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Bi M, Yang K, Yu T, Wu G, Li Q. Cell-based mechanisms and strategies of co-culture system both in vivo and vitro for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115907. [PMID: 37984308 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of a functional vascular supply has been identified as a major challenge limiting the clinical introduction of stem cell-based bone tissue engineering (BTE) for the repair of large-volume bone defects (LVBD). Various approaches have been explored to improve the vascular supply in tissue-engineered constructs, and the development of strategies that could effectively induce the establishment of a functional vascular supply has become a major goal of BTE research. One of the state-of-the-art methods is to incorporate both angiogenic and osteogenic cells in co-culture systems. This review clarifies the key concepts involved, summarises the cell types and models used to date, and systematically evaluates their performance. We also discuss the cell-to-cell communication between these two cell types and the strategies explored in BTE constructs with angiogenic and osteogenic cells to optimise their functions. In addition, we outline unresolved issues and remaining obstacles that need to be overcome for further development in this field and eventual successful repair of LVBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengning Bi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China; Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwen Yang
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China; Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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Groger A, Megas IF, Noah EM, Pallua N, Grieb G. Proliferation of endothelial cells (HUVEC) on specific-modified collagen sponges loaded with different growth factors. Int J Artif Organs 2021; 44:880-886. [PMID: 34496659 DOI: 10.1177/03913988211043198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In general, matrices for tissue engineering must maintain structural integrity during the process of tissue formation and promote vascularization of developing tissue. Therefore, collagen sponges, manufactured by an approach that offers the potential of unidirectional pore size, were seeded with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to demonstrate a positive effect on cell proliferation. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) have been used to promote proliferation of HUVEC on optimized collagen sponges. Growth and viability of the cells were evaluated. Potential unidirectional pore structure demonstrated an improvement of both, endothelial cell growth and viability. Supplementation of growth factors showed an additional increase of endothelial cell growth on collagen sponges, which confirmed the high potential of combining this biomaterial with growth factors. The results suggest that a collagen sponge with a potential specific pore size could be a suitable scaffold for endothelial cells and might be a promising implantable biomaterial with enhanced angiogenic capabilities for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Groger
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ioannis-Fivos Megas
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ernst Magnus Noah
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Rotes Kreuz Krankenhaus Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Norbert Pallua
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Khurana N, Pulsipher A, Ghandehari H, Alt JA. Meta-analysis of global and high throughput public gene array data for robust vascular gene expression discovery in chronic rhinosinusitis: Implications in controlled release. J Control Release 2021; 330:878-888. [PMID: 33144181 PMCID: PMC7906912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation is known to cause alterations in vascular homeostasis that directly affects blood vessel morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and tissue permeability. These phenomena have been investigated and exploited for targeted drug delivery applications in the context of cancers and other disease processes. Vascular pathophysiology and its associated genes and signaling pathways, however, have not been systematically investigated in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Understanding the interplay between key vascular signaling pathways and top biomarkers associated with CRS may facilitate the development of new targeted delivery strategies and treatment paradigms. Herein, we report findings from a gene meta-analysis to identify key vascular pathways and top genes involved in CRS. METHODS Proprietary software (Illumina BaseSpace Correlation Engine) and open-access data sets were used to perform a gene meta-analysis to systematically determine significant differences between key vascular biomarkers and vascular signaling pathways expressed in sinonasal tissue biopsies of controls and patients with CRS. RESULTS Thirteen studies were initially identified, and then reduced to five after applying exclusion principle algorithms. Genes associated with vasculature development and blood vessel morphogenesis signaling pathways were identified to be overexpressed among the top 15 signaling pathways. Out of many significantly upregulated genes, the levels of pro angiogenic genes such as early growth response (EGR3), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM1) and L-selectin (SELL) were particularly significant in patients with CRS compared to controls. DISCUSSION Key vascular biomarkers and signaling pathways were significantly overexpressed in patients with CRS compared to controls, suggesting a contribution of vascular dysfunction in CRS pathophysiology. Vascular dysregulation and permeability may afford opportunities to develop drug delivery systems to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity of CRS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Abigail Pulsipher
