1
|
Fu J, Lai X, Wei Q, Chen X, Shang H. Associations of cerebrospinal fluid profiles with severity and mortality risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1375892. [PMID: 38812975 PMCID: PMC11133581 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1375892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing and the disease phenotype of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is unclear, and there are some contradictions in current studies. Methods This study aimed to analyze the relationship between CSF profiles and disease phenotype in ALS patients. We collected 870 ALS patients and 96 control subjects admitted to West China Hospital of Sichuan University. CSF microprotein, albumin, IgG, index of IgG (IgGindex), albumin quotient (QALB), and serum IgG were examined. Results In ALS patients, CSF IgG, and QALB were significantly increased, while CSF IgGindex was decreased, compared with control subjects. Approximately one-third of ALS patients had higher CSF IgG levels. The multiple linear regression analysis identified that CSF IgGindex was weakly negatively associated with ALS functional rating scale revised (ALSFRS-R) scores (β = -0.062, p = 0.041). This significance was found in male ALS but not in female ALS. The Cox survival analyses found that upregulated CSF IgG was significantly associated with the increased mortality risk in ALS [HR = 1.219 (1.010-1.470), p = 0.039]. Conclusion In the current study, the higher CFS IgG was associated with increased mortality risk of ALS. CSF IgGindex may be associated with the severity of ALS. These findings may be sex-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Fu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Lai
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mimic S, Aru B, Pehlivanoğlu C, Sleiman H, Andjus PR, Yanıkkaya Demirel G. Immunology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - role of the innate and adaptive immunity. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1277399. [PMID: 38105925 PMCID: PMC10723830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1277399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the latest evidence about the role of innate and adaptive immunity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a devastating neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons, which involves essential cells of the immune system that play a basic role in innate or adaptive immunity, that can be neurotoxic or neuroprotective for neurons. However, distinguishing between the sole neurotoxic or neuroprotective function of certain cells such as astrocytes can be challenging due to intricate nature of these cells, the complexity of the microenvironment and the contextual factors. In this review, in regard to innate immunity we focus on the involvement of monocytes/macrophages, microglia, the complement, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, and astrocytes, while regarding adaptive immunity, in addition to humoral immunity the most important features and roles of T and B cells are highlighted, specifically different subsets of CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells. The role of autoantibodies and cytokines is also discussed in distinct sections of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mimic
- Centre for Laser Microscopy, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Jean Giaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Başak Aru
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cemil Pehlivanoğlu
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hadi Sleiman
- Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Pavle R. Andjus
- Centre for Laser Microscopy, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Jean Giaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Provenzano F, Torazza C, Bonifacino T, Bonanno G, Milanese M. The Key Role of Astrocytes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Their Commitment to Glutamate Excitotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15430. [PMID: 37895110 PMCID: PMC10607805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been increasing evidence supporting non-neuronal cells as active contributors to neurodegenerative disorders. Among glial cells, astrocytes play a pivotal role in driving amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression, leading the scientific community to focus on the "astrocytic signature" in ALS. Here, we summarized the main pathological mechanisms characterizing astrocyte contribution to MN damage and ALS progression, such as neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, energy metabolism impairment, miRNAs and extracellular vesicles contribution, autophagy dysfunction, protein misfolding, and altered neurotrophic factor release. Since glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the most relevant ALS features, we focused on the specific contribution of ALS astrocytes in this aspect, highlighting the known or potential molecular mechanisms by which astrocytes participate in increasing the extracellular glutamate level in ALS and, conversely, undergo the toxic effect of the excessive glutamate. In this scenario, astrocytes can behave as "producers" and "targets" of the high extracellular glutamate levels, going through changes that can affect themselves and, in turn, the neuronal and non-neuronal surrounding cells, thus actively impacting the ALS course. Moreover, this review aims to point out knowledge gaps that deserve further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16148 Genova, Italy; (F.P.); (C.T.