs partially rescued the defective trans-differentiation phenotype. Thus, expression of FoxM1 in type II cells is essential for their proliferation and transition into type I cells and for restoring alveolar barrier homeostasis after PA-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Integrative genomic profiling reveals conserved genetic mechanisms for tumorigenesis in common entities of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:313-26. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Abstract
c-MYC is an important regulator of a wide array of cellular processes necessary for normal cell growth and differentiation, and its dysregulation is one of the hallmarks of many cancers. Consequently, understanding c-MYC transcriptional activation is critical for understanding developmental and cancer biology, as well as for the development of new anticancer drugs. The nuclease hypersensitive element (NHE) III(1) region of the c-MYC promoter has been shown to be particularly important in regulating c-MYC expression. Specifically, the formation of a G-quadruplex structure appears to promote repression of c-MYC transcription. This review focuses on what is known about the formation of a G-quadruplex in the NHE III(1) region of the c-MYC promoter, as well as on those factors that are known to modulate its formation. Last, we discuss the development of small molecules that stabilize or induce the formation of G-quadruplex structures and could potentially be used as anticancer agents.
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Zaslavsky E, Hershberg U, Seto J, Pham AM, Marquez S, Duke JL, Wetmur JG, Tenoever BR, Sealfon SC, Kleinstein SH. Antiviral response dictated by choreographed cascade of transcription factors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2908-17. [PMID: 20164420 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) is a master regulator of immune responses. Pathogenic viruses subvert normal immune function in DCs through the expression of immune antagonists. Understanding how these antagonists interact with the host immune system requires knowledge of the underlying genetic regulatory network that operates during an uninhibited antiviral response. To isolate and identify this network, we studied DCs infected with Newcastle disease virus, which is able to stimulate innate immunity and DC maturation through activation of RIG-I signaling, but lacks the ability to evade the human IFN response. To analyze this experimental model, we developed a new approach integrating genome-wide expression kinetics and time-dependent promoter analysis. We found that the genetic program underlying the antiviral cell-state transition during the first 18 h postinfection could be explained by a single convergent regulatory network. Gene expression changes were driven by a stepwise multifactor cascading control mechanism, where the specific transcription factors controlling expression changed over time. Within this network, most individual genes were regulated by multiple factors, indicating robustness against virus-encoded immune evasion genes. In addition to effectively recapitulating current biological knowledge, we predicted, and validated experimentally, antiviral roles for several novel transcription factors. More generally, our results show how a genetic program can be temporally controlled through a single regulatory network to achieve the large-scale genetic reprogramming characteristic of cell-state transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zaslavsky
- Center for Translational Systems Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Wang Z, Ahmad A, Li Y, Banerjee S, Kong D, Sarkar FH. Forkhead box M1 transcription factor: a novel target for cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 36:151-6. [PMID: 20022709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
FoxM1 signaling has been reported to be associated with carcinogenesis. Therefore, the FoxM1 may represent a novel therapeutic target, and thus the development of agents that will target FoxM1 is likely to have significant therapeutic impact on human cancer. This review describes the mechanisms of signal transduction associated with FoxM1 and provides emerging evidence in support of its role in the carcinogenesis. Further, we summarize data on several FoxM1 inhibitors especially "chemopreventive agents" and these agents could be useful for targeted inactivation of FoxM1, which indeed could become a novel approach for the prevention and/or treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Zeng J, Wang L, Li Q, Li W, Björkholm M, Jia J, Xu D. FoxM1is up-regulated in gastric cancer and its inhibition leads to cellular senescence, partially dependent onp27kip1. J Pathol 2009; 218:419-27. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xu J, Testa JR. DLX5 (distal-less homeobox 5) promotes tumor cell proliferation by transcriptionally regulating MYC. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20593-601. [PMID: 19497851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.021477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human DLX homeobox genes, which are related to Dll (Drosophila distal-less gene), encode transcription factors that are expressed primarily in embryonic development. Recently, DLX5 was reported to act as an oncogene in lymphomas and lung cancers, although the mechanism is not known. The identification of target genes of DLX5 can facilitate our understanding of oncogenic mechanisms driven by overexpression of DLX5. The MYC oncogene is aberrantly expressed in many human cancers and regulates transcription of numerous target genes involved in tumorigenesis. Here we demonstrate by luciferase assay that the MYC promoter is specifically activated by overexpression of DLX5 and that two DLX5 binding sites in the MYC promoter are important for transcriptional activation of MYC. We also show that DLX5 binds to the MYC promoter both in vitro and in vivo and that transfection of a DLX5 expression plasmid promotes the expression of MYC in a dose-dependent manner in mammalian cells. Furthermore, overexpression of DLX5 results in increased cell proliferation by up-regulating MYC. Knockdown of DLX5 in lung cancer cells overexpressing DLX5 resulted in decreased expression of MYC and reduced cell proliferation, which was rescued by overexpression of MYC. Because DLX5 has a restricted pattern of expression in adult tissues, it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancers that overexpress DLX5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfei Xu
- Cancer Signaling and Genetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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Blanco-Bose WE, Murphy MJ, Ehninger A, Offner S, Dubey C, Huang W, Moore DD, Trumpp A. C-Myc and its target FoxM1 are critical downstream effectors of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) mediated direct liver hyperplasia. Hepatology 2008; 48:1302-11. [PMID: 18798339 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the adult liver, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP), an agonist of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3), produces rapid hepatomegaly in the absence of injury. In this study, we identify c-Myc as a gene induced by CAR and demonstrate that TCPOBOP-induced proliferation of hepatocytes depends on c-Myc function. Moreover, the TCPOBOP-induced cell cycle program (Cdc2, cyclins, MCM proteins, Cdc20, and genes implicated in the spindle assembly checkpoint) is severely impaired in c-Myc mutant livers. Strikingly, many of these genes overlap with a program controlled by the forkhead transcription factor FoxM1, known to control progression through S-phase and mitosis. Indeed, FoxM1 is also induced by TCPOBOP. Moreover, we show that c-Myc binds to the FoxM1 promoter in a TCPOBOP-dependent manner, suggesting a CAR --> c-Myc --> FoxM1 pathway downstream of TCPOBOP. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study identifies c-Myc and FoxM1 mediated proliferative programs as key mediators of TCPOBOP-CAR induced direct liver hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Blanco-Bose
- Genetics & Stem Cell Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISREC-Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Abstract
The PRH (proline-rich homeodomain) [also known as Hex (haematopoietically expressed homeobox)] protein is a critical regulator of vertebrate development. PRH is able to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation and is required for the formation of the vertebrate body axis, the haematopoietic and vascular systems and the formation of many vital organs. PRH is a DNA-binding protein that can repress and activate the transcription of its target genes using multiple mechanisms. In addition, PRH can regulate the nuclear transport of specific mRNAs making PRH a member of a select group of proteins that control gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. Recent biophysical analysis of the PRH protein has shown that it forms homo-oligomeric complexes in vivo and in vitro and that the proline-rich region of PRH forms a novel dimerization interface. Here we will review the current literature on PRH and discuss the complex web of interactions centred on this multifunctional protein.