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Alt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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4
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Sijilmassi O, López-Alonso JM, Del Río Sevilla A, Del Carmen Barrio Asensio M. Development of a polarization imaging method to detect paraffin-embedded pathology tissues before applying other techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000288. [PMID: 32981228 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present article describes the development of a technique, applied to paraffin-embedded tissues, which uses three different wavelengths of monochromatic light (λ1 = 445 nm, λ2 = 540 nm and λ3 = 660 nm) for the measures of the degree of polarization, degree of linear polarization, degree of circular polarization and birefringence, all obtained from measurements of Stokes parameters by using polarized light. The goal of this study was to detect changes in developing embryonic mouse eye when pregnant mice fed diets without folic acid for variable periods compared with a healthy control group. We present a biomedical diagnostic technique based on polarized light detection applied to paraffin-embedded tissues to visualize the structural damage to aid us in the diagnosis before applying other techniques. Through this method, we can visualize and identify which parts of the tissue were altered with respect to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafa Sijilmassi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel López-Alonso
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Del Río Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Ramos JRD, Travasso R, Carvalho J. Capillary network formation from dispersed endothelial cells: Influence of cell traction, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix rigidity. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:012408. [PMID: 29448490 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.012408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a functional vascular network depends on biological, chemical, and physical processes being extremely well coordinated. Among them, the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion are fundamental to achieve a functional network of endothelial cells, able to fully cover a required domain. By the use of a Cellular Potts Model and Finite Element Method it is shown that there exists a range of values of endothelial traction forces, cell-cell adhesion, and matrix rigidities where the network can spontaneously be formed, and its properties are characterized. We obtain the analytical relation that the minimum traction force required for cell network formation must obey. This minimum value for the traction force is approximately independent on the considered cell number and cell-cell adhesion. We quantify how these two parameters influence the morphology of the resulting networks (size and number of meshes).
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Affiliation(s)
- João R D Ramos
- Centro de Física da Universidade de Coimbra, CFisUC, 3007-516 Coimbra, Portugal.,Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Travasso
- Centro de Física da Universidade de Coimbra, CFisUC, 3007-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Carvalho
- Centro de Física da Universidade de Coimbra, CFisUC, 3007-516 Coimbra, Portugal
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6
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Microvascular Mural Cell Organotypic Heterogeneity and Functional Plasticity. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:302-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Mecham RP, Ramirez F. Extracellular Determinants of Arterial Morphogenesis, Growth, and Homeostasis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 130:193-216. [PMID: 29853177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly heterogeneous mixture of macromolecules capable of self-assembling into tissue-specific suprastructures that constitute the architectural elements supporting organ function. Contrary to the traditional view of being a static scaffold that supports tissue integrity along with cell adhesion and migration, the ECM is an inherently dynamic system that specifies cellular function and defines the limits and patterns of tissue organization. Throughout evolution, the composition and organization of the ECM have changed to accommodate basic and new tissue functions, both in terms of providing structural support and integrating multivalent signals to cells. In this review, we will highlight some of these bidirectional cell-matrix interactions that guide the development of a mechanically compliant vascular system. Specifically, we will focus on studies that have investigated how ECM composition and physical properties influence cell fate decisions associated with vascular tissue development and homeostasis and implicitly, vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Francesco Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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8
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Chicken egg fetal liver DNA and histopathologic effects of structurally diverse carcinogens and non-carcinogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:533-546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Zhang L, Li X, Yu X, Li Y, Sun A, Huang C, Xu F, Guo J, Sun Y, Zhang X, Yang X, Zhang C. Construction of vascularized pacemaker tissues by seeding cardiac progenitor cells and endothelial progenitor cells into Matrigel. Life Sci 2017; 179:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Sood AK, Fletcher MS, Hendrix MJC. The Embryonic-Like Properties of Aggressive Human Tumor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760200900102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Sood