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Verkhratsky A, Butt A, Li B, Illes P, Zorec R, Semyanov A, Tang Y, Sofroniew MV. Astrocytes in human central nervous system diseases: a frontier for new therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:396. [PMID: 37828019 PMCID: PMC10570367 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroglia are a broad class of neural parenchymal cells primarily dedicated to homoeostasis and defence of the central nervous system (CNS). Astroglia contribute to the pathophysiology of all neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in ways that can be either beneficial or detrimental to disorder outcome. Pathophysiological changes in astroglia can be primary or secondary and can result in gain or loss of functions. Astroglia respond to external, non-cell autonomous signals associated with any form of CNS pathology by undergoing complex and variable changes in their structure, molecular expression, and function. In addition, internally driven, cell autonomous changes of astroglial innate properties can lead to CNS pathologies. Astroglial pathophysiology is complex, with different pathophysiological cell states and cell phenotypes that are context-specific and vary with disorder, disorder-stage, comorbidities, age, and sex. Here, we classify astroglial pathophysiology into (i) reactive astrogliosis, (ii) astroglial atrophy with loss of function, (iii) astroglial degeneration and death, and (iv) astrocytopathies characterised by aberrant forms that drive disease. We review astroglial pathophysiology across the spectrum of human CNS diseases and disorders, including neurotrauma, stroke, neuroinfection, autoimmune attack and epilepsy, as well as neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Characterising cellular and molecular mechanisms of astroglial pathophysiology represents a new frontier to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Arthur Butt
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Baoman Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Lab Cell Engineering, Technology Park, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, 314033, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education/Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
HDAC inhibitor ameliorates behavioral deficits in Mecp2 308/y mouse model of Rett syndrome. Brain Res 2021; 1772:147670. [PMID: 34582789 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder. More than 95% of classic RETT syndrome cases result from pathogenic variants in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. Nevertheless, it has been established that a spectrum of neuropsychiatric phenotypes is associated with MECP2 variants in both females and males. We previously reported that microtubule growth velocity and vesicle transport directionality are altered in Mecp2-deficient astrocytes from newborn Mecp2-deficient mice compared to that of their wild-type littermates suggesting deficit in microtubule dynamics. In this study, we report that administration of tubastatin A, a selective HDAC6 inhibitor, restored microtubule dynamics in Mecp2-deficient astrocytes. We furthermore report that daily doses of tubastatin A reversed early impaired exploratory behavior in male Mecp2308/y mice. These findings are a first step toward the validation of a novel treatment for RTT.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gharbi T, Zhang Z, Yang GY. The Function of Astrocyte Mediated Extracellular Vesicles in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:568889. [PMID: 33178687 PMCID: PMC7593543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.568889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte activation plays an important role during disease-induced inflammatory response in the brain. Exosomes in the brain could be released from bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells, neuro stem cells (NSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), etc. We summarized that exosomes release and transport signaling to the target cells, and then produce function. Furthermore, we discussed the pathological interactions between astrocytes and other brain cells, which are related to brain diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), psychiatric, traumatic brain injury (TBI), etc. We provide up-to-date, comprehensive and valuable information on the involvement of exosomes in brain diseases, which is beneficial for basic researchers and clinical physicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Gharbi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Potokar M, Jorgačevski J, Zorec R. Astrocytes in Flavivirus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030691. [PMID: 30736273 PMCID: PMC6386967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections of the central nervous system (CNS) can manifest in various forms of inflammation, including that of the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis), all of which may have long-lasting deleterious consequences. Although the knowledge of how different viruses affect neural cells is increasing, understanding of the mechanisms by which cells respond to neurotropic viruses remains fragmented. Several virus types have the ability to infect neural tissue, and astrocytes, an abundant and heterogeneous neuroglial cell type and a key element providing CNS homeostasis, are one of the first CNS cell types to get infected. Astrocytes are morphologically closely aligned with neuronal synapses, blood vessels, and ventricle cavities, and thereby have the capacity to functionally interact with neurons and endothelial cells. In this review, we focus on the responses of astrocytes to infection by neurotropic flaviviruses, including tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which have all been confirmed to infect astrocytes and cause multiple CNS defects. Understanding these mechanisms may help design new strategies to