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Gosavi HS, Tandon S, Rai TS, Mathur R, Rathore AS, Krishnan V. To Evaluate the Efficacy of Oil Pulling on Caries Activity of Streptococcus mutans: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024; 17:580-584. [PMID: 39355182 PMCID: PMC11440671 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate efficacy of oil pulling on caries activity of Streptococcus mutans. Materials and methods A randomized controlled experiment was designed, with 60 children chosen at random. Following that, the participants were divided into three groups-group A: oil pulling using cold pressed coconut oil (Perfora*); group B: commercially available fluoridated mouthwash (Kidodent*); group C: distilled water as control. Saliva samples were collected at baseline, immediately, and 2 weeks postoperatively. To assess the effectiveness of coconut oil, fluoride mouthwash, and distilled water, microbiological examination was carried out and colonies were counted. Results Both group A (oil pulling with coconut oil) and group B (commercially available Kidodent mouthwash) experienced a statistically significant decrease in colony count. Conclusion Oil pulling is found to be as effective as commercially available fluoride mouthwash and can be used in conjunction with other aids for maintaining oral hygiene in children. Clinical significance Oil pulling is a natural, economical, and organic alternative to medicated mouthwashes; hence, it can be used as an aid for maintaining oral hygiene. How to cite this article Gosavi HS, Tandon S, Rai TS, et al. To Evaluate the Efficacy of Oil Pulling on Caries Activity of Streptococcus mutans: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(5):580-584.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita S Gosavi
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RUHS College of Dental Science, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sandeep Tandon
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, RUHS College of Dental Science, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tripti S Rai
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RUHS College of Dental Science, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rinku Mathur
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RUHS College of Dental Science, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ambika S Rathore
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, RUHS College of Dental Science, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijayakumar Krishnan
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RUHS College of Dental Science, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Angeles-Agdeppa I, Nacis JS, Dayrit FM, Tanda KV. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) supplementation relieves symptoms and inflammation among COVID-19 positive adults: a single-blind randomized trial. J Nutr Sci 2024; 13:e5. [PMID: 38282651 PMCID: PMC10808878 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
A clinical study conducted in 2020 showed that virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been found effective in the rapid relief of COVID-19 symptoms and normalization of the C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration among probable and suspected cases of COVID-19. This present study aimed to validate those results and to evaluate the effects of VCO among COVID-19 patients through a 28-day randomized, single-blind trial conducted among 76 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain report)-confirmed adults, with VCO given as a COVID-19 adjunct therapy. The results showed that VCO recipients were free from symptoms and had normal CRP concentrations by day 14. In comparison, participants in the control group reported relief from signs and symptoms on day 23, with normal CRP concentrations on day 25. This second study bolsters the use of VCO as an effective adjunct therapy for COVID-19-positive patients showing mild-to-moderate symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa
- Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Jacus S. Nacis
- Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Fabian M. Dayrit
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Keith V. Tanda
- Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig City, Philippines
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Karamanlioglu M, Yesilkir-Baydar S. Characterization of gelatin-based wound dressing biomaterials containing increasing coconut oil concentrations. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:16-44. [PMID: 37773094 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2265624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the influence and ideal ratios of various coconut oil (CO) amounts in gelatin (G) based-films as wound dressings since there are limited comparative studies to evaluate the sole effect of increasing CO on protein-based biomaterials. Homogenous films at G:CO ratio of 4:0,4:2,4:3,4:4 (w:w) corresponding to CO-0, CO-2, CO-3, CO-4, respectively, were obtained using solution casting. SEM showed CO caused rougher surfaces decreasing mechanical strength. However, no pores were observed in CO-4 due to bigger clusters of oil improving stretchability compared to CO-3; and durability since aging of CO-4 was >10% lower than CO-0 in aqueous media. FTIR showed triglycerides' band only in CO films with increasing amplitude. Moreover, amide-I of CO-2 was involved in more hydrogen bonding, therefore, CO-2 had the highest melt-like transition temperatures (Tmax) at ∼163 °C while others' were at ∼133 °C; and had more ideal mechanical properties among CO films. XTT showed that increased CO improved 3T3 cell viability as CO-0 significantly decreased viability at 10,50,75,100 μg/mL (p < 0.05), whereas CO-2 and CO-3 within 5-75 μg/mL and CO-4 within 5-100 μg/mL range increased viability ≥100% suggesting proliferation. All CO samples at 25 μg/mL stimulated 3T3 cell migration in Scratch Assay indicating wound healing. CO amounts mainly improved thermal and healing properties of gelatin-based biomaterial. CO-2 was more thermally stable and CO-4 had better influence on cell viability and wound healing than CO-0. Therefore, increased CO ratios, specifically 4:2 and 4:4, G:CO (w:w), in gelatin-based films can be ideal candidates for wound dressing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serap Yesilkir-Baydar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Life Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Application