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Liu C, Liu Q, Mou Z. Redox signaling and oxidative stress in systemic acquired resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4535-4548. [PMID: 38693779 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Plants fully depend on their immune systems to defend against pathogens. Upon pathogen attack, plants not only activate immune responses at the infection site but also trigger a defense mechanism known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in distal systemic tissues to prevent subsequent infections by a broad-spectrum of pathogens. SAR is induced by mobile signals produced at the infection site. Accumulating evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in SAR signaling. ROS burst at the infection site is one of the earliest cellular responses following pathogen infection and can spread to systemic tissues through membrane-associated NADPH oxidase-dependent relay production of ROS. It is well known that ROS ignite redox signaling and, when in excess, cause oxidative stress, damaging cellular components. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on redox regulation of several SAR signaling components. We discuss the ROS amplification loop in systemic tissues involving multiple SAR mobile signals. Moreover, we highlight the essential role of oxidative stress in generating SAR signals including azelaic acid and extracellular NAD(P) [eNAD(P)]. Finally, we propose that eNAD(P) is a damage-associated molecular pattern serving as a converging point of SAR mobile signals in systemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, PO Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Qingcai Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, PO Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, PO Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Li J, Tian Z, Han A, Li J, Luo A, Liu R, Zhang Z. Integrative physiological, critical plant endogenous hormones, and transcriptomic analyses reveal the difenoconazole stress response mechanism in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105688. [PMID: 38072543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DFN) is widely utilized as a fungicide in wheat production. However, its accumulation in plant tissues has a profound impact on the physiological functions of wheat plants, thus severely threatening wheat growth and even jeopardizing human health. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the dynamic dissipation patterns of DFN, along with an investigation into the physiological, hormonal, and transcriptomic responses of wheat seedlings exposed to DFN. The results demonstrated that exposure of wheat roots to DFN (10 mg/kg in soil) led to a significant accumulation of DFN in wheat plants, with the DFN content in roots being notably higher than that in leaves. Accumulating DFN triggered an increase in reactive oxygen species content, malonaldehyde content, and antioxidant enzyme activities, while concurrently inhibiting photosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that the number of differentially expressed genes was greater in roots compared with leaves under DFN stress. Key genes in roots and leaves that exhibited a positive response to DFN-induced stress were identified through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that these key genes mainly encode proteins involved in glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signaling, amino acid metabolism, and detoxification/defense pathways. Further results indicated that abscisic acid and salicylic acid play vital roles in the detoxification of leaf and root DFN, respectively. In brief, the abovementioned findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the detrimental effects of DFN on wheat seedlings, while shedding light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of wheat root and leaves to DFN exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchong Li
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixiang Tian
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Aohui Han
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Jingkun Li
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Aodi Luo
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Runqiang Liu
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment/School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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Li Q, Zhou M, Chhajed S, Yu F, Chen S, Zhang Y, Mou Z. N-hydroxypipecolic acid triggers systemic acquired resistance through extracellular NAD(P). Nat Commun 2023; 14:6848. [PMID: 37891163 PMCID: PMC10611778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a long-lasting broad-spectrum plant defense mechanism induced in distal systemic tissues by mobile signals generated at the primary infection site. Despite the discoveries of multiple potential mobile signals, how these signals cooperate to trigger downstream SAR signaling is unknown. Here, we show that endogenous extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [eNAD(P)] accumulates systemically upon pathogen infection and that both eNAD(P) and the lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), LecRK-VI.2, are required in systemic tissues for the establishment of SAR. Moreover, putative mobile signals, e.g., N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), trigger de novo systemic eNAD(P) accumulation largely through the respiratory burst oxidase homolog RBOHF-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, NHP-induced systemic immunity mainly depends on ROS, eNAD(P), LecRK-VI.2, and BAK1, indicating that NHP induces SAR primarily through the ROS-eNAD(P)-LecRK-VI.2/BAK1 signaling pathway. Our results suggest that mobile signals converge on eNAD(P) in systemic tissues to trigger SAR through LecRK-VI.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mingxi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110690, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shweta Chhajed
