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Chondrogianni ME, Kyrou I, Androutsakos T, Flessa CM, Menenakos E, Chatha KK, Aranan Y, Papavassiliou AG, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Anti-osteoporotic treatments in the era of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: friend or foe. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1344376. [PMID: 38524631 PMCID: PMC10957571 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1344376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last years non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has grown into the most common chronic liver disease globally, affecting 17-38% of the general population and 50-75% of patients with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of chronic liver diseases, ranging from simple steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver, NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, MASH) to fibrosis and cirrhosis with liver failure or/and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its increasing prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality, the disease-related and broader socioeconomic burden of NAFLD is substantial. Of note, currently there is no globally approved pharmacotherapy for NAFLD. Similar to NAFLD, osteoporosis constitutes also a silent disease, until an osteoporotic fracture occurs, which poses a markedly significant disease and socioeconomic burden. Increasing emerging data have recently highlighted links between NAFLD and osteoporosis, linking the pathogenesis of NAFLD with the process of bone remodeling. However, clinical studies are still limited demonstrating this associative relationship, while more evidence is needed towards discovering potential causative links. Since these two chronic diseases frequently co-exist, there are data suggesting that anti-osteoporosis treatments may affect NAFLD progression by impacting on its pathogenetic mechanisms. In the present review, we present on overview of the current understanding of the liver-bone cross talk and summarize the experimental and clinical evidence correlating NAFLD and osteoporosis, focusing on the possible effects of anti-osteoporotic drugs on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Chondrogianni
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaupedic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Institute for Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Theodoros Androutsakos
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Menenakos
- 5th Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, ‘Evgenidion Hospital’, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Kamaljit Kaur Chatha
- Institute for Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Yekaterina Aranan
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Institute for Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaupedic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Institute for Cardiometabolic Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Singh A, Buckholz A, Kumar S, Newberry C. Implications of Protein and Sarcopenia in the Prognosis, Treatment, and Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). Nutrients 2024; 16:658. [PMID: 38474786 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease globally, with prevalence rapidly increasing in parallel with rising rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome. MASLD is defined by the presence of excess fat in the liver, which may induce inflammatory changes and subsequent fibrosis in high-risk patients. Though MASLD occurs frequently, there is still no approved pharmacological treatment, and the mainstay of therapy remains lifestyle modification via dietary changes, enhancement of physical activity, and management of metabolic comorbidities. Most nutrition research and clinical guidance in this disease centers on the reduction in fructose and saturated fat in the diet, although the emerging literature suggests that protein supplementation is important and implicates muscle mass and sarcopenia in disease-related outcomes. This review will assess the current data on these topics, with the goal of defining best practices and identifying research gaps in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneet Singh
- Department of Medicine, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Adam Buckholz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sonal Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carolyn Newberry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Influence of NAFLD and bariatric surgery on hepatic and adipose tissue mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2931. [PMID: 35614135 PMCID: PMC9132900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in liver tissue has been hypothesised to contribute to the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unknown whether OXPHOS capacities in human visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) associate with NAFLD severity and how hepatic OXPHOS responds to improvement in NAFLD. In biopsies sampled from 62 patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery and nine control subjects without obesity we demonstrate that OXPHOS is reduced in VAT and SAT while increased in the liver in patients with obesity when compared with control subjects without obesity, but this was independent of NAFLD severity. In repeat liver biopsy sampling in 21 patients with obesity 12 months after bariatric surgery we found increased hepatic OXPHOS capacity and mitochondrial DNA/nuclear DNA content compared with baseline. In this work we show that obesity has an opposing association with mitochondrial respiration in adipose- and liver tissue with no overall association with NAFLD severity, however, bariatric surgery increases hepatic OXPHOS and mitochondrial biogenesis. Impaired mitochondrial function in liver tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis and disease progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here the authors report that patients with obesity have lower mitochondrial capacity in adipose tissues but higher capacity in the liver, without overall associations to NAFLD severity, and that bariatric surgery increases hepatic mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Pillai SS, Lakhani HV, Zehra M, Wang J, Dilip A, Puri N, O’Hanlon K, Sodhi K. Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through a Panel of Plasma Biomarkers and MicroRNAs in Female West Virginia Population. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186698. [PMID: 32933141 PMCID: PMC7554851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is primarily characterized by the presence of fatty liver, hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis eventually leading to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or cirrhosis. Obesity and diabetes are common risk factors associated with the development and progression of NAFLD, with one of the highest prevalence of these diseased conditions in the West Virginia population. Currently, the diagnosis of NAFLD is limited to radiologic studies and biopsies, which are not cost-effective and highly invasive. Hence, this study aimed to develop a panel and assess the progressive levels of circulatory biomarkers and miRNA expression in patients at risk for progression to NASH to allow early intervention strategies. (2) Methods: In total, 62 female patients were enrolled and blood samples were collected after 8–10 h of fasting. Computed tomography was performed on abdomen/pelvis following IV contrast administration. The patients were divided into the following groups: Healthy subjects with normal BMI and normal fasting blood glucose (Control, n = 20), Obese with high BMI and normal fasting blood glucose (Obese, n = 20) and Obese with high fasting blood glucose (Obese + DM, n = 22). Based on findings from CT, another subset was created from Obese + DM group with patients who showed signs of fatty liver infiltration (Obese + DM(FI), n = 10). ELISA was performed for measurement of plasma biomarkers and RT-PCR was performed for circulating miRNA expression. (3) Results: Our results show significantly increased levels of plasma IL-6, Leptin and FABP-1, while significantly decreased level of adiponectin in Obese, Obese + DM and Obese + DM(FI) group, as compared to healthy controls. The level of CK-18 was significantly increased in Obese + DM(FI) group as compared to control. Subsequently, the expression of miR-122, miR-34a, miR-375, miR-16 and miR-21 was significantly increased in Obese + DM and Obese + DM(FI) group as compared to healthy control. Our results also show distinct correlation of IL-6, FABP-1 and adiponectin levels with the expression of miRNAs in relation to the extent of NAFLD progression. (4) Conclusion: Our results support the clinical application of these biomarkers and miRNAs in monitoring the progression of NAFLD, suggesting a more advanced diagnostic potential of this panel than conventional methods. This panel may provide an appropriate method for early prognosis and management of NAFLD and subsequent adverse hepatic pathophysiology, potentially reducing the disease burden on the West Virginia population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha S. Pillai
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Hari Vishal Lakhani
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Mishghan Zehra
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Anum Dilip
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Nitin Puri
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Education, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA;
| | - Kathleen O’Hanlon
- Departments of Family Medicine, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA;
| | - Komal Sodhi
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(304)-691-1704; Fax: +1-(914)-347-4956
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Acierno C, Caturano A, Pafundi PC, Nevola R, Adinolfi LE, Sasso FC. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological mechanisms shared between the two faces of the same coin. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the close relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are multiple, complex and only partially known. The purpose of this paper was to review the current knowledge of these mechanisms in a unified manner. Subjects with NAFLD and T2DM have established insulin resistance (IR), which exacerbates the two comorbidities. IR worsens NAFLD by increasing the accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the liver. This occurs due to an increase in the influx of FFAs from peripheral adipose tissue by the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase. In addition, there is de novo increased lipogenesis, a transcription factor, the sterols regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c), which activates the expression of several genes strongly promotes lipogenesis by the liver and facilitate storage of triglycerides. Lipids accumulation in the liver induces a chronic stress in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants associated with NAFLD severity, but unrelated to IR. In particular, the alteration of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 contributes to the susceptibility to NAFLD. Furthermore, the lipotoxicity of ceramides and diacylglycerol, well known in T2DM, triggers a chronic inflammatory process favoring the progression from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis. Reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondrial dysfunction trigger both liver inflammation and beta-cells damage, promoting the progression of both NAFLD and T2DM. The close association between NAFLD and T2DM is bidirectional, as T2DM may trigger both NAFLD onset and its progression, but NAFLD itself may contribute to the development of IR and T2DM. Future studies on the mechanisms will have to deepen the knowledge of the interaction between the two pathologies and should allow the identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of NAFLD, currently substantially absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Acierno
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Caturano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Clara Pafundi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nevola
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Ital
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Shi J, Fan J, Su Q, Yang Z. Cytokines and Abnormal Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:703. [PMID: 31736870 PMCID: PMC6833922 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear evidence indicates that cytokines, for instance, adipokines, hepatokines, inflammatory cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, contribute substantially to the development of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. Some cytokines play a positive role in metabolism action, while others have a negative metabolic role linking to the induction of metabolic dysfunction. The mechanisms involved are not fully understood, but are associated with lipid accumulation in organs and tissues, especially in the adipose and liver tissue, changes in energy metabolism, and inflammatory signals derived from various cell types, including immune cells. In this review, we describe the roles of certain cytokines in the regulation of metabolism and inter-organ signaling in regard to the pathophysiological aspects. Given the disease-related changes in circulating levels of relevant cytokines, these factors may serve as biomarkers for the early detection of metabolic disorders. Moreover, based on preclinical studies, certain cytokines that can induce improvements in glucose and lipid metabolism and immune response may emerge as novel targets of broader and more efficacious treatments and prevention of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangao Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Digestion and Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Levin LM, Völzke H, Lerch MM, Kühn JP, Nauck M, Friedrich N, Zylla S. Associations of circulating chemerin and adiponectin concentrations with hepatic steatosis. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1097-1107. [PMID: 31265993 PMCID: PMC6652250 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemerin and adiponectin are adipokines assumed to be involved in the development of metabolic syndrome-related phenotypes like hepatic steatosis. We aimed to evaluate the associations of circulating chemerin and adiponectin concentrations with liver enzymes, liver fat content, and hepatic steatosis in the general population. METHODS Data of 3951 subjects from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND) were used. Hepatic steatosis was assumed when either a hyperechogenic liver (assessed via ultrasound) or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-quantified liver fat content >5% was present. Adjusted sex-specific quantile and logistic regression models were applied to analyze the associations of chemerin and adiponectin with liver enzymes, liver fat content and hepatic steatosis. RESULTS The observed associations of chemerin and adiponectin with liver enzymes were very divergent depending on sex, fasting status and the specific enzyme. More consistent results were seen in the analyses of these adipokines in relation to MRI-quantified liver fat content. Here, we observed inverse associations to adiponectin in both sexes as well as a positive (men) or U-shaped (women) association to chemerin. Similarly, the MRI-based definition of hepatic steatosis revealed strongly consistent results: in both sexes, high chemerin concentrations were associated with higher odds of hepatic steatosis, whereas high adiponectin concentrations were associated with lower odds. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a role of these adipokines in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis independent of metabolic or inflammatory disorders. However, experimental studies are needed to further clarify the underlying mechanisms and the inter-play between adipokine concentrations and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena-Maria Levin
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
- DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens-Peter Kühn
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic for Radiology and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Carl-Gustav-Carus University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephanie Zylla
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to S Zylla:
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Kim EH, Park PH. Globular adiponectin protects rat hepatocytes against acetaminophen-induced cell death via modulation of the inflammasome activation and ER stress: Critical role of autophagy induction. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:278-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Alsabeeh N, Chausse B, Kakimoto PA, Kowaltowski AJ, Shirihai O. Cell culture models of fatty acid overload: Problems and solutions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1863:143-151. [PMID: 29155055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High plasma levels of fatty acids occur in a variety of metabolic diseases. Cellular effects of fatty acid overload resulting in negative cellular responses (lipotoxicity) are often studied in vitro, in an attempt to understand mechanisms involved in these diseases. Fatty acids are poorly soluble, and thus usually studied when complexed to albumins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). The conjugation of fatty acids to albumin requires care pertaining to preparation of the solutions, effective free fatty acid concentrations, use of different fatty acid species, types of BSA, appropriate controls and ensuring cellular fatty acid uptake. This review discusses lipotoxicity models, the potential problems encountered when using these cellular models, as well as practical solutions for difficulties encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Alsabeeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Bruno Chausse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pamela A Kakimoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Macut D, Božić-Antić I, Bjekić-Macut J, Tziomalos K. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Polycystic ovary syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:R145-R158. [PMID: 28694246 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent endocrine disease in women, with a number of metabolic and reproductive consequences. Obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes are prominent metabolic characteristics of PCOS and common factors affecting liver function and generating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Multiple genes involved in the synthesis of androgens, cytokines and IR, as well as acquired factors, such as endocrine disruptors, could associate the etiopathogenesis of PCOS and NAFLD. Besides the high prevalence of PCOS in general population, NAFLD was shown to be a frequent condition in transition periods, such as adolescence and menopause. Although liver biopsy is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing liver damage, its routine use in such a prevalent condition as PCOS can be related to a higher rate of complications. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to diagnose NAFLD using simple and reliable surrogate markers. Recently, fatty liver index and NAFLD fatty liver score analyzed in large cohorts of PCOS women have been shown as accurate markers of liver damage in this metabolically vulnerable population. Lifestyle changes are still the mainstay of the management of NAFLD in PCOS, although prospective randomized controlled clinical studies remain a priority in the field. With regard to medications, metformin may be the drug of choice for treating PCOS patients with NAFLD when pharmacologic therapy is considered. Liraglutide use in obese PCOS has shown favorable effects on the predictors of liver fibrosis. In this review, we aim to summarize the influence of the common risk factors and to discuss the diagnostic approaches and management options for NAFLD in patients with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Macut
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
| | | | - Jelica Bjekić-Macut
- Department of Endocrinology, CHC Bezanijska Kosa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zhang DM, Jiao RQ, Kong LD. High Dietary Fructose: Direct or Indirect Dangerous Factors Disturbing Tissue and Organ Functions. Nutrients 2017; 9:E335. [PMID: 28353649 PMCID: PMC5409674 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High dietary fructose is a major contributor to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, disturbing tissue and organ functions. Fructose is mainly absorbed into systemic circulation by glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and GLUT5, and metabolized in liver to produce glucose, lactate, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), uric acid (UA) and methylglyoxal (MG). Its extrahepatic absorption and metabolism also take place. High levels of these metabolites are the direct dangerous factors. During fructose metabolism, ATP depletion occurs and induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response, disturbing functions of local tissues and organs to overproduce inflammatory cytokine, adiponectin, leptin and endotoxin, which act as indirect dangerous factors. Fructose and its metabolites directly and/or indirectly cause oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, autophagy and increased intestinal permeability, and then further aggravate the metabolic syndrome with tissue and organ dysfunctions. Therefore, this review addresses fructose-induced metabolic syndrome, and the disturbance effects of direct and/or indirect dangerous factors on the functions of liver, adipose, pancreas islet, skeletal muscle, kidney, heart, brain and small intestine. It is important to find the potential correlations between direct and/or indirect risk factors and healthy problems under excess dietary fructose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Rui-Qing Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Nicolas A, Aubert R, Bellili-Muñoz N, Balkau B, Bonnet F, Tichet J, Velho G, Marre M, Roussel R, Fumeron F. T-cadherin gene variants are associated with type 2 diabetes and the Fatty Liver Index in the French population. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2017; 43:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Tanaka S, Hikita H, Tatsumi T, Sakamori R, Nozaki Y, Sakane S, Shiode Y, Nakabori T, Saito Y, Hiramatsu N, Tabata K, Kawabata T, Hamasaki M, Eguchi H, Nagano H, Yoshimori T, Takehara T. Rubicon inhibits autophagy and accelerates hepatocyte apoptosis and lipid accumulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Hepatology 2016; 64:1994-2014. [PMID: 27637015 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. It encompasses a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to fatty liver with hepatocellular injury, termed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Recent studies have demonstrated hepatic autophagy being impaired in NAFLD. In the present study, we investigated the impact of Rubicon, a Beclin1-interacting negative regulator for autophagosome-lysosome fusion, in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In HepG2 cells, BNL-CL2 cells, and murine primary hepatocytes, Rubicon was posttranscriptionally up-regulated by supplementation with saturated fatty acid palmitate. Up-regulation of Rubicon was associated with suppression of the late stage of autophagy, as evidenced by accumulation of both LC3-II and p62 expression levels as well as decreased autophagy flux. Its blockade by small interfering RNA attenuated autophagy impairment and reduced palmitate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and lipid accumulation. Rubicon was also up-regulated in association with autophagy impairment in livers of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Hepatocyte-specific Rubicon knockout mice generated by crossing Rubicon floxed mice with albumin-Cre transgenic mice did not produce any phenotypes on a normal diet. In contrast, on an HFD, they displayed significant improvement of both liver steatosis and injury as well as attenuation of both endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy impairment in the liver. In humans, liver tissues obtained from patients with NAFLD expressed significantly higher levels of Rubicon than those without steatosis. CONCLUSION Rubicon is overexpressed and plays a pathogenic role in NAFLD by accelerating hepatocellular lipoapoptosis and lipid accumulation, as well as inhibiting autophagy. Rubicon may be a novel therapeutic target for regulating NAFLD development and progression. (Hepatology 2016;64:1994-2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tatsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Nozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sadatsugu Sakane
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuto Shiode
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakabori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawabata
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maho Hamasaki
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Adipokines in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2016; 65:1062-79. [PMID: 26725002 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of adipose tissue as a higly active endocrine tissue, adipokines, peptides produced by adipose tissue and exerting autocrine, paracrine and endocrine function, have gained increasing interest in various obesity-related diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Data regarding the association between NAFLD and circulating leptin and adiponectin levels are generally well documented: leptin levels increase, whereas adiponectin levels decrease, by increasing the severity of NAFLD. Data regarding other adipokines in histologically confirmed NAFLD populations are inconclusive (e.g., resistin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein-4, chemerin) or limited (e.g., adipsin, obestatin, omentin, vaspin etc.). This review summarizes evidence on the association between adipokines and NAFLD. The first part of the review provides general consideration on the interplay between adipokines and NAFLD, and the second part provides evidence on specific adipokines possibly involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. A thorough insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking adipokines with NAFLD may result in the design of studies investigating the combined adipokine use as noninvasive diagnostic markers of NAFLD and new clinical trials targeting the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Dullaart RP, van den Berg EH, van der Klauw MM, Blokzijl H. Low normal thyroid function attenuates serum alanine aminotransferase elevations in the context of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in white people. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:1028-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Taheripak G, Bakhtiyari S, Rajabibazl M, Pasalar P, Meshkani R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition ameliorates palmitate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in skeletal muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1435-1446. [PMID: 24120971 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway and is considered a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes. However, the role of PTP1B in palmitate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in skeletal muscle cells has not been studied. Here we investigate the effects of PTP1B modulation on mitochondrial function and apoptosis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms in skeletal muscle cells. PTP1B inhibition significantly reduced palmitate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in C2C12 cells, as these cells had increased expression levels of PGC-1α, Tfam, and NRF-1; enhanced ATP level and cellular viability; decreased TUNEL-positive cells; and decreased caspase-3 and -9 activity. Alternatively, overexpression of PTP1B resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in these cells. PTP1B silencing improved mitochondrial dysfunction by an increase in the expression of SIRT1 and a reduction in the phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB. The protection from palmitate-induced apoptosis by PTP1B inhibition was also accompanied by a decrease in protein level of serine palmitoyl transferase, thus resulting in lower ceramide content in muscle cells. Exogenous addition of C2-ceramide to PTP1B-knockdown cells led to a reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas PTP1B overexpression demonstrated an elevated ROS production in myotubes. In addition, PTP1B inhibition was accompanied by decreased JNK phosphorylation and increased insulin-stimulated Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation, whereas overexpression of PTP1B had the opposite effect. The overexpression of PTP1B also induced the nuclear localization of FOXO-1, but in contrast, suppression of PTP1B reduced palmitate-induced nuclear localization of FOXO-1. In summary, our results indicate that PTP1B modulation results in (1) alterations in mitochondrial function by changes in the activity of SIRT1/NF-κB/PGC-1α pathways and (2) changes in apoptosis that result from either a direct effect of PTP1B on the insulin signaling pathway or an indirect influence on ceramide content, ROS generation, JNK activation, and FOXO-1 nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Taheripak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Pasalar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