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Mary J. C. Hendrix
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
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11
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Eshkar-Oren I, Krief S, Ferrara N, Elliott AM, Zelzer E. Vascular patterning regulates interdigital cell death by a ROS-mediated mechanism. Development 2015; 142:672-80. [PMID: 25617432 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels serve as key regulators of organogenesis by providing oxygen, nutrients and molecular signals. During limb development, programmed cell death (PCD) contributes to separation of the digits. Interestingly, prior to the onset of PCD, the autopod vasculature undergoes extensive patterning that results in high interdigital vascularity. Here, we show that in mice, the limb vasculature positively regulates interdigital PCD. In vivo, reduction in interdigital vessel number inhibited PCD, resulting in syndactyly, whereas an increment in vessel number and distribution resulted in elevation and expansion of PCD. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), toxic compounds that have been implicated in PCD, also depended on interdigital vascular patterning. Finally, ex vivo incubation of limbs in gradually decreasing oxygen levels led to a correlated reduction in both ROS production and interdigital PCD. The results support a role for oxygen in these processes and provide a mechanistic explanation for the counterintuitive positive role of the vasculature in PCD. In conclusion, we suggest a new role for vascular patterning during limb development in regulating interdigital PCD by ROS production. More broadly, we propose a double safety mechanism that restricts PCD to interdigital areas, as the genetic program of PCD provides the first layer and vascular patterning serves as the second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Eshkar-Oren
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sharon Krief
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Alison M Elliott
- Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health and Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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12
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Tumor suppressor APC protein is essential in mucosal repair from colonic inflammation through angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1263-74. [PMID: 23395091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal repair after acute colonic inflammation is central to maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Failure of mucosal repair often leads to chronic inflammation, sometimes associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene regulates the Wnt signaling pathway, which is essential for epithelial development, and inactivation of APC facilitates colorectal cancer. Our previous study suggested that APC is involved in pathogenesis of colonic inflammation; however, its role in mucosal repair remains unknown. In this article, we report that colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate persisted with delayed mucosal repair in Kyoto Apc Delta (KAD) rats lacking the APC C terminus. Defects in the repair process were accompanied by an absence of a fibrin layer covering damaged mucosa and reduced microvessel angiogenesis. APC was up-regulated in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in inflamed mucosa in KAD and F344 (control) rats. The VECs of KAD rats revealed elevated cell adhesion and low-branched and short-length tube formation. We also found that DLG5, which is associated with IBD pathogenesis, was up-regulated in VECs in inflamed mucosa and interacted with the C terminus of APC. This finding suggests that loss of interaction between the APC C terminus and DLG5 affects VEC morphology and function and leads to persistence of colitis. Therefore, APC is essential for maintenance of intestinal mucosal homeostasis and can consequently contribute to IBD pathogenesis.
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13
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Sohni A, Mulas F, Ferrazzi F, Luttun A, Bellazzi R, Huylebroeck D, Ekker SC, Verfaillie CM. TGFβ1-induced Baf60c regulates both smooth muscle cell commitment and quiescence. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47629. [PMID: 23110084 PMCID: PMC3482188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play critical roles in a number of diseases; however, the molecular mechanism underlying their development is unclear. Although the role of TGFβ1 signaling in SMC development is well established, the downstream molecular signals are not fully understood. We used several rat multipotent adult progenitor cell ((r)MAPC) lines that express levels of Oct4 mRNA similar to hypoblast stem cells (HypoSC), and can differentiate robustly to mesodermal and endodermal cell types. TGFβ1 alone, or with PDGF-BB, induces differentiation of rMAPCs to SMCs, which expressed structural SMC proteins, including α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), and contribute to the SMC coat of blood vessels in vivo. A genome-wide time-course transcriptome analysis revealed that transcripts of Baf60c, part of the SWI/SNF actin binding chromatin remodeling complex D-3 (SMARCD3/BAF60c), were significantly induced during MAPC-SMC differentiation. We demonstrated that BAF60c is a necessary co-regulator of TGFβ1 mediated induction of SMC genes. Knock-down of Baf60c decreased SMC gene expression in rMAPCs whereas ectopic expression of Baf60c was sufficient to commit rMAPCs to SMCs in the absence of exogenous cytokines. TGFβ1 activates Baf60c via the direct binding of SMAD2/3 complexes to the Baf60c promoter region. Chromatin- and co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that regulation of SMC genes by BAF60c is mediated via interaction with SRF binding CArG box-containing promoter elements in SMC genes. We noted that compared with TGFβ1, Baf60c overexpression in rMAPC yielded SMC with a more immature phenotype. Similarly, Baf60c induced an immature phenotype in rat aortic SMCs marked by increased cell proliferation and decreased contractile marker expression. Thus, Baf60c is important for TGFβ-mediated commitment of primitive stem cells (rMAPCs) to SMCs and is associated with induction of a proliferative state of quiescent SMCs. The MAPC-SMC differentiation system may be useful for identification of additional critical (co-)regulators of SMC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sohni