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Li SKM, Smith DK, Leung WY, Cheung AMS, Lam EWF, Dimri GP, Yao KM. FoxM1c counteracts oxidative stress-induced senescence and stimulates Bmi-1 expression. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16545-53. [PMID: 18408007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709604200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Forkhead box transcription factor FoxM1 is expressed in proliferating cells. When it was depleted in mice and cell lines, cell cycle defects and chromosomal instability resulted. Premature senescence was observed in embryonic fibroblasts derived from FoxM1 knock-out mice, but the underlying cause has remained unclear. To investigate whether FoxM1 can protect cells against stress-induced premature senescence, we established NIH3T3 lines with doxycycline-inducible overexpression of FoxM1c. Treatment of these lines with sublethal doses (20 and 100 microm) of H(2)O(2) induced senescence with senescence-associated beta-galactosidase expression and elevated levels of p53 and p21. Induction of FoxM1c expression markedly suppressed senescence and expression of p53 and p21. Consistent with down-regulation of the p19(Arf)-p53 pathway, p19(Arf) levels decreased while expression of the Polycomb group protein Bmi-1 was induced. That Bmi-1 is a downstream target of FoxM1c was further supported by the dose-dependent induction of Bmi-1 by FoxM1c at both the protein and mRNA levels, and FoxM1 and Bmi-1 reached maximal levels in cells at the G(2)/M phase. Depletion of FoxM1 by RNA interference decreased Bmi-1 expression. Using Bmi-1 promoter reporters with wild-type and mutated c-Myc binding sites and short hairpin RNAs targeting c-Myc, we further demonstrated that FoxM1c activated Bmi-1 expression via c-Myc, which was recently reported to be regulated by FoxM1c. Our results reveal a functional link between FoxM1c, c-Myc, and Bmi-1, which are major regulators of tumorigenesis. This link has important implications for the regulation of cell proliferation and senescence by FoxM1 and Bmi-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K M Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Abstract
FOXM1 is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor: it stimulates proliferation by promoting S-phase entry as well as M-phase entry and is involved in proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates genes that control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition and M-phase progression. Consistently, its expression and its activity are antagonistically regulated by many important proliferation and anti-proliferation signals. Furthermore, FOXM1 is implicated in tumorigenesis and contributes to both tumor initiation and progression. In addition to its function as a conventional transcription factor, FOXM1 transactivates the human c-myc P1 and P2 promoters directly via their TATA-boxes by a new transactivation mechanism, which it also employs for transactivation of the human c-fos, hsp70 and histone H2B/a promoters. This review summarizes the current knowledge on FOXM1, in particular its two different transactivation mechanisms, the regulation of its transcriptional activity by proliferation versus anti-proliferation signals and its function in normal cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis.
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Wierstra I, Alves J. Cyclin E/Cdk2, P/CAF, and E1A regulate the transactivation of the c-myc promoter by FOXM1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:107-15. [PMID: 18206647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
FOXM1c transactivates the c-myc promoter by binding directly to its TATA-boxes. The present study demonstrates that the transactivation of the c-myc promoter by FOXM1c is enhanced by the key proliferation signal cyclin E/Cdk2, but repressed by P/CAF and the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A. Furthermore, FOXM1c interacts with the coactivator and histone acetyltransferase P/CAF. This study shows that, on the c-myc-P1 TATA-box, FOXM1c does not function simply as normal transcription factor just binding to an unusual site. Moreover, the inhibitory N-terminus of FOXM1c does not inhibit its transrepression domain or its EDA. Others reported that a cyclin/Cdk-binding LXL-motif of the splice variant FoxM1b is required for its interaction with Cdk2, Cdk1, and p27, its phosphorylation by Cdk1 and its activation by Cdc25B. In contrast, we now demonstrate that this LXL-motif is not required for the activation of FOXM1c by cyclin D1/Cdk4, cyclin E/Cdk and cyclin A/Cdk2 or for the repression of FOXM1c by p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Wierstra
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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