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Adiponectin receptor 1 enhances fatty acid metabolism and cell survival in palmitate-treated HepG2 cells through the PI3 K/AKT pathway. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:907-17. [PMID: 24129500 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Hepatic lipid overloading induces lipotoxicity which can cause hepatocyte damage, fibrosis, and eventually progress to cirrhosis, which is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Adiponectin receptors play important roles in regulating lipid metabolism. In this study, we used a lentivirus system to overexpress the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) in HepG2 cells to define the role of adiponectin and its receptor 1 in the development of fatty liver syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of human hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, to palmitate (0.2 or 0.4 mM) for 16 h resulted in elevated apoptosis, whereas AdipoR1 decreased the palmitate-induced apoptosis. Transgene AdipoR1 increased the expression of FATP2, acyl-coA oxidase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in palmitate-treated HepG2 cells. The transcript level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase was upregulated by palmitate treatment, while AdipoR1 reversed the effect induced by palmitate. AdipoR1 increased the gene expression of cytochrome C oxidase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, and decreased the gene expression of PGC1α and AMPKα in HepG2 cells under palmitate treatment. Palmitate suppressed ATP production, while transgene AdipoR1 reversed the decreased ATP production by palmitate. Transgene AdipoR1 enhanced AKT phosphorylation in HepG2 cells both with and without palmitate treatment. When PI3 kinase inhibitor was applied, the protective effect of AdipoR1 was absent, such that palmitate again decreased ATP production while also reducing cell viability. CONCLUSION AdipoR1 enhances fatty acid metabolism and cell viability in palmitate-treated HepG2 cells partially by activating AKT signaling. Therefore, AdipoR1 has therapeutic potential in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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18
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Yan W, Zhang H, Liu P, Wang H, Liu J, Gao C, Liu Y, Lian K, Yang L, Sun L, Guo Y, Zhang L, Dong L, Lau WB, Gao E, Gao F, Xiong L, Wang H, Qu Y, Tao L. Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis due to dysfunctional adiponectin-AMPK-PGC-1α signaling contributing to increased vulnerability in diabetic heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:329. [PMID: 23460046 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis causes skeletal muscle damage in diabetes. However, whether and how mitochondrial biogenesis is impaired in the diabetic heart remains largely unknown. Whether adiponectin (APN), a potent cardioprotective molecule, regulates cardiac mitochondrial function has also not been previously investigated. In this study, electron microscopy revealed significant mitochondrial disorders in ob/ob cardiomyocytes, including mitochondrial swelling and cristae disorientation and breakage. Moreover, mitochondrial biogenesis of ob/ob cardiomyocytes is significantly impaired, as evidenced by reduced Ppargc-1a/Nrf-1/Tfam mRNA levels, mitochondrial DNA content, ATP content, citrate synthase activity, complexes I/III/V activity, AMPK phosphorylation, and increased PGC-1α acetylation. Since APN is an upstream activator of AMPK and APN plasma levels are significantly reduced in ob/ob mice, we further tested the hypothesis that reduced APN in ob/ob mice is causatively related to mitochondrial biogenesis impairment. One week of APN treatment of ob/ob mice activated AMPK, reduced PGC-1α acetylation, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, and attenuated mitochondrial disorders. In contrast, knocking out APN inhibited AMPK-PGC-1α signaling and impaired both mitochondrial biogenesis and function. The ob/ob mice exhibited lower survival rates and exacerbated myocardial injury after MI, when compared to controls. APN supplementation improved mitochondrial biogenesis and attenuated MI injury, an effect that was almost completely abrogated by the AMPK inhibitor compound C. In high glucose/high fat treated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PGC-1α blocked gAd-enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and function and attenuated protection against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. In conclusion, hypoadiponectinemia impaired AMPK-PGC-1α signaling, resulting in dysfunctional mitochondrial biogenesis that constitutes a novel mechanism for rendering diabetic hearts more vulnerable to enhanced MI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 147 West Changle Rd, Xian, 710032, China
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19
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Adiponectin receptors in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:317-42. [PMID: 23317789 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines, that is factors secreted by adipose tissue, act through a network of autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine pathways to regulate several aspects of physiology, including glucose and lipid metabolism, neuroendocrine function, reproduction, and cardiovascular function. In particular, adiponectin, a 30-kDa protein, is associated with the regulation of insulin sensitivity, and its levels in serum are affected by altered metabolic homeostasis. Adiponectin effects are mediated by adiponectin receptors, which occur as two isoforms (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2). Transcriptional regulation of adiponectin is by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). However, acting through AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, adiponectin enhances 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the PPARα-mediated pathways in the liver and skeletal muscles. Adiponectin receptors mediate a wide spectrum of metabolic reactions, including gluconeogenesis and fatty-acid oxidation. Altogether, adiponectin deficiency and/or decreased adiponectin receptor-mediated activity possibly contribute to insulin resistance in metabolic syndromes, coronary heart disease, and liver disease.