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Fahong Yu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, P.O. Box 103622, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, P.O. Box 103622, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110690, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Majeed Y, Zhu X, Zhang N, ul-Ain N, Raza A, Haider FU, Si H. Harnessing the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases against abiotic stresses in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:932923. [PMID: 36909407 PMCID: PMC10000299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.932923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants are vulnerable to various biotic and abiotic stresses, whereas plants tend to retain their physiological mechanisms by evolving cellular regulation. To mitigate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses, many defense mechanisms are induced in plants. One of these mechanisms is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, a signaling pathway used in the transduction of extracellular stimuli into intercellular responses. This stress signaling pathway is activated by a series of responses involving MAPKKKs→MAPKKs→MAPKs, consisting of interacting proteins, and their functions depend on the collaboration and activation of one another by phosphorylation. These proteins are key regulators of MAPK in various crop plants under abiotic stress conditions and also related to hormonal responses. It is revealed that in response to stress signaling, MAPKs are characterized as multigenic families and elaborate the specific stimuli transformation as well as the antioxidant regulation system. This pathway is directed by the framework of proteins and stopping domains confer the related associates with unique structure and functions. Early studies of plant MAPKs focused on their functions in model plants. Based on the results of whole-genome sequencing, many MAPKs have been identified in plants, such as Arbodiposis, tomato, potato, alfalfa, poplar, rice, wheat, maize, and apple. In this review, we summarized the recent work on MAPK response to abiotic stress and the classification of MAPK cascade in crop plants. Moreover, we highlighted the modern research methodologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, CRISPR/Cas technology, and epigenetic studies, which proposed, identified, and characterized the novel genes associated with MAPKs and their role in plants under abiotic stress conditions. In-silico-based identification of novel MAPK genes also facilitates future research on MAPK cascade identification and function in crop plants under various stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Majeed
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Noor ul-Ain
- Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University (FAFU) and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign-School of Integrative Biology (UIUC-SIB) Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ali Raza
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fasih Ullah Haider
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaijun Si
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Bai J, Xie Y, Shi M, Yao S, Lu W, Xiao K. TaMPK2B, a member of the MAPK family in T. aestivum, enhances plant low-Pi stress tolerance through modulating physiological processes associated with phosphorus starvation defensiveness. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111375. [PMID: 35820548 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are present in plant species and modulate plant growth and stress responses. This study characterizes TaMPK2B, a MAPK family gene in T. aestivum that regulates plant adaptation to low-Pi stress. TaMPK2B harbors the conserved domains involving protein phosphorylation and protein-protein interaction. A yeast two-hybrid assay reveals an interaction between TaMPK2B and TaMPKK2 and between the latter and TaMPKKK;A, suggesting that all comprise a MAPK signaling cascade TaMPKKK;A-TaMPKK2-TaMPK2B. TaMPK2B expression levels were elevated in roots and leaves under a Pi starvation (PS) condition. Additionally, the induced TaMPK2B transcripts under PS in tissues were gradually restored following the Pi normal recovery condition. TaMPK2B overexpression conferred on plants improved PS adaptation; the tobacco lines with TaMPK2B overexpression enhanced the plant's dry mass production, Pi uptake capacity, root system architecture (RSA) establishment, and ROS homeostasis relative to wild type under PS treatment. Moreover, the transcripts of genes in phosphate transporter (PT), PIN-FORMED, and antioxidant enzyme (AE) families, including NtPT3 and NtPT4, NtPIN9, and NtMnSOD1 and NtPOD1;7, were elevated in Pi-deprived lines overexpressing TaMPK2B. Transgene analyses validated their functions in regulating Pi uptake, RSA establishment, and AE activities of plants treated by PS. These results suggest that TaMPK2B-mediated plant PS adaptation is correlated with the modified transcription of distinct PT, PIN, and AE genes. Our investigation suggests that TaMPK2B is one of the crucial regulators in plant low-Pi adaptation by improving Pi uptake, RSA formation, and ROS homeostasis via transcriptionally regulating genes associated with the above physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bai
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Yameng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Meihua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Sufei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China.
| | - Kai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, PR China; College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China.