better contain and mitigate virus- and astrocyte-dependent neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fingolimod Suppresses the Proinflammatory Status of Interferon-γ-Activated Cultured Rat Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5971-5986. [PMID: 30701416 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia, the primary homeostatic cells of the central nervous system, play an important role in neuroinflammation. They act as facultative immunocompetent antigen-presenting cells (APCs), expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens upon activation with interferon (IFN)-γ and possibly other proinflammatory cytokines that are upregulated in disease states, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We characterized the anti-inflammatory effects of fingolimod (FTY720), an established drug for MS, and its phosphorylated metabolite (FTY720-P) in IFN-γ-activated cultured rat astrocytes. The expression of MHC class II compartments, β2 adrenergic receptor (ADR-β2), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells subunit p65 (NF-κB p65) was quantified in immunofluorescence images acquired by laser scanning confocal microscopy. In addition, MHC class II-enriched endocytotic vesicles were labeled by fluorescent dextran and their mobility analyzed in astrocytes subjected to different treatments. FTY720 and FTY720-P treatment significantly reduced the number of IFN-γ-induced MHC class II compartments and substantially increased ADR-β2 expression, which is otherwise small or absent in astrocytes in MS. These effects could be partially attributed to the observed decrease in NF-κB p65 expression, because the NF-κB signaling cascade is activated in inflammatory processes. We also found attenuated trafficking and secretion from dextran-labeled endo-/lysosomes that may hinder efficient delivery of MHC class II molecules to the plasma membrane. Our data suggest that FTY720 and FTY720-P at submicromolar concentrations mediate anti-inflammatory effects on astrocytes by suppressing their action as APCs, which may further downregulate the inflammatory process in the brain, constituting the therapeutic effect of fingolimod in MS.
Collapse
|
9
|
Slow Release of HIV-1 Protein Nef from Vesicle-like Structures Is Inhibited by Cytosolic Calcium Elevation in Single Human Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:102-118. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
Zorec R, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. Astroglial vesicular network: evolutionary trends, physiology and pathophysiology. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28665546 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular organelles, including secretory vesicles, emerged when eukaryotic cells evolved some 3 billion years ago. The primordial organelles that evolved in Archaea were similar to endolysosomes, which developed, arguably, for specific metabolic tasks, including uptake, metabolic processing, storage and disposal of molecules. In comparison with prokaryotes, cell volume of eukaryotes increased by several orders of magnitude and vesicle traffic emerged to allow for communication between distant intracellular locations. Lysosomes, first described in 1955, a prominent intermediate of endo- and exocytotic pathways, operate virtually in all eukaryotic cells including astroglia, the most heterogeneous type of homeostatic glia in the central nervous system. Astrocytes support neuronal network activity in particular through elaborated secretion, based on a complex intracellular vesicle network dynamics. Deranged homeostasis underlies disease and astroglial vesicle traffic contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease), neurodevelopmental diseases (intellectual deficiency, Rett's disease) and neuroinfectious (Zika virus) disorders. This review addresses astroglial cell-autonomous vesicular traffic network, as well as its into primary and secondary vesicular network defects in diseases, and considers this network as a target for developing new therapies for neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - V. Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology; Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute; Atomic Force Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratories; University of Alabama; Birmingham AL USA
| | - A. Verkhratsky
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology; Institute of Pathophysiology; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica; BIOMEDICAL; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Biology; Medicine and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience; IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Bilbao Spain
- Department of Neurosciences; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED; Leioa Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Milošević M, Milićević K, Božić I, Lavrnja I, Stevanović I, Bijelić D, Dubaić M, Živković I, Stević Z, Giniatullin R, Andjus P. Immunoglobulins G from Sera of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients Induce Oxidative Stress and Upregulation of Antioxidative System in BV-2 Microglial Cell Line. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1619. [PMID: 29218049 PMCID: PMC5703705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a very fast progression, no diagnostic tool for the presymptomatic phase, and still no effective treatment of the disease. Although ALS affects motor neurons, the overall pathophysiological condition points out to the non-cell autonomous mechanisms, where astrocytes and microglia play crucial roles in the disease progression. We have already shown that IgG from sera of ALS patients (ALS IgG) induce calcium transients and an increase in the mobility of acidic vesicles in cultured rat astrocytes. Having in mind the role of microglia in neurodegeneration, and a well-documented fact that oxidative stress is one of the many components contributing to the disease, we decided to examine the effect of ALS IgG on activation, oxidative stress and antioxidative system of BV-2 microglia, and to evaluate their acute effect on cytosolic peroxide, pH, and on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. All tested ALS IgGs (compared to control IgG) induced oxidative stress (rise in nitric oxide and the index of lipid peroxidation) followed by release of TNF-α and higher antioxidative defense (elevation of Mn- and CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase with a decrease of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione) after 24 h treatment. Both ALS IgG and control IgG showed same localization on the membrane of BV-2 cells following 24 h treatment. Cytosolic peroxide and pH alteration were evaluated with fluorescent probes HyPer and SypHer, respectively, having in mind that HyPer also reacts to pH changes. Out of 11 tested IgGs from ALS patients, 4 induced slow exponential rise of HyPer signal, with maximal normalized fluorescence in the range 0.2–0.5, also inducing similar increase of SypHer intensity, but of a lower amplitude. None of the control IgGs induced changes with neither of the indicators. Acute ROS generation was detected in one out of three tested ALS samples with carboxy-H2DCFDA. The observed phenomena demonstrate the potential role of inflammatory humoral factors, IgGs, as potential triggers of the activation in microglia, known to occur in later stages of ALS. Therefore, revealing the ALS IgG signaling cascade in microglial cells could offer a valuable molecular biomarker and/or a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Milošević
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Department for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Milićević
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Department for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva Božić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanović
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dunja Bijelić
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Department for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Dubaić
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Department for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Živković
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stević
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Laboratory in Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavle Andjus
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Department for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Verkhratsky A, Steardo L, Parpura V, Montana V. Translational potential of astrocytes in brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:188-205. [PMID: 26386136 PMCID: PMC4794425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fundamentally, all brain disorders can be broadly defined as the homeostatic failure of this organ. As the brain is composed of many different cells types, including but not limited to neurons and glia, it is only logical that all the cell types/constituents could play a role in health and disease. Yet, for a long time the sole conceptualization of brain pathology was focused on the well-being of neurons. Here, we challenge this neuron-centric view and present neuroglia as a key element in neuropathology, a process that has a toll on astrocytes, which undergo complex morpho-functional changes that can in turn affect the course of the disorder. Such changes can be grossly identified as reactivity, atrophy with loss of function and pathological remodeling. We outline the pathogenic potential of astrocytes in variety of disorders, ranging from neurotrauma, infection, toxic damage, stroke, epilepsy, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, Alexander disease to neoplastic changes seen in gliomas. We hope that in near future we would witness glial-based translational medicine with generation of deliverables for the containment and cure of disorders. We point out that such as a task will require a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach that will take in consideration the concerted operation of all the cell types in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine and Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vedrana Montana
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Astroglial calcium signalling in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1005-1012. [PMID: 27545605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglial contribution to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically relevant and highly heterogeneous. Reactive astrogliosis and activation of microglia contribute to neuroinflammation, whereas astroglial and oligodendroglial atrophy affect synaptic transmission and underlie the overall disruption of the central nervous system (CNS) connectome. Astroglial function is tightly integrated with the intracellular ionic signalling mediated by complex dynamics of cytosolic concentrations of free Ca2+ and Na+. Astroglial ionic signalling is mediated by plasmalemmal ion channels, mainly associated with ionotropic receptors, pumps and solute carrier transporters, and by intracellular organelles comprised of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The relative contribution of these molecular cascades/organelles can be plastically remodelled in development and under environmental stress. In AD astroglial Ca2+ signalling undergoes substantial reorganisation due to an abnormal regulation of expression of Ca2+ handling molecular cascades.