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20
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Wei CD, Li Y, Zheng HY, Sun KS, Tong YQ, Dai W, Wu W, Bao AY. Globular adiponectin protects H9c2 cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis via Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:135. [PMID: 23050488 PMCID: PMC3540014 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiomyocytes apoptosis is an important contributor to myocardial dysfunction and heart failure. Adiponectin has cardioprotective effects, potential mechanisms behind it are not clear in cardiomyocytes. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether adiponectin can block palmitate-induced apoptosis and the underlying biochemical mechanism in H9c2 cells. Methods H9c2 cells were treated with palmitate presence or absence of 2.5 μg/mL globular adiponectin. The effect on the cell viability of H9c2 cells was evaluated using MTT assay, and cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33342 staining. Protein expression was measured using the western blot method. Results Our results showed that the palmitate treatment induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells, which was associated with increasing the level of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP. Meanwhile, palmitate-induced apoptosis increased the protein level of p-ERK1/2, and decreased the protein level of p-Akt significantly. However, levels of both of these proteins were restored to the normal when pretreated with adiponectin, and followed with the decrease of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP. In line with these results, the protective effect of adiponectin can be blocked by PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, and palmitate-induced apoptosis can be attenuated by ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Conclusions Taken together, the present study demonstrated that adiponectin protects H9c2 cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis via PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Our results reveal a link between adiponectin and cardiomyocytes apoptosis, suggesting that adioponectin may be a promising therapeutic for the treatment of lipotoxicity cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Dong Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, District of Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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21
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Nepal S, Kim MJ, Subedi A, Lee ES, Yong CS, Kim JA, Kang W, Kwak MK, Arya DS, Park PH. Globular adiponectin inhibits ethanol-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through heme oxygenase-1 induction. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:974-83. [PMID: 22842631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular apoptosis is an essential pathological feature of alcoholic liver disease. Adiponectin, an adipokine predominantly secreted from adipose tissue, has been shown to play beneficial roles in alcoholic liver disease against various inflammatory and pro-apoptotic molecules. However, the effects of adiponectin on ethanol-induced apoptosis in liver cells are largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the role of globular adiponectin (gAcrp) in the prevention of ethanol-induced apoptosis and further tried to decipher the potential mechanisms involved. In the present study, we demonstrated that gAcrp significantly inhibits both ethanol-induced increase in Fas ligand expression and activation of caspase-3 in human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2 cells), suggesting that gAcrp plays a protective role against ethanol-induced apoptosis in liver cells. This protective effect of gAcrp was mediated through adiponectin receptor R1 (adipoR1). Further, globular adiponectin treatment caused induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) through, at least in part, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, (Nrf2) signaling. Treatment with SnPP, a pharmacological inhibitor of HO-1, and knockdown of HO-1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) restored caspase-3 activity suppressed by gAcrp, indicating a critical role of HO-1 in mediating the protective role of gAcrp in ethanol-induced apoptosis in liver cells. In addition, carbon monoxide, a byproduct obtained from the catabolism of free heme was found to contribute to the anti-apoptotic effect of adiponectin. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that globular adiponectin prevents ethanol-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via HO-1 induction and revealed a novel biological response of globular adiponectin in the protection of liver injury from alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Nepal
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsanbuk-do 712-749, Republic of Korea
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22
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Metformin prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis through AMPK-PI3K-c-Jun NH2 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:147-52. [PMID: 22138650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is thought to be partially associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress toxicity on pancreatic beta cells and the result of decreased insulin synthesis and secretion. In this study, we showed that a well-known insulin sensitizer, metformin, directly protects against dysfunction and death of ER stress-induced NIT-1 cells (a mouse pancreatic beta cell line) via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) kinase activation. We also showed that exposure of NIT-1 cells to metformin (5mM) increases cellular resistance against ER stress-induced NIT-1 cell dysfunction and death. AMPK and PI3 kinase inhibitors abolished the effect of metformin on cell function and death. Metformin-mediated protective effects on ER stress-induced apoptosis were not a result of an unfolded protein response or the induced inhibitors of apoptotic proteins. In addition, we showed that exposure of ER stressed-induced NIT-1 cells to metformin decreases the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH(2) terminal kinase (JNK). These data suggest that metformin is an important determinant of ER stress-induced apoptosis in NIT-1 cells and may have implications for ER stress-mediated pancreatic beta cell destruction via regulation of the AMPK-PI3 kinase-JNK pathway.
