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Travers RL, Trim WV, Motta AC, Betts JA, Thompson D. Calorie restriction-induced leptin reduction and T-lymphocyte activation in blood and adipose tissue in men with overweight and obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:993-1002. [PMID: 38538853 PMCID: PMC11216992 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-Lymphocyte activation is modulated by the adipokine leptin and serum concentrations of this hormone can be reduced with short-term calorie restriction. The aim of this study was to understand whether leptin per se is important in determining levels of T-lymphocyte activation in humans, by investigating whether the reduction in leptin concentration following calorie restriction is associated with a decrease in T-Lymphocyte activation in blood and adipose tissue. METHODS Twelve men with overweight and obesity (age 35-55 years, waist circumference 95-115 cm) reduced their calorie intake by 50% for 3 consecutive days. Blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained for isolation of immune cells and cytokine analysis. CD4+ and CD8 + T-Lymphocytes were identified and characterised according to their expression of activation markers CD25 and CD69 by flow cytometry. RESULTS Serum leptin was reduced by (mean ± SEM) 31 ± 16% (p < 0.001) following calorie restriction. The percentage of blood CD4 + CD25 + T-lymphocytes and level of CD25 expression on these lymphocytes were significantly reduced by 8 ± 10% (p = 0.016) and 8 ± 4% (p = 0.058), respectively. After calorie restriction, ex vivo leptin secretion from abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue explants was not changed, and this corresponded with a lack of change in adipose tissue resident T-Lymphocyte activation. CONCLUSIONS Serum leptin was reduced after calorie restriction and this was temporally associated with a reduction in activation of blood CD4 + CD25 + T-Lymphocytes. In abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, however, leptin secretion was unaltered, and there were no observed changes in adipose resident T-Lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Travers
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - William V Trim
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, MA02115, USA
| | - Alexandre C Motta
- Unilever Food & Health Research Institute R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
- IMcoMET BV, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - James A Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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2
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Solianik R, Židonienė K, Brazaitis M. Short-duration cold exposure decreases fasting-induced glucose intolerance but has no effect on resting energy expenditure. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104564. [PMID: 37541564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether brief cold exposure can reverse fasting-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, and improve resting energy expenditure (REE). Twelve young non-obese women were randomly assigned to undergo the following conditions: 2 days of fasting with two 10-min whole-body cold-water immersions on separate days (FAST-COLD), 2 days of fasting without cold-water immersions (FAST), 2 days of usual diet with two 10-min whole-body cold-water immersions on separate days (COLD), or 2 days of usual diet without cold-water immersions (CON) in a randomised crossover fashion. Changes in REE and substrate utilisation, and glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity from the oral glucose tolerance test were examined. The results showed that FAST-COLD and FAST trials increased (P < 0.05) REE and decreased (P < 0.05) respiratory quotient, but these variables did not differ significantly between the FAST-COLD and FAST trials. The glucose and insulin area under the curves (AUCs) were higher (P < 0.05) in the FAST-COLD and FAST trials than in the CON and COLD trials, and these AUCs were lower (P < 0.05) in the FAST-COLD than in the FAST trial. Matsuda index was lower in the FAST trial than in the CON trial (P < 0.05), and tended to be greater after the FAST-COLD trial than after the FAST trial (P = 0.060). In conclusion, cold exposure had no effect on REE but decreased fasting-induced glucose intolerance which was accompanied by a maintained insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Katerina Židonienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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3
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Solianik R, Židonienė K, Eimantas N, Brazaitis M. Prolonged fasting outperforms short-term fasting in terms of glucose tolerance and insulin release: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1500-1509. [PMID: 36866742 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Fasting is related to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, but it is unknown whether the duration of fasting influences these factors. We explored whether prolonged fasting increases norepinephrine and ketone concentrations and decreases core temperature to a greater extent than short-term fasting; if so, this should lead to improved glucose tolerance. Forty-three healthy young adult males were randomly assigned to undergo a 2-d fast, 6-d fast or the usual diet. Changes in rectal temperature (TR), ketone and catecholamine concentrations, glucose tolerance and insulin release in response to an oral glucose tolerance test were assessed. Both fasting trials increased ketone concentration, and the effect was larger after the 6-d fast (P < 0·05). TR and epinephrine concentration increased only after the 2-d fast (P < 0·05). Both fasting trials increased the glucose area under the curve (AUC) (P < 0·05), but the AUC remained higher than the baseline value after participants returned to their usual diet in the 2-d fast group (P < 0·05). Neither fasting had an immediate effect on the insulin AUC, although it increased after return to their usual diet in the 6-d fast group (P < 0·05). These data suggest that the 2-d fast elicited residual impaired glucose tolerance, which may be linked to greater perceived stress during short-term fasting, as shown by the epinephrine response and change in core temperature. By contrast, prolonged fasting seemed to evoke an adaptive residual mechanism that is related to improved insulin release and maintained glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Katerina Židonienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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4
