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The association between adverse childhood experiences and common mental disorders and suicidality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1489-1499. [PMID: 33638709 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are related to increased risk of common mental disorders. This umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses aimed to identify the key ACEs that are consistently associated with increased risk of mental disorders and suicidality. We searched PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar for systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the association between ACEs and common mental disorders or suicidality published from January 1, 2009 until July 11, 2019. The methodological quality of included reviews was evaluated using the AMSTAR2 checklist. The effect sizes reported in each meta-analysis were combined using a random-effects model. Meta-regressions were conducted to investigate whether associations vary by gender or age of exposure to ACEs. This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019146431). We included 68 reviews with moderate (55%), low (28%) or critically low (17%) methodological quality. The median number of included studies in these reviews was 14 (2-277). Across identified reviews, 24 ACEs were associated with increased risk of common mental disorders or suicidality. ACEs were associated with a two-fold higher odds of anxiety disorders (pooled odds ratios (ORs): 1.94; 95% CI 1.82, 2.22), internalizing disorders (OR 1.76; 1.59, 1.87), depression (OR 2.01; 1.86, 2.32) and suicidality (OR 2.33; 2.11, 2.56). These associations did not significantly (P > 0.05) vary by gender or the age of exposure. ACEs are consistently associated with increased risk of common mental disorders and suicidality. Well-designed cohort studies to track the impact of ACEs, and trials of interventions to prevent them or reduce their impact should be global research priorities.
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Martin A, Partika A, Castle S, Horm D, Johnson AD. Both sides of the screen: Predictors of parents' and teachers' depression and food insecurity during COVID-19-related distance learning. EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH QUARTERLY 2022; 60:237-249. [PMID: 35153375 PMCID: PMC8825345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented strains on both parents and teachers, both of whose mental and financial hardships have serious implications for young children's wellbeing. We drew on an existing cohort study of families with low incomes in Tulsa, OK when children were in their Spring of first grade in 2020. We surveyed parents and teachers - children's caregivers on both sides of the screen during distance learning - before and after the COVID-19 pandemic hit and schools were closed. We first compared the proportion of parents and teachers who were depressed and food-insecure before and after the pandemic struck. We then used pre-pandemic characteristics of parents and teachers in separate models to predict their depression and food insecurity during the pandemic. Results showed that rates of depression among both parents and teachers spiked after COVID-19, and food insecurity rates also increased among parents. For both parents and teachers, the strongest predictor of depression during COVID-19 was having experienced depression before the pandemic. Similarly, the strongest predictor of food insecurity during COVID-19 was having experienced food insecurity beforehand. These results point intervention efforts towards identifying the caregivers of children in low-income contexts whose mental and financial wellbeing are likely to be most compromised during this and perhaps future disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Martin
- Independent Consultant, 237 West 11th St., 4A, New York, NY 10014
| | - Anne Partika
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, 303 White-Gravenor Hall, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Sherri Castle
- Early Childhood Education Institute, University of Oklahoma - Tulsa, 4502 E. 41st St., Room 4W-123, Tulsa, OK 74135
| | - Diane Horm
- Early Childhood Education Institute, University of Oklahoma - Tulsa, 4502 E. 41st St., Room 4W-123, Tulsa, OK 74135
| | - Anna D Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, 303 White-Gravenor Hall, Washington, DC 20057
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Wang H, Cousineau C, Hu YA, Hu G, Qi S, Sun A, Wu H, Rozelle S, Singh M. Examining the Relation between Caregiver Mental Health and Student Outcomes in Rural China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312613. [PMID: 34886336 PMCID: PMC8656998 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research continues to highlight the central relationship between caregivers' mental health and their children's development. This study examined the relation between primary caregivers' mental health and school-aged children's outcomes, including student mental health, resilience, and academic performance, in rural China. Using cross-sectional data from economically poor areas in the Gansu province, 2989 students (mean age = 11.51, 53.33% male, 46.67% female) and their primary caregivers (74.2% female) completed the 21-item, self-report Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Students also completed the 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and a standardized math test. The results indicated a high prevalence of caregiver depression (31%), stress (39%), and anxiety (24%). Characteristics that were significantly correlated with caregiver mental health issues included being a grandparent, having a low socioeconomic status and low education level, and living in a household with at least one migrant worker. Apart from caregiver stress and student resilience, caregiver mental health issues were negatively correlated with all student outcomes, including student mental health, resilience, and academic performance. Although additional empirical research is needed to investigate the associations between caregiver mental health and student outcomes, our results suggest that rural communities could benefit greatly from programs focused on improving the mental health of caregivers and this, in turn, may have a positive impact on student outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-6055, USA; (H.W.); (C.C.); (Y.A.H.); (G.H.); (S.Q.); (A.S.); (H.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Claire Cousineau