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Dadson K, Liu Y, Sweeney G. Adiponectin action: a combination of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:62. [PMID: 22649379 PMCID: PMC3355882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread physiological actions of adiponectin have now been well characterized as clinical studies and works in animal models have established strong correlations between circulating adiponectin level and various disease-related outcomes. Thus, conventional thinking attributes many of adiponectin's beneficial effects to endocrine actions of adipose-derived adiponectin. However, it is now clear that several tissues can themselves produce adiponectin and there is growing evidence that locally produced adiponectin can mediate functionally important autocrine or paracrine effects. In this review article we discuss regulation of adiponectin production, its mechanism of action via receptor isoforms and signaling pathways, and its principal physiological effects (i.e., metabolic and cardiovascular). The role of endocrine actions of adiponectin and changes in local production of adiponectin or its receptors in whole body physiology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Dadson
- Department of Biology, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biology, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
- Institut Pasteur KoreaSeoul, South Korea
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Buechler C, Wanninger J, Neumeier M. Adiponectin, a key adipokine in obesity related liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2801-11. [PMID: 21734787 PMCID: PMC3120939 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i23.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprising hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and progressive liver fibrosis is considered the most common liver disease in western countries. Fatty liver is more prevalent in overweight than normal-weight people and liver fat positively correlates with hepatic insulin resistance. Hepatic steatosis is regarded as a benign stage of NAFLD but may progress to NASH in a subgroup of patients. Besides liver biopsy no diagnostic tools to identify patients with NASH are available, and no effective treatment has been established. Visceral obesity is a main risk factor for NAFLD and inappropriate storage of triglycerides in adipocytes and higher concentrations of free fatty acids may add to increased hepatic lipid storage, insulin resistance, and progressive liver damage. Most of the adipose tissue-derived proteins are elevated in obesity and may contribute to systemic inflammation and liver damage. Adiponectin is highly abundant in human serum but its levels are reduced in obesity and are even lower in patients with hepatic steatosis or NASH. Adiponectin antagonizes excess lipid storage in the liver and protects from inflammation and fibrosis. This review aims to give a short survey on NAFLD and the hepatoprotective effects of adiponectin.
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Involvement of the TLR4 (Toll-like receptor4) signaling pathway in palmitate-induced INS-1 beta cell death. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:207-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Polyzos SA, Toulis KA, Goulis DG, Zavos C, Kountouras J. Serum total adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2011; 60:313-26. [PMID: 21040935 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoadiponectinemia might represent a risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the serum total adiponectin levels in patients with simple nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), those with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and controls. Data were extracted from PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials electronic databases (up to December 2009). The main outcome was the weighted mean differences (WMDs) in adiponectin between comparison groups. Twenty-eight studies were included in the systematic review. A meta-analysis of 27 studies that reported data on 2243 subjects (698 controls and 1545 patients with NAFLD) was performed. Controls had higher serum adiponectin compared with NAFL patients (12 studies, random-effects WMD [95% confidence interval {CI}] = 3.00 [1.57-4.43], I² = 80.4%) or NASH patients (19 studies, random-effects WMD [95% CI] = 4.75 [3.71-5.78], I² = 84.1%). The NASH patients demonstrated lower adiponectin compared with NAFL patients (19 studies, random-effects WMD [95% CI] = 1.81 [1.09-2.53], I² = 71.7%). By performing a meta-regression analysis, body mass index, age, sex, and type 2 diabetes mellitus failed to account for heterogeneity. However, the performance of liver biopsy on controls had significant effect on the outcome and accounted for 76.7%, 85.5%, and 22.8% of the between-study variance for comparisons between controls vs NAFLD, NAFL, and NASH patients, respectively. Based on liver histology, serum adiponectin levels are similar in NAFL patients and controls, but hypoadiponectinemia may play an important pathophysiological role in the progression from NAFL to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Mantzaris MD, Tsianos EV, Galaris D. Interruption of triacylglycerol synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum is the initiating event for saturated fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity in liver cells. FEBS J 2010; 278:519-30. [PMID: 21182590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate in detail the molecular mechanisms by which free fatty acids induce liver toxicity in liver cells. HepG2 and Huh7 human liver cell lines were exposed to varying concentrations of stearate (18:0), oleate (18:1), or mixtures of the two fatty acids, and the effects on cell proliferation, lipid droplet accumulation and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis were evaluated. It was observed that: (a) stearate, but not oleate, inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death; (b) stearate-induced cell death had the characteristics of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis; (c) the activation of stearate in the form of stearoyl-CoA was a necessary step for the lipotoxic effect; (d) the capacity of cells to produce and accumulate triacylglycerols in the form of lipid droplets was interrupted following exposure to stearate, whereas it proceeded normally in oleate-treated cells; and (e) the presence of relatively low amounts of oleate protected cells from stearate-induced toxicity and restored the ability of the cells to accumulate triacylglycerols. Our data suggest that interruption of triacylglycerol synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, apparently because of the formation of a pool of oversaturated intermediates, represents the key initiating event in the mechanism of saturated fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis D Mantzaris
