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Almeida-Neto PFD, Baxter-Jones A, de Medeiros JA, Dantas PMS, Cabral BGDAT. Are there differences in anaerobic relative muscle power between upper and lower limbs in adolescent swimmers: A blinded study. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:290-298. [PMID: 38314042 PMCID: PMC10831378 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Success in speed swimming depends on the efficiency of the anaerobic system for the production of cellular energy, especially during muscle power production. In the adolescent athletes much is unknown with regards to the relationships between relative power of upper and lower limbs with speed swimming performance. The aim the present study was to identify differences in relative muscle power of upper and lower limbs in adolescent swimmers and relate these to speed swimming performances. Sixty adolescents, of both sexes (50% female, 50% male, 30 swimmers and 30 controls), were recruited. The relative upper limb power (ULP[W/kg]) was assessed by a medicine ball test and the relative lower limbs power (LLP[W/kg]) by a jump test on a jumping platform. Lean mass of the upper and lower limbs was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (g). Sport performance was assessed during national level competition (50-m swimming time [in seconds]). Biological maturation (BM) was indexed by years from attainment of peak height velocity. ULP(W/kg) was higher than LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05). Upper and lower limb lean mass (g) correlated significantly with ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05). ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) correlated with 50-m swimming performance (s), in both sexes (p < 0.05). Advanced BM was associated with ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05), and with 50-m swimming performance (s) in both sexes (p < 0.05). We concluded that ULP(W/kg) is higher than LLP (W/kg) in adolescent swimmers. Upper and lower limb lean mass and BM were both positively associated with increased ULP (W/kg) and LLP (W/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adam Baxter-Jones
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Jason Azevedo de Medeiros
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
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2
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Kirwan R. Differential effects of vitamin D on upper and lower body fat-free mass: potential mechanisms. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:883-888. [PMID: 36352180 PMCID: PMC9646270 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency is a global health concern and low vitamin D status is regularly associated with reduced muscle mass and sarcopenia in observational research. Recent research using Mendelian randomization (MR) has highlighted the potentially causal positive effect of serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) on total, trunk and upper body appendicular fat-free mass (FFM). However, no such effect was found in lower body FFM, a result that mirrors the outcomes of some vitamin D intervention studies. Here we review the current literature on vitamin D, muscle mass and strength and discuss some potential mechanisms for the differing effects of vitamin D on upper and lower body FFM. In particular, differences in distribution of the vitamin D receptor as well as androgen receptors, in the upper and lower body musculature, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kirwan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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3
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Shima D, Nishimura Y, Hashizaki T, Minoshima Y, Yoshikawa T, Umemoto Y, Kinoshita T, Kouda K, Tajima F, Kamijo YI. Surface electromyographic activity of the erector spinae and multifidus during arm- and leg-ergometer exercises in young healthy men. Front Physiol 2022; 13:974632. [PMID: 36505070 PMCID: PMC9732940 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.974632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Ergometer exercise was considered a new loading method that can be used for participants who are unable to assume the core strengthening exercise posture commonly used to strengthen the erector spinae and multifidus. This study aimed to investigate with healthy participants whether arm and leg ergometers could be used for core strengthening exercises and whether different exercise sites would affect the results. Methods: The study was conducted with 15 healthy adult male participants aged 20-35 years. The intervention consisted of arm- and leg-ergometer exercises performed by the participants. The exercise protocol consisted of three 1-min sessions (rest, 50W, and 100 W), which were measured consecutively. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was measured during the sessions. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the erector spinae and multifidus was also measured, during which sEMG was measured. The sEMG during ergometer exercise was calculated as a percentage of the MVC (calculated as % MVC). The root mean square (RMS) was recorded from the sEMG activity. Muscle activity of the erector spinae and multifidus was compared between ergometer exercises and between intensity levels. Heart rate (HR) was recorded by electrocardiogram. Results: In the arm-ergometer exercise, the % MVC values of the erector spinae were 6.3 ± 3.1, 10.9 ± 5.4, and 16.9 ± 8.3% at rest, 50 W, and 100 W conditions, respectively. The multifidus was 4.6 ± 2.9, 9.2 ± 5.6, and 12.6 ± 7.6% at rest, 50 W, and 100 W conditions, respectively. The respective % MVC values during the leg-ergometer exercise were 3.8 ± 1.7, 7.2 ± 3.8, and 10.4 ± 4.0% at rest, 50 W, and 100 W conditions, respectively. Leg-ergometer exercises were 2.6 ± 2.1, 6.9 ± 5.7, and 10.3 ± 6.8% at rest, 50 W, and 100 W conditions, respectively. The activities of the two muscles increased at comparable levels with increased workload in both types of exercises (p < 0.01, each). HR increased with the increased workload and the increase was larger during arm-than leg-ergometer exercises. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that both arm- and leg-ergometer exercises are potentially alternative methods for erector spinae and multifidus training for healthy participants. Further research is needed to target elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Shima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yukihide Nishimura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan,*Correspondence: Yukihide Nishimura,
| | - Takamasa Hashizaki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuta Minoshima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Umemoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tokio Kinoshita
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kouda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshi-Ichiro Kamijo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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4
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Konopka MJ, van den Bunder JCML, Rietjens G, Sperlich B, Zeegers MP. Genetics of long-distance runners and road cyclists-A systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1414-1429. [PMID: 35839336 PMCID: PMC9544934 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the genetic variants of (inter)national competing long-distance runners and road cyclists compared with controls. The Medline and Embase databases were searched until 15 November 2021. Eligible articles included genetic epidemiological studies published in English. A homogenous group of endurance athletes competing at (inter)national level and sedentary controls were included. Pooled odds ratios based on the genotype frequency with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using random effects models. Heterogeneity was addressed by Q-statistics, and I2 . Sources of heterogeneity were examined by meta-regression and risk of bias was assessed with the Clark Baudouin scale. This systematic review comprised of 43 studies including a total of 3938 athletes and 10 752 controls in the pooled analysis. Of the 42 identified genetic variants, 13 were investigated in independent studies. Significant associations were found for five polymorphisms. Pooled odds ratio [95%CI] favoring athletes compared with controls was 1.42 [1.12-1.81] for ACE II (I/D), 1.66 [1.26-2.19] for ACTN3 TT (rs1815739), 1.75 [1.34-2.29] for PPARGC1A GG (rs8192678), 2.23 [1.42-3.51] for AMPD1 CC (rs17602729), and 2.85 [1.27-6.39] for HFE GG + CG (rs1799945). Risk of bias was low in 25 (58%) and unclear in 18 (42%) articles. Heterogeneity of the results was low (0%-20%) except for HFE (71%), GNB3 (80%), and NOS3 (76%). (Inter)national competing runners and cyclists have a higher probability to carry specific genetic variants compared with controls. This study confirms that (inter)national competing endurance athletes constitute a unique genetic make-up, which likely contributes to their performance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Johanna Konopka