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Faragó D, Zsigmond L, Benyó D, Alcazar R, Rigó G, Ayaydin F, Rabilu SA, Hunyadi‐Gulyás É, Szabados L. Small paraquat resistance proteins modulate paraquat and ABA responses and confer drought tolerance to overexpressing Arabidopsis plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1985-2003. [PMID: 35486392 PMCID: PMC9324991 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of higher plants to extreme environmental conditions is under complex regulation. Several small peptides have recently been described to modulate responses to stress conditions. The Small Paraquat resistance protein (SPQ) of Lepidium crassifolium has previously been identified due to its capacity to confer paraquat resistance to overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Here, we show that overexpression of the closely related Arabidopsis SPQ can also enhance resistance to paraquat, while the Arabidopsis spq1 mutant is slightly hypersensitive to this herbicide. Besides being implicated in paraquat response, overexpression of SPQs enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), and the knockout spq1 mutant was less sensitive to ABA. Both Lepidium- and Arabidopsis-derived SPQs could improve drought tolerance by reducing water loss, stabilizing photosynthetic electron transport and enhancing plant viability and survival in a water-limited environment. Enhanced drought tolerance of SPQ-overexpressing plants could be confirmed by characterizing various parameters of growth, morphology and photosynthesis using an automatic plant phenotyping platform with RGB and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Our results suggest that SPQs can be regulatory small proteins connecting ROS and ABA regulation and through that influence responses to certain stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Faragó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreSzegedHungary
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreSzegedHungary
| | - Dániel Benyó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreSzegedHungary
| | - Rubén Alcazar
- Facultat de FarmàciaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreSzegedHungary
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM) Nonprofit Ltd.SzegedHungary
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research CentreSzegedHungary
| | - Sahilu Ahmad Rabilu
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreSzegedHungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and InformaticsUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
| | | | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreSzegedHungary
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Yang L, Wang H, Wang P, Gao M, Huang L, Cui X, Liu Y. De novo and comparative transcriptomic analysis explain morphological differences in Panax notoginseng taproots. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:86. [PMID: 35100996 PMCID: PMC8802446 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (PN) belonging to the genus Panax of family Araliaceae is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various diseases. PN taproot, as the most vital organ for the accumulation of bioactive components, presents a variable morphology (oval or long), even within the same environment. However, no related studies have yet explained the molecular mechanism of phenotypic differences. To investigate the cause of differences in the taproot phenotype, de novo and comparative transcriptomic analysis on PN taproot was performed. Results A total of 133,730,886 and 114,761,595 paired-end clean reads were obtained based on high-throughput sequencing from oval and long taproot samples, respectively. 121,955 unigenes with contig N50 = 1,774 bp were generated by using the de novo assembly transcriptome, 63,133 annotations were obtained with the BLAST. And then, 42 genes belong to class III peroxidase (PRX) gene family, 8 genes belong to L-Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) gene family, and 55 genes belong to a series of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family were identified based on integrated annotation results. Differentially expressed genes analysis indicated substantial up-regulation of PnAPX3 and PnPRX45, which are related to reactive oxygen species metabolism, and the PnMPK3 gene, which is related to cell proliferation and plant root development, in long taproots compared with that in oval taproots. Furthermore, the determination results of real-time quantitative PCR, enzyme activity, and H2O2 content verified transcriptomic analysis results. Conclusion These results collectively demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and the PnMPK3 gene may play vital roles in regulating the taproot phenotype of PN. This study provides further insights into the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic differences in other species of the genus Panax. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08283-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Hanye Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Mingju Gao
- Wenshan University, Wenshan, 663000, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China.,Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650000, China.,Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, 650000, China.,Sanqi Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Sanqi Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650000, China.
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Qiu D, Hu W, Zhou Y, Xiao J, Hu R, Wei Q, Zhang Y, Feng J, Sun F, Sun J, Yang G, He G. TaASR1-D confers abiotic stress resistance by affecting ROS accumulation and ABA signalling in transgenic wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1588-1601. [PMID: 33638922 PMCID: PMC8384601 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cultivating new crop cultivars with multiple abiotic stress tolerances is important for crop production. The abscisic acid-stress-ripening (ASR) protein has been shown to confer abiotic stress tolerance in plants. However, the mechanisms of ASR function under stress condition remain largely unclear. In this study, we characterized all ASR family members in common wheat and constitutively overexpressed TaASR1-D in a commercial hexaploid wheat cultivar Zhengmai 9023. The transgenic wheat plants exhibited increased tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses and increased grain yields under salt stress condition. Overexpression of TaASR1-D conferred enhanced antioxidant capacity and ABA sensitivity in transgenic wheat plants. Further, RNA in situ hybridization results showed that TaASR1-D had higher expression levels in the vascular tissues of leaves and the parenchyma cells around the vascular tissues of roots and stems. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that TaASR1-D could directly bind the specific cis-elements in the promoters of TaNCED1 and TaGPx1-D. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TaASR1-D can be used to breed new wheat cultivars with increased multiple abiotic stress tolerances, and TaASR1-D enhances abiotic stress tolerances by reinforcing antioxidant capacity and ABA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Qiu