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Stratton MT, Albracht-Schulte K, Harty PS, Siedler MR, Rodriguez C, Tinsley GM. Physiological responses to acute fasting: implications for intermittent fasting programs. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:439-452. [PMID: 35142356 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary strategy that involves alternating periods of abstention from calorie consumption with periods of ad libitum food intake. There is significant interest in the body of literature describing longitudinal adaptations to IF. Less attention has been given to the acute physiological responses that occur during the fasting durations that are commonly employed by IF practitioners. Thus, the purpose of this review was to examine the physiological responses - including alterations in substrate metabolism, systemic hormones, and autophagy - that occur throughout an acute fast. Literature searches were performed to locate relevant research describing physiological responses to acute fasting and short-term starvation. A single fast demonstrated the ability to alter glucose and lipid metabolism within the initial 24 hours, but variations in protein metabolism appeared to be minimal within this time frame. The ability of an acute fast to elicit significant increases in autophagy is still unknown. The information summarized in this review can be used to help contextualize existing research and better inform development of future IF interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Stratton
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kembra Albracht-Schulte
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Madelin R Siedler
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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5
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Chen L, Tang F, Gao H, Zhang X, Li X, Xiao D. CAPN3: A muscle‑specific calpain with an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:203. [PMID: 34549305 PMCID: PMC8480384 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpains are a family of Ca2+‑dependent cysteine proteases that participate in various cellular processes. Calpain 3 (CAPN3) is a classical calpain with unique N‑terminus and insertion sequence 1 and 2 domains that confer characteristics such as rapid autolysis, Ca2+‑independent activation and Na+ activation of the protease. CAPN3 is the only muscle‑specific calpain that has important roles in the promotion of calcium release from skeletal muscle fibers, calcium uptake of sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscle formation and muscle remodeling. Studies have indicated that recessive mutations in CAPN3 cause limb‑girdle muscular dystrophy (MD) type 2A and other types of MD; eosinophilic myositis, melanoma and epilepsy are also closely related to CAPN3. In the present review, the characteristics of CAPN3, its biological functions and roles in the pathogenesis of a number of disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fajuan Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hu Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Wette SG, Birch NP, Soop M, Zügel M, Murphy RM, Lamb GD, Smith HK. Expression of titin-linked putative mechanosensing proteins in skeletal muscle after power resistance exercise in resistance-trained men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:545-561. [PMID: 33356984 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00711.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular responses to power resistance exercise that lead to skeletal muscle remodeling and enhanced athletic performance. We assessed the expression of titin-linked putative mechanosensing proteins implicated in muscle remodeling: muscle ankyrin repeat proteins (Ankrd 1, Ankrd 2, and Ankrd 23), muscle-LIM proteins (MLPs), muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF-1), and associated myogenic proteins (MyoD1, myogenin, and myostatin) in skeletal muscle in response to power resistance exercise with or without a postexercise meal, in fed, resistance-trained men. A muscle sample was obtained from the vastus lateralis of seven healthy men on separate days, 3 h after 90 min of rest (Rest) or power resistance exercise with (Ex + Meal) or without (Ex) a postexercise meal to quantify mRNA and protein levels. The levels of phosphorylated HSP27 (pHSP27-Ser15) and cytoskeletal proteins in muscle and creatine kinase activity in serum were also assessed. The exercise increased (P ≤ 0.05) pHSP27-Ser15 (∼6-fold) and creatine kinase (∼50%), whereas cytoskeletal protein levels were unchanged (P > 0.05). Ankrd 1 (∼15-fold) and MLP (∼2-fold) mRNA increased, whereas Ankrd 2, Ankrd 23, MuRF-1, MyoD1, and myostatin mRNA were unchanged. Ankrd 1 (∼3-fold, Ex) and MLPb (∼20-fold, Ex + Meal) protein increased, but MLPa, Ankrd 2, Ankrd 23, and the myogenic proteins were unchanged. The postexercise meal did not affect the responses observed. Power resistance exercise, as performed in practice, induced subtle early responses in the expression of MLP and Ankrd 1 yet had little effect on the other proteins investigated. These findings suggest possible roles for MLP and Ankrd 1 in the remodeling of skeletal muscle in individuals who regularly perform this type of exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to assess the early changes in the expression of titin-linked putative mechanosensing proteins and associated myogenic regulatory factors in skeletal muscle after power resistance exercise in fed, resistance-trained men. We report that power resistance exercise induces subtle early responses in the expression of Ankrd 1 and MLP, suggesting these proteins play a role in the remodeling of skeletal muscle in individuals who regularly perform this type of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Wette