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of EpidemiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard Rietjens
- Department of Human Physiology and Sports MedicineVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport ScienceUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Maurice Petrus Zeegers
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of EpidemiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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5
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Panduro J, Vigh-Larsen JF, Ermidis G, Póvoas S, Schmidt JF, Søgaard K, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Randers MB. Acute arm and leg muscle glycogen and metabolite responses to small-sided football games in healthy young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1929-1937. [PMID: 35648211 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have indicated upper body involvement during football, provoking long-term muscular adaptations. This study aimed at examining the acute metabolic response in upper and lower body skeletal muscle to football training organized as small-sided games (SSG). METHODS Ten healthy male recreational football players [age 24 ± 1 (± SD) yrs; height 183 ± 4 cm; body mass 83.1 ± 9.7 kg; body fat 15.5 ± 5.4%] completed 1-h 5v5 SSG (4 × 12 min interspersed with 4-min recovery periods). Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis (VL) and m. deltoideus (DE) pre- and post-SSG for muscle glycogen and metabolite analyses. Blood lactate samples were obtained at rest, middle and end of the SSG. RESULTS Muscle glycogen in VL decreased (P < 0.01) by 21% and tended (P = 0.08) to decrease in DE by 13%. Muscle lactate increased in VL (117%; P < 0.001) and DE (81%; P < 0.001) during the game, while blood lactate rose threefold. Muscle ATP and PCr were unaltered, but intermuscular differences were detected for ATP at both time points (P < 0.001) and for PCr at pre-SSG (P < 0.05) with VL demonstrating higher values than DE, while muscle creatine rose in VL (P < 0.001) by 41% and by 22% in DE (P = 0.02). Baseline citrate synthase maximal activity was higher (P < 0.05) in VL compared to DE, whereas baseline muscle lactate concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in DE than VL. CONCLUSION The upper body may be extensively involved during football play, but besides a rise in muscle lactate in the deltoideus muscle similar to the leg muscles, the present study did not demonstrate acute metabolic changes of an order that may explain the previously reported training effect of football play in the upper extremities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Panduro
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jeppe F Vigh-Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit in Exercise Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Georgios Ermidis
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susana Póvoas
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Jakob Friis Schmidt
- Section for Anaesthesia for ENT, Head Neck & Maxillofacial Surgery and Ortopedi, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Søgaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Faculty of Health, Centre of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Morten Bredsgaard Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsö, Norway.
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Balke M, Teschler M, Schäfer H, Pape P, Mooren FC, Schmitz B. Therapeutic Potential of Electromyostimulation (EMS) in Critically Ill Patients—A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:865437. [PMID: 35615672 PMCID: PMC9124773 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.865437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence exists that intensive care unit (ICU) treatment and invasive ventilation induce a transient or permanent decline in muscle mass and function. The functional deficit is often called ICU-acquired weakness with critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and/or myopathy (CIM) being the major underlying causes. Histopathological studies in ICU patients indicate loss of myosin filaments, muscle fiber necrosis, atrophy of both muscle fiber types as well as axonal degeneration. Besides medical prevention of risk factors such as sepsis, hyperglycemia and pneumonia, treatment is limited to early passive and active mobilization and one third of CIP/CIM patients discharged from ICU never regain their pre-hospitalization constitution. Electromyostimulation [EMS, also termed neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)] is known to improve strength and function of healthy and already atrophied muscle, and may increase muscle blood flow and induce angiogenesis as well as beneficial systemic vascular adaptations. This systematic review aimed to investigate evidence from randomized controlled trails (RCTs) on the efficacy of EMS to improve the condition of critically ill patients treated on ICU. A systematic search of the literature was conducted using PubMed (Medline), CENTRAL (including Embase and CINAHL), and Google Scholar. Out of 1,917 identified records, 26 articles (1,312 patients) fulfilled the eligibility criteria of investigating at least one functional measure including muscle function, functional independence, or weaning outcomes using a RCT design in critically ill ICU patients. A qualitative approach was used, and results were structured by 1) stimulated muscles/muscle area (quadriceps muscle only; two to four leg muscle groups; legs and arms; chest and abdomen) and 2) treatment duration (≤10 days, >10 days). Stimulation parameters (impulse frequency, pulse width, intensity, duty cycle) were also collected and the net EMS treatment time was calculated. A high grade of heterogeneity between studies was detected with major cofactors being the analyzed patient group and selected outcome variable. The overall efficacy of EMS was inconclusive and neither treatment duration, stimulation site or net EMS treatment time had clear effects on study outcomes. Based on our findings, we provide practical recommendations and suggestions for future studies investigating the therapeutic efficacy of EMS in critically ill patients. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42021262287].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Balke
- St. Marien Hospital Cologne, Department of Early Rehabilitation, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maryam Balke,
| | - Marc Teschler
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schäfer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Pantea Pape
- St. Marien Hospital Cologne, Department of Early Rehabilitation, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank C. Mooren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Boris Schmitz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
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7
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Matzka M, Leppich R, Holmberg HC, Sperlich B, Zinner C. The Relationship Between the Distribution of Training Intensity and Performance of Kayak and Canoe Sprinters: A Retrospective Observational Analysis of One Season of Competition. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:788108. [PMID: 35072063 PMCID: PMC8766812 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.788108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate retrospectively the training intensity distribution (TID) among highly trained canoe sprinters during a single season and to relate TID to changes in performance.Methods: The heart rates during on-water training by 11 German sprint kayakers (7 women, 4 men) and one male canoeist were monitored during preparation periods (PP) 1 and 2, as well as during the period of competition (CP) (total monitoring period: 37 weeks). The zones of training intensity (Z) were defined as Z1 [<80% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak)], Z2 (81–87% VO2peak) and Z3 (>87% VO2peak), as determined by 4 × 1,500-m incremental testing on-water. Prior to and after each period, the time required to complete the last 1,500-m stage (all-out) of the incremental test (1,500-m time-trial), velocities associated with 2 and 4 mmol·L−1 blood lactate (v2[BLa], v4[BLa]) and VO2peak were determined.Results: During each period, the mean TID for the entire group was pyramidal (PP1: 84/12/4%, PP2: 80/12/8% and CP: 91/5/4% for Z1, Z2, Z3) and total training time on-water increased from 5.0 ± 0.9 h (PP1) to 6.1 ± 0.9 h (PP2) and 6.5 ± 1.0 h (CP). The individual ranges for Z1, Z2 and Z3 were 61–96, 2–26 and 0–19%. During PP2 VO2peak (25.5 ± 11.4%) markedly increased compared to PP1 and CP and during PP1 v2[bla] (3.6 ± 3.4%) showed greater improvement compared to PP2, but not to CP. All variables related to performance improved as the season progressed, but no other effects were observed. With respect to time-trial performance, the time spent in Z1 (r = 0.66, p = 0.01) and total time in all three zones (r = 0.66, p = 0.01) showed positive correlations, while the time spent in Z2 (r = −0.57, p = 0.04) was negatively correlated.Conclusions: This seasonal analysis of the effects of training revealed extensive inter-individual variability. Overall, TID was pyramidal during the entire period of observation, with a tendency toward improvement in VO2peak, v2[bla], v4[bla] and time-trial performance. During PP2, when the COVID-19 lockdown was in place, the proportion of time spent in Z3 doubled, while that spent in Z1 was lowered; the total time spent training on water increased; these changes may have accentuated the improvement in performance during this period. A further increase in total on-water training time during CP was made possible by reductions in the proportions of time spent in Z2 and Z3, so that more fractions of time was spent in Z1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Matzka