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical CropsInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
| | - Yu Zhou
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Jie Xiao
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Rui Hu
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Qiuhui Wei
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Yang Zhang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Jialu Feng
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Fusheng Sun
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Jiutong Sun
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST)WuhanChina
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De Y, Shi F, Gao F, Mu H, Yan W. Siberian Wildrye ( Elymus sibiricus L.) Abscisic Acid-Insensitive 5 Gene Is Involved in Abscisic Acid-Dependent Salt Response. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071351. [PMID: 34371554 PMCID: PMC8309358 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Siberian wildrye (Elymus sibiricus L.) is a salt-tolerant, high-quality forage grass that plays an important role in forage production and ecological restoration. Abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive 5 (ABI5) is essential for the normal functioning of the ABA signal pathway. However, the role of ABI5 from Siberian wildrye under salt stress remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the role of Elymus sibiricus L. abscisic acid-insensitive 5 (EsABI5) in the ABA-dependent regulation of the response of Siberian wildrye to salt stress. The open reading frame length of EsABI5 isolated from Siberian wildrye was 1170 bp, and it encoded a 389 amino acid protein, which was localized to the nucleus, with obvious coiled coil areas. EsABI5 had high homology, with ABI5 proteins from Hordeum vulgare, Triticum monococcum, Triticum aestivum, and Aegilops tauschii. The conserved domains of EsABI5 belonged to the basic leucine zipper domain superfamily. EsABI5 had 10 functional interaction proteins with credibility greater than 0.7. EsABI5 expression was upregulated in roots and leaves under NaCl stress and was upregulated in leaves and downregulated in roots under ABA treatment. Notably, tobacco plants overexpressing the EsABI5 were more sensitive to salt stress, as confirmed by the determining of related physiological indicators. EsABI5 expression affected the ABA and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Therefore, EsABI5 is involved in antisalt responses in these pathways and plays a negative regulatory role during salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying De
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China;
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Grassland Research Institute, Hohhot 010010, China; (F.G.); (H.M.); (W.Y.)
| | - Fengling Shi
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010011, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-04714308458
| | - Fengqin Gao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Grassland Research Institute, Hohhot 010010, China; (F.G.); (H.M.); (W.Y.)
| | - Huaibin Mu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Grassland Research Institute, Hohhot 010010, China; (F.G.); (H.M.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weihong Yan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Grassland Research Institute, Hohhot 010010, China; (F.G.); (H.M.); (W.Y.)
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Shi M, Wang Z, Ma Z, Song W, Lu W, Xiao K. Characterization on TaMPK14, an MAPK family gene of wheat, in modulating N-starvation response through regulating N uptake and ROS homeostasis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1285-1299. [PMID: 32648010 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wheat MAPK gene TaMPK14 is N starvation response and is crucial in modulating plant low-N stress tolerance. Improving plant N use efficiency (NUE) contributes largely to the sustainable crop production worldwide. In this study, TaMPK14, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family gene in T. aestivum, was characterized for the role in mediating N starvation response. TaMPK14 harbors conserved domain/motifs specified by the plant MAPK proteins. In vitro assay for kinase activity of TaMPK14 validated its phosphorylation nature. TaMPK14 transcripts were upregulated in both roots and leaves under low-N treatment; moreover, the expression levels induced by N starvation were gradually restored following the N recovery progression. These results suggested transcriptional response of TaMPK14 upon the low-N stress. Compared with wild type (WT), the TaMPK14 overexpressing lines in N. tabacum displayed improved growth and N accumulation traits under deficient-N treatment, which indicated the crucial roles of the MAPK gene in mediating N starvation response. Additionally, the lines treated by N starvation were shown to be improved on cellular ROS homeostasis, displaying higher antioxidant enzymes (AE) activities and less ROS accumulative amount than WT. The transcripts of nitrate transporter gene NtNRT2.1 and those of AE genes NtSOD1, NtCAT1;2, and NtPOD4 were significantly upregulated in N-deprived TaMPK14 lines; overexpression of them conferred plants enhanced N uptake capacity and AE activities, respectively. Moreover, RNA-seq datasets generated from N-deprived transgenic lines contained numerous differential genes involving modulating various biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Together, our investigation suggested that TaMPK14 improves plant N starvation response through transcriptional regulation of distinct NRT and AE genes as well as modulation of associated biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zifei Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Wenteng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, China.