and Research Center, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jackman JA, Arabyan E, Zakaryan H, Elrod CC. Glycerol Monolaurate Inhibits Wild-Type African Swine Fever Virus Infection in Porcine Macrophages. Pathogens 2023; 12:1193. [PMID: 37887709 PMCID: PMC10610281 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally abundant antimicrobial lipids, such as fatty acids and monoglycerides, that disrupt membrane-enveloped viruses are promising mitigants to inhibit African swine fever virus (ASFV). Among mitigant candidates in this class, glycerol monolaurate (GML) has demonstrated particularly high antiviral activity against laboratory-adapted ASFV strains. However, there is an outstanding need to further determine the effects of GML on wild-type ASFV strains, which can have different virulence levels and sensitivities to membrane-disrupting compounds as compared to laboratory-adapted strains. Herein, we investigated the antiviral effects of GML on a highly virulent strain of a wild-type ASFV isolate (Armenia/07) in an in vitro porcine macrophage model. GML treatment caused a concentration-dependent reduction in viral infectivity, and there was a sharp transition between inactive and active GML concentrations. Low GML concentrations had negligible effect on viral infectivity, whereas sufficiently high GML concentrations caused a >99% decrease in viral infectivity. The concentration onset of antiviral activity matched the critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of GML, reinforcing that GML micelles play a critical role in enabling anti-ASFV activity. These findings validate that GML can potently inhibit wild-type ASFV infection of porcine macrophages and support a biophysical explanation to guide antimicrobial lipid performance optimization for pathogen mitigation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering and Translational Nanobioscience Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Erik Arabyan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan 0014, Armenia
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan 0014, Armenia
| | - Charles C Elrod
- Natural Biologics Inc., Newfield, NY 14867, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Albóniga OE, Moreno E, Martínez-Sanz J, Vizcarra P, Ron R, Díaz-Álvarez J, Rosas Cancio-Suarez M, Sánchez-Conde M, Galán JC, Angulo S, Moreno S, Barbas C, Serrano-Villar S. Differential abundance of lipids and metabolites related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and susceptibility. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15124. [PMID: 37704651 PMCID: PMC10500013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms driving SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility remain poorly understood, especially the factors determining why unvaccinated individuals remain uninfected despite high-risk exposures. To understand lipid and metabolite profiles related with COVID-19 susceptibility and disease progression. We collected samples from an exceptional group of unvaccinated healthcare workers heavily exposed to SARS-CoV-2 but not infected ('non-susceptible') and subjects who became infected during the follow-up ('susceptible'), including non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients with different disease severity providing samples at early disease stages. Then, we analyzed their plasma metabolomic profiles using mass spectrometry coupled with liquid and gas chromatography. We show specific lipids profiles and metabolites that could explain SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 severity. More importantly, non-susceptible individuals show a unique lipidomic pattern characterized by the upregulation of most lipids, especially ceramides and sphingomyelin, which could be interpreted as markers of low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study strengthens the findings of other researchers about the importance of studying lipid profiles as relevant markers of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane E Albóniga
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Sanz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Vizcarra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Díaz-Álvarez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Rosas Cancio-Suarez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Sánchez-Conde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Galán
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERESP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Angulo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
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Darie-Niță RN, Irimia A, Doroftei F, Stefan LM, Iwanczuk A, Trusz A. Bioactive and Physico-Chemical Assessment of Innovative Poly(lactic acid)-Based Biocomposites Containing Sage, Coconut Oil, and Modified Nanoclay. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3646. [PMID: 36835080 PMCID: PMC9962215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioactivity of the versatile biodegradable biopolymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA) can be obtained by combining it with natural or synthetic compounds. This paper deals with the preparation of bioactive formulations involving the melt processing of PLA loaded with a medicinal plant (sage) and an edible oil (coconut oil), together with an organomodifed montmorillonite nanoclay, and an assessment of the resulting structural, surface, morphological, mechanical, and biological properties of the biocomposites. By modulating the components, the prepared biocomposites show flexibility, both antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as a high degree of cytocompatibility, being capable to induce the cell adherence and proliferation on their surface. Overall, the obtained results suggest that the developed PLA-based biocomposites could potentially be used as bioactive materials in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anamaria Irimia
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florica Doroftei
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Mihaela Stefan
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrzej Iwanczuk
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Trusz