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Manuel Matzka
| | - Robert Leppich
- Software Engineering Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Billy Sperlich
| | - Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport, University of Applied Sciences for Police and Administration of Hesse, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Jacobs KA, McMillan DW, Maher JL, Bilzon JLJ, Nash MS. Neither Postabsorptive Resting Nor Postprandial Fat Oxidation Are Related to Peak Fat Oxidation in Men With Chronic Paraplegia. Front Nutr 2021; 8:703652. [PMID: 34381805 PMCID: PMC8349992 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.703652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peak rate of fat oxidation (PFO) achieved during a graded exercise test is an important indicator of metabolic health. In healthy individuals, there is a significant positive association between PFO and total daily fat oxidation (FO). However, conditions resulting in metabolic dysfunction may cause a disconnect between PFO and non-exercise FO. Ten adult men with chronic thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) completed a graded arm exercise test. On a separate day following an overnight fast (≥ 10 h), they rested for 60 min before ingesting a liquid mixed meal (600 kcal; 35% fat, 50% carbohydrate, 15% protein). Expired gases were collected and indirect calorimetry data used to determine FO at rest, before and after feeding, and during the graded exercise test. Participants had “good” cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak: 19.2 ± 5.2 ml/kg/min) based on normative reference values for SCI. There was a strong positive correlation between PFO (0.30 ± 0.08 g/min) and VO2peak (r = 0.86, p = 0.002). Additionally, postabsorptive FO at rest was significantly and positively correlated with postprandial peak FO (r = 0.77, p = 0.01). However, PFO was not significantly associated with postabsorptive FO at rest (0.08 ± 0.02 g/min; p = 0.97), postprandial peak FO (0.10 ± 0.03 g/min; p = 0.43), or incremental area under the curve postprandial FO (p = 0.22). It may be advantageous to assess both postabsorptive FO at rest and PFO in those with SCI to gain a more complete picture of their metabolic flexibility and long-term metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - David W McMillan
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Mark S Nash
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Departments of Neurological Surgery and Physical Therapy, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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9
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Haraldsson BT, Andersen CH, Erhardsen KT, Zebis MK, Micheletti JK, Pastre CM, Andersen LL. Submaximal Elastic Resistance Band Tests to Estimate Upper and Lower Extremity Maximal Muscle Strength. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052749. [PMID: 33803096 PMCID: PMC7967475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Muscle strength assessment is fundamental to track the progress of performance and prescribe correct exercise intensity. In field settings, simple tests are preferred. This study develops equations to estimate maximal muscle strength in upper- and lower-extremity muscles based on submaximal elastic resistance tests. Healthy adults (n = 26) performed a maximal test (1 RM) to validate the ability of the subsequent submaximal tests to determine maximal muscle strength, with elastic bands. Using a within-group repeated measures design, three submaximal tests of 40%, 60%, and 80% during (1) shoulder abduction, (2) shoulder external rotation, (3) hip adduction, and (4) prone knee flexion were performed. The association between number of repetitions and relative intensity was modeled with both 1st and 2nd order polynomials to determine the best predictive validity. For both upper-extremity tests, a strong linear association between repetitions and relative intensity was found (R2 = 0.97–1.00). By contrast, for the lower-extremity tests, the associations were fitted better with a 2nd order polynomial (R2 = 1.00). The results from the present study provide formulas for predicting maximal muscles strength based on submaximal resistance in four different muscles groups and show a muscle-group-specific association between repetitions and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarki T. Haraldsson
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.H.A.); (K.T.E.); (M.K.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Christoffer H. Andersen
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.H.A.); (K.T.E.); (M.K.Z.)
| | - Katrine T. Erhardsen
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.H.A.); (K.T.E.); (M.K.Z.)
| | - Mette K. Zebis
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.H.A.); (K.T.E.); (M.K.Z.)
| | - Jéssica K. Micheletti
- Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 305 Roberto Simonsen, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo 19060-900, Brazil; (J.K.M.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Carlos M. Pastre
- Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 305 Roberto Simonsen, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo 19060-900, Brazil; (J.K.M.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Lars L. Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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10
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Blicher S, Bartholomae E, Kressler J. Effects of chronic decaffeinated green tea extract supplementation on lipolysis and substrate utilization during upper body exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:237-242. [PMID: 33742603 PMCID: PMC7987537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decaffeinated green tea extract (dGTE) can increase fat oxidation during leg exercise, but dGTE is unsuitable for many people (e.g., those with injuries/disabilities), and its effects on arm exercise and women are unknown. METHODS Eight adults (23-37 years old, 4 women) performed an incremental arm cycle test to measure peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), followed by four 1-h trials at 50% VO2peak. Subjects were randomly assigned to 650 mg of dGTE or placebo (PLA) for 4 weeks followed by a 4-week washout and crossover trial. Blood samples were obtained pre-exercise and post-exercise for glycerol and free fatty acid analysis. Respiratory gases were collected continuously. RESULTS VO2 showed no differences across trials ((0.83-0.89) ± (0.19-0.25) L/min, p = 0.460), neither did energy expenditure ((264-266) ± (59-77) kcal, p = 0.420) nor fat oxidation (dGTE = 0.11 to 0.12 g/min vs. PLA = 0.10 to 0.09 g/min, p = 0.220). Fat oxidation as percentage of energy expenditure was not different for dGTE vs. PLA (23% ± 12% to 25% ± 11% vs. 23% ± 10% to 21% ± 9%, p = 0.532). Glycerol concentration increased post-exercise in all trials, independent of treatments (pre = (3.4-5.1) ± (0.6-2.6) mg/dL vs. post = (7.9-9.8) ± (2.6-3.7) mg/dL, p = 0.867, η2 = 0.005 for interaction), as did free fatty acid ((3.5-4.8) ± (1.4-2.2) mg/dL vs. (7.2-9.1) ± (2.6-4.5) mg/dL, p = 0.981, η2 = 0.000). CONCLUSION Chronic dGTE supplementation had no effect on lipolysis and fat oxidation during arm cycle exercise in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Blicher
- Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92113, USA
| | - Eric Bartholomae
- Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92113, USA
| | - Jochen Kressler
- Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92113, USA.