Collapse
|
14
|
Delépine C, Meziane H, Nectoux J, Opitz M, Smith AB, Ballatore C, Saillour Y, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Chang Q, Williams EC, Dahan M, Duboin A, Billuart P, Herault Y, Bienvenu T. Altered microtubule dynamics and vesicular transport in mouse and human MeCP2-deficient astrocytes. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:146-57. [PMID: 26604147 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by normal post-natal development followed by a sudden deceleration in brain growth with progressive loss of acquired motor and language skills, stereotypic hand movements and severe cognitive impairment. Mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) cause more than 95% of classic cases. Recently, it has been shown that the loss of Mecp2 from glia negatively influences neurons in a non-cell-autonomous fashion, and that in Mecp2-null mice, re-expression of Mecp2 preferentially in astrocytes significantly improved locomotion and anxiety levels, restored respiratory abnormalities to a normal pattern and greatly prolonged lifespan compared with globally null mice. We now report that microtubule (MT)-dependent vesicle transport is altered in Mecp2-deficient astrocytes from newborn Mecp2-deficient mice compared with control wild-type littermates. Similar observation has been made in human MECP2 p.Arg294* iPSC-derived astrocytes. Importantly, administration of Epothilone D, a brain-penetrant MT-stabilizing natural product, was found to restore MT dynamics in Mecp2-deficient astrocytes and in MECP2 p.Arg294* iPSC-derived astrocytes in vitro. Finally, we report that relatively low weekly doses of Epothilone D also partially reversed the impaired exploratory behavior in Mecp2(308/y) male mice. These findings represent a first step toward the validation of an innovative treatment for RTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Delépine
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France, Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, Illkirch, France, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Juliette Nectoux
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France, Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France, Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, HUPC, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Opitz
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France, Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Center of Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yoann Saillour
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France, Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Qiang Chang
- Department of Genetics and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Maxime Dahan
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, UPMC, Paris, France and
| | - Aurélien Duboin
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, UPMC, Paris, France and ALVEOLE, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Billuart
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France, Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, Illkirch, France, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France, Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France, Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, HUPC, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stenovec M, Trkov S, Lasič E, Terzieva S, Kreft M, Rodríguez Arellano JJ, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A, Zorec R. Expression of familial Alzheimer disease presenilin 1 gene attenuates vesicle traffic and reduces peptide secretion in cultured astrocytes devoid of pathologic tissue environment. Glia 2015; 64:317-29. [PMID: 26462451 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, astrocytes provide metabolic and trophic support to neurones. Failure in executing astroglial homeostatic functions may contribute to the initiation and propagation of diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD), characterized by a progressive loss of neurones over years. Here, we examined whether astrocytes from a mice model of AD isolated in the presymptomatic phase of the disease exhibit alterations in vesicle traffic, vesicular peptide release and purinergic calcium signaling. In cultured astrocytes isolated from a newborn wild-type (wt) and 3xTg-AD mouse, secretory vesicles and acidic endosomes/lysosomes were labeled by transfection with plasmid encoding atrial natriuretic peptide tagged with mutant green fluorescent protein (ANP.emd) and by LysoTracker, respectively. The intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) was monitored with Fluo-2 and visualized by confocal microscopy. In comparison with controls, spontaneous mobility of ANP- and LysoTracker-labeled vesicles was diminished in 3xTg-AD astrocytes; the track length (TL), maximal displacement (MD) and directionality index (DI) were all reduced in peptidergic vesicles and in endosomes/lysosomes (P < 0.001), as was the ATP-evoked attenuation of vesicle mobility. Similar impairment of peptidergic vesicle trafficking was observed in wt rat astrocytes transfected to express mutated presenilin 1 (PS1M146V). The ATP-evoked ANP discharge from single vesicles was less efficient in 3xTg-AD and PS1M146V-expressing astrocytes than in respective wt controls (P < 0.05). Purinergic stimulation evoked biphasic and oscillatory [Ca(2+)]i responses; the latter were less frequent (P < 0.001) in 3xTg-AD astrocytes. Expression of PS1M146V in astrocytes impairs vesicle dynamics and reduces evoked secretion of the signaling molecule ANP; both may contribute to the development of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Stenovec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Lasič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Slavica Terzieva