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Su B, Wang Y, Jian S, Tang H, Deng H, Zhu L, Zhao X, Liu J, Cheng H, Zhang L, Hu Y, Xu Z. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of monolaurin against Seneca Valley virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:980187. [PMID: 36777661 PMCID: PMC9911909 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.980187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Surveillance of the Seneca Valley virus (SVV) shows a disproportionately higher incidence on Chinese pig farms. Currently, there are no vaccines or drugs to treat SVV infection effectively and effective treatment options are urgently needed. Methods In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the following medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or triglycerides (MCTs) against SVV: caprylic acid, caprylic monoglyceride, capric monoglyceride, and monolaurin. Results In vitro experiments showed that monolaurin inhibited viral replication by up to 80%, while in vivo studies showed that monolaurin reduced clinical manifestations, viral load, and organ damage in SVV-infected piglets. Monolaurin significantly reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines and promoted the release of interferon-γ, which enhanced the viral clearance activity of this type of MCFA. Discussion Therefore, monolaurin is a potentially effective candidate for the treatment of SVV infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanqiu Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Innovation Center of Guangdong Nuacid Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Innovation Center of Guangdong Nuacid Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China
| | - Huangzuo Cheng
- Innovation Center of Guangdong Nuacid Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Youjun Hu
- Innovation Center of Guangdong Nuacid Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, China,*Correspondence: Youjun Hu ✉
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichaun Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Zhiwen Xu ✉
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Barberis E, Amede E, Tavecchia M, Marengo E, Cittone MG, Rizzi E, Pedrinelli AR, Tonello S, Minisini R, Pirisi M, Manfredi M, Sainaghi PP. Understanding protection from SARS-CoV-2 using metabolomics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13796. [PMID: 34226622 PMCID: PMC8257707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is still raging in most countries. Although the recent mass vaccination campaign has opened a new chapter in the battle against SARS-CoV-2, the world is still far from herd immunity. There is an urgent need to identify healthy people at high risk of contracting COVID-19, as well as supplements and nutraceuticals that can reduce the risk of infection or mitigate symptoms. In the present study, a metabolic phenotype that could protect individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection or predispose them to developing COVID-19 was investigated. Untargeted metabolomics was performed on serum samples collected from 51 healthcare workers who were in good health at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, and who were later exposed to the same risk of developing COVID-19. Half of them developed COVID-19 within three weeks of the blood collection. Our results demonstrate the presence of a specific signature associated with protection from SARS-CoV-2. Circulating monolaurin, which has well-known antiviral and antibacterial properties, was higher in protected subjects, suggesting a potential defensive role against SARS-CoV-2 infection; thus, dietary supplements could boost the immune system against this infection. In addition, our data demonstrate that people with higher levels of cholesterol are at higher risk of developing COVID-19. The present study demonstrates that metabolomics can be of great help for developing personalized medicine and for supporting public healthcare strategies. Studies with larger cohorts of subjects are necessary to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elettra Barberis
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Elia Amede
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Matteo Tavecchia
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Micol G Cittone
- Internal and Emergency Medicine Departments, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore Della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rizzi
- Internal and Emergency Medicine Departments, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore Della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Anita R Pedrinelli
- Internal and Emergency Medicine Departments, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore Della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Stelvio Tonello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Internal and Emergency Medicine Departments, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore Della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Internal and Emergency Medicine Departments, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore Della Carità", Novara, Italy
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Morrin ST, Buck RH, Farrow M, Hickey RM. Milk-derived anti-infectives and their potential to combat bacterial and viral infection. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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10
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Virgin coconut oil is effective in lowering C-reactive protein levels among suspect and probable cases of COVID-19. J Funct Foods 2021; 83:104557. [PMID: 34055047 PMCID: PMC8142857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex pathogenesis of COVID-19 continues to evolve. With observation and quarantine as the prevailing standard of care, this study evaluated the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in the biochemical markers of suspect and probable cases of COVID-19. A 28-day randomized, double-blind, controlled intervention was conducted among 63 adults in two isolation facilities in Santa Rosa City, Laguna, Philippines. The participants were randomly assigned to receive either a standardized meal (control) or a standardized meal mixed with a predefined dosage of VCO. Changes in clinical markers were measured at three time points (day 0, 14, and 28), with daily monitoring of COVID-19 symptoms. Participants in the intervention group showed a significant decline in the C-reactive protein level, with the mean CRP level normalized to ≤ 5 mg/dL on the 14th day of the intervention. As an adjunct therapy, meals mixed with VCO is effective fostering faster recovery from COVID-19.