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11
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McMillan DW, Maher JL, Jacobs KA, Nash MS, Gater DR. Exercise Interventions Targeting Obesity in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2021; 27:109-120. [PMID: 33814889 PMCID: PMC7983638 DOI: 10.46292/sci20-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an array of cardiometabolic complications, with obesity being the most common component risk of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) in this population. Recent Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines for CMD in SCI recommend physical exercise as a primary treatment strategy for the management of CMD in SCI. However, the high prevalence of obesity in SCI and the pleiotropic nature of this body habitus warrant strategies for tailoring exercise to specifically target obesity. In general, exercise for obesity management should aim primarily to induce a negative energy balance and secondarily to increase the use of fat as a fuel source. In persons with SCI, reductions in the muscle mass that can be recruited during activity limit the capacity for exercise to induce a calorie deficit. Furthermore, the available musculature exhibits a decreased oxidative capacity, limiting the utilization of fat during exercise. These constraints must be considered when designing exercise interventions for obesity management in SCI. Certain forms of exercise have a greater therapeutic potential in this population partly due to impacts on metabolism during recovery from exercise and at rest. In this article, we propose that exercise for obesity in SCI should target large muscle groups and aim to induce hypertrophy to increase total energy expenditure response to training. Furthermore, although carbohydrate reliance will be high during activity, certain forms of exercise might induce meaningful postexercise shifts in the use of fat as a fuel. General activity in this population is important for many components of health, but low energy cost of daily activities and limitations in upper body volitional exercise mean that exercise interventions targeting utilization and hypertrophy of large muscle groups will likely be required for obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. McMillan
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jennifer L. Maher
- Department of Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Jacobs
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Mark S. Nash
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida
| | - David R. Gater
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, Florida
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12
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Zwingmann L, Hoppstock M, Wahl P. Power profile, physiological characteristics and their correlation in elite canoe polo players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1194-1201. [PMID: 32406389 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the physical capabilities of elite canoe polo players and to identify interrelationships between anthropometric or physiological characteristics and performance on a kayak ergometer. METHODS Eight male participants (age 24.6±4.8 years, weight 84.1±5.3 kg, height 180.0±5.9 cm) completed four all-out time trials (15 s, 180 s, 420 s, 900 s) to determine peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), maximal oxygen uptake (VO<inf>2max</inf>), maximal rate of lactate accumulation (VLa<inf>max</inf>), and maximal lactate steady-state (cMLSS). Critical power (CP) and work that can be performed above CP (W') were assessed using a linear power model. Further, the 30-second end-test power (EP) and work done above EP (WEP) were derived from the 180 s time trial. Finally, indices were calculated from the metabolic and power data. The level of significance was set at P≤0.05. RESULTS Weak to moderate correlations were found for body weight and height compared to PPO and MPOs. VO<inf>2max</inf> correlated strongly with MPO180 and MPO420. VLa<inf>max</inf> correlated moderately with PPO and MPO15. While the calculations of CP, EP, and cMLSS correlated moderately to strongly, their means differed significantly. W' and WEP also differed significantly with a mean difference of 10.2±2.5 kJ. CONCLUSIONS Canoe polo players are similar to sprint paddlers in their constitution, although VO<inf>2max</inf> and PPO are lower. The high correlation between physiological and power parameters also shows that simple tests that do not require blood or gas sampling can be established quickly in daily training practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Zwingmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany - .,German Research Center of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany -
| | | | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Research Center of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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13
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Tanioka R, Yasuhara Y, Osaka K, Kai Y, Zhao Y, Tanioka T, Takase K, Dino MJS, Locsin RC. Autonomic nervous activity of patient with schizophrenia during Pepper CPGE-led upper limb range of motion exercises. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Exercise Mitigates the Loss of Muscle Mass by Attenuating the Activation of Autophagy during Severe Energy Deficit. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112824. [PMID: 31752260 PMCID: PMC6893734 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle mass with energy deficit is thought to be due to protein breakdown by the autophagy-lysosome and the ubiquitin-proteasome systems. We studied the main signaling pathways through which exercise can attenuate the loss of muscle mass during severe energy deficit (5500 kcal/day). Overweight men followed four days of caloric restriction (3.2 kcal/kg body weight day) and prolonged exercise (45 min of one-arm cranking and 8 h walking/day), and three days of control diet and restricted exercise, with an intra-subject design including biopsies from muscles submitted to distinct exercise volumes. Gene expression and signaling data indicate that the main catabolic pathway activated during severe energy deficit in skeletal muscle is the autophagy-lysosome pathway, without apparent activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Markers of autophagy induction and flux were reduced by exercise primarily in the muscle submitted to an exceptional exercise volume. Changes in signaling are associated with those in circulating cortisol, testosterone, cortisol/testosterone ratio, insulin, BCAA, and leucine. We conclude that exercise mitigates the loss of muscle mass by attenuating autophagy activation, blunting the phosphorylation of AMPK/ULK1/Beclin1, and leading to p62/SQSTM1 accumulation. This includes the possibility of inhibiting autophagy as a mechanism to counteract muscle loss in humans under severe energy deficit.