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11
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Baier M, Bittner A, Prescher A, van Buer J. Preparing plants for improved cold tolerance by priming. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:782-800. [PMID: 29974962 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cold is a major stressor, which limits plant growth and development in many parts of the world, especially in the temperate climate zones. A large number of experimental studies has demonstrated that not only acclimation and entrainment but also the experience of single short stress events of various abiotic or biotic kinds (priming stress) can improve the tolerance of plants to chilling temperatures. This process, called priming, depends on a stress "memory". It does not change cold sensitivity per se but beneficially modifies the response to cold and can last for days, months, or even longer. Elicitor factors and antagonists accumulate due to increased biosynthesis or decreased degradation either during or after the priming stimulus. Comparison of priming studies investigating improved tolerance to chilling temperatures highlighted key regulatory functions of ROS/RNS and antioxidant enzymes, plant hormones, especially jasmonates, salicylates, and abscisic acid, and signalling metabolites, such as β- and γ-aminobutyric acid (BABA and GABA) and melatonin. We conclude that these elicitors and antagonists modify local and systemic cold tolerance by integration into cold-induced signalling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Baier
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andras Bittner
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Prescher
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn van Buer
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Zhao Q, He L, Wang B, Liu QL, Pan YZ, Zhang F, Jiang BB, Zhang L, Liu GL, Jia Y. Transcriptome Comparative Analysis of Salt Stress Responsiveness in Chrysanthemum ( Dendranthema grandiflorum) Roots by Illumina- and Single-Molecule Real-Time-Based RNA Sequencing. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:1016-1030. [PMID: 30328705 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt response has long been considered a polygenic-controlled character in plants. Under salt stress conditions, plants respond by activating a great amount of proteins and enzymes. To develop a better understanding of the molecular mechanism and screen salt responsive genes in chrysanthemum under salt stress, we performed the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on both salt-processed chrysanthemum seedling roots and the control group, and gathered six cDNA databases eventually. Moreover, to overcome the Illumina HiSeq technology's limitation on sufficient length of reads and improve the quality and accuracy of the result, we combined Illumina HiSeq with single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT-seq) to decode the full-length transcripts. As a result, we successfully collected 550,823 unigenes, and from which we selected 48,396 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Many of these DEGs were associated with the signal transduction, biofilm system, antioxidant system, and osmotic regulation system, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT), superoxide (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP), and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR). The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of 15 unigenes was performed to test the data validity. The results were highly consistent with the RNA-seq results. In all, these findings could facilitate further detection of the responsive molecular mechanism under salt stress. They also provided more accurate candidate genes for genetic engineering on salt-tolerant chrysanthemums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Lin Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Pan
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Jiang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Li Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Jia
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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13
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Xie R, Pan X, Zhang J, Ma Y, He S, Zheng Y, Ma Y. Effect of salt-stress on gene expression in citrus roots revealed by RNA-seq. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 18:155-173. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Pekinensis) to Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091953. [PMID: 28895882 PMCID: PMC5618602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that severely impact plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the physiological and transcriptomic responses of Chinese cabbage “Qingmaye” to salt stress, a main variety in North China. Our results showed that the growth and photosynthesis of Chinese cabbage were significantly inhibited by salt treatment. However, as a glycophyte, Chinese cabbage could cope with high salinity; it could complete an entire life cycle at 100 mM NaCl. The high salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage was achieved by accumulating osmoprotectants and by maintaining higher activity of antioxidant enzymes. Transcriptomic responses were analyzed using the digital gene expression profiling (DGE) technique after 12 h of treatment by 200 mM NaCl. A total of 1235 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 740 up- and 495 down-regulated genes were identified. Functional annotation analyses showed that the DEGs were related to signal transduction, osmolyte synthesis, transcription factors, and antioxidant proteins. Taken together, this study contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of salt tolerance in Chinese cabbage and provides valuable information for further improvement of salt tolerance in Chinese cabbage breeding programs.