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Deen A, Visvanathan R, Wickramarachchi D, Marikkar N, Nammi S, Jayawardana BC, Liyanage R. Chemical composition and health benefits of coconut oil: an overview. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2182-2193. [PMID: 33022082 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coconut oil is an integral part of Sri Lankan and many South Asian diets. Initially, coconut oil was classified along with saturated fatty acid food items and criticized for its negative impact on health. However, research studies have shown that coconut oil is a rich source of medium-chain fatty acids. Thus, this has opened new prospects for its use in many fields. Beyond its usage in cooking, coconut oil has attracted attention due to its hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, antihepatosteatotic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and skin moisturizing properties. Despite all the health benefits, consumption of coconut oil is still underrated due to a lack of supportive scientific evidence. Even though studies done in Asian countries claim a favorable impact on cardiac health and serum lipid profile, the limitations in the number of studies conducted among Western countries impede the endorsement of the real value of coconut oil. Hence, long-term extensive studies with proper methodologies are suggested to clear all the controversies and misconceptions of coconut oil consumption. This review discusses the composition and functional properties of coconut oils extracted using various processing methods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afka Deen
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Rizliya Visvanathan
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Nazrim Marikkar
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Sirinivas Nammi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barana C Jayawardana
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruvini Liyanage
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
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Brink LR, Chichlowski M, Pastor N, Thimmasandra Narayanappa A, Shah N. In the Age of Viral Pandemic, Can Ingredients Inspired by Human Milk and Infant Nutrition Be Repurposed to Support the Immune System? Nutrients 2021; 13:870. [PMID: 33800961 PMCID: PMC7999376 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, with the advent of a pandemic touching all aspects of global life, there is a renewed interest in nutrition solutions to support the immune system. Infants are vulnerable to infection and breastfeeding has been demonstrated to provide protection. As such, human milk is a great model for sources of functional nutrition ingredients, which may play direct roles in protection against viral diseases. This review aims to summarize the literature around human milk (lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane, osteopontin, glycerol monolaurate and human milk oligosaccharides) and infant nutrition (polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics and postbiotics) inspired ingredients for support against viral infections and the immune system more broadly. We believe that the application of these ingredients can span across all life stages and thus apply to both pediatric and adult nutrition. We highlight the opportunities for further research in this field to help provide tangible nutrition solutions to support one's immune system and fight against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Brink
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Nitida Pastor
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | | | - Neil Shah
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Slough SL1 3UH, UK;
- University College London, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Raja BK, Devi K. Oral health effects of oil pulling: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Das G, Das T, Chowdhury N, Chatterjee D, Bagchi A, Ghosh Z. Repurposed drugs and nutraceuticals targeting envelope protein: A possible therapeutic strategy against COVID-19. Genomics 2020; 113:1129-1140. [PMID: 33189776 PMCID: PMC7661923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has already claimed millions of lives worldwide due to the absence of a suitable anti-viral therapy. The CoV envelope (E) protein, which has not received much attention so far, is a 75 amino acid long integral membrane protein involved in assembly and release of the virus inside the host. Here we have used artificial intelligence (AI) and pattern recognition techniques for initial screening of FDA approved pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals to target this E protein. Subsequently, molecular docking simulations have been performed between the ligands and target protein to screen a set of 9 ligand molecules. Finally, we have provided detailed insight into their mechanisms of action related to the varied symptoms of infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Das
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700 054, India.
| | - Troyee Das
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700 054, India.
| | - Nilkanta Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Durbadal Chatterjee
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700 054, India.
| | - Angshuman Bagchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700 054, India.
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Soliman S, Faris ME, Ratemi Z, Halwani R. Switching Host Metabolism as an Approach to Dampen SARS-CoV-2 Infection. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2020; 76:297-303. [PMID: 32950986 PMCID: PMC7573915 DOI: 10.1159/000510508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 pandemic, a global threat, adversely affects all daily lives, altered governmental plans around the world, and urges the development of therapeutics and prophylactics to avoid the expansion of the viral infection. With the recent gradual opening after long lockdown, several recommendations have been placed, with dietary modification as one of the most important approaches that have been appraised. SUMMARY Here, we are reviewing how changing the host metabolism, particularly changing the host metabolic state from the carbohydrate-dependent glycolytic state to a fat-dependent ketogenic state, may affect viral replication. Furthermore, the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) in triggering metabolic switch along with the impact of supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) such as lauric acid in repressing the envelope formation and viral replication is also addressed. The amalgamation of IF and a ketogenic diet rich in MCTs is thought to work as a prophylactic measure for normal people and adjunct therapy for infected persons. Key Message: A diet regimen of ketogenic breakfast along with supplementation with two doses of lauric acid-rich MCTs at breakfast and lunch times, followed by 8-12-h IF and a dinner rich with fruits and vegetables, could be a potential prophylactic strategy and adjuvant therapy to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Soliman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - MoezAlIslam E Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates,
| | - Zakaria Ratemi