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-6055, USA; (H.W.); (C.C.); (Y.A.H.); (G.H.); (S.Q.); (A.S.); (H.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Yuwei Adeline Hu
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-6055, USA; (H.W.); (C.C.); (Y.A.H.); (G.H.); (S.Q.); (A.S.); (H.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Grace Hu
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-6055, USA; (H.W.); (C.C.); (Y.A.H.); (G.H.); (S.Q.); (A.S.); (H.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Sunny Qi
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-6055, USA; (H.W.); (C.C.); (Y.A.H.); (G.H.); (S.Q.); (A.S.); (H.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Adrian Sun
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-6055, USA; (H.W.); (C.C.); (Y.A.H.); (G.H.); (S.Q.); (A.S.); (H.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Helen Wu
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-6055, USA; (H.W.); (C.C.); (Y.A.H.); (G.H.); (S.Q.); (A.S.); (H.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Scott Rozelle
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-6055, USA; (H.W.); (C.C.); (Y.A.H.); (G.H.); (S.Q.); (A.S.); (H.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5719, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(650)-725-5922
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Connelly JP, O'Connell M. Gender differences in vulnerability to maternal depression during early adolescence: Girls appear more susceptible than boys. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Connelly
- School of Psychology University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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Carona C, Moreira H, Fonseca A. Maternal depression and anxiety in an interpersonal context: The effects of positive–negative self-expressiveness within the family. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oja C, Edbom T, Nager A, Månsson J, Ekblad S. Awareness of parental illness: a grounded theory of upholding family equilibrium in parents on long-term sick-leave in primary health care. Scand J Prim Health Care 2021; 39:268-278. [PMID: 34152244 PMCID: PMC8477794 DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2021.1928835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the main concern of chronically ill parents and how they resolve this concern in relation to their children. DESIGN Grounded theory. SETTING Three primary health care clinics in Sweden. SUBJECTS Thirty-two interviewed parents and their children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Processes and typologies of upholding family relationships. RESULTS A concern of chronically ill parents is sustaining family equilibrium, achieved through a process of upholding family relationships. How a parent upholds depends upon his/her comprehension of the illness and of their child's need for parenting. In response to the parent's upholding behaviours, children mirror the effect of the illness to the parent, the child's specific behaviour depending on his/her level of comprehension regarding the parent's illness. Their combined behaviours create an awareness context that may be closed, concealed, suspicious, conflicted, mutual pretence or open.When the parent drives and facilitates the evolution of comprehension, the context quickly evolves from closed to open. When the parent hinders the process by masking and resisting the child responds by probing and proving and they become locked into a suspicious or conflicted awareness context with high relational tension. To create family equilibrium the parent needs to reveal and facilitate the awareness process. CONCLUSION Parents on long-term sick leave in primary health care can need assistance to facilitate the awareness context of themselves and their child.Implications: Clinicians can identify the current awareness context of their patient and help their patient towards increased understanding of their illness; their child's needs and the parental capacities needed to reveal the illness and its impacts.Key PointsChildren are affected when parents are ill; they wish for information on their parent's illness. Effective interventions are available in settings other than primary health care and possibilities seen by GPs and families in Scandinavian primary health care have been previously described. There is a knowledge gap in how parents view themselves and their parenting when ill in primary health care. An analysis grounded in interviews was needed to generate a hypothesis (theory) of parental concerns and behaviours.This theory proposes that an important concern of chronically ill parents is to sustain family equilibrium, which they attempt to do by upholding family relationships.Specific upholding behaviours include masking, resisting, colluding, and revealing. In response, children will engage in mirroring behaviours. Which paired behaviours are enacted will depend upon the respective levels of comprehension of parent and child regarding the illness and on the child's need for parenting. In their interactions, parent and child create one of six awareness contexts.Identifying the current awareness context in the family about chronic parental illness provides clinicians with a conceptual tool to better support those families locked in suspicious or conflicted awareness contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Oja
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Edbom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (CNS), Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nager
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Månsson
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Solvig Ekblad