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain
| | - Marko Kreft
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, CPAE, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - José Julio Rodríguez Arellano
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vardjan N, Verkhratsky A, Zorec R. Pathologic Potential of Astrocytic Vesicle Traffic: New Targets to Treat Neurologic Diseases? Cell Transplant 2015; 24:599-612. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicles are small intracellular organelles that are fundamental for constitutive housekeeping of the plasmalemma, intercellular transport, and cell-to-cell communications. In astroglial cells, traffic of vesicles is associated with cell morphology, which determines the signaling potential and metabolic support for neighboring cells, including when these cells are considered to be used for cell transplantations or for regulating neurogenesis. Moreover, vesicles are used in astrocytes for the release of vesicle-laden chemical messengers. Here we review the properties of membrane-bound vesicles that store gliotransmitters, endolysosomes that are involved in the traffic of plasma membrane receptors, and membrane transporters. These vesicles are all linked to pathological states, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, neuroinflammation, trauma, edema, and states in which astrocytes contribute to developmental disorders. In multiple sclerosis, for example, fingolimod, a recently introduced drug, apparently affects vesicle traffic and gliotransmitter release from astrocytes, indicating that this process may well be used as a new pathophysiologic target for the development of new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vardjan
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Novel molecular biomarkers at the blood-brain barrier in ALS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:907545. [PMID: 24949481 PMCID: PMC4037612 DOI: 10.1155/2014/907545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently neuroinflammation has gained a particular focus as a key mechanism of ALS. Several studies in vivo as well as in vitro have nominated immunoglobulin G (IgG) isolated from ALS patients as an active contributor to disease onset and progression. We have shown that ALS IgG affects astroglial Ca2+ excitability and induces downstream activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These studies were hampered by a lack of knowledge of the pathway of entry of immune factors in the CNS. Our MRI data revealed the blood-brain barrier BBB leakage and T cell infiltration into brain parenchyma in ALS G93A rats. Since astrocyte ensheathes blood vessel wall contributing to BBB stability and plays an important role in ALS pathogenesis, we have studied astrocytic membrane proteins water channel aquaporin-4 and the inwardly rectifying potassium channel. In this review, we will summarize data related to BBB disruption with particular emphasis on impaired function of astrocytes in ALS. We will discuss implication of membrane proteins expressed on astrocytic endfeet, aquaporin-4, and inwardly rectifying potassium channel in the pathology of ALS. In addition to ALS-specific IgGs, these membrane proteins are proposed as novel biomarkers of the disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Vardjan N, Kreft M, Zorec R. Regulated Exocytosis in Astrocytes is as Slow as the Metabolic Availability of Gliotransmitters: Focus on Glutamate and ATP. GLUTAMATE AND ATP AT THE INTERFACE OF METABOLISM AND SIGNALING IN THE BRAIN 2014; 11:81-101. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
19
|
Chatterjee S, Sikdar SK. Corticosterone treatment results in enhanced release of peptidergic vesicles in astrocytes via cytoskeletal rearrangements. Glia 2013; 61:2050-62. [PMID: 24123181 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While the effect of stress on neuronal physiology is widely studied, its effect on the functionality of astrocytes is not well understood. We studied the effect of high doses of stress hormone corticosterone, on two physiological properties of astrocytes, i.e., gliotransmission and interastrocytic calcium waves. To study the release of peptidergic vesicles from astrocytes, hippocampal astrocyte cultures were transfected with a plasmid to express pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) fused with the emerald green fluorescent protein (ANP.emd). The rate of decrease in fluorescence of ANP.emd on application of ionomycin, a calcium ionophore was monitored. Significant increase in the rate of calcium-dependent exocytosis of ANP.emd was observed with the 100 nM and 1 μM corticosterone treatments for 3 h, which depended on the activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. ANP.emd tagged vesicles exhibited increased mobility in astrocyte culture upon corticosterone treatment. Increasing corticosterone concentrations also resulted in concomitant increase in the calcium wave propagation velocity, initiated by focal ATP application. Corticosterone treatment also resulted in increased GFAP expression and F-actin rearrangements. FITC-Phalloidin immunostaining revealed increased formation of cross linked F-actin networks with the 100 nM and 1 μM corticosterone treatment. Alternatively, blockade of actin polymerization and disruption of microtubules prevented the corticosterone-mediated increase in ANP.emd release kinetics. This study reports for the first time the effect of corticosterone on gliotransmission via modulation of cytoskeletal elements. As ANP acts on both neurons and blood vessels, modulation of its release could have functional implications in neurovascular coupling under pathophysiological conditions of stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreejata Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Potokar M, Vardjan N, Stenovec M, Gabrijel M, Trkov S, Jorgačevski J, Kreft M, Zorec R. Astrocytic vesicle mobility in health and disease. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11238-58. [PMID: 23712361 PMCID: PMC3709730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are no longer considered subservient to neurons, and are, instead, now understood to play an active role in brain signaling. The intercellular communication of astrocytes with neurons and other non-neuronal cells involves the exchange of molecules by exocytotic and endocytotic processes through the trafficking of intracellular vesicles. Recent studies of single vesicle mobility in astrocytes have prompted new views of how astrocytes contribute to information processing in nervous tissue. Here, we review the trafficking of several types of membrane-bound vesicles that are specifically involved in the processes of (i) intercellular communication by gliotransmitters (glutamate, adenosine 5′-triphosphate, atrial natriuretic peptide), (ii) plasma membrane exchange of transporters and receptors (EAAT2, MHC-II), and (iii) the involvement of vesicle mobility carrying aquaporins (AQP4) in water homeostasis. The properties of vesicle traffic in astrocytes are discussed in respect to networking with neighboring cells in physiologic and pathologic conditions, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and states in which astrocytes contribute to neuroinflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Gabrijel
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kreft
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mails: (M.P.); (N.V.); (M.S.); (M.G.); (S.T.); (J.J.); (M.K.)
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +386-1543-7020; Fax: +386-1543-7036
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Milošević M, Stenovec M, Kreft M, Petrušić V, Stević Z, Trkov S, Andjus PR, Zorec R. Immunoglobulins G from patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis affects cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis in cultured rat astrocytes. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:17-25. [PMID: 23623373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are considered essential in the etiopathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We have demonstrated previously that immunoglobulins G (IgG) isolated from patients with ALS enhance the mobility of acidic vesicles in cultured astrocytes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Here we directly examined the impact of purified sporadic ALS IgG on cytosolic [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)]i) in astrocytes. Confocal time-lapse images were acquired and fluorescence of a non-ratiometric Ca(2+) indicator was recorded before and after the application of IgG. ALS IgG (0.1 mg/ml) from 7 patients evoked transient increases in [Ca(2+)]i in ~50% of tested astrocytes. The probability of observing a response was independent of extracellular Ca(2+). The peak increase in [Ca(2+)]i developed ~3 times faster and the time integral of evoked transients was ~2-fold larger; the peak amplitude itself was not affected by extracellular Ca(2+). Application of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that activation of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptors is necessary and sufficient to initiate transients in [Ca(2+)]i; the Ca(2+) influx through store-operated calcium entry prolongs the transient increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Thus, ALS IgG acutely affect [Ca(2+)]i by mobilizing both, intra- and extracellular Ca(2+) into the cytosol of cultured astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Milošević