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Decolonization of Human Anterior Nares of Staphylococcus aureus with Use of a Glycerol Monolaurate Nonaqueous Gel. mSphere 2020; 5:5/4/e00552-20. [PMID: 32727862 PMCID: PMC7392545 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00552-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this microflora study, we show that a 5% glycerol monolaurate nonaqueous gel is safe for use in the anterior nares. The gel was effective in reducing Staphylococcus aureus nasally, a highly significant hospital-associated pathogen. The gel may be a useful alternative or additive to mupirocin ointment for nasal use prior to surgery, noting that 80% of hospital-associated S. aureus infections are due to the same organism found in the nose. This gel also kills all enveloped viruses tested and should be considered for studies to reduce infection and transmission of coronaviruses and influenza viruses. Staphylococcus aureus is a highly significant infection problem in health care centers, particularly after surgery. It has been shown that nearly 80% of S. aureus infections following surgery are the same as those in the anterior nares of patients, suggesting that the anterior nares is the source of the infection strain. This has led to the use of mupirocin ointment being applied nasally to reduce infections; mupirocin resistance is being observed. This study was undertaken to determine whether gel composed of 5% glycerol monolaurate solubilized in a glycol-based, nonaqueous gel (5% GML gel) could be used as an alternative. In our study, 40 healthy human volunteers swabbed their anterior nares for 3 days with the 5% GML gel. Prior to swabbing and 8 to 12 h after swabbing, S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal CFU per milliliter were determined by plating the swabs on mannitol salt agar. Fourteen of the volunteers had S. aureus in their nares prior to 5% GML gel treatment, most persons with the organisms present in both nares; five had pure cultures of S. aureus. All participants without pure culture of S. aureus were cocolonized with S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Five of the S. aureus strains produced the superantigens commonly associated with toxic shock syndrome, though none of the participants became ill. For both S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, the 5% GML gel treatment resulted in a 3-log-unit reduction in microorganisms. For S. aureus, the reduction persisted for 2 or 3 days. IMPORTANCE In this microflora study, we show that a 5% glycerol monolaurate nonaqueous gel is safe for use in the anterior nares. The gel was effective in reducing Staphylococcus aureus nasally, a highly significant hospital-associated pathogen. The gel may be a useful alternative or additive to mupirocin ointment for nasal use prior to surgery, noting that 80% of hospital-associated S. aureus infections are due to the same organism found in the nose. This gel also kills all enveloped viruses tested and should be considered for studies to reduce infection and transmission of coronaviruses and influenza viruses.
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Welch JL, Xiang J, Okeoma CM, Schlievert PM, Stapleton JT. Glycerol Monolaurate, an Analogue to a Factor Secreted by Lactobacillus, Is Virucidal against Enveloped Viruses, Including HIV-1. mBio 2020; 11:e00686-20. [PMID: 32371599 PMCID: PMC7201201 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00686-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiota influences sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Colonization of the vaginal tract is normally dominated by Lactobacillus species. Both Lactobacillus and Enterococcus faecalis may secrete reutericyclin, which inhibits the growth of a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Increasing evidence suggests a potential therapeutic role for an analogue of reutericyclin, glycerol monolaurate (GML), against microbial pathogens. Previous studies using a macaque vaginal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission model demonstrated that GML reduces transmission and alters immune responses to infection in vitro Previous studies showed that structural analogues of GML negatively impact other enveloped viruses. We sought to expand understanding of how GML inhibits HIV-1 and other enveloped viruses and show that GML restricts HIV-1 entry post-CD4 engagement at the step of coreceptor binding. Further, HIV-1 and yellow fever virus (YFV) particles were more sensitive to GML interference than particles "matured" by proteolytic processing. We show that high-pressure-liquid-chromatography (HPLC)-purified reutericyclin and reutericyclin secreted by Lactobacillus inhibit HIV-1. These data emphasize the importance and protective nature of the normal vaginal flora during viral infections and provide insights into the antiviral mechanism of GML during HIV-1 infection and, more broadly, to other enveloped viruses.IMPORTANCE A total of 340 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired each year. Antimicrobial agents that target multiple infectious pathogens are ideal candidates to reduce the number of newly acquired STIs. The antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of GML make it an excellent candidate to fit this critical need. Previous studies established the safety profile and antibacterial activity of GML against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. GML protected against high-dose SIV infection and reduced inflammation, which can exacerbate disease, during infection. We found that GML inhibits HIV-1 and other human-pathogenic viruses (yellow fever virus, mumps virus, and Zika virus), broadening its antimicrobial range. Because GML targets diverse infectious pathogens, GML may be an effective agent against the broad range of sexually transmitted pathogens. Further, our data show that reutericyclin, a GML analog expressed by some lactobacillus species, also inhibits HIV-1 replication and thus may contribute to the protective effect of Lactobacillus in HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Patrick M Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Dos Santos LB, Favero FC, Conde MH, Freitas MG, Santos-Zanuncio VS, Carollo CA, Borges FDA. Clinical safety of lauric acid for cattle and its in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2020; 280:109095. [PMID: 32251919 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test the in vitro acaricidal activity of saturated fatty acids (hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, octadecanoic, eicosanoic, docosanoic and tetracosanoic) against Rhipicephalus microplus and select a candidate compound for the subsequent determination of its clinical safety for mice and bovines as well as its in vivo efficacy (ethical clearance number 507/2013). None of the compounds exhibited in vitro larvicidal effectiveness, but acaricidal effectiveness was greater than 95 % in the adult immersion test at 40 mg/ml (hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic and eicosanoic acids). After a second AIT evaluation of serial concentrations of the fatty acids, lauric and myristic acids were selected for the safety and in vivo efficacy assays. No adverse effect was found in the local lymph node assay in mice treated with lauric or myristic acid. Moreover, no clinical signs of systemic poisoning or dermatological, hematological or biochemical abnormalities were found in cattle after the topical application of 1 % lauric acid. In the dose determination test, the 1% solution of this compound exhibited 86% efficacy in cattle naturally infested by a field population of Rhipicephalus microplus susceptible to all chemical groups, except synthetic pyrethroids. The efficacy of 1 % lauric acid was 53.4 % in the dose confirmation test performed on another herd with a field R. microplus population resistant to all chemical groups of acaricides. In conclusion, fatty acids are potential bioactive compounds for the control of R. microplus. Topically applied lauric acid (C12) exhibits in vivo acaricide activity against adults, nymphs and larvae of R. (B) microplus and is safe for cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Bezerra Dos Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carolina Favero
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Mário Henrique Conde
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Mariana Green Freitas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Samúdio Santos-Zanuncio
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LaPNEM), School of Pharmaceutical, Food and Nutrition Sciences (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LaPNEM), School of Pharmaceutical, Food and Nutrition Sciences (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.
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Abstract
Sorbic acid is a straight-chain monocarboxylic acid used in cosmetic formulations as a preservative at concentrations up to 1.0%. Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate were practically nontoxic to rats and mice in acute oral toxicity studies. In subchronic studies no significant adverse effects were observed in rats, mice, or dogs when 10% sorbic acid was included in the diet. Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate at concentrations up to 10% were practically nonirritating to the rabbit eye. Both ingredients at concentrations up to 10% were at most only slightly irritating. Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate have been tested for mutagenic effects using the Ames test, genetic recombination tests, reversion assays, rec assays, tests for chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and gene mutations. Results have been both positive and negative. Potassium sorbate at 0.1% in the diet or 0.3% in drinking water of rats for up to 100 weeks produced no neoplasms. In other chronic studies, no carcinogenic effect was demonstrated by sorbic acid in rats or mice fed diets containing up to 10% sorbic acid. No teratogenic effects have been observed in pregnant mice and rats administered potassium sorbate. In three repeat insult patch tests, sorbic acid had overall sensitization rates of 0, 0.33, and 0.8%. All of the subjects sensitized were inducted with 20% sorbic acid and challenged with 5% sorbic acid. Formulations containing up to 0.5% sorbic acid and or potassium sorbate were not significant primary or cumulative irritants and not sensitizers at this test concentration. A formulation containing 0.01% sorbic acid was not a photosensitizer. On the basis of the available data, it is concluded that sorbic acid and potassium sorbate are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use and concentration.
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Kaushik M, Reddy P, Sharma R, Udameshi P, Mehra N, Marwaha A. The Effect of Coconut Oil pulling on Streptococcus mutans Count in Saliva in Comparison with Chlorhexidine Mouthwash. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016; 17:38-41. [PMID: 27084861 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oil pulling is an age-old practice that has gained modern popularity in promoting oral and systemic health. The scientific verification for this practice is insufficient. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of coconut oil pulling on the count of Streptococcus mutans in saliva and to compare its efficacy with that of Chlorhexidine mouthwash: in vivo. The null hypothesis was that coconut oil pulling has no effect on the bacterial count in saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized controlled study was planned and 60 subjects were selected. The subjects were divided into three groups, Group A: STUDY GROUP Oil pulling, Group B: STUDY GROUP Chlorhexidine, and Group C: CONTROL GROUP Distilled water. Group A subjects rinsed mouth with 10 ml of coconut oil for 10 minutes. Group B subjects rinsed mouth with 5 ml Chlorhexidine mouthwash for 1 minute and Group C with 5 ml distilled water for 1 minute in the morning before brushing. Saliva samples were collected and cultured on 1st day and after 2 weeks from all subjects. Colonies were counted to compare the efficacy of coconut oil and Chlorhexidine with distilled water. RESULTS Statistically significant reduction in S. mutans count was seen in both the coconut oil pulling and Chlorhexidine group. CONCLUSION Oil pulling can be explored as a safe and effective alternative to Chlorhexidine. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Edible oil-pulling therapy is natural, safe and has no side effects. Hence, it can be considered as a preventive therapy at home to maintain oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Kaushik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana India
| | - Pallavi Reddy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana India
| | - Roshni Sharma
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana India
| | - Pooja Udameshi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, CRPF Road, Chennapur Jai Jawahar Nagar Post, Secunderabad, Telangana 500087 India Phone: 9849640755; e-mail:
| | - Neha Mehra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana India
| | - Aditya Marwaha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana India
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Klangpetch W, Nakai T, Noma S, Igura N, Shimoda M. Combined effects of carbonation with heating and fatty acid esters on inactivation and growth inhibition of various bacillus spores. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1568-74. [PMID: 23992501 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of carbonation treatment (1 to 5 MPa, 30 min) plus heat treatment (30 to 80°C, 30 min) in the presence of various fatty acid esters (FAEs; 0.05 and 0.1%, wt/vol) on counts of viable Bacillus subtilis spores were investigated. FAEs or carbonation alone had no inactivation or growth inhibition effects on B. subtilis spores. However, carbonation plus heat (CH; 80°C, 5 MPa, 30 min) in the presence of mono- and diglycerol fatty acid esters markedly decreased counts of viable spores, and the spore counts did not change during storage for 30 days. The greatest decrease in viable spore counts occurred in the presence of monoglycerol fatty acid esters. Under CH conditions, inactivation and/or growth inhibition occurred at only 80°C and increased with increasing pressure. The greatest decrease in spore counts (more than 4 log units) occurred with CH (80°C, 5 MPa, 30 min) in the presence of monoglycerol fatty acid esters. However, this treatment was less effective against Bacillus coagulans and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannaporn Klangpetch
- Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Komarasamy TV, Sekaran SD. The anti-proliferative effects of a palm oil-derived product and its mode of actions in human malignant melanoma MeWo cells. J Oleo Sci 2012; 61:227-39. [PMID: 22450124 DOI: 10.5650/jos.61.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma incidence and mortality have risen dramatically in recent years. No effective treatment for metastatic melanoma exists; hence currently, an intense effort for new drug evaluation is being carried out. In this study, we investigated the effects of a palm oil-derived nanopolymer called Bio-12 against human malignant melanoma. The nanopolymers of Bio-12 are lipid esters derived from a range of fatty acids of palm oil. Our study aims to identify the anti-proliferative properties of Bio-12 against human malignant melanoma cell line (MeWo) and to elucidate the mode of actions whereby Bio-12 brings about cell death. Bio-12 significantly inhibited the growth of MeWo cells in a concentration- and time- dependent manner with a median inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of 1/25 dilution after 72 h but was ineffective on human normal skin fibroblasts (CCD-1059sk). We further investigated the mode of actions of Bio-12 on MeWo cells. Cell cycle flow cytometry demonstrated that MeWo cells treated with increasing concentrations of Bio-12 resulted in S-phase arrest, accompanied by the detection of sub-G1 content, indicative of apoptotic cell death. Induction of apoptosis was further confirmed via caspase (substrate) cleavage assay which showed induction of early apoptosis in MeWo cells. In addition, DNA strand breaks which are terminal event in apoptosis were evident through increase of TUNEL positive cells and formation of a characteristic DNA ladder on agarose gel electrophoresis. Moreover, treatment of MeWo cells with Bio-12 induced significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. These results show that Bio-12 possesses the ability to suppress proliferation of human malignant melanoma MeWo cells and this suppression is at least partly attributed to the initiation of the S-phase arrest, apoptosis and necrosis, suggesting that it is indeed worth for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamil Vaani Komarasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Villamor E, Koulinska IN, Furtado J, Baylin A, Aboud S, Manji K, Campos H, Fawzi WW. Long-chain n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk decrease the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:682-9. [PMID: 17823433 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.3.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding accounts for a sizable proportion of infant HIV infections. Some fatty acids (FAs) are potent immunomodulators with virucidal activity, and their primary source in breastfed children is breast milk. OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to examine whether the percentage weight concentration of FAs in breast milk was associated with the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV by breastfeeding and with shedding of cell-free virus (CFV) or cell-associated virus (CAV) in breast milk. DESIGN We conducted a case-control study nested within a cohort of HIV-infected Tanzanian women and children. We matched 59 incident breastfeeding MTCT cases to 59 nontransmitting controls based on the child's age at sample collection. We quantified FAs, CFV, and CAV in a breast milk sample collected before the infant's first positive HIV test. RESULTS After adjustment for indicators of maternal HIV disease stage, the risk of MTCT was inversely related to 11c,14c-eicosadienoic acid [odds ratio (OR) for quartile 4 compared with quartile 1: 0.21; P for trend = 0.04], arachidonic acid (OR: 0.21; P for trend = 0.03), and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (OR: 0.24; P for trend = 0.03); the latter 2 were also linearly, inversely related to virus shedding in breast milk. Lauric acid and pentadecanoic acid were associated with increased MTCT, whereas trans FAs were related to higher CAV and CFV. CONCLUSION Increasing concentrations of long-chain n-6 polyunsaturated FAs in breast milk might reduce the risk of MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Shearer AE, Dunne CP, Sikes A, Hoover DG. Bacterial spore inhibition and inactivation in foods by pressure, chemical preservatives, and mild heat. J Food Prot 2000; 63:1503-10. [PMID: 11079691 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-63.11.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose laurates, sucrose palmitate, sucrose stearates, and monolaurin (Lauricidin) were evaluated for inhibitory effects against spores of Bacillus sp., Clostridium sporogenes PA3679, and Alicyclobacillus sp. in a model agar system. The combined treatment of sucrose laurate, high hydrostatic pressure, and mild heat was evaluated on spores of Bacillus and Alicyclobacillus in foods. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the sucrose esters were higher than that of Lauricidin for all spores tested in the model agar system, but Lauricidin was not the most readily suspended in the test media. The sucrose laurates and sucrose palmitate were more effective and more readily suspended than the sucrose stearates. A combined treatment of sucrose laurate (<1.0%), 392 megaPascals (MPa) at 45 degrees C for 10 to 15 min provided 3- to 5.5-log10 CFU/ml reductions from initial populations of 10(6) CFU/ml for Bacillus subtilis 168 in milk, Bacillus cereus 14579 in beef, Bacillus coagulans 7050 in tomato juice (pH 4.5), Alicyclobacillus sp. N1089 in tomato juice (pH 4.5), and Alicyclobacillus sp. N1098 in apple juice. The most notable change in the appearance of the products was temporary foaming during mixing of the sucrose laurate in the foods. The effect of sucrose laurate appeared to be inhibitory rather than lethal to the spores. The inhibitory effects observed on Bacillus and Alicyclobacillus spores by the combined treatment of pressure, mild heat, and sucrose laurate appear promising for food applications where alternatives to high heat processing are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Shearer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19717, USA