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece
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Berger E, Rome S, Vega N, Ciancia C, Vidal H. Transcriptome profiling in response to adiponectin in human cancer-derived cells. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:61-70. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00013.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin exerts protective actions in several disorders, including some cancers. However, while growing data suggest that adiponectin could be an effective anticancer agent, its mechanism of action in cancer cells is still poorly known. Here, using microarrays, we identified a set of 1,301 genes commonly modulated in three cancer-derived cell lines in response to short-term stimulation with full-length recombinant human adiponectin. Most of these genes are involved in translation regulation, immune or stress responses, and cell proliferation. Furthermore, among genes linked to disease that were retrieved by functional enrichment tests using text mining based on PubMed analysis, we found that 66% are involved in malignant neoplasms, further supporting the link between adiponectin and cancer mechanisms. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated the diversity of signaling pathways and transcription factors potentially mediating adiponectin effects on gene expression, illustrating the complexity of adiponectin mechanisms of action in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Berger
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U870, INRA U1235, Hospices Civils de Lyon, and INSA-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Rome
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U870, INRA U1235, Hospices Civils de Lyon, and INSA-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Vega
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U870, INRA U1235, Hospices Civils de Lyon, and INSA-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Ciancia
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U870, INRA U1235, Hospices Civils de Lyon, and INSA-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U870, INRA U1235, Hospices Civils de Lyon, and INSA-Lyon, Lyon, France
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Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Zavos C, Tsiaousi E. The role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:365-83. [PMID: 20415685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as the most common type of chronic liver disease in Western countries and the leading cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Insulin resistance (IR) is a key factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the latter being considered as the hepatic component of IR or metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although the pathogenesis of NAFLD is not fully elucidated, a complex interaction between adipokines and cytokines produced by adipocytes and/or inflammatory cells infiltrating adipose tissue appears to play a crucial role in MetS and NAFLD. Adiponectin is the most abundant and adipose-specific adipokine. In the liver, adiponectin acts through the activation of 5-AMP-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha pathways and inhibition of toll-like receptor-4 mediated signalling. There is an evidence that adiponectin decreases hepatic and systematic IR and attenuates liver inflammation and fibrosis. Adiponectin generally predicts steatosis grade and severity of NAFLD, but it remains to be addressed to what extent this is a direct effect or related to the presence of more severe IR. Although there is no proven pharmacotherapy for the treatment of NAFLD, recent therapeutic strategies have focused on the indirect upregulation of adiponectin through the administration of various therapeutic agents and/or lifestyle modifications. Weight loss, through diet, lifestyle changes and/or medications including orlistat, sibutramine, rimonabant or bariatric surgery, increase adiponectin and may improve liver histology. Insulin sensitizers, including pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, and lipid-lowering agents, including statins and fibrates, also upregulate adiponectin and ameliorate liver histology. The wider use of new treatment approaches appears to signal the dawn of a new era in the management of NAFLD. In this adiponectin-focused review, the pathogenetic role and the potential therapeutic benefits of adiponectin in NAFLD are systematically analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Abstract
Adiponectin is a protein hormone mainly secreted by adipose tissue that regulates energy homeostasis and glucose and lipid metabolism. Compared with other adipose-derived hormones, adiponectin is very abundant in plasma and is proposed to be a convenient biomarker for many diseases. A large number of in vitro and in vivo studies support the beneficial effects of adiponectin on metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. However, the protective actions were challenged occasionally by the controversies in its role in inflammation and in the specific functions of its different conformations. Recently, quite a few reports suggested that the antiapoptotic activity of adiponectin might contribute to its therapeutic potential during ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo, whereas some studies demonstrated that adiponectin induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, this review attempts to summarize the present consensus and divergence and to provide possible alternative and/or complementary explanations for this apparent paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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