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Vidović M, Morina F, Prokić L, Milić-Komić S, Živanović B, Jovanović SV. Antioxidative response in variegated Pelargonium zonale leaves and generation of extracellular H 2O 2 in (peri)vascular tissue induced by sunlight and paraquat. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 206:25-39. [PMID: 27688091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we exposed variegated leaves of Pelargonium zonale to strong sunlight (>1100μmolm-2s-1 of photosynthetically active radiation) with and without paraquat (Pq), with the aim to elucidate the mechanisms of H2O2 regulation in green and white tissues with respect to the photosynthetically-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sunlight induced marked accumulation of H2O2 in the apoplast of vascular and (peri)vascular tissues only in green sectors. This effect was enhanced by the addition of Pq. In the presence of diphenyl iodide, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, H2O2 accumulation was abolished. Distinct light-induced responses were observed: in photosynthetic cells, sunlight rapidly provoked ascorbate (Asc) biosynthesis and an increase of glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase activities, while in non-photosynthetic cells, early up-regulation of soluble ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and GR activities was observed. Paraquat addition stimulated DHAR and GR activities in green sectors, while in white sectors activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR and class III peroxidases, as well as Asc content rapidly increased. Differential antioxidative responses in the two tissues in the frame of their contrasting metabolisms, and the possible role of (peri)vascular H2O2 in signaling were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vidović
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Filis Morina
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ljiljana Prokić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sonja Milić-Komić
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bojana Živanović
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sonja Veljović Jovanović
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
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16
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Kim HS, Park SC, Ji CY, Park S, Jeong JC, Lee HS, Kwak SS. Molecular characterization of biotic and abiotic stress-responsive MAP kinase genes, IbMPK3 and IbMPK6, in sweetpotato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:37-48. [PMID: 27404133 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continually exposed to numerous environmental stresses. To decrease damage caused by these potentially detrimental factors, various stress-related signaling cascades are activated in plants. One such stress-responsive signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) module, plays a critical role in diverse plant stress responses. Here, we functionally characterized biotic and abiotic stress-responsive MAPK genes, IbMPK3 and IbMPK6, from sweetpotato. IbMPK3/6 contain totally 11 MAPK conserved subdomains and the phosphorylating motif TEY. Bacterially expressed IbMPK3/6 could be autophosphorylated in vitro, and these proteins phosphorylated universal kinase substrate, such as myelin basic protein. IbMPK3/6 transcripts were expressed in leaf, stem, and root of sweetpotato cultivars with storage roots of various colors. IbMPK3 and IbMPK6 were induced by various biotic/abiotic stress treatments. Furthermore, the kinase activity of IbMPK3/6 was induced during early NaCl, SA, H2O2, and ABA treatment. IbMPK3/6 were predominantly localized to the nucleus. To determine the biological functions of IbMPK3/6, we transiently expressed the IbMPK genes in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves, which resulted in enhanced tolerance to bacterial pathogen and increased expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. These data demonstrate that IbMPK3 and IbMPK6 play significant roles in plant responses to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Ji
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Jeong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng-Soon Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Dong S, Hu H, Wang Y, Xu Z, Zha Y, Cai X, Peng L, Feng S. A pqr2 mutant encodes a defective polyamine transporter and is negatively affected by ABA for paraquat resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:899-907. [PMID: 27229891 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the paraquat-resistant mutants that have been reported in plants, this study identified a novel A. thaliana mutant (pqr2) from an XVE inducible activation library based on its resistance to 2 μM paraquat. The pqr2 mutant exhibited a termination mutation in the exon of AT1G31830/PAR1/PQR2, encoded a polyamine uptake transporter AtPUT2/PAR1/PQR2. The PQR2 mutation could largely reduce superoxide accumulation and cell death in the pqr2 plants under paraquat treatment. Moreover, compared with wild type, the pqr2 mutant exhibited much reduced tolerance to putrescine, a classic polyamine compound, which confirmed that PQR2 encoded a defective polyamine transporter. Notably, co-treated with ABA and paraquat, both pqr2 mutant and wild type exhibited a lethal phenotype from seed germination, but the wild type like pqr2 mutant, could remain paraquat-resistance while co-treated with high dosage of Na2WO4, an ABA synthesis inhibitor. Gene expression analysis suggested that ABA signaling should widely regulate paraquat-responsive genes distinctively in wild type and pqr2 mutant. Hence, this study has for the first time reported about ABA negative effect on paraquat-resistance in A. thaliana, providing insight into the ABA signaling involved in the oxidative stress responses induced by paraquat in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchao Dong
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huizhen Hu
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Youmei Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhengdan Xu
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yi Zha
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiwen Cai
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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18