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Genetics Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Francesca Mulas
- Center for Tissue Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Riccardo Bellazzi
- Center for Tissue Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Danny Huylebroeck
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen C. Ekker
- Genetics Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Genetics Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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14
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Skeletal muscle pericyte subtypes differ in their differentiation potential. Stem Cell Res 2012; 10:67-84. [PMID: 23128780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells have been proposed as a therapy for central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and trauma injuries, however their accessibility is a major limitation. We recently isolated Tuj1+ cells from skeletal muscle culture of Nestin-GFP transgenic mice however whether they form functional neurons in the brain is not yet known. Additionally, their isolation from nontransgenic species and identification of their ancestors is unknown. This gap of knowledge precludes us from studying their role as a valuable alternative to neural progenitors. Here, we identified two pericyte subtypes, type-1 and type-2, using a double transgenic Nestin-GFP/NG2-DsRed mouse and demonstrated that Nestin-GFP+/Tuj1+ cells derive from type-2 Nestin-GFP+/NG2-DsRed+/CD146+ pericytes located in the skeletal muscle interstitium. These cells are bipotential as they generate either Tuj1+ cells when cultured with muscle cells or become "classical" α-SMA+pericytes when cultured alone. In contrast, type-1 Nestin-GFP-/NG2-DsRed+/CD146+ pericytes generate α-SMA+pericytes but not Tuj1+ cells. Interestingly, type-2 pericyte derived Tuj1+ cells retain some pericytic markers (CD146+/PDGFRβ+/NG2+). Given the potential application of Nestin-GFP+/NG2-DsRed+/Tuj1+ cells for cell therapy, we found a surface marker, the nerve growth factor receptor, which is expressed exclusively in these cells and can be used to identify and isolate them from mixed cell populations in nontransgenic species for clinical purposes.
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15
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Boyd NL, Nunes SS, Krishnan L, Jokinen JD, Ramakrishnan VM, Bugg AR, Hoying JB. Dissecting the role of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells in human umbilical vein endothelial cell network stabilization in three-dimensional environments. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:211-23. [PMID: 22971005 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microvasculature is principally composed of two cell types: endothelium and mural support cells. Multiple sources are available for human endothelial cells (ECs) but sources for human microvascular mural cells (MCs) are limited. We derived multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells (hES-MC) that can function as an MC and stabilize human EC networks in three-dimensional (3D) collagen-fibronectin culture by paracrine mechanisms. Here, we have investigated the basis for hES-MC-mediated stabilization and identified the pleiotropic growth factor hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) as a putative hES-MC-derived regulator of EC network stabilization in 3D in vitro culture. Pharmacological inhibition of the HGF receptor (Met) (1 μm SU11274) inhibits EC network formation in the presence of hES-MC. hES-MC produce and release HGF while human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) do not. When HUVEC are cultured alone the networks collapse, but in the presence of recombinant human HGF or conditioned media from human HGF-transduced cells significantly more networks persist. In addition, HUVEC transduced to constitutively express human HGF also form stable networks by autocrine mechanisms. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the coculture media were enriched in both angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), but at significantly different levels (Ang1=159±15 pg/mL vs. Ang2=30,867±2685 pg/mL) contributed by hES-MC and HUVEC, respectively. Although the coculture cells formed stabile network architectures, their morphology suggests the assembly of an immature plexus. When HUVEC and hES-MC were implanted subcutaneously in immune compromised Rag1 mice, hES-MC increased their contact with HUVEC along the axis of the vessel. This data suggests that HUVEC and hES-MC form an immature plexus mediated in part by HGF and angiopoietins that is capable of maturation under the correct environmental conditions (e.g., in vivo). Therefore, hES-MC can function as microvascular MCs and may be a useful cell source for testing EC-MC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan L Boyd
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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Ben Shoham A, Malkinson G, Krief S, Shwartz Y, Ely Y, Ferrara N, Yaniv K, Zelzer E. S1P1 inhibits sprouting angiogenesis during vascular development. Development 2012; 139:3859-69. [PMID: 22951644 DOI: 10.1242/dev.078550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coordination between the vascular system and forming organs is essential for proper embryonic development. The vasculature expands by sprouting angiogenesis, during which tip cells form filopodia that incorporate into capillary loops. Although several molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa), are known to induce sprouting, the mechanism that terminates this process to ensure neovessel stability is still unknown. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P(1)) has been shown to mediate interaction between endothelial and mural cells during vascular maturation. In vitro studies have identified S1P(1) as a pro-angiogenic factor. Here, we show that S1P(1) acts as an endothelial cell (EC)-autonomous negative regulator of sprouting angiogenesis during vascular development. Severe aberrations in vessel size and excessive sprouting found in limbs of S1P(1)-null mouse embryos before vessel maturation imply a previously unknown, mural cell-independent role for S1P(1) as an anti-angiogenic factor. A similar phenotype observed when S1P(1) expression was blocked specifically in ECs indicates that the effect of S1P(1) on sprouting is EC-autonomous. Comparable vascular abnormalities in S1p(1) knockdown zebrafish embryos suggest cross-species evolutionary conservation of this mechanism. Finally, genetic interaction between S1P(1) and Vegfa suggests that these factors interplay to regulate vascular development, as Vegfa promotes sprouting whereas S1P(1) inhibits it to prevent excessive sprouting and fusion of neovessels. More broadly, because S1P, the ligand of S1P(1), is blood-borne, our findings suggest a new mode of regulation of angiogenesis, whereby blood flow closes a negative feedback loop that inhibits sprouting angiogenesis once the vascular bed is established and functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Ben Shoham
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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17
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Turlo KA, Noel ODV, Vora R, LaRussa M, Fassler R, Hall-Glenn F, Iruela-Arispe ML. An essential requirement for β1 integrin in the assembly of extracellular matrix proteins within the vascular wall. Dev Biol 2012; 365:23-35. [PMID: 22331032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
β1 integrin has been shown to contribute to vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation, adhesion and mechanosensation in vitro. Here we showed that deletion of β1 integrin at the onset of smooth muscle differentiation resulted in interrupted aortic arch, aneurysms and failure to assemble extracellular matrix proteins. These defects result in lethality prior to birth. Our data indicates that β1 integrin is not required for the acquisition, but it is essential for the maintenance of the smooth muscle cell phenotype, as levels of critical smooth muscle proteins are gradually reduced in mutant mice. Furthermore, while deposition of extracellular matrix was not affected, its structure was disrupted. Interestingly, defects in extracellular matrix and vascular wall assembly, were restricted to the aortic arch and its branches, compromising the brachiocephalic and carotid arteries and to the exclusion of the descending aorta. Additional analysis of β1 integrin in the pharyngeal arch smooth muscle progenitors was performed using wnt1Cre. Neural crest cells deleted for β1 integrin were able to migrate to the pharyngeal arches and associate with endothelial lined arteries; but exhibited vascular remodeling defects and early lethality. This work demonstrates that β1 integrin is dispensable for migration and initiation of the smooth muscle differentiation program, however, it is essential for remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries and for the assembly of the vessel wall of their derivatives. It further establishes a critical role of β1 integrin in the protection against aneurysms that is particularly confined to the ascending aorta and its branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Turlo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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18
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Pagiatakis C, Gordon JW, Ehyai S, McDermott JC. A novel RhoA/ROCK-CPI-17-MEF2C signaling pathway regulates vascular smooth muscle cell gene expression. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8361-70. [PMID: 22275376 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is a fundamental aspect of normal development and vascular disease. During contraction, VSMCs modulate calcium sensitivity through RhoA/ROCK-mediated inhibition of the myosin light chain phosphatase complex (MLCP). Previous studies have demonstrated that this signaling pathway functions in parallel to increase the expression of smooth muscle genes through the myocardin-family of co-activators. MEF2C fulfills a critical role in VSMC differentiation and regulates myocardin expression, leading us to investigate whether the RhoA/ROCK signaling cascade might regulate MEF2 activity. Depolarization-induced calcium signaling increased the expression of myocardin, which was sensitive to ROCK and p38 MAPK inhibition. We previously identified protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α), a known catalytic subunit of the MLCP in VSMCs, as a potent repressor of MEF2 activity. PP1α inhibition resulted in increased expression of myocardin, while ectopic expression of PP1α inhibited the induction of myocardin by MEF2C. Consistent with these data, shRNA-mediated suppression of a PP1α inhibitor, CPI-17, reduced myocardin expression and inhibited VSMC differentiation, suggesting a pivotal role for CPI-17 in regulating MEF2 activity. These data constitute evidence of a novel signaling cascade that links RhoA-mediated calcium sensitivity to MEF2-dependent myocardin expression in VSMCs through a mechanism involving p38 MAPK, PP1α, and CPI-17.
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Blancas AA, Shih AJ, Lauer NE, McCloskey KE. Endothelial cells from embryonic stem cells in a chemically defined medium. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:2153-61. [PMID: 21446878 PMCID: PMC3225059 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are desired for their therapeutic potential in a variety of areas including gene therapy, cardiac regeneration, development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts, and prevascularized tissue transplants. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be induced to differentiate into ECs in vitro using embryoid bodies, monolayer cultures, or by genetic manipulation and immortalization. However, obtaining homogeneous cultures of proliferating ESC-derived ECs without genetic manipulation is a challenging undertaking and often requires optimization of protocols and rigorous purification techniques. Moreover, current differentiation methods that use medium containing fetal calf or bovine serum components introduce additional challenges because of our limited ability to control the differentiation signals and batch-to-batch variations of serum. We have explored the development of new medium formulations for deriving ECs from murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) using only chemically defined reagents. We present 2 different medium formulations along with the detailed methodologies, including the optimization of extracellular matrix-derived substrates known to play a role in cell attachment and proliferation as well as cell differentiation. Characterization of the ESC-derived ECs indicate that (1) chemically defined medium formulations reproducibly generate superior ECs compared with previous serum-containing formulations, (2) fibronectin, and not collagen type-IV, is the optimal substrate for EC induction in our chemically defined medium formulations, (3) without additional activation of Notch-signaling, ESC-ECs develop predominantly into venous ECs, and (4) using these medium formulations, a second rigorous selection step is not required to generate proliferating ECs from ESCs, but it does enhance the final purity of the ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A. Blancas
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Albert J. Shih
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Nicholas E. Lauer
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-Scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Kara E. McCloskey
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, California
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, California
- Graduate Program in Biological Engineering and Small-Scale Technologies, University of California, Merced, California
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20
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Armulik A, Genové G, Betsholtz C. Pericytes: developmental, physiological, and pathological perspectives, problems, and promises. Dev Cell 2011; 21:193-215. [PMID: 21839917 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1848] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes, the mural cells of blood microvessels, have recently come into focus as regulators of vascular morphogenesis and function during development, cardiovascular homeostasis, and disease. Pericytes are implicated in the development of diabetic retinopathy and tissue fibrosis, and they are potential stromal targets for cancer therapy. Some pericytes are probably mesenchymal stem or progenitor cells, which give rise to adipocytes, cartilage, bone, and muscle. However, there is still confusion about the identity, ontogeny, and progeny of pericytes. Here, we review the history of these investigations, indicate emerging concepts, and point out problems and promise in the field of pericyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Armulik
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Jones EAV. Mechanical factors in the development of the vascular bed. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:59-65. [PMID: 21458600 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, blood flow is needed not only to nourish the developing embryo but is also important for shaping the vascular network such that it becomes hemodynamically efficient. The first blood vessels form a network called the capillary plexus. After the onset of blood flow, the capillary plexus remodel into a more hierarchical tree-shaped network. Mechanical forces created by blood flow are required for remodelling to occur and these forces are believed to induce a maturation of the blood vessels that stabilizes the growing vascular network. The role of mechanical force has been extensively studied in the mature cardiovascular system. Though the events induced by blood flow during development are thought to be similar to what occurs in the adult, there are several important differences between the embryo and the adult. We therefore discuss what is known about the role of mechanical forces in vascular remodelling from the adult cardiovascular system and highlight how embryonic development differs from the adult. We consider the role of blood flow in altering branching morphology, arterial-venous identity and the formation of the blood vessel wall during early vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A V Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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22
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Mignone JL, Kreutziger KL, Paige SL, Murry CE. Cardiogenesis From Human Embryonic Stem Cells - Mechanisms and Applications -. Circ J 2010; 74:2517-26. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John L. Mignone
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington
| | - Kareen L. Kreutziger
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Sharon L. Paige
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Charles E. Murry
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington
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23
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The synaptic proteins neurexins and neuroligins are widely expressed in the vascular system and contribute to its functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:20782-7. [PMID: 19926856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809510106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other neuronal counterparts, primary synaptic proteins are not known to be involved in vascular physiology. Here, we demonstrate that neurexins and neuroligins, which constitute large and complex families of fundamental players in synaptic activity, are produced and processed by endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells throughout the vasculature. Moreover, they are dynamically regulated during vessel remodeling and form endogenous complexes in large vessels as well as in the brain. We used the chicken chorioallantoic membrane as a system to pursue functional studies and demonstrate that a monoclonal recombinant antibody against beta-neurexin inhibits angiogenesis, whereas exogenous neuroligin has a role in promoting angiogenesis. Finally, as an insight into the mechanism of action of beta-neurexin, we show that the anti-beta-neurexin antibody influences vessel tone in isolated chicken arteries. Our finding strongly supports the idea that even the most complex and plastic events taking place in the nervous system (i.e., synaptic activity) share molecular cues with the vascular system.
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24
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Uriel S, Labay E, Francis-Sedlak M, Moya ML, Weichselbaum RR, Ervin N, Cankova Z, Brey EM. Extraction and assembly of tissue-derived gels for cell culture and tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 15:309-21. [PMID: 19115821 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) play an important role in regulating cell function. Cells cultured in, or on, three-dimensional ECM recapitulate similar features to those found in vivo that are not present in traditional two-dimensional culture. In addition, both natural and synthetic materials containing ECM components have shown promise in a number of tissue engineering applications. Current materials available for cell culture and tissue engineering do not adequately reflect the diversity of ECM composition between tissues. In this paper, a method is presented for extracting solutions of proteins and glycoproteins from soft tissues and inducing assembly of these proteins into gels. The extracts contain ECM proteins specific to the tissue source with low levels of intracellular molecules. Gels formed from the tissue-derived extracts have nanostructure similar to ECM in vivo and can be used to culture cells as both a thin substrate coating and a thick gel. This technique could be used to assemble hydrogels with varying composition depending upon the tissue source, hydrogels for three-dimensional culture, as scaffolds for tissue engineering therapies, and to study cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Uriel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
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25
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Wagenseil JE, Mecham RP. Vascular extracellular matrix and arterial mechanics. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:957-89. [PMID: 19584318 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An important factor in the transition from an open to a closed circulatory system was a change in vessel wall structure and composition that enabled the large arteries to store and release energy during the cardiac cycle. The component of the arterial wall in vertebrates that accounts for these properties is the elastic fiber network organized by medial smooth muscle. Beginning with the onset of pulsatile blood flow in the developing aorta, smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall produce a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) that will ultimately define the mechanical properties that are critical for proper function of the adult vascular system. This review discusses the structural ECM proteins in the vertebrate aortic wall and will explore how the choice of ECM components has changed through evolution as the cardiovascular system became more advanced and pulse pressure increased. By correlating vessel mechanics with physiological blood pressure across animal species and in mice with altered vessel compliance, we show that cardiac and vascular development are physiologically coupled, and we provide evidence for a universal elastic modulus that controls the parameters of ECM deposition in vessel wall development. We also discuss mechanical models that can be used to design better tissue-engineered vessels and to test the efficacy of clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Wagenseil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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26
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Eshkar-Oren I, Viukov SV, Salameh S, Krief S, Oh CD, Akiyama H, Gerber HP, Ferrara N, Zelzer E. The forming limb skeleton serves as a signaling center for limb vasculature patterning via regulation of Vegf. Development 2009; 136:1263-72. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.034199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Limb development constitutes a central model for the study of tissue and organ patterning; yet, the mechanisms that regulate the patterning of limb vasculature have been left understudied. Vascular patterning in the forming limb is tightly regulated in order to ensure sufficient gas exchange and nutrient supply to the developing organ. Once skeletogenesis is initiated,limb vasculature undergoes two seemingly opposing processes: vessel regression from regions that undergo mesenchymal condensation; and vessel morphogenesis. During the latter, vessels that surround the condensations undergo an extensive rearrangement, forming a stereotypical enriched network that is segregated from the skeleton. In this study, we provide evidence for the centrality of the condensing mesenchyme of the forming skeleton in regulating limb vascular patterning. Both Vegf loss- and gain-of-function experiments in limb bud mesenchyme firmly established VEGF as the signal by which the condensing mesenchyme regulates the vasculature. Normal vasculature observed in limbs where VEGF receptors Flt1, Flk1, Nrp1 and Nrp2 were blocked in limb bud mesenchyme suggested that VEGF, which is secreted by the condensing mesenchyme, regulates limb vasculature via a direct long-range mechanism. Finally, we provide evidence for the involvement of SOX9 in the regulation of Vegf expression in the condensing mesenchyme. This study establishes Vegf expression in the condensing mesenchyme as the mechanism by which the skeleton patterns limb vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Eshkar-Oren
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,Israel
| | - Sergey V. Viukov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,Israel
| | - Sharbel Salameh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,Israel
| | - Sharon Krief
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,Israel
| | - Chun-do Oh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | | | | | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,Israel
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27
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Guo YL, Ye J, Huang F. p38alpha MAP kinase-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells can differentiate to endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and neurons. Dev Dyn 2008; 236:3383-92. [PMID: 17994546 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
p38 MAP kinase alpha (p38alpha) regulates various cellular processes in adult cells, but little is known about its function in stem cells. We investigated the potential of wild type and p38alpha deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and neurons. Our differentiation methods allowed simultaneous development of all these cell types. ECs formed monolayers similar to mature ECs and could assemble into vessel-like structures. SMCs had well-organized actin filaments with morphology similar to adult SMCs. Neurons exhibited well-developed cell bodies and elongated axons. Deletion of the p38alpha gene did not significantly compromise ESC differentiation since p38alpha-/- cells could express cell-specific markers and displayed similar overall morphology to the cells differentiated from p38alpha+/+ ESCs. Although p38alpha regulates various cellular activities of adult SMCs, ECs, and neurons, our data demonstrate that p38alpha is not essential for ESC differentiation to these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA.
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28
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Heydarkhan-Hagvall S, Schenke-Layland K, Yang JQ, Heydarkhan S, Xu Y, Zuk PA, MacLellan WR, Beygui RE. Human adipose stem cells: a potential cell source for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 187:263-74. [PMID: 18196894 DOI: 10.1159/000113407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A crucial step in providing clinically relevant applications of cardiovascular tissue engineering involves the identification of a suitable cell source. The objective of this study was to identify the exogenous and endogenous parameters that are critical for the differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) into cardiovascular cells. METHODS hASCs were isolated from human lipoaspirate samples, analyzed, and subjected to two differentiation protocols. RESULTS As shown by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, a population of hASCs expressed stem cell markers including CXCR4, CD34, c-kit, and ABCG2. Further, FACS and immunofluorescence analysis of hASCs, cultured for 2 weeks in DMEM-20%-FBS, showed the expression of smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific markers including SM alpha-actin, basic calponin, h-caldesmon and SM myosin. hASCs, cultured for 2 weeks in endothelial cell growth medium-2 (EGM-2), formed a network of branched tube-like structures positive for CD31, CD144, and von Willebrand factor. The frequency of endothelial cell (EC) marker-expressing cells was passage number-dependent. Moreover, hASCs attached and formed a confluent layer on top of electrospun collagen-elastin scaffolds. Scanning electron microscopy and DAPI staining confirmed the integration of hASCs with the fibers and formation of a cell-matrix network. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that hASCs are a potential cell source for cardiovascular tissue engineering; however, the differentiation capacity of hASCs into SMCs and ECs is passage number- and culture condition-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Heydarkhan-Hagvall
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
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29
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Pouget C, Pottin K, Jaffredo T. Sclerotomal origin of vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes in the embryo. Dev Biol 2008; 315:437-47. [PMID: 18255054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that progenitors of both endothelium and smooth muscle cells in the aortic wall originated from the somite in the trunk of the embryo. However whether the contribution to vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (vSMC) is restricted to the aorta or encompasses other vessels of the trunk is not known. Moreover, the somitic compartment that gives rise to vSMC is yet to be defined. Quail-chick orthotopic transplantations of either the segmental plate or the dorsal or ventral halves from single somites demonstrate that 1 degrees vSMC of the body wall including those of the limbs originate from the somite. 2 degrees Like vSMC, aortic pericytes originate from the somite. 3 degrees The sclerotome is the somite compartment that gives rise to vSMC and pericytes. PAX1 and FOXