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Kutsukawa R, Imaizumi R, Suenaga‐Hiromori M, Takeshita K, Sakai N, Misawa S, Yamamoto M, Yamaguchi H, Miyagi‐Inoue Y, Waki T, Kataoka K, Nakayama T, Yamashita S, Takahashi S. Structure‐based engineering of a short‐chain
cis
‐prenyltransferase to biosynthesize nonnatural all‐
cis
‐polyisoprenoids: molecular mechanisms for primer substrate recognition and ultimate product chain‐length determination. FEBS J 2022; 289:4602-4621. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kutsukawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Riki Imaizumi
- Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shuto Misawa
- Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Japan
| | | | | | | | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Kunishige Kataoka
- Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
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2
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Gawarecka K, Siwinska J, Poznanski J, Onysk A, Surowiecki P, Sztompka K, Surmacz L, Ahn JH, Korte A, Swiezewska E, Ihnatowicz A. cis-prenyltransferase 3 and α/β-hydrolase are new determinants of dolichol accumulation in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:479-495. [PMID: 34778961 PMCID: PMC9300173 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dolichols (Dols), ubiquitous components of living organisms, are indispensable for cell survival. In plants, as well as other eukaryotes, Dols are crucial for post-translational protein glycosylation, aberration of which leads to fatal metabolic disorders in humans and male sterility in plants. Until now, the mechanisms underlying Dol accumulation remain elusive. In this study, we have analysed the natural variation of the accumulation of Dols and six other isoprenoids among more than 120 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Subsequently, by combining QTL and GWAS approaches, we have identified several candidate genes involved in the accumulation of Dols, polyprenols, plastoquinone and phytosterols. The role of two genes implicated in the accumulation of major Dols in Arabidopsis-the AT2G17570 gene encoding a long searched for cis-prenyltransferase (CPT3) and the AT1G52460 gene encoding an α/β-hydrolase-is experimentally confirmed. These data will help to generate Dol-enriched plants which might serve as a remedy for Dol-deficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Joanna Siwinska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of GdanskUniversity of GdanskGdanskPoland
| | - Jaroslaw Poznanski
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Agnieszka Onysk
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | | | - Karolina Sztompka
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Arthur Korte
- Center for Computational and Theoretical BiologyUniversity of WurzburgWurzburgGermany
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Anna Ihnatowicz
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of GdanskUniversity of GdanskGdanskPoland
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3
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Abstract
Natural rubber (NR), principally comprising cis-1,4-polyisoprene, is an industrially important natural hydrocarbon polymer because of its unique physical properties, which render it suitable for manufacturing items such as tires. Presently, industrial NR production depends solely on latex obtained from the Pará rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. In latex, NR is enclosed in rubber particles, which are specialized organelles comprising a hydrophobic NR core surrounded by a lipid monolayer and membrane-bound proteins. The similarity of the basic carbon skeleton structure between NR and dolichols and polyprenols, which are found in most organisms, suggests that the NR biosynthetic pathway is related to the polyisoprenoid biosynthetic pathway and that rubber transferase, which is the key enzyme in NR biosynthesis, belongs to the cis-prenyltransferase family. Here, we review recent progress in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying NR biosynthesis through the identification of the enzymes that are responsible for the formation of the NR backbone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan;
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4
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Chen CC, Zhang L, Yu X, Ma L, Ko TP, Guo RT. Versatile cis-isoprenyl Diphosphate Synthase Superfamily Members in Catalyzing Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xuejing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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5
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Uddin MN, Fukuta Y. A Region on Chromosome 7 Related to Differentiation of Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Between Lowland and Upland Ecotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1135. [PMID: 32849696 PMCID: PMC7398126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to global population expansion and climate change impacts, the development of a stable yielding variety that adapts well to unfavorable conditions for rice cultivation, can contribute to sustainable and stable production in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Understanding genetic differentiations to ecotypes for rice cultivations, such as upland, rainfed lowland, and irrigated lowland, is very important to develop the breeding materials for adapting to each environmental condition. The upland landrace variety basically has low tiller/panicle numbers and a large panicle, and the plant architecture is different from that of the lowland variety. The tiller and panicle numbers have been considered as one of the most difficult traits for genetic changes artificially in rice breeding. A low tiller recessive gene ltn2 originated from a New Plant Type variety, IR 65600-87-2-23, harboring segments from an upland variety, Ketan Lumbu (Tropical Japonica Group), was found on chromosome 7, and the other QTLs for culm length, culm weight, panicle length, panicle weight, seed fertility, harvest index, and soil surface rooting were also detected in the same chromosome region. These low tiller genes and the other QTLs were estimated to play an important role in developing the architecture for upland rice. Some QTLs for root growth angle, DRO3 and qSFR7, were also found in the same chromosome region from upland varieties categorized into the Tropical Japonica Group, and the QTLs may also be relevant to upland adaptation together with other traits. Previous studies using high throughput re-sequencing (whole genome variation data) of a large batch of rice accessions could identify the ecotype differentiated genomic regions (EDRs) and Ecotype differentiated genes (EDGs) such as Os07g0449700, a type response regulator, which is critical in upland adaptation in the same region of chromosome 7. Two selective loci, E3735 and E4208, for upland and lowland differentiation, and their corresponding genes Os07g0260000 and Os07g0546500 were also detected on chromosome 7 by drought-responding EST-SSRs. These findings indicate that the region on chromosome 7 is highly possible to related to the plant shoot and root architecture in the upland rice variety that has an important role and differentiates between upland and lowland ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nashir Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yoshimichi Fukuta
- Tropical Agricultural Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS), Ishigaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshimichi Fukuta,
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6
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Functional Gene Network of Prenyltransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244556. [PMID: 31842481 PMCID: PMC6943727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenyltransferases (PTs) are enzymes that catalyze prenyl chain elongation. Some are highly similar to each other at the amino acid level. Therefore, it is difficult to assign their function based solely on their sequence homology to functional orthologs. Other experiments, such as in vitro enzymatic assay, mutant analysis, and mutant complementation are necessary to assign their precise function. Moreover, subcellular localization can also influence the functionality of the enzymes within the pathway network, because different isoprenoid end products are synthesized in the cytosol, mitochondria, or plastids from prenyl diphosphate (prenyl-PP) substrates. In addition to in vivo functional experiments, in silico approaches, such as co-expression analysis, can provide information about the topology of PTs within the isoprenoid pathway network. There has been huge progress in the last few years in the characterization of individual Arabidopsis PTs, resulting in better understanding of their function and their topology within the isoprenoid pathway. Here, we summarize these findings and present the updated topological model of PTs in the Arabidopsis thaliana isoprenoid pathway.
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7
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Long-Chain Polyisoprenoids Are Synthesized by AtCPT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152789. [PMID: 31370240 PMCID: PMC6695881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis roots accumulate a complex mixture of dolichols composed of three families, (i.e., short-, medium- and long-chain dolichols), but until now none of the cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) predicted in the Arabidopsis genome has been considered responsible for their synthesis. In this report, using homo- and heterologous (yeast and tobacco) models, we have characterized the AtCPT1 gene (At2g23410) which encodes a CPT responsible for the formation of long-chain dolichols, Dol-18 to -23, with Dol-21 dominating, in Arabidopsis. The content of these dolichols was significantly reduced in AtCPT1 T-DNA insertion mutant lines and highly increased in AtCPT1-overexpressing plants. Similar to the majority of eukaryotic CPTs, AtCPT1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Functional complementation tests using yeast rer2Δ or srt1Δ mutants devoid of medium- or long-chain dolichols, respectively, confirmed that this enzyme synthesizes long-chain dolichols, although the dolichol chains thus formed are somewhat shorter than those synthesized in planta. Moreover, AtCPT1 acts as a homomeric CPT and does not need LEW1 for its activity. AtCPT1 is the first plant CPT producing long-chain polyisoprenoids that does not form a complex with the NgBR/NUS1 homologue.
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8
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Yao JY, Teng KH, Liu MC, Wang CS, Liang PH. Characterization of a Cis-Prenyltransferase from Lilium longiflorum Anther. Molecules 2019; 24:E2728. [PMID: 31357567 PMCID: PMC6696123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of prenyltransferases catalyze chain elongation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to designated lengths via consecutive condensation reactions with specific numbers of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). cis-Prenyltransferases, which catalyze cis-double bond formation during IPP condensation, usually synthesize long-chain products as lipid carriers to mediate peptidoglycan biosynthesis in prokaryotes and protein glycosylation in eukaryotes. Unlike only one or two cis-prenyltransferases in bacteria, yeast, and animals, plants have several cis-prenyltransferases and their functions are less understood. As reported here, a cis-prenyltransferase from Lilium longiflorum anther, named LLA66, was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and characterized to produce C40/C45 products without the capability to restore the growth defect from Rer2-deletion, although it was phylogenetically categorized as a long-chain enzyme. Our studies suggest that evolutional mutations may occur in the plant cis-prenyltransferase to convert it into a shorter-chain enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Yu Yao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsun Teng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Co-Shine Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Liang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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9
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Uthup TK, Rajamani A, Ravindran M, Saha T. Distinguishing CPT gene family members and vetting the sequence structure of a putative rubber synthesizing variant in Hevea brasiliensis. Gene 2019; 689:183-193. [PMID: 30528269 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
cis-Prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) constitute a large family of enzymes conserved during evolution and present in all domains of life. cis-PTs catalyze the cis-1,4-polymerization of isoprene units to generate isoprenoids with carbon skeletons varying from C10 (neryl pyrophosphate) to C > 10,000 (natural rubber). Though the previously reported CPTs in Hevea are designated based on sequence variations, their classification was done mostly by phylogenetic analysis using a mixture of partial as well as full length sequences often excluding the UTRs. In this context an attempt was made to reclassify the CPTs strictly based on their sequence similarity and distinguish the members putatively associated with rubber biosynthesis from the others. Extensive computational analysis was carried out on CPT sequences obtained from public resources and whole genome assemblies of Hevea. Based on the results from BLAST analysis, multiple sequence alignments of protein, nucleotide and untranslated regions, open reading frame analysis, gene prediction analysis and sequence length variations, we conclude that there exists mainly three CPTs namely RubCPT1, RubCPT2 and RubCPT3 putatively associated with rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis. The rest were categorised as variants of dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase (DHDDS) involved in the synthesis of dolichols having short chain isoprenoids. Analysis of the sequence structure of the most highly expressed RubCPT1 in latex revealed the allele richness and diversity of this important variant prevailing in the popular rubber clones. Haplotypes consisting of SNPs with high degree of heterozygosity were also identified. Segregation and linkage disequilibrium analysis confirmed that recombination is the major contributor towards the generation of allelic diversity rather than point mutations. Alternatively, gene expression analysis indicated the possibility of association between specific haplotypes and RubCPT1 expression in Hevea clones which may have downstream impact up to the level of rubber production. The conclusions from this study may pave way for the identification and better understanding of CPTs directly involved with natural rubber biosynthesis in Hevea and the SNP data generated may aid in the development of molecular markers putatively associated with yield in rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kadampanattu Uthup
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P O, Kottayam, Kerala PIN-686009, India.
| | - Anantharamanan Rajamani
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P O, Kottayam, Kerala PIN-686009, India
| | - Minimol Ravindran
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P O, Kottayam, Kerala PIN-686009, India
| | - Thakurdas Saha
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board P O, Kottayam, Kerala PIN-686009, India
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10
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Lakusta AM, Kwon M, Kwon EJG, Stonebloom S, Scheller HV, Ro DK. Molecular Studies of the Protein Complexes Involving Cis-Prenyltransferase in Guayule ( Parthenium argentatum), an Alternative Rubber-Producing Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:165. [PMID: 30858856 PMCID: PMC6397875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) is a perennial shrub in the Asteraceae family and synthesizes a high quality, hypoallergenic cis-1,4-polyisoprene (or natural rubber; NR). Despite its potential to be an alternative NR supplier, the enzymes for cis-polyisoprene biosynthesis have not been comprehensively studied in guayule. Recently, implications of the protein complex involving cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) and CPT-Binding Proteins (CBPs) in NR biosynthesis were shown in lettuce and dandelion, but such protein complexes have yet to be examined in guayule. Here, we identified four guayule genes - three PaCPTs (PaCPT1-3) and one PaCBP, whose protein products organize PaCPT/PaCBP complexes. Co-expression of both PaCBP and each of the PaCPTs could complemented the dolichol (a short cis-polyisoprene)-deficient yeast, whereas the individual expressions could not. Microsomes from the PaCPT/PaCBP-expressing yeast efficiently incorporated 14C-isopentenyl diphosphate into dehydrodolichyl diphosphates; however, NR with high molecular weight could not be synthesized in in vitro assays. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation and split-ubiquitin yeast 2-hybrid assays using PaCPTs and PaCBP confirmed the formation of protein complexes. Of the three PaCPTs, guayule transcriptomics analysis indicated that the PaCPT3 is predominantly expressed in stem and induced by cold-stress, suggesting its involvement in NR biosynthesis. The comprehensive analyses of these PaCPTs and PaCBP here provide the foundational knowledge to generate a high NR-yielding guayule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Lakusta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Joo G. Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Solomon Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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11
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Van Gelder K, Rea KA, Virta LKA, Whitnell KL, Osborn M, Vatta M, Khozin A, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Surmacz L, Akhtar TA. Medium-Chain Polyprenols Influence Chloroplast Membrane Dynamics in Solanum lycopersicum. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2350-2365. [PMID: 30192960 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of polyprenols throughout the plant kingdom is well documented, yet their functional role is poorly understood. These lipophilic compounds are known to be assembled from isoprenoid precursors by a class of enzymes designated as cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs), which are encoded by small CPT gene families in plants. In this study, we report that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of one member of the tomato CPT family (SlCPT5) reduced polyprenols in leaves by about 70%. Assays with recombinant SlCPT5 produced in Escherichia coli determined that the enzyme synthesizes polyprenols of approximately 50-55 carbons (Pren-10, Pren-11) in length and accommodates a variety of trans-prenyldiphosphate precursors as substrates. Introduction of SlCPT5 into the polyprenol-deficient yeast Δrer2 mutant resulted in the accumulation of Pren-11 in yeast cells, restored proper protein N-glycosylation and rescued the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype that is associated with its polyprenol deficiency. Subcellular fractionation studies together with in vivo localization of SlCPT5 fluorescent protein fusions demonstrated that SlCPT5 resides in the chloroplast stroma and that its enzymatic products accumulate in both thylakoid and envelope membranes. Transmission electron microscopy images of polyprenol-deficient leaves revealed alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure, and anisotropy measurements revealed a more disordered state of their envelope membranes. In polyprenol-deficient leaves, CO2 assimilation was hindered and their thylakoid membranes exhibited lower phase transition temperatures and calorimetric enthalpies, which coincided with a decreased photosynthetic electron transport rate. Taken together, these results uncover a role for polyprenols in governing chloroplast membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Van Gelder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Kevin A Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Lilia K A Virta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Kenna L Whitnell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Michael Osborn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Maritza Vatta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Alexandra Khozin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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12
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Kera K, Nagayama T, Nanatani K, Saeki-Yamoto C, Tominaga A, Souma S, Miura N, Takeda K, Kayamori S, Ando E, Higashi K, Igarashi K, Uozumi N. Reduction of Spermidine Content Resulting from Inactivation of Two Arginine Decarboxylases Increases Biofilm Formation in Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:e00664-17. [PMID: 29440257 PMCID: PMC5892111 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00664-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The phototropic bacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is able to adapt its morphology in order to survive in a wide range of harsh environments. Under conditions of high salinity, planktonic cells formed cell aggregates in culture. Further observations using crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and field emission-scanning electron microscopy confirmed that these aggregates were Synechocystis biofilms. Polyamines have been implicated in playing a role in biofilm formation, and during salt stress the content of spermidine, the major polyamine in Synechocystis, was reduced. Two putative arginine decarboxylases, Adc1 and Adc2, in Synechocystis were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Adc2 had high arginine decarboxylase activity, whereas Adc1 was much less active. Disruption of the adc genes in Synechocystis resulted in decreased spermidine content and formation of biofilms even under nonstress conditions. Based on the characterization of the adc mutants, Adc2 was the major arginine decarboxylase whose activity led to inhibition of biofilm formation, and Adc1 contributed only minimally to the process of polyamine synthesis. Taken together, in Synechocystis the shift from planktonic lifestyle to biofilm formation was correlated with a decrease in intracellular polyamine content, which is the inverse relationship of what was previously reported in heterotroph bacteria.IMPORTANCE There are many reports concerning biofilm formation in heterotrophic bacteria. In contrast, studies on biofilm formation in cyanobacteria are scarce. Here, we report on the induction of biofilm formation by salt stress in the model phototrophic bacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Two arginine decarboxylases (Adc1 and Adc2) possess function in the polyamine synthesis pathway. Inactivation of the adc1 and adc2 genes leads to biofilm formation even in the absence of salt. The shift from planktonic culture to biofilm formation is regulated by a decrease in spermidine content in Synechocystis This negative correlation between biofilm formation and polyamine content, which is the opposite of the relationship reported in other bacteria, is important not only in autotrophic but also in heterotrophic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kera
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nagayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Nanatani
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chika Saeki-Yamoto
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Tominaga
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Souma
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nozomi Miura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kota Takeda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Kayamori
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Ando
- Clinical and Biotechnology B.U., Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Grabińska KA, Edani BH, Park EJ, Kraehling JR, Sessa WC. A conserved C-terminal R XG motif in the NgBR subunit of cis-prenyltransferase is critical for prenyltransferase activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17351-17361. [PMID: 28842490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-Prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) constitute a large family of enzymes conserved during evolution and present in all domains of life. In eukaryotes and archaea, cis-PT is the first enzyme committed to the synthesis of dolichyl phosphate, an obligate lipid carrier in protein glycosylation reactions. The homodimeric bacterial enzyme, undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, generates 11 isoprene units and has been structurally and mechanistically characterized in great detail. Recently, we discovered that unlike undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, mammalian cis-PT is a heteromer consisting of NgBR (Nus1) and hCIT (dehydrodolichol diphosphate synthase) subunits, and this composition has been confirmed in plants and fungal cis-PTs. Here, we establish the first purification system for heteromeric cis-PT and show that both NgBR and hCIT subunits function in catalysis and substrate binding. Finally, we identified a critical RXG sequence in the C-terminal tail of NgBR that is conserved and essential for enzyme activity across phyla. In summary, our findings show that eukaryotic cis-PT is composed of the NgBR and hCIT subunits. The strong conservation of the RXG motif among NgBR orthologs indicates that this subunit is critical for the synthesis of polyprenol diphosphates and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariona A Grabińska
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Ban H Edani
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Eon Joo Park
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Jan R Kraehling
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - William C Sessa
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Nguyen NQ, Lee SC, Tae-Jin Yang, Lee OR. cis-Prenyltransferase interacts with a Nogo-B receptor homolog for dolichol biosynthesis in Panax ginseng Meyer. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:403-410. [PMID: 28701884 PMCID: PMC5489763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenyltransferases catalyze the sequential addition of isopentenyl diphosphate units to allylic prenyl diphosphate acceptors and are classified as either trans-prenyltransferases (TPTs) or cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs). The functions of CPTs have been well characterized in bacteria, yeast, and mammals compared to plants. The characterization of CPTs also has been less studied than TPTs. In the present study, molecular cloning and functional characterization of a CPT from a medicinal plant, Panax ginseng Mayer were addressed. Methods Gene expression patterns of PgCPT1 were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In planta transformation was generated by floral dipping using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Yeast transformation was performed by lithium acetate and heat-shock for rer2Δ complementation and yeast-two-hybrid assay. Results The ginseng genome contains at least one family of three putative CPT genes. PgCPT1 is expressed in all organs, but more predominantly in the leaves. Overexpression of PgCPT1 did not show any plant growth defect, and its protein can complement yeast mutant rer2Δ via possible protein–protein interaction with PgCPTL2. Conclusion Partial complementation of the yeast dolichol biosynthesis mutant rer2Δ suggested that PgCPT1 is involved in dolichol biosynthesis. Direct protein interaction between PgCPT1 and a human Nogo-B receptor homolog suggests that PgCPT1 requires an accessory component for proper function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Quy Nguyen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Choon Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Ran Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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15
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Yamashita S, Yamaguchi H, Waki T, Aoki Y, Mizuno M, Yanbe F, Ishii T, Funaki A, Tozawa Y, Miyagi-Inoue Y, Fushihara K, Nakayama T, Takahashi S. Identification and reconstitution of the rubber biosynthetic machinery on rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27790974 PMCID: PMC5110245 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is stored in latex as rubber particles (RPs), rubber molecules surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Rubber transferase (RTase), the enzyme responsible for NR biosynthesis, is believed to be a member of the cis-prenyltransferase (cPT) family. However, none of the recombinant cPTs have shown RTase activity independently. We show that HRT1, a cPT from Heveabrasiliensis, exhibits distinct RTase activity in vitro only when it is introduced on detergent-washed HeveaRPs (WRPs) by a cell-free translation-coupled system. Using this system, a heterologous cPT from Lactucasativa also exhibited RTase activity, indicating proper introduction of cPT on RP is the key to reconstitute active RTase. RP proteomics and interaction network analyses revealed the formation of the protein complex consisting of HRT1, rubber elongation factor (REF) and HRT1-REF BRIDGING PROTEIN. The RTase activity enhancement observed for the complex assembled on WRPs indicates the HRT1-containing complex functions as the NR biosynthetic machinery. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19022.001
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makie Mizuno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yanbe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishii
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayuta Funaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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16
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Yamashita S, Yamaguchi H, Waki T, Aoki Y, Mizuno M, Yanbe F, Ishii T, Funaki A, Tozawa Y, Miyagi-Inoue Y, Fushihara K, Nakayama T, Takahashi S. Identification and reconstitution of the rubber biosynthetic machinery on rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis. eLife 2016; 5:e19022. [PMID: 27790974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19022.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is stored in latex as rubber particles (RPs), rubber molecules surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Rubber transferase (RTase), the enzyme responsible for NR biosynthesis, is believed to be a member of the cis-prenyltransferase (cPT) family. However, none of the recombinant cPTs have shown RTase activity independently. We show that HRT1, a cPT from Heveabrasiliensis, exhibits distinct RTase activity in vitro only when it is introduced on detergent-washed HeveaRPs (WRPs) by a cell-free translation-coupled system. Using this system, a heterologous cPT from Lactucasativa also exhibited RTase activity, indicating proper introduction of cPT on RP is the key to reconstitute active RTase. RP proteomics and interaction network analyses revealed the formation of the protein complex consisting of HRT1, rubber elongation factor (REF) and HRT1-REF BRIDGING PROTEIN. The RTase activity enhancement observed for the complex assembled on WRPs indicates the HRT1-containing complex functions as the NR biosynthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshiyuki Waki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makie Mizuno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yanbe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishii
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayuta Funaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Grabińska KA, Park EJ, Sessa WC. cis-Prenyltransferase: New Insights into Protein Glycosylation, Rubber Synthesis, and Human Diseases. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18582-90. [PMID: 27402831 PMCID: PMC5000101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.739490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-Prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) constitute a large family of enzymes conserved during evolution and present in all domains of life. cis-PTs catalyze consecutive condensation reactions of allylic diphosphate acceptor with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) in the cis (Z) configuration to generate linear polyprenyl diphosphate. The chain lengths of isoprenoid carbon skeletons vary widely from neryl pyrophosphate (C10) to natural rubber (C>10,000). The homo-dimeric bacterial enzyme, undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), has been structurally and mechanistically characterized in great detail and serves as a model for understanding the mode of action of eukaryotic cis-PTs. However, recent experiments have revealed that mammals, fungal, and long-chain plant cis-PTs are heteromeric enzymes composed of two distantly related subunits. In this review, the classification, function, and evolution of cis-PTs will be discussed with a special emphasis on the role of the newly described NgBR/Nus1 subunit and its plants' orthologs as essential, structural components of the cis-PTs activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariona A Grabińska
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Eon Joo Park
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - William C Sessa
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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18
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Kwon M, Kwon EJ, Ro D. cis-Prenyltransferase and Polymer Analysis from a Natural Rubber Perspective. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:121-45. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Qu Y, Chakrabarty R, Tran HT, Kwon EJG, Kwon M, Nguyen TD, Ro DK. A lettuce (Lactuca sativa) homolog of human Nogo-B receptor interacts with cis-prenyltransferase and is necessary for natural rubber biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:1898-914. [PMID: 25477521 PMCID: PMC4303647 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.616920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) is an indispensable biopolymer used to manufacture diverse consumer products. Although a major source of natural rubber is the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is also known to synthesize natural rubber. Here, we report that an unusual cis-prenyltransferase-like 2 (CPTL2) that lacks the conserved motifs of conventional cis-prenyltransferase is required for natural rubber biosynthesis in lettuce. CPTL2, identified from the lettuce rubber particle proteome, displays homology to a human NogoB receptor and is predominantly expressed in latex. Multiple transgenic lettuces expressing CPTL2-RNAi constructs showed that a decrease of CPTL2 transcripts (3-15% CPTL2 expression relative to controls) coincided with the reduction of natural rubber as low as 5%. We also identified a conventional cis-prenyltransferase 3 (CPT3), exclusively expressed in latex. In subcellular localization studies using fluorescent proteins, cytosolic CPT3 was relocalized to endoplasmic reticulum by co-occurrence of CPTL2 in tobacco and yeast at the log phase. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid data showed that CPTL2 and CPT3 interact. Yeast microsomes containing CPTL2/CPT3 showed enhanced synthesis of short cis-polyisoprenes, but natural rubber could not be synthesized in vitro. Intriguingly, a homologous pair CPTL1/CPT1, which displays ubiquitous expressions in lettuce, showed a potent dolichol biosynthetic activity in vitro. Taken together, our data suggest that CPTL2 is a scaffolding protein that tethers CPT3 on endoplasmic reticulum and is necessary for natural rubber biosynthesis in planta, but yeast-expressed CPTL2 and CPT3 alone could not synthesize high molecular weight natural rubber in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Romit Chakrabarty