- Academic Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, SLSO, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Cultural Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Argent SE, Kalebic N, Rice F, Taylor P. Offspring outcomes when a parent experiences one or more major psychiatric disorder(s): a clinical review. EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 2020; 23:113-121. [PMID: 32303570 PMCID: PMC10231511 DOI: 10.1136/ebmental-2019-300123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We sought evidence on quantifiable offspring outcomes, including problems, needs and strengths, associated with their experience of major parental psychiatric disorder(s), focusing on schizophrenia, affective illnesses and personality disorder(s). We were motivated by the absence of any systematic exploration of the needs of offspring of parents in secure hospitals. Seven electronic databases were searched to identify systematic reviews of studies quantifying offspring outcomes when a parent, or parent surrogate, has major psychiatric disorder(s). Our search (updated in February 2018) identified seven high-quality reviews, which incorporated 291 unique papers, published in 1974-2017. The weight of evidence is of increased risk of poor offspring outcomes, including psychiatric disorder and/or behavioural, emotional, cognitive or social difficulties. No review explored child strengths. Potential moderators and mediators examined included aspects of parental disorder (eg, severity), parent and child gender and age, parenting behaviours, and family functioning. This clinical review is the first review of systematic reviews to focus on quantifiable offspring problems, needs or strengths when a parent has major psychiatric disorder(s). It narratively synthesises findings, emphasising the increased risk of offspring problems, while highlighting limits to what is known, especially the extent to which any increased risk of childhood problems endures and the extent to which aspects of parental disorder moderate offspring outcomes. The absence of the reviews' consideration of child strengths and protective factors limits opportunity to enhance offspring resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elizabeth Argent
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Natasha Kalebic
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frances Rice
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pamela Taylor
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Oja C, Edbom T, Nager A, Månsson J, Ekblad S. Informing children of their parent's illness: A systematic review of intervention programs with child outcomes in all health care settings globally from inception to 2019. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233696. [PMID: 32453799 PMCID: PMC7250450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children are impacted when parents are ill. This systematic review gives an overview of the current state of research and extracts what children and parents found helpful in the interventions aimed at informing children of their parent's illness. METHODS This review was registered with PROSPERO and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Five health and social science databases were searched from inception to November 2019 to identify original, peer-reviewed articles in English describing effective interventions. The authors selected and reviewed the studies independently, and any inconsistencies were resolved by discussion in face-to-face meetings and emails. A descriptive synthesis of evidence-based concepts from quantitative and qualitative studies was conducted. RESULTS A total of 13 892 titles and 144 full-text articles were reviewed with 32 selected for final inclusion, 21 quantitative, 11 qualitative and no mixed-method studies published from 1993 to November 2019. Most of the research was conducted in mental health, including substance abuse (n = 22), but also in cancer care (n = 6) and HIV care (n = 4). Most studies using quantitative method showed a small to moderately positive statistically significant intervention effect on the child's level of internalized symptoms. Content analysis of the results of studies employing qualitative methodology resulted in four concepts important to both children and parents in interventions (increased knowledge, more open communication, new coping strategies and changed feelings) and three additional concepts important to parents (observed changes in their children's behavior, the parent's increased understanding of their own child and the relief of respite). CONCLUSIONS In the literature there is evidence of mild to moderate positive effects on the child's level of internalized symptoms as well as concepts important to children and parent's worth noting when trying to bridge the still existing knowledge gaps. In further efforts the challenges of implementation as well as adaptation to differing clinical and personal situations appear key to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Oja
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Edbom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (CNS), Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nager
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Månsson
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Solvig Ekblad
- Academic Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chen JK, Wu C, Chang CW, Wei HS. Indirect effect of parental depression on school victimization through adolescent depression. J Affect Disord 2020; 263:396-404. [PMID: 31969270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a link between parental depression and adolescent school victimization is frequently hypothesized, studies on this association have shown mixed results. In addition, adolescent depression has been considered a potential psychosocial mechanism underlying the link between parental depression and adolescent school victimization. However, studies to support this proposition are lacking. This paper examines the direct effect of parental depression on adolescent victimization by peers and teachers in school as well as indirect effect through adolescent depression in an Asian context (Taiwan) and further examines differences in the interrelationships of parental depression, adolescent depression, and school victimization by peers and teachers across gender and school age groups. METHODS Data were obtained from a random sample of 2,419 students (grades 7-12) and their parents in one of the largest metropolitan areas in Taiwan. RESULTS Parental depression did not have a significant direct association with either type of school victimization. However, parental depression showed a significant indirect association with both types of school victimization through adolescent depression. These findings applied to both males and females and both junior and senior high school students. LIMITATION The study utilized cross-sectional data, and the findings cannot be used to build causal relationships. CONCLUSION Our findings provide empirical support that parental depression has indirect associations with school victimization by peers and teachers through adolescent depression. The results support the importance of including family-based approaches for depression targeting parents and adolescents in future victim intervention/prevention school programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kang Chen
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Chaoyue Wu
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Hsi-Sheng Wei
- Department of Social Work, National Taipei University, Taiwan.
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Thomas AL, Caughy MO, Anderson LA, Owen MT. Longitudinal associations between relationship quality and maternal depression among low-income African American and Hispanic mothers. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2019; 33:722-729. [PMID: 31144828 PMCID: PMC6706291 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This examination of 237 African American and Hispanic mothers of young children explored the longitudinal linkages between romantic partner relationship quality and maternal depressive symptoms among low-income ethnic minority populations. Most studies to date have largely focused on majority non-Hispanic White populations, as well as married partner dyads, and few have utilized longitudinal designs. At 3 time points, participants completed a series of questionnaires including the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) for partner relationship quality and a revised version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-R) Scale for maternal depressive symptoms during home-visit interviews. Both concurrent and prospective correlations were significant and negative, indicating a higher level of relationship quality was associated with fewer depressive symptoms. After adjusting for potential confounders, partner relationship quality was prospectively associated with maternal depressive symptoms but not vice versa. This pattern did not differ by maternal ethnicity. The findings of this study support and contribute to the limited research conducted to date to uncover patterns and influences of associations between romantic partner relationship quality and depressive symptoms in representative samples of ethnic minority populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Epigenetic variation at the SLC6A4 gene promoter in mother-child pairs with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:716-723. [PMID: 30447571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and epigenetic variations of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) have been related to the etiology of depression. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism at the SLC6A4 promoter region has two variants, a short allele (S) and a long allele (L), in which the S allele results in lower gene transcription and has been associated with depression. The short S-allele of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of this gene has been associated with depression. In addition to molecular mechanisms, exposure to early life risk factors such as maternal depression seems to affect the development of depression in postnatal life. The present study investigated the association of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and CpG DNA methylation (5mC) levels of an AluJb repeat element at the SLC6A4 promoter region in mother-child pairs exposed to maternal depression. METHODS We analyzed DNA samples from 60 subjects (30 mother-child pairs) split into three groups, with and without major depression disorder (DSM-IV) among children and mothers. The genotyping of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and quantification of 5mC levels was performed by qualitative PCR and methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme digestion, and real-time quantitative PCR (MSRED-qPCR), respectively. RESULTS The sample analyzed presented a higher frequency of S allele of 5-HTTLPR (67.5%). Despite the high frequency of this allele, we did not find statistically significant differences between individuals carrying at least one S allele between the depression and healthy control subjects, or among the mother-child pair groups with different patterns of occurrence of depression. In the group where the mother and child were both diagnosed with depression, we found a statistically significant decrease of the 5mC level at the SLC6A4 promoter region. LIMITATIONS The limitations are the relatively small sample size and lack of gene expression data available for comparison with methylation data. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrated a repeat element specific 5mC level reduction in mother-child pairs, concordant for the diagnosis of depression.
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Oja C, Edbom T, Nager A, Månsson J, Ekblad S. Making life work for both themselves and their parents alone- how children aged 11–16 view themselves in relation to their chronically ill parents in a primary health care setting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2018.1548360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Oja
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Edbom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience (CNS), Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nager
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Månsson
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Solvig Ekblad
- Academic Primary Health Care, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME), Culture Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pizeta FA, Silva APC, Loureiro SR. Resilience to Cumulative Stressors: A Prediction Study of Schoolchildren Living With Maternal Depression. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2017; 53:321-328. [PMID: 27461760 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the predictive effect of multiple variables of risk and resilience on the behavior of school-age children living with maternal depression. DESIGN AND METHODS In a cross-sectional predictive study, the influence of maternal depression, cumulative stressors, and resilience on the behavior of children was analyzed. FINDINGS In the univariate analysis, maternal depression and cumulative stressors were considered as risks, and resilience as protection for the children. In the multivariate analysis, resilience was a predictor of fewer problems in the presence of maternal depression and risks. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The degree of resilience was an indicator for the relevance of developmental actions involving effective coping skills for cumulative stressors, including maternal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Aguiar Pizeta
- School of Medicine in Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, is Forense Psychologist in Justice Court of the State of São Paulo, and Professor in Psychology Course, Paulista University, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Casagrande Silva
- School of Medicine in Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, is Psychologist, Clinical Hospital of School of Medicine in Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Regina Loureiro
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Sciences, School of Medicine in Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Azeredo CM, Santos IS, Barros AJD, Barros FC, Matijasevich A. Maternal depression and bullying victimization among adolescents: Results from the 2004 Pelotas cohort study. Depress Anxiety 2017. [PMID: 28632971 DOI: 10.1002/da.22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression impacts on several detrimental outcomes during a child's life course, and could increase their risk of victimization. This longitudinal study examined the association between antenatal maternal depression, postnatal trajectories, and current maternal depression and offspring bullying victimization at 11 years. METHODS We included 3,441 11-year-old adolescents from the 2004 Pelotas Cohort Study. Antenatal maternal depression, postnatal trajectories, and current maternal depression data were assessed during the follow-up waves. Bullying victimization was self-reported by the adolescents. We used ordinal logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), for the association between maternal depression and offspring bullying victimization. RESULTS The most prevalent type of bullying was verbal victimization (37.9%). We observed a positive association between antenatal maternal depression, postnatal trajectories, and current maternal depression and physical bullying victimization. Maternal mood symptoms during pregnancy were associated with physical (OR = 1.30, 95%CI = 1.11-1.53), verbal (OR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.12-1.49), and any victimization (OR = 1.22, 95%CI = 1.05-1.41). Severe current maternal depression was associated with physical (OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.10-1.62), social manipulation (OR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.08-1.53), attacks on property (OR = 1.30, 95%CI = 1.08-1.57) and any victimization (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.12-1.56). Regarding maternal depression trajectories, the "chronic-high" group was associated with higher risk of social manipulation, attacks on property and any victimization, than the "low" group. CONCLUSIONS Our results strengthen the evidence of association between maternal depression and offspring bullying victimization, and physical victimization appears to be the main component. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings and to elucidate the theoretical pathways for this longitudinal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Machado Azeredo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia/MG, Brazil
| | - Iná S Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Aluísio J D Barros
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Alicia Matijasevich
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São, Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Matsuzaka CT, Wainberg ML, Norcini Pala A, Hoffmann EV, Coimbra BM, Braga RF, Duarte CS, Sweetland AC, Mello MF. Correlations between caregiver psychiatric symptoms and offspring psychopathology in a low-resource setting. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2017; 40:56-62. [PMID: 28700013 PMCID: PMC5756531 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2016-1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Methods: Results: Conclusion:
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milton L. Wainberg
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA; Columbia University College, USA
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16
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Mikkonen J, Moustgaard H, Remes H, Martikainen P. Intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms - The role of gender, socioeconomic circumstances, and the accumulation of parental symptoms. J Affect Disord 2016; 204:74-82. [PMID: 27341423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between parental and offspring depression is well established. Evidence regarding the significance of gender, socioeconomic circumstances, and the accumulation of parental symptoms in intergenerational transmission is, however, mixed and scarce. METHODS Using a 20% random sample of Finns born between 1986 and 1996 (n=138,559), we performed a Cox proportional hazards regression to analyze the incidence of depressive symptoms between ages 15-20 by exposure to maternal and paternal depressive symptoms earlier in life. Depressive symptoms were inferred from antidepressant purchases and/or a diagnosis of depression at outpatient or inpatient health services. RESULTS Exposure to maternal depressive symptoms posed an equal risk for girls and boys (hazard ratio, HR, 2.09 vs. 2.28 respectively, p=0.077), whereas the effect of paternal depressive symptoms was weaker for girls (HR 1.77 vs. 2.22, p<0.001). Parental socioeconomic status neither confounded nor moderated these effects. Dual exposure to both maternal and paternal depressive symptoms posed a larger risk than single exposure, and children exposed recurrently at ages 0-5 and 9-14 faced an elevated risk compared with those exposed at only one period. LIMITATIONS Since depressive symptoms were inferred from prescription purchases and treatment records, we were unable to observe untreated depression or to determine the underlying condition the antidepressants were prescribed for. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that maternal depression affects both genders equally, whereas paternal depression affects girls less than boys. We show that parental depression and low socioeconomic status are mainly independent risk factors of adolescent depressive symptoms and do not cause an interactive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Mikkonen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heta Moustgaard
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Remes
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Finland; Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; The Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany
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17
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Risk Factors for Mental Health Problems in School-Age Children from a Community Sample. Matern Child Health J 2012; 17:1825-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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