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mattias Soop
- Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet at Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Zügel
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham D Lamb
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather K Smith
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Brown DM, Williams H, Ryan KJP, Wilson TL, Daniel ZCTR, Mareko MHD, Emes RD, Harris DW, Jones S, Wattis JAD, Dryden IL, Hodgman TC, Brameld JM, Parr T. Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M) and serine biosynthetic pathway genes are co-ordinately increased during anabolic agent-induced skeletal muscle growth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28693. [PMID: 27350173 PMCID: PMC4923900 DOI: 10.1038/srep28693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify novel molecular mechanisms for muscle growth during administration of anabolic agents. Growing pigs (Duroc/(Landrace/Large-White)) were administered Ractopamine (a beta-adrenergic agonist; BA; 20 ppm in feed) or Reporcin (recombinant growth hormone; GH; 10 mg/48 hours injected) and compared to a control cohort (feed only; no injections) over a 27-day time course (1, 3, 7, 13 or 27-days). Longissimus Dorsi muscle gene expression was analyzed using Agilent porcine transcriptome microarrays and clusters of genes displaying similar expression profiles were identified using a modified maSigPro clustering algorithm. Anabolic agents increased carcass (p = 0.002) and muscle weights (Vastus Lateralis: p < 0.001; Semitendinosus: p = 0.075). Skeletal muscle mRNA expression of serine/one-carbon/glycine biosynthesis pathway genes (Phgdh, Psat1 and Psph) and the gluconeogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-M (Pck2/PEPCK-M), increased during treatment with BA, and to a lesser extent GH (p < 0.001, treatment x time interaction). Treatment with BA, but not GH, caused a 2-fold increase in phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) protein expression at days 3 (p < 0.05) and 7 (p < 0.01), and a 2-fold increase in PEPCK-M protein expression at day 7 (p < 0.01). BA treated pigs exhibit a profound increase in expression of PHGDH and PEPCK-M in skeletal muscle, implicating a role for biosynthetic metabolic pathways in muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - H Williams
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - K J P Ryan
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - T L Wilson
- VMRD Global Therapeutics Research, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Z C T R Daniel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - M H D Mareko
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - R D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - D W Harris
- VMRD Global Therapeutics Research, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - S Jones
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - J A D Wattis
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - I L Dryden
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - T C Hodgman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - J M Brameld
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - T Parr
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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8
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An eccentric calpain, CAPN3/p94/calpain-3. Biochimie 2016; 122:169-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Zanquetta MM, Alves-Wagner AB, Mori RC, Campello RS, Machado UF. Recovery of insulin sensitivity and Slc2a4 mRNA expression depend on T3 hormone during refeeding. Metabolism 2014; 63:328-34. [PMID: 24361184 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE GLUT4 protein, encoded by the Slc2a4 gene, plays a key role in muscle glucose uptake, and its expression decreases in muscles under insulin resistance. Slc2a4/GLUT4 decreases with fasting and rapidly increases with refeeding and the same occurs to plasma glucose, amino acids, insulin and T3. Thus, they might be potential regulators of the Slc2a4 gene, which makes them promising targets for strategies to improve GLUT4 expression. Herein, we investigate the role of metabolic-hormonal parameters triggered by refeeding upon the Slc2a4 expression. MATERIALS/METHODS Plasma glucose/insulin/T3, and gastrocnemius Slc2a4 mRNA contents were measured in rats studied at the end of 48-h fasting, and subsequently at: i) 2-4h after spontaneous refeeding; ii) 2-4h after T3 injection, without refeeding; and iii) 0.5-2h after intravenous infusion of insulin, insulin+glucose and insulin+amino acids, without refeeding. RESULTS Refeeding increased plasma glucose/insulin/T3 and muscle Slc2a4 mRNA, reverting insulin resistance. Post-fasting infusions surprisingly induced a further Slc2a4 mRNA decrease (~20%, P<0.05 vs. fasting), but T3 injection induced a ~2-fold increase in Slc2a4 mRNA, 2-4h later (P<0.001). Moreover, T3 increased glycemia and insulinemia to the 2h-refed rats levels, suggesting that T3 elevation is a key factor to the mechanisms of metabolic balance during refeeding. CONCLUSIONS Refeeding induces a rapid increase in muscle Slc2a4 expression, not associated with increased plasma glucose, insulin or amino acids, but highly correlated to increased plasma T3 concentration. This result points out T3 hormone as a powerful Slc2a4 enhancer, an effect that may be acutely explored in situations of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Moreira Zanquetta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05088-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Barbara Alves-Wagner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05088-900, Brazil