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15
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Undebakke V, Berg J, Tjønna AE, Sandbakk Ø. Comparison of Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Upper-, Lower-, and Whole-Body Exercise in Elite Cross-Country Skiers. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1086-1094. [PMID: 30741871 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Undebakke, V, Berg, J, Tjønna, AE, and Sandbakk, Ø. Comparison of physiological and perceptual responses to upper-, lower-, and whole-body exercise in elite cross-country skiers. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 1086-1094, 2019-The primary purpose of the present study was to compare physiological and perceptual responses to maximal and submaximal exercise between upper-, lower-, and whole-body exercise modes in elite cross-country (XC) skiers. Twelve elite XC skiers performed 5-7 submaximal 5-minute stages and an incremental test to exhaustion using upper-body poling (UP), running (RUN), and diagonal skiing (DIA), randomized on 3 separate days. Here, power output, cardiorespiratory variables, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLa), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined. Peak power output increased gradually from UP to RUN and DIA, whereas peak oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak), peak HR, O2pulse, and total RPE were clearly lower in UP than RUN and DIA (p < 0.05). At submaximal workloads matched for either RPE, %HR, or BLa, the main pattern was that BLa was higher and V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and HR lower in UP compared with RUN and DIA (p < 0.05). DIA showed ∼10 and 35% higher V[Combining Dot Above]O2 than RUN and UP at RPE 10-13 and had lower muscular RPE values than UP and RUN at a given % of peak HR (p < 0.05). Most of the differences in cardiorespiratory variables between modes were eliminated when they were normalized to V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak or peak HR in the respective mode. Because of the low power production in UP, endurance training in this mode exhibits too low values of V[Combining Dot Above]O2 to tax the cardiovascular system sufficiently. In RUN and DIA, the similar V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak values indicate that both modes can be effectively used during high-intensity training and to determine V[Combining Dot Above]O2max in elite XC skiers. However, the relatively high V[Combining Dot Above]O2 values at low perceptual stress with submaximal DIA indicate that the large amount of power produced when combining upper- and lower-body work exhibits high oxidative flux even during low-intensity training. Overall, these findings should be taken into account when athletes and coaches are monitoring and prescribing training in future approaches, in particular in sports where athletes vary between training with upper-, lower-, and whole-body exercise modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Undebakke
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jonathan Berg
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnt E Tjønna
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Baldassarre R, Sacchetti M, Patrizio F, Nicolò A, Scotto di Palumbo A, Bonifazi M, Piacentini MF. Carbohydrate Supplementation Does Not Improve 10 km Swimming Intermittent Training. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040147. [PMID: 30441819 PMCID: PMC6316724 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test the effectiveness of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding supplemented every 2.5-km, as in official races, on the performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and glycaemia during a 10-km intermittent training workout in elite open-water swimmers. A randomized crossover design was used. Participants completed two 10-km intermittent training sessions (20 × 500-m). The relative velocity was expressed in percentage of a single 500-m. Glycaemia was monitored by continuous glucose monitoring. Participants had to ingest either 1 L of tap water (WAT; 0.50 L·h−1) or 120 g of CHO in the form of 8% solution (60 g·h−1). The 15-point RPE scale was used during the trials. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was performed (p < 0.05). The relative velocity of each 500-m was not significantly different between the two trials. No significant differences emerged in the relative velocity of the last 500-m between trials. Average RPE was not statistically different between the two trials (11 ± 3 in WAT and 12 ± 3 in CHO). In the last 500-m, glycaemia was significantly higher in the CHO trial (5.92 ± 0.47 mmol·L−1 in CHO; 5.61 ± 0.61 mmol·L−1 in WAT). CHO ingestion did not improve performance or affect RPE during a 10-km intermittent training in elite open-water swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baldassarre
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Patrizio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Bonifazi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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17
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Ørtenblad N, Nielsen J, Boushel R, Söderlund K, Saltin B, Holmberg HC. The Muscle Fiber Profiles, Mitochondrial Content, and Enzyme Activities of the Exceptionally Well-Trained Arm and Leg Muscles of Elite Cross-Country Skiers. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1031. [PMID: 30116201 PMCID: PMC6084043 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most physically demanding sports in the Olympic Games, cross-country skiing poses considerable challenges with respect to both force generation and endurance during the combined upper- and lower-body effort of varying intensity and duration. The isoforms of myosin in skeletal muscle have long been considered not only to define the contractile properties, but also to determine metabolic capacities. The current investigation was designed to explore the relationship between these isoforms and metabolic profiles in the arms (triceps brachii) and legs (vastus lateralis) as well as the range of training responses in the muscle fibers of elite cross-country skiers with equally and exceptionally well-trained upper and lower bodies. The proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC)-1 was higher in the leg (58 ± 2% [34-69%]) than arm (40 ± 3% [24-57%]), although the mitochondrial volume percentages [8.6 ± 1.6 (leg) and 9.0 ± 2.0 (arm)], and average number of capillaries per fiber [5.8 ± 0.8 (leg) and 6.3 ± 0.3 (arm)] were the same. In these comparable highly trained leg and arm muscles, the maximal citrate synthase (CS) activity was the same. Still, 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HAD) capacity was 52% higher (P < 0.05) in the leg compared to arm muscles, suggesting a relatively higher capacity for lipid oxidation in leg muscle, which cannot be explained by the different fiber type distributions. For both limbs combined, HAD activity was correlated with the content of MHC-1 (r2 = 0.32, P = 0.011), whereas CS activity was not. Thus, in these highly trained cross-country skiers capillarization of and mitochondrial volume in type 2 fiber can be at least as high as in type 1 fibers, indicating a divergence between fiber type pattern and aerobic metabolic capacity. The considerable variability in oxidative metabolism with similar MHC profiles provides a new perspective on exercise training. Furthermore, the clear differences between equally well-trained arm and leg muscles regarding HAD activity cannot be explained by training status or MHC distribution, thereby indicating an intrinsic metabolic difference between the upper and lower body. Moreover, trained type 1 and type 2A muscle fibers exhibited similar aerobic capacity regardless of whether they were located in an arm or leg muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karin Söderlund
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Saltin
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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18
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Koh HCE, Nielsen J, Saltin B, Holmberg HC, Ørtenblad N. Pronounced limb and fibre type differences in subcellular lipid droplet content and distribution in elite skiers before and after exhaustive exercise. J Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28639688 DOI: 10.1113/jp274462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Although lipid droplets in skeletal muscle are an important energy source during endurance exercise, our understanding of lipid metabolism in this context remains incomplete. Using transmission electron microscopy, two distinct subcellular pools of lipid droplets can be observed in skeletal muscle - one beneath the sarcolemma and the other between myofibrils. At rest, well-trained leg muscles of cross-country skiers contain 4- to 6-fold more lipid droplets than equally well-trained arm muscles, with a 3-fold higher content in type 1 than in type 2 fibres. During exhaustive exercise, lipid droplets between the myofibrils but not those beneath the sarcolemma are utilised by both type 1 and 2 fibres. These findings provide insight into compartmentalisation of lipid metabolism within skeletal muscle fibres. ABSTRACT Although the intramyocellular lipid pool is an important energy store during prolonged exercise, our knowledge concerning its metabolism is still incomplete. Here, quantitative electron microscopy was used to examine subcellular distribution of lipid droplets in type 1 and 2 fibres of the arm and leg muscles before and after 1 h of exhaustive exercise. Intermyofibrillar lipid droplets accounted for 85-97% of the total volume fraction, while the subsarcolemmal pool made up 3-15%. Before exercise, the volume fractions of intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal lipid droplets were 4- to 6-fold higher in leg than in arm muscles (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the volume fraction of intermyofibrillar lipid droplets was 3-fold higher in type 1 than in type 2 fibres (P < 0.001), with no fibre type difference in the subsarcolemmal pool. Following exercise, intermyofibrillar lipid droplet volume fraction was 53% lower (P = 0.0082) in both fibre types in arm, but not leg muscles. This reduction was positively associated with the corresponding volume fraction prior to exercise (R2 = 0.84, P < 0.0001). No exercise-induced change in the subsarcolemmal pool could be detected. These findings indicate clear differences in the subcellular distribution of lipid droplets in the type 1 and 2 fibres of well-trained arm and leg muscles, as well as preferential utilisation of the intermyofibrillar pool during prolonged exhaustive exercise. Apparently, the metabolism of lipid droplets within a muscle fibre is compartmentalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chow E Koh
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bengt Saltin
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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19
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Francois ME, Graham MJ, Parr EB, Rehrer NJ, Lucas SJE, Stavrianeas S, Cotter JD. Similar metabolic response to lower- versus upper-body interval exercise or endurance exercise. Metabolism 2017; 68:1-10. [PMID: 28183441 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare energy use and substrate partitioning arising from repeated lower- versus upper-body sprints, or endurance exercise, across a 24-h period. METHODS Twelve untrained males (24±4 y) completed three trials in randomized order: (1) repeated sprints (five 30-s Wingate, 4.5-min recovery) on a cycle ergometer (SITLegs); (2) 50-min continuous cycling at 65% V̇O2max (END); (3) repeated sprints on an arm-crank ergometer (SITArms). Respiratory gas exchange was assessed before and during exercise, and at eight points across 22h of recovery. RESULTS Metabolic rate was elevated to greater extent in the first 8h after SITLegs than SITArms (by 0.8±1.1kJ/min, p=0.03), and tended to be greater than END (by 0.7±1.3kJ/min, p=0.08). Total 24-h energy use (exercise+recovery) was equivalent between SITLegs and END (p = 0.55), and SITLegs and SITArms (p=0.13), but 24-h fat use was higher with SITLegs than END (by 26±38g, p=0.04) and SITArms (by 27±43g, p=0.05), whereas carbohydrate use was higher with SITArms than SITLegs (by 32±51g, p=0.05). Plasma volume-corrected post-exercise and fasting glucose and lipid concentrations were unchanged. CONCLUSION Despite much lower energy use during five sprints than 50-min continuous exercise, 24-h energy use was not reliably different. However, (i) fat metabolism was greater after sprints, and (ii) carbohydrate metabolism was greater in the hours after sprints with arms than legs, while 24-h energy usage was comparable. Thus, sprints using arms or legs may be an important adjunct exercise mode for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Francois
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Graham
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn B Parr
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nancy J Rehrer
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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20
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Chen CL, Tang JS, Li PC, Chou PL. Immediate Effects of Smoking on Cardiorespiratory Responses During Dynamic Exercise: Arm Vs. Leg Ergometry. Front Physiol 2015; 6:376. [PMID: 26696905 PMCID: PMC4674552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study compared the immediate effects of smoking on cardiorespiratory responses to dynamic arm and leg exercises. Methods:This randomized crossover study recruited 14 college students. Each participant underwent two sets of arm-cranking (AC) and leg-cycling (LC) exercise tests. The testing sequences of the control trial (participants refrained from smoking for 8 h before testing) and the experimental trial (participants smoked two cigarettes immediately before testing) were randomly chosen. We observed immediate changes in pulmonary function and heart rate variability after smoking and before the exercise test. The participants then underwent graded exercise tests of their arms and legs until reaching exhaustion. We compared the peak work achieved and time to exhaustion during the exercise tests with various cardiorespiratory indices [i.e., heart rate, oxygen consumption (VO2), minute ventilation (VE)]. The differences between the smoking and control trials were calculated using paired t-tests. For the exercise test periods, VO2, heart rate, and VE values were calculated at every 10% increment of the maximal effort time. The main effects of the time and trial, as well as their trial-by-time (4 × 10) interaction effects on the outcome measures, were investigated using repeated measure ANOVA with trend analysis. Results: 5 min after smoking, the participants exhibited reduced forced vital capacities and forced expiratory volumes in the first second (P < 0.05), in addition to elevated resting heart rates (P < 0.001). The high-frequency, low-frequency, and the total power of the heart rate variability were also reduced (P < 0.05) at rest. For the exercise test periods, smoking reduced the time to exhaustion (P = 0.005) and the ventilatory threshold (P < 0.05) in the LC tests, whereas no significant effects were observed in the AC tests. A trend analysis revealed a significant trial-by-time interaction effect for heart rate, VO2, and VE during the graded exercise test (all P < 0.001). Lower VO2 and VE levels were exhibited in the exercise response of the smoking trial than in those of the control LC trials, whereas no discernable inter-trial difference was observed in the AC trials. Moreover, the differences in heart rate and VE response between the LC and AC exercises were significantly smaller after the participants smoked. Conclusion: This study verified that smoking significantly decreased performance and cardiorespiratory responses to leg exercises. However, the negative effects of smoking on arm exercise performance were not as pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Liang Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Shia Tang
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Hwa University of Medical Technology Tainan, Taiwan ; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chia Li
- Department of Occupational Therapy, I-Shou University Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Ling Chou
- School of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Machado-Vidotti HG, Mendes RG, Simões RP, Castello-Simões V, Catai AM, Borghi-Silva A. Cardiac autonomic responses during upper versus lower limb resistance exercise in healthy elderly men. Braz J Phys Ther 2015; 18:9-18. [PMID: 24675908 PMCID: PMC4183232 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-35552012005000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the cardiac autonomic responses during upper versus lower limb
discontinuous resistance exercise (RE) at different loads in healthy older
men. Method Ten volunteers (65±1.2 years) underwent the one-repetition maximum
(1RM) test to determine the maximum load for the bench press and the leg
press. Discontinuous RE was initiated at a load of 10%1RM with subsequent
increases of 10% until 30%1RM, followed by increases of 5%1RM until
exhaustion. Heart rate (HR) and R-R interval were recorded at rest and for 4
minutes at each load applied. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed in
5-min segments at rest and at each load in the most stable 2-min signal.
Results Parasympathetic indices decreased significantly in both exercises from 30%1RM
compared to rest (rMSSD: 20±2 to 11±3 and 29±5 to
12±2 ms; SD1: 15±2 to 8±1 and 23±4 to 7±1
ms, for upper and lower limb exercise respectively) and HR increased
(69±4 to 90±4 bpm for upper and 66±2 to 89±1 bpm
for lower). RMSM increased for upper limb exercise, but decreased for lower
limb exercise (28±3 to 45±9 and 34±5 to 14±3 ms,
respectively). In the frequency domain, the sympathetic (LF) and
sympathovagal balance (LF/HF) indices were higher and the parasympathetic
index (HF) was lower for upper limb exercise than for lower limb exercise
from 35% of 1RM. Conclusions Cardiac autonomic change occurred from 30% of 1RM regardless of RE limb.
However, there was more pronounced sympathetic increase and vagal decrease
for upper limb exercise than for lower limb exercise. These results provide
a basis for more effective prescription of RE to promote health in this
population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata G Mendes
- Exercise Research Center, Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Simões
- Exercise Research Center, Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Castello-Simões
- Exercise Research Center, Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Aparecida M Catai
- Exercise Research Center, Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Sao Carlos School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
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22
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Nordsborg NB, Connolly L, Weihe P, Iuliano E, Krustrup P, Saltin B, Mohr M. Oxidative capacity and glycogen content increase more in arm than leg muscle in sedentary women after intense training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:116-23. [PMID: 26023221 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00101.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that the adaptive capacity is higher in human upper- than lower-body skeletal muscle was tested. Furthermore, the hypothesis that more pronounced adaptations in upper-body musculature can be achieved by "low-volume high-intensity" compared with "high-volume low-intensity" exercise training was evaluated. A group of sedentary premenopausal women aged 45 ± 6 yr (± SD) with expected high adaptive potential in both upper- and lower-extremity muscle groups participated. After random allocation to high-intensity swimming (HIS, n = 21), moderate-intensity swimming (MOS, n = 21), soccer (SOC, n = 21) or a nontraining control group (CON, n = 20), the training groups completed three workouts per week for 15 wk. Resting muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle and deltoideus muscle before and after the intervention. After the training intervention, a larger (P < 0.05) increase existed in deltoideus muscle of the HIS group compared with vastus lateralis muscle of the SOC group for citrate synthase maximal activity (95 ± 89 vs. 27 ± 34%), citrate synthase protein expression (100 ± 29 vs. 31 ± 44%), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase maximal activity (35 ± 43 vs. 3 ± 25%), muscle glycogen content (63 ± 76 vs. 20 ± 51%), and expression of mitochondrial complex II, III, and IV. Additionally, HIS caused higher (P < 0.05) increases than MOS in deltoideus muscle citrate synthase maximal activity, citrate synthase protein expression, and muscle glycogen content. In conclusion, the deltoideus muscle has a higher adaptive potential than the vastus lateralis muscle in sedentary women, and "high-intensity low-volume" training is a more efficient regime than "low-intensity high-volume" training for increasing the aerobic capacity of the deltoideus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luke Connolly
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Pál Weihe
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Molise, Italy
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt Saltin
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshopsitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magni Mohr
- Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands; and Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Chen HY, Cheng FC, Pan HC, Hsu JC, Wang MF. Magnesium enhances exercise performance via increasing glucose availability in the blood, muscle, and brain during exercise. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85486. [PMID: 24465574 PMCID: PMC3896381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose mobilization and utilization in the periphery and central nervous system are important during exercise and are responsible for exercise efficacy. Magnesium (Mg) is involved in energy production and plays a role in exercise performance. This study aimed to explore the effects of Mg on the dynamic changes in glucose and lactate levels in the muscle, blood and brain of exercising rats using a combination of auto-blood sampling and microdialysis. Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with saline or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4, 90 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before treadmill exercise (20 m/min for 60 min). Our results indicated that the muscle, blood, and brain glucose levels immediately increased during exercise, and then gradually decreased to near basal levels in the recovery periods of both groups. These glucose levels were significantly enhanced to approximately two-fold (P<0.05) in the Mg group. Lactate levels in the muscle, blood, and brain rapidly and significantly increased in both groups during exercise, and brain lactate levels in the Mg group further elevated (P<0.05) than those in the control group during exercise. Lactate levels significantly decreased after exercise in both groups. In conclusion, Mg enhanced glucose availability in the peripheral and central systems, and increased lactate clearance in the muscle during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ying Chen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Shalu District, Taichung, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chou Cheng
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Shalu District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Chuan Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology & Graduate Institute of Cosmetic Science, HungKuang University, Shalu District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fu Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Shalu District, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Loughney L, West M, Pintus S, Lythgoe D, Clark E, Jack S, Torella F. Comparison of oxygen uptake during arm or leg cardiopulmonary exercise testing in vascular surgery patients and control subjects. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112:57-65. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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STADHEIM HANSK, KVAMME BENT, OLSEN RAYMOND, DREVON CHRISTIANA, IVY JOHNL, JENSEN JØRGEN. Caffeine Increases Performance in Cross-country Double-Poling Time Trial Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:2175-83. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182967948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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26
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Kressler J, Cowan RE, Ginnity K, Nash MS. Subjective measures of exercise intensity to gauge substrate partitioning in persons with paraplegia. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2013; 18:205-11. [PMID: 23459243 DOI: 10.1310/sci1803-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale and talk test (TT) are commonly recommended for persons to gauge exercise intensity. It is not known whether they are suitable to estimate substrate partitioning between carbohydrate and fat in persons with SCI. OBJECTIVE Investigate substrate partitioning/utilization patterns associated with RPE and TT. METHODS Twelve participants with chronic paraplegia underwent 2 arm crank exercise tests on nonconsecutive days within 2 weeks. Test 1 was a graded exercise test (GXT) to volitional exhaustion. Test 2 was a 15-minute self-selected steady state (SS) voluntary arm exercise bout simulating a brief, yet typical exercise session. RESULTS For the GXT, very light intensity exercise (RPE < 9) and TT stage before last positive were associated with highest contribution of fat oxidation (~35%-50%) to total energy expenditure (TEE). Fat oxidation was low at all stages, with the highest rate (0.13 ± 0.07 g/min) occurring at stage 1 (10 W). Corresponding average RPE was 7 ± 2 and the TT was positive for all participants at this stage. For the SS, fuel partitioning throughout exercise was dominated by carbohydrate oxidation (1.47 ± 0.08 g/min), accounting for almost all (~94%) of TEE with only a minute contribution from fat oxidation (0.02 ± 0.004 g/min). A positive TT was associated with an average contribution of fat oxidation of ~10%. CONCLUSIONS RPE but not the TT appears suitable to predict exercise intensities associated with the highest levels of fat oxidation. However, such intensities are below authoritative intensity thresholds for cardiorespiratory fitness promotion, and therefore the applicability of such a prediction for exercise prescriptions is likely limited to individuals with low exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kressler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis
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27
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Paulson TA, Bishop NC, Eston RG, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Differentiated perceived exertion and self-regulated wheelchair exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:2269-76. [PMID: 23562415 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of the differentiated rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for the self-regulation of submaximal wheelchair propulsion in novice users. DESIGN Each participant completed a submaximal incremental test and a graded test to exhaustion to determine peak oxygen consumption (Vo(2)peak) on a wheelchair ergometer. On a separate day, two 12-minute intermittent bouts consisting of three 4-minute stages were completed at individualized imposed power outputs equating to light (40% Vo(2)peak) and moderate (60% Vo(2)peak) intensity exercise. On a third occasion, participants were assigned to either the overall group or the peripheral group and were required to self-regulate 12-minute intermittent exercise according to either overall RPE or peripheral RPE reported during the corresponding imposed intensity trial. SETTING Laboratory facilities at a university. PARTICIPANTS Preliminary population of able-bodied participants with no prior experience of wheelchair propulsion (N=18). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences in oxygen consumption (Vo(2)), heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and power output between the imposed and self-regulated exercise trials. RESULTS No difference was found in physiological responses between the moderate-intensity imposed and RPE-regulated trials in the peripheral group, whereas a significant (P<.05) underproduction in Vo(2) (1.76±.31 vs 1.59±.25L/min) and blood lactate concentration (2.8±0.90 vs 2.21±.83mmol/L) was seen in the overall group. In contrast, a significant (P<.05) overproduction was seen in the peripheral group at a light exercise intensity, whereas no difference was found between all variables during the light-intensity imposed and RPE-regulated trials in the overall group. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral RPE enabled a more precise self-regulation during moderate-intensity wheelchair exercise in novice users. In contrast, overall RPE provided a more accurate stimulus when performing light-intensity propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Paulson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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Persson AB, Persson PB. Cycling in physiology. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 206:1-3. [PMID: 22863297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ngo KTA, Denis C, Saafi MA, Feasson L, Verney J. Endurance but not resistance training increases intra-myocellular lipid content and β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity in active elderly men. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:133-44. [PMID: 22017921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Endurance and resistance training (ET and RT, respectively) in older subjects have been proven beneficial against metabolic or cardiovascular disorders and against sarcopaenia respectively. Like ET, RT may also increase muscle oxidative capacities. In addition, it could be questioned whether RT, similarly to ET, is able to increase muscle energetic stores such as intra-myocellular lipids (IMCL) and glycogen contents. To evaluate a possible ET- and RT-induced parallel increase in oxidative capacity and energetic stores, active elderly men (72 ± 2 years) were submitted to a 14-week training programme (three times week(-1) ) combining lower body endurance and upper body resistance. METHODS Muscle samples were collected in ET vastus lateralis (VLat) and RT deltoid (Del) muscles before and after training. IMCL and glycogen contents were assessed by histochemistry (Oil Red O and periodic acid-Schiff staining, respectively) and by biochemical assay for glycogen. Citrate synthase (CS, marker of mitochondrial citric acid cycle), β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (β-HAD, beta-oxidation) and phosphofructokinase (PFK, glycolytic pathway) activities were determined and so was the capillary interface index (LC/PF). RESULTS Both training regimens significantly increased CS and LC/PF in ET-VLat and RT-Del. IMCL content and β-HAD activity increased (P < 0.05) only in ET-VLat, whereas PFK activity increased (P < 0.05) only in RT-Del. Glycogen content was not significantly altered in response to training in both muscles. CONCLUSION Unlike RT, which induced an increase in PFK, ET is able to increase IMCL content and β-oxidation capacity in active elderly men, even though both training may improve CS activity and LC/PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T A Ngo
- Université de Lyon, Saint Etienne, France
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Munch-Andersen T, Olsen DB, Søndergaard H, Daugaard JR, Bysted A, Christensen DL, Saltin B, Helge JW. Metabolic profile in two physically active Inuit groups consuming either a western or a traditional Inuit diet. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 71:17342. [PMID: 22456044 PMCID: PMC3417641 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.17342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the effect of regular physical activity on metabolic risk factors and blood pressure in Inuit with high BMI consuming a western diet (high amount of saturated fatty acids and carbohydrates with a high glycemic index). Study design Cross sectional study, comparing Inuit eating a western diet with Inuit eating a traditional diet. Methods Two physically active Greenland Inuit groups consuming different diet, 20 eating a traditional diet (Qaanaaq) and 15 eating a western diet (TAB), age (mean (range)); 38, (22–58) yrs, BMI; 28 (20–40) were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), blood sampling, maximal oxygen uptake test, food interview/collection and monitoring of physical activity. Results All Inuit had a normal OGTT. Fasting glucose (mmol/l), HbA1c (%), total cholesterol (mmol/l) and HDL-C (mmol/l) were for Qaanaaq women: 4.8±0.2, 5.3±0.1, 4.96±0.42, 1.34±0.06, for Qaanaaq men: 4.9±0.1, 5.7±0.1, 5.08±0.31, 1.28±0.09, for TAB women: 5.1±0.2, 5.3±0.1, 6.22±0.39, 1.86±0.13, for TAB men: 5.1±0.2, 5.3±0.1, 6.23±0.15, 1.60±0.10. No differences were found in systolic or diastolic blood pressure between the groups. There was a more adverse distribution of small dense LDL-C particles and higher total cholesterol and HDL-C concentration in the western diet group. Conclusions Diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance was not found in the Inuit consuming either the western or the traditional diet, and this could, at least partly, be due to the high amount of regular daily physical activity. However, when considering the total cardio vascular risk profile the Inuit consuming a western diet had a less healthy profile than the Inuit consuming a traditional diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Munch-Andersen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet (National University Hospital), DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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