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Zimmerman MC, Contiliano JH, Parsons JR, Prewett A, Billotti J. The biomechanics and histopathology of chemically processed patellar tendon allografts for anterior cruciate ligament replacement. Am J Sports Med 1994; 22:378-86. [PMID: 8037280 DOI: 10.1177/036354659402200314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A study was initiated to examine chemically processed patellar tendon allografts in sheep anterior cruciate ligament repairs, both mechanically and histologically. One group of animals received frozen, untreated allografts, one group received frozen grafts that were processed with a chloroform-methanol solvent extraction technique, and one group received frozen tendons treated with a permeation-enhanced extraction technique. All animals were operated on unilaterally, with the contralateral knee acting as a normal, intact control. Histologic analysis after 2 months of implantation revealed similar enhanced cellular repopulation in both chemically treated ligament allografts compared with the more hypocellular, untreated grafts. At 6 months the chloroform-methanol group demonstrated a more aggressive chronic cellular response with numerous thick-walled vessels relative to the untreated and permeation-enhanced grafts. Mechanical testing after 6 months of implantation showed statistically similar anterior drawer resistance in all grafted knees, yet the two chemically extracted grafts had significantly less stiffness than untreated anterior cruciate ligament grafts. Both treatment groups also tended to be weaker than the untreated allografts. All anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions showed excessive anterior drawer laxity and, regardless of treatment, had lower strength and less stiffness than normal anterior cruciate ligament tissue at the 6-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Zimmerman
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
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Horowitz B, Piët MP, Prince AM, Edwards CA, Lippin A, Walakovits LA. Inactivation of lipid-enveloped viruses in labile blood derivatives by unsaturated fatty acids. Vox Sang 1988; 54:14-20. [PMID: 2831669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1988.tb01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Virus sterilization of blood plasma derivatives by addition of several naturally occurring fatty acids was evaluated using vesicular stomatitis virus and Sindbis virus as markers for lipid-enveloped virus inactivation and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Inactivation of greater than or equal to 10(4) tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of marker viruses added to antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates, with 60-100% retention of AHF activity, was achieved with oleic, 11-eicosenoic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitoleic and arachidonic acids. Elaidic, gamma-linolenic, palmitic, and arachidic acids and another fat-soluble compound previously reported to inactivate virus, butylated hydroxytoluene, were less effective. A long chain mono- but not a di- or triglyceride also displayed virucidal properties. Evaluation of the inactivation of HIV added to an immune globulin solution on exposure to 0.033% sodium oleate for 20 min indicated inactivation of greater than or equal to 10(3.4) TCID50. The degree of virus inactivation depended on the sample composition. A favorable balance was achieved between degree of virus inactivation and retention of protein function for AHF concentrate, prothrombin complex concentrate, antithrombin III concentrate, and immune globulin solution on incubation with 0.033% (w/v) sodium oleate at 24 degrees C for 4-6 h. Virus inactivation in whole plasma and plasma cryoprecipitate was not complete despite use of higher concentrations of sodium oleate and/or incubation at 37 degrees C. Reduced virus kill in these less purified derivatives probably is a consequence of their endogenous lipid and/or albumin.
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Da Prato RA, Rothschild J. The AIDS virus as an opportunistic organism inducing a state of chronic relative cortisol excess: therapeutic implications. Med Hypotheses 1986; 21:253-66. [PMID: 3642197 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(86)90018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The AIDS virus is an opportunistic organism which requires a previously immunocompromised host for successful replication. We propose that the primary and as yet unlocalized lesion caused by the AIDS virus involves disruption of physiologically balanced responses to stressors, effectively creating a state of chronic relative cortisol excess. Such a state inhibits successful anti-pathogen strategies including those directed against the AIDS virus itself and leads to a self-sustaining downhill clinical course. Therapies based on this model are discussed.
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