| | - Rosana Cristina Mori
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05088-900, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Saldanha Campello
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05088-900, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan Fabres Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05088-900, Brazil
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10
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Wijngaarden MA, van der Zon GC, van Dijk KW, Pijl H, Guigas B. Effects of prolonged fasting on AMPK signaling, gene expression, and mitochondrial respiratory chain content in skeletal muscle from lean and obese individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1012-21. [PMID: 23512807 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00008.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity in humans is often associated with metabolic inflexibility, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate how adaptation to prolonged fasting affects energy/nutrient-sensing pathways and metabolic gene expression in skeletal muscle from lean and obese individuals. Twelve lean and 14 nondiabetic obese subjects were fasted for 48 h. Whole body glucose/lipid oxidation rates were determined by indirect calorimetry, and blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected and analyzed. In response to fasting, body weight loss was similar in both groups, but the decrease in plasma insulin and leptin and the concomitant increase in growth hormone were significantly attenuated in obese subjects. The fasting-induced shift from glucose toward lipid oxidation was also severely blunted. At the molecular level, the expression of insulin receptor-β (IRβ) was lower in skeletal muscle from obese subjects at baseline, whereas the fasting-induced reductions in insulin signaling were similar in both groups. The protein expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain components, although not modified by fasting, was significantly reduced in obese subjects. Some minor differences in metabolic gene expression were observed at baseline and in response to fasting. Surprisingly, fasting reduced AMPK activity in lean but not in obese subjects, whereas the expression of AMPK subunits was not affected. We conclude that whole body metabolic inflexibility in response to prolonged fasting in obese humans is associated with lower skeletal muscle IRβ and mitochondrial respiratory chain content as well as a blunted decline of AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein A Wijngaarden
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Independent and combined effects of acute physiological hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia on metabolic gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 124:675-84. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20120481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physiological hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia are strong modulators of gene expression, which underpins some of their well-known effects on insulin action and energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to examine whether acute in vivo exposure of healthy humans to hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia have independent or additive effects on expression of key metabolic genes in skeletal muscle. On three randomized occasions, seven young subjects underwent a 4 h (i) hyperinsulinaemic (50 m-units·m−2·min−1) hyperglycaemic (10 mmol/l) clamp (HIHG), (ii) hyperglycaemic (10 mmol/l) euinsulinaemic (5 m-units·m−2·min−1) clamp (LIHG) and (iii) hyperinsulinaemic (50 m-units·m−2·min−1) euglycaemic (4.5 mmol/l) clamp (HING). Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after each clamp for the determination of expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, and phosphorylation of key insulin signalling proteins. Hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia exerted independent effects with similar direction of modulation on PI3KR1 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory 1), LXRα (liver X receptor α), PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4) and FOXO1 (forkhead box O1A) and produced an additive effect on PI3KR1, the gene that encodes the p85α subunit of PI3K in human skeletal muscle. Acute hyperglycaemia itself altered the expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport and oxidation [fatty acid transporter (CD36), LCAD (long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and FOXO1], and lipogenesis [LXRα, ChREBP (carbohydrate-responseelement-binding protein), ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) and G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). Surperimposing hyperinsulinaemia on hyperglycaemia modulated a number of genes involved in insulin signalling, glucose metabolism and intracellular lipid accumulation and exerted an additive effect on PI3KR1. These may be early molecular events that precede the development of glucolipotoxicity and insulin resistance normally associated with more prolonged periods of hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia.