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hue T Tran
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Eun-Joo G Kwon
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Trinh-Don Nguyen
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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20
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Buczkowska A, Swiezewska E, Lefeber DJ. Genetic defects in dolichol metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:157-69. [PMID: 25270028 PMCID: PMC4281381 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) comprise a group of inborn errors of metabolism with abnormal glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Patients with defective protein N-glycosylation are identified in routine metabolic screening via analysis of serum transferrin glycosylation. Defects in the assembly of the dolichol linked Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) glycan and its transfer to proteins lead to the (partial) absence of complete glycans on proteins. These defects are called CDG-I and are located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or cytoplasm. Defects in the subsequent processing of protein bound glycans result in the presence of truncated glycans on proteins. These defects are called CDG-II and the enzymes involved are located mainly in the Golgi apparatus. In recent years, human defects have been identified in dolichol biosynthesis genes within the group of CDG-I patients. This has increased interest in dolichol metabolism, has resulted in specific recognizable clinical symptoms in CDG-I and has offered new mechanistic insights in dolichol biosynthesis. We here review its biosynthetic pathways, the clinical and biochemical phenotypes in dolichol-related CDG defects, up to the formation of dolichyl-P-mannose (Dol-P-Man), and discuss existing evidence of regulatory networks in dolichol metabolism to provide an outlook on therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buczkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dirk J. Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Surmacz L, Plochocka D, Kania M, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. cis-Prenyltransferase atCPT6 produces a family of very short-chain polyisoprenoids in planta. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:240-50. [PMID: 24291644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
cis-Prenyltransferases (CPTs) comprise numerous enzymes synthesizing isoprenoid hydrocarbon skeleton with isoprenoid units in the cis (Z) configuration. The chain-length specificity of a particular plant CPT is in most cases unknown despite thecomposition of the accumulated isoprenoids in the tissue of interest being well established. In this report AtCPT6, one of the nine Arabidopsis thaliana CPTs, is shown to catalyze the synthesis of a family of very short-chain polyisoprenoid alcohols of six, seven, and eight isoprenoid units, those of seven units dominating The product specificity of AtCPT6 was established in vivo following its expression in the heterologous system of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was confirmed by the absence of specific products in AtCPT6 T-DNA insertion mutants and their overaccumulation in AtCPT6-overexpressing plants. These observations are additionally validated in silico using an AtCPT6 model obtained by homology modeling. AtCPT6 only partially complements the function of the yeast homologue of CPT-Rer2 since it restores the growth but not protein glycosylation in rer2delta yeast.This is the first in planta characterization of specific products of a plant CPT producing polyisoprenoids. Their distribution suggests that a joint activity of several CPTs is required to produce the complex mixture of polyisoprenoid alcohols found in Arabidopsis roots.
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22
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Kang JH, Gonzales-Vigil E, Matsuba Y, Pichersky E, Barry CS. Determination of residues responsible for substrate and product specificity of Solanum habrochaites short-chain cis-prenyltransferases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:80-91. [PMID: 24254315 PMCID: PMC3875827 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.230466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are diverse compounds that have their biosynthetic origin in the initial condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate to form C10 prenyl diphosphates that can be elongated by the addition of subsequent isopentenyl diphosphate units. These reactions are catalyzed by either cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) or trans-prenyltransferases. The synthesis of volatile terpenes in plants typically proceeds through either geranyl diphosphate (C10) or trans-farnesyl diphosphate (C15), to yield monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. However, terpene biosynthesis in glandular trichomes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and related wild relatives also occurs via the cis-substrates neryl diphosphate (NPP) and 2Z,6Z-farnesyl diphosphate (Z,Z-FPP). NPP and Z,Z-FPP are synthesized by neryl diphosphate synthase1 (NDPS1) and Z,Z-farnesyl diphosphate synthase (zFPS), which are encoded by the orthologous CPT1 locus in tomato and Solanum habrochaites, respectively. In this study, comparative sequence analysis of NDPS1 and zFPS enzymes from S. habrochaites accessions that synthesize either monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes was performed to identify amino acid residues that correlate with the ability to synthesize NPP or Z,Z-FPP. Subsequent structural modeling, coupled with site-directed mutagenesis, highlighted the importance of four amino acids located within conserved domain II of CPT enzymes that form part of the second α-helix, for determining substrate and product specificity of these enzymes. In particular, the relative positioning of aromatic amino acid residues at positions 100 and 107 determines the ability of these enzymes to synthesize NPP or Z,Z-FPP. This study provides insight into the biochemical evolution of terpene biosynthesis in the glandular trichomes of Solanum species.