- University of Ljubljana, Medical Faculty, Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vardjan N, Gabrijel M, Potokar M, Svajger U, Kreft M, Jeras M, de Pablo Y, Faiz M, Pekny M, Zorec R. IFN-γ-induced increase in the mobility of MHC class II compartments in astrocytes depends on intermediate filaments. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:144. [PMID: 22734718 PMCID: PMC3423045 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system, astrocytes exposed to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) can express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and antigens on their surface. MHC class II molecules are thought to be delivered to the cell surface by membrane-bound vesicles. However, the characteristics and dynamics of this vesicular traffic are unclear, particularly in reactive astrocytes, which overexpress intermediate filament (IF) proteins that may affect trafficking. The aim of this study was to determine the mobility of MHC class II vesicles in wild-type (WT) astrocytes and in astrocytes devoid of IFs. Methods The identity of MHC class II compartments in WT and IF-deficient astrocytes 48 h after IFN-γ activation was determined immunocytochemically by using confocal microscopy. Time-lapse confocal imaging and Alexa Fluor546-dextran labeling of late endosomes/lysosomes in IFN-γ treated cells was used to characterize the motion of MHC class II vesicles. The mobility of vesicles was analyzed using ParticleTR software. Results Confocal imaging of primary cultures of WT and IF-deficient astrocytes revealed IFN-γ induced MHC class II expression in late endosomes/lysosomes, which were specifically labeled with Alexa Fluor546-conjugated dextran. Live imaging revealed faster movement of dextran-positive vesicles in IFN-γ-treated than in untreated astrocytes. Vesicle mobility was lower in IFN-γ-treated IF-deficient astrocytes than in WT astrocytes. Thus, the IFN-γ-induced increase in the mobility of MHC class II compartments is IF-dependent. Conclusions Since reactivity of astrocytes is a hallmark of many CNS pathologies, it is likely that the up-regulation of IFs under such conditions allows a faster and therefore a more efficient delivery of MHC class II molecules to the cell surface. In vivo, such regulatory mechanisms may enable antigen-presenting reactive astrocytes to respond rapidly and in a controlled manner to CNS inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vardjan
- Celica Biomedical Center, Tehnološki Park 24, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Exocytosis in astrocytes: transmitter release and membrane signal regulation. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2351-63. [PMID: 22528833 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, a type of glial cells in the brain, are eukaryotic cells, and a hallmark of these are subcellular organelles, such as secretory vesicles. In neurons vesicles play a key role in signaling. Upon a stimulus-an increase in cytosolic concentration of free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i))-the membrane of vesicle fuses with the presynaptic plasma membrane, allowing the exit of neurotransmitters into the extracellular space and their diffusion to the postsynaptic receptors. For decades it was thought that such vesicle-based mechanisms of gliotransmitter release were not present in astrocytes. However, in the last 30 years experimental evidence showed that astrocytes are endowed with mechanisms for vesicle- and non-vesicle-based gliotransmitter release mechanisms. The aim of this review is to focus on exocytosis, which may play a role in gliotransmission and also in other forms of cell-to-cell communication, such as the delivery of transporters, ion channels and antigen presenting molecules to the cell surface.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Astroglial cells, due to their passive electrical properties, were long considered subservient to neurons and to merely provide the framework and metabolic support of the brain. Although astrocytes do play such structural and housekeeping roles in the brain, these glial cells also contribute to the brain's computational power and behavioural output. These more active functions are endowed by the Ca2+-based excitability displayed by astrocytes. An increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels in astrocytes can lead to the release of signalling molecules, a process termed gliotransmission, via the process of regulated exocytosis. Dynamic components of astrocytic exocytosis include the vesicular-plasma membrane secretory machinery, as well as the vesicular traffic, which is governed not only by general cytoskeletal elements but also by astrocyte-specific IFs (intermediate filaments). Gliotransmitters released into the ECS (extracellular space) can exert their actions on neighbouring neurons, to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity, and to affect behaviour by modulating the sleep homoeostat. Besides these novel physiological roles, astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics, Ca2+-dependent gliotransmission and astrocyte–neuron signalling have been also implicated in brain disorders, such as epilepsy. The aim of this review is to highlight the newer findings concerning Ca2+ signalling in astrocytes and exocytotic gliotransmission. For this we report on Ca2+ sources and sinks that are necessary and sufficient for regulating the exocytotic release of gliotransmitters and discuss secretory machinery, secretory vesicles and vesicle mobility regulation. Finally, we consider the exocytotic gliotransmission in the modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity, as well as the astrocytic contribution to sleep behaviour and epilepsy.
Collapse
|