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12
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Soeters MR, Soeters PB, Schooneman MG, Houten SM, Romijn JA. Adaptive reciprocity of lipid and glucose metabolism in human short-term starvation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1397-407. [PMID: 23074240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00397.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human organism has tools to cope with metabolic challenges like starvation that are crucial for survival. Lipolysis, lipid oxidation, ketone body synthesis, tailored endogenous glucose production and uptake, and decreased glucose oxidation serve to protect against excessive erosion of protein mass, which is the predominant supplier of carbon chains for synthesis of newly formed glucose. The starvation response shows that the adaptation to energy deficit is very effective and coordinated with different adaptations in different organs. From an evolutionary perspective, this lipid-induced effect on glucose oxidation and uptake is very strong and may therefore help to understand why insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is difficult to treat. The importance of reciprocity in lipid and glucose metabolism during human starvation should be taken into account when studying lipid and glucose metabolism in general and in pathophysiological conditions in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Stephens FB, Norton L, Jewell K, Chokkalingam K, Parr T, Tsintzas K. Basal and insulin-stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activation, glycogen synthesis and metabolic gene expression in human skeletal muscle the day after a single bout of exercise. Exp Physiol 2010; 95:808-18. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.051367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rhodes P, Craigon J, Gray C, Rhind SM, Loughna PT, Gardner DS. Adult-onset obesity reveals prenatal programming of glucose-insulin sensitivity in male sheep nutrient restricted during late gestation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7393. [PMID: 19826474 PMCID: PMC2756957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity invokes a range of metabolic disturbances, but the transition from a poor to excessive nutritional environment may exacerbate adult metabolic dysfunction. The current study investigated global maternal nutrient restriction during early or late gestation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in the adult offspring when lean and obese. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Pregnant sheep received adequate (1.0M; CE, n = 6) or energy restricted (0.7M) diet during early (1-65 days; LEE, n = 6) or late (65-128 days; LEL, n = 7) gestation (term approximately 147 days). Subsequent offspring remained on pasture until 1.5 years when all received glucose and insulin tolerance tests (GTT & ITT) and body composition determination by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). All animals were then exposed to an obesogenic environment for 6-7 months and all protocols repeated. Prenatal dietary treatment had no effect on birth weight or on metabolic endpoints when animals were 'lean' (1.5 years). Obesity revealed generalised metabolic 'inflexibility' and insulin resistance; characterised by blunted excursions of plasma NEFA and increased insulin(AUC) (from 133 to 341 [s.e.d. 26] ng.ml(-1).120 mins) during a GTT, respectively. For LEL vs. CE, the peak in plasma insulin when obese was greater (7.8 vs. 4.7 [s.e.d. 1.1] ng.ml(-1)) and was exacerbated by offspring sex (i.e. 9.8 vs. 4.4 [s.e.d. 1.16] ng.ml(-1); LEL male vs. CE male, respectively). Acquisition of obesity also significantly influenced the plasma lipid and protein profile to suggest, overall, greater net lipogenesis and reduced protein metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates generalised metabolic dysfunction with adult-onset obesity which also exacerbates and 'reveals' programming of glucose-insulin sensitivity in male offspring prenatally exposed to maternal undernutrition during late gestation. Taken together, the data suggest that metabolic function appears little compromised in young prenatally 'programmed' animals so long as weight is adequately controlled. Nutritional excess in adulthood exacerbates any programmed phenotype, indicating greater vigilance over weight control is required for those individuals exposed to nutritional thrift during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rhodes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Craigon
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Clint Gray
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M. Rhind
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Loughna
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Gardner
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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Rowlands DS, Johnson NA, Thomson JA, Chapman P, Stannard SR. Exogenous glucose oxidation is reduced with carbohydrate feeding during exercise after starvation. Metabolism 2009; 58:1161-9. [PMID: 19428033 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lean healthy individuals are characterized by the ability to rapidly adapt metabolism to acute changes in substrate availability and metabolic rate. However, in glucose-intolerance/insulin-resistant conditions, such as that induced by starvation, the flexibility of tissues to rapidly respond to change in substrate availability is diminished. We asked whether the conundrum of increased glucose demand by the contracting skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise and the glucose intolerance of starvation would result in the obstruction of oxidative disposal of ingested (13)C-labeled glucose during exercise. Seven lean, healthy, physically active individuals (2 women, 5 men) completed a randomized crossover study comparing the effects of the normal-fed condition vs a 67-hour water-only fast on the metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion during 80 minutes of exercise at 