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Sun X, Xu L, Wang Y, Luo X, Zhu X, Kinuthia KB, Nie S, Feng H, Li C, Liu L. Transcriptome-based gene expression profiling identifies differentially expressed genes critical for salt stress response in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:329-46. [PMID: 26518430 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome-based gene expression analysis identifies many critical salt-responsive genes in radish and facilitates further dissecting the molecular mechanism underlying salt stress response. Salt stress severely impacts plant growth and development. Radish, a moderately salt-sensitive vegetable crop, has been studied for decades towards the physiological and biochemical performances under salt stress. However, no systematic study on isolation and identification of genes involved in salt stress response has been performed in radish, and the molecular mechanism governing this process is still indistinct. Here, the RNA-Seq technique was applied to analyze the transcriptomic changes on radish roots treated with salt (200 mM NaCl) for 48 h in comparison with those cultured in normal condition. Totally 8709 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 3931 up- and 4778 down-regulated genes were identified. Functional annotation analysis indicated that many genes could be involved in several aspects of salt stress response including stress sensing and signal transduction, osmoregulation, ion homeostasis and ROS scavenging. The association analysis of salt-responsive genes and miRNAs exhibited that 36 miRNA-mRNA pairs had negative correlationship in expression trends. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that the expression profiles of DEGs were in line with results from the RNA-Seq analysis. Furthermore, the putative model of DEGs and miRNA-mediated gene regulation was proposed to elucidate how radish sensed and responded to salt stress. This study represents the first comprehensive transcriptome-based gene expression profiling under salt stress in radish. The outcomes of this study could facilitate further dissecting the molecular mechanism underlying salt stress response and provide a valuable platform for further genetic improvement of salt tolerance in radish breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwen Zhu
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Karanja Benard Kinuthia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Z, Li Y, Cao H, Ren D. Comparative phospho-proteomics analysis of salt-responsive phosphoproteins regulated by the MKK9-MPK6 cascade in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:138-50. [PMID: 26706066 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in the salt stress response in plants. However, the identities of specific proteins operating downstream of MAPKs in the salt stress response remain unclear. Our studies showed that mkk9 and mpk6 null mutant seedlings are hyposensitive to salt stress. Moreover, we showed that MPK6 was activated by salt stress, indicating that the MKK9-MPK6 cascade mediated the salt stress response in Arabidopsis. To identify phosphoproteins downstream of the MKK9-MPK6 cascade in the salt stress response pathway, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) with Pro-Q phosphoprotein staining and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to identify phosphoproteins induced by salt treatment in mkk9, mpk6, and wild-type seedlings. Phosphorylation of 4 proteins, including Rubisco activase (RCA), plastid ribosomal protein S 1 (PRPS1), plastid division protein (FtsZ2-2), and tortifolia2 (TOR2), was found to be regulated by activation of MKK9-MPK6 cascade. Further Phospho-proteomics analysis of MKK9(DD) mutant seedlings revealed that RCA phosphorylation was up-regulated as a result of MKK9 activation. The finding that the MKK9-MPK6 cascade functions in the salt stress response by regulating phosphorylation of RCA, PRPS1, FtsZ2-2, and TOR2, provides a novel insight into the MAPK-related mechanisms underlying the salt stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Hao L, Wen Y, Zhao Y, Lu W, Xiao K. Wheat mitogen-activated protein kinase gene TaMPK4 improves plant tolerance to multiple stresses through modifying root growth, ROS metabolism, and nutrient acquisitions. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:2081-97. [PMID: 26275989 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Wheat MAPK member TaMPK4 responds to abiotic stresses of Pi and N deprivations and high salinity and is crucial in regulating plant tolerance to aforementioned stresses. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are important signal transduction modules in regulating plant responses to various environmental stresses. In this study, a wheat MAPK member referred to TaMPK4 was characterized for its roles in mediating plant tolerance to diverse stresses. TaMPK4 shares conserved domains generally identified in plant MAPKs and possesses in vitro kinase activity. Under stresses of Pi and N deprivations and high salinity, TaMPK4 was strongly upregulated and its expressions were restored upon recovery treatments from above stresses. Sense- and antisense-expressing TaMPK4 in tobacco significantly modified plant growth under the stress conditions and dramatically modified the root architecture through transcriptional regulation of the auxin transport-associated genes NtPIN3 and NtPIN9, whose downregulated expressions dramatically reduced the root growth. Compared with wild type (WT), the antioxidant enzymatic activities under the stress conditions, P accumulation under P deprivation, and N amount under N deficiency were altered dramatically in the transgenic plants, showing higher in the TaMPK4-overexpressing and lower in the TaMPK4-knockout plants, which were in concordance with the modified expressions of a set of antioxidant enzyme genes (NtPOD2;1, NtPOD9, NtSOD2, NtFeSOD, and NtCAT), two phosphate transporter genes (NtPT and NtPT2), and two nitrate transporter genes (NtNRT1.1-s and NtNRT1.1-t), respectively. Downregulated expression of above genes in tobacco largely reduced the plant growth, and Pi and N acquisitions under the stress conditions. TaMPK4 also involved regulations of plant K(+) and osmolyte contents under high salinity. Thus, TaMPK4 is functional in regulating plant tolerance to diverse stresses through modifying various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, No. 289, Lingyusi Stresst, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Wen
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, No. 289, Lingyusi Stresst, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, No. 289, Lingyusi Stresst, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, No. 289, Lingyusi Stresst, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, No. 289, Lingyusi Stresst, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, No. 289, Lingyusi Stresst, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