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23
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Akhtar TA, Matsuba Y, Schauvinhold I, Yu G, Lees HA, Klein SE, Pichersky E. The tomato cis-prenyltransferase gene family. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:640-52. [PMID: 23134568 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) are predicted to be involved in the synthesis of long-chain polyisoprenoids, all with five or more isoprene (C5) units. Recently, we identified a short-chain CPT, neryl diphosphate synthase (NDPS1), in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here, we searched the tomato genome and identified and characterized its entire CPT gene family, which comprises seven members (SlCPT1-7, with NDPS1 designated as SlCPT1). Six of the SlCPT genes encode proteins with N-terminal targeting sequences, which, when fused to GFP, mediated GFP transport to the plastids of Arabidopsis protoplasts. The SlCPT3-GFP fusion protein was localized to the cytosol. Enzymatic characterization of recombinant SlCPT proteins demonstrated that SlCPT6 produces Z,Z-FPP, and SlCPT2 catalyzes the formation of nerylneryl diphosphate while SlCPT4, SlCPT5 and SlCPT7 synthesize longer-chain products (C25-C55). Although no in vitro activity was demonstrated for SlCPT3, its expression in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae dolichol biosynthesis mutant (rer2) complemented the temperature-sensitive growth defect. Transcripts of SlCPT2, SlCPT4, SlCPT5 and SlCPT7 are present at low levels in multiple tissues, SlCPT6 is exclusively expressed in red fruit and roots, and SlCPT1, SlCPT3 and SlCPT7 are highly expressed in trichomes. RNAi-mediated suppression of NDPS1 led to a large decrease in β-phellandrene (which is produced from neryl diphosphate), with greater reductions achieved with the general 35S promoter compared to the trichome-specific MKS1 promoter. Phylogenetic analysis revealed CPT gene families in both eudicots and monocots, and showed that all the short-chain CPT genes from tomato (SlCPT1, SlCPT2 and SlCPT6) are closely linked to terpene synthase gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Jozwiak A, Ples M, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Kania M, Dydak M, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. Sugar availability modulates polyisoprenoid and phytosterol profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana hairy root culture. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012. [PMID: 23178167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sugars are recognized as signaling molecules regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Here, a modulatory effect of sugars on dolichol and phytosterol profiles was noted in the hairy roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis roots contain a complex dolichol mixture comprising three groups ('families') of dolichols differing in the chain-length. These dolichols, especially the longest ones are accompanied by considerable amounts of polyprenols of the same length. The spectrum of polyisoprenoid alcohols, i.e. dolichols and polyprenols, was dependent on sugar type (glucose or sucrose) and its concentration in the medium. Among the long-chain dolichols Dol/Pren-20 (dolichol or prenol molecule composed of 20 isoprene residues) and Dol/Pren-23 were the main components at 0.5% and 2% glucose, respectively. Moreover, the ratio of polyprenols versus respective dolichols was also modulated by sugar in this group of polyisoprenoids, with polyprenols dominating at 3% sucrose and dolichols at 2% glucose. Glucose concentration affected the expression level of genes encoding cis-prenyltransferases, enzymes responsible for elongation of the polyisoprenoid chain. The most abundant phytosterols of the A. thaliana roots, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol, were accompanied by corresponding stanols and traces of brassicasterol, stigmast-4,22-dien-3-one and stigmast-4-en-3-one. Similar to the polyisoprenoids, sterol profile responded to the sugar present in the medium, β-sitosterol dominating in roots grown on 3% or lower glucose concentrations and stigmasterol in 3% sucrose. These results indicate an involvement of sugar signaling in the regulation of cis-prenyltransferases and phytosterol pathway enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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