56% of maximum oxygen uptake. Compared with the normal condition, fasting resulted in a large overall increase in the rate of fat oxidation (mean effect, 71%; 95% confidence limit, +/-22%) and moderate reductions in both exogenous (-54%, +/-10%) and endogenous (-40%, +/-19%) glucose oxidation rates during exercise. Over the course of exercise, fat oxidation was impermeable to change in the fasting condition, but increased moderately (33%, +/-19%) in the normal condition. These changes were associated with a large increase in plasma free fatty-acid concentration (120%, +/-64%) and a moderate increase in blood lactate concentration (58%, +/-50%). In contrast, large reductions in resting blood glucose (-21%, +/-14%) and moderate reductions in plasma insulin concentrations (-47%, +/-26%) were observed in the fast condition; but this effect was reversed for glucose (30%, +/- 24%) and negated for insulin by the end of exercise. To conclude, a 67-hour fast leads to an impermeable increase in fat oxidation, suppression of both exogenous and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation, and a metabolic response consistent with resistance to contraction-induced exogenous glucose uptake and oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Physical exercise to prevent multifactorial diseases: a warning written in our genes? SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-008-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Osso FS, Moreira ASB, Teixeira MT, Pereira RO, Tavares do Carmo MDG, Moura AS. Trans fatty acids in maternal milk lead to cardiac insulin resistance in adult offspring. Nutrition 2008; 24:727-32. [PMID: 18499400 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trans fatty acids (TFAs) are derived from vegetable oil hydrogenation and can be found in most manufactured food products. Our main objective was to evaluate the effects of TFA consumption by lactating dams on cardiac glucose metabolism of adult offspring by analyzing glucose transporter-4 in the left ventricle. To investigate the energy homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and hepatic glycogen content were also measured. METHODS Lactating Wistar rats were divided into a control group or a TFA group. The control group received a diet containing soybean oil, and the TFA group received a diet containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (total trans concentration of about 10.58 mg/g, 11.75%, of total fat) throughout the lactation period. At weaning, pups from both groups received a standard chow until 60 d of age, at which time the quantity of glucose transporter-4 in the left ventricle and hepatic glycogen were measured. Moreover, insulin sensitivity was analyzed by assessing the insulin/glucose ratio and the homeostatic model assessment index. RESULTS TFA consumption by the pups during lactation led to a significant decrease in the cardiac content of glucose transporter-4 (P < 0.05) and in the hepatic content of glycogen (P < 0.05). Moreover, we observed impaired insulin sensitivity in the TFA group (insulin/glucose ratio and homeostatic model assessment index, P < 0.05) in adulthood. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the consumption of hydrogenated fat, rich in TFAs, by the mothers during the lactation period caused cardiac insulin resistance in the adult progeny, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that early adaptations may cause deleterious consequences later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Silveira Osso
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Developmental Physiology, Department of Physiology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Norton L, Parr T, Chokkalingam K, Bardsley RG, Ye H, Bell GI, Pelsers MMAL, van Loon LJC, Tsintzas K. Calpain-10 gene and protein expression in human skeletal muscle: effect of acute lipid-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:992-8. [PMID: 18089694 PMCID: PMC2729205 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the effect of lipid-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on skeletal muscle calpain-10 mRNA and protein levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the first part of this study, 10 healthy subjects underwent hyperinsulinemic euglycemic (4.5 mmol/liter) clamps for 6 h with iv infusion of either saline or a 20% Intralipid emulsion (Fresenius Kabi AG, Bad Homburg, Germany). Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken before and after 3- and 6-h insulin infusion and analyzed for calpain-10 mRNA and protein expression. In the second part of the study, muscle samples obtained after an overnight fast in 10 long-standing, sedentary type 2 diabetes patients, 10 sedentary, weight-matched, normoglycemic controls, and 10 age-matched, endurance-trained cyclists were analyzed for calpain-10 mRNA and protein content. RESULTS Intralipid infusion in healthy subjects reduced whole body glucose disposal by approximately 50% (P<0.001). Calpain-10 mRNA (P=0.01) but not protein content was reduced after 6-h insulin infusion in both the saline and Intralipid emulsion trials. Skeletal muscle calpain-10 mRNA and protein content did not differ between the type 2 diabetes patients and normoglycemic controls, but there was a strong trend for total calpain-10 protein to be greater in the endurance-trained athletes (P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that skeletal muscle calpain-10 expression is not modified by insulin resistance per se and suggest that hyperinsulinemia and exercise training may modulate human skeletal muscle calpain-10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Norton
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Nottingham University, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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Ridderstråle M, Nilsson E. Type 2 diabetes candidate gene CAPN10: First, but not last. Curr Hypertens Rep 2008; 10:19-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-008-0006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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