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Xing Y, Chen WH, Jia W, Zhang J. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MKK5)-mediated signalling cascade regulates expression of iron superoxide dismutase gene in Arabidopsis under salinity stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5971-81. [PMID: 26136265 PMCID: PMC4566985 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are involved in plant adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses but the upstream signalling process that modulates their expression is not clear. Expression of two iron SODs, FSD2 and FSD3, was significantly increased in Arabidopsis in response to NaCl treatment but blocked in transgenic MKK5-RNAi plant, mkk5. Using an assay system for transient expression in protoplasts, it was found that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MKK5) was also activated in response to salt stress. Overexpression of MKK5 in wild-type plants enhanced their tolerance to salt treatments, while mkk5 mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to salt stress in germination on salt-containing media. Moreover, another kinase, MPK6, was also involved in the MKK5-mediated iron superoxide dismutase (FSD) signalling pathway in salt stress. The kinase activity of MPK6 was totally turned off in mkk5, whereas the activity of MPK3 was only partially blocked. MKK5 interacted with the MEKK1 protein that was also involved in the salt-induced FSD signalling pathway. These data suggest that salt-induced FSD2 and FSD3 expressions are influenced by MEKK1 via MKK5-MPK6-coupled signalling. This MAP kinase cascade (MEKK1, MKK5, and MPK6) mediates the salt-induced expression of iron superoxide dismutases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique and College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-hua Chen
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science & Technology CAAS, Beijing, China
| | - Wensuo Jia
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Seo HJ, Choi SJ, Lee JH. Paraquat Induces Apoptosis through Cytochrome C Release and ERK Activation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:503-9. [PMID: 25489417 PMCID: PMC4256029 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat has been suggested to induce apoptosis by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, little is known about the mechanism of paraquat-induced apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) is required for paraquat-induced apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells. Paraquat treatment resulted in activation of ERK, and U0126, inhibitors of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, prevented apoptosis. Moreover, paraquat-induced apoptosis was associated with cytochrome C release, which could be prevented by treatment with the MEK inhibitors. Taken together, our findings suggest that ERK activation plays an active role in mediating paraquat-induced apoptosis of NIH3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Joo Seo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Wang F, Jing W, Zhang W. The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MKK1-MPK4 mediates salt signaling in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 227:181-9. [PMID: 25219319 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways have been implicated in signal transduction of both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, we found that the transcript of a rice (Oryza sativa) MAPKK (OsMKK1) was markedly increased by salt stress. By examining the survival rate and Na(+) content in shoot, we found that OsMKK1-knockout (osmkk1) mutant was more sensitive to salt stress than the wild type. OsMKK1 activity in the wild-type seedlings and protoplasts was increased by salt stress. Yeast two-hybrid and in vitro and in vivo kinase assays revealed that OsMKK1 targeted OsMPK4. OsMPK4 activity was increased by salt, which was impaired in osmkk1 plants. In contrast, overexpression of OsMKK1 increased OsMPK4 activity in protoplasts. By comparing the transcription factors levels between WT and osmkk1 mutant, OsMKK1 was necessary for salt-induced increase in OsDREB2B and OsMYBS3. Taken together, the data suggest that OsMKK1 and OsMPK4 constitute a signaling pathway that regulates salt stress tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzheng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wen Jing
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Liu Y. Roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in ABA signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1-12. [PMID: 21870109 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a universal hormone in higher plants and plays a major role in various aspects of plant stress, growth, and development. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling modules for responding to various extracellular stimuli in plants. The available data suggest that MAPK cascades are involved in some ABA responses, including antioxidant defense, guard cell signaling, and seed germination. Some MAPK phosphatases have also been demonstrated to be implicated in ABA responses. The goal of this review is to piece together the findings concerning MAPK cascades in ABA signaling. Questions and further perspectives of the roles played by MAPK cascades in ABA signaling are also furnished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Use in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Sinha AK, Jaggi M, Raghuram B, Tuteja N. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in plants under abiotic stress. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:196-203. [PMID: 21512321 PMCID: PMC3121978 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.2.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is evolutionarily conserved signal transduction module involved in transducing extracellular signals to the nucleus for appropriate cellular adjustment. This cascade consists essentially of three components, a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK) and a MAPK connected to each other by the event of phosphorylation. These kinases play various roles in intra- and extra-cellular signaling in plants by transferring the information from sensors to responses. Signaling through MAP kinase cascade can lead to cellular responses including cell division, differentiation as well as responses to various stresses. MAPK signaling has also been associated with hormonal responses. In plants, MAP kinases are represented by multigene families and are involved in efficient transmission of specific stimuli and also involved in the regulation of the antioxidant defense system in response to stress signaling. In the current review we summarize and investigate the participation of MAPKs as possible mediators of various abiotic stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Krishna Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
| | - Monika Jaggi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
| | - Badmi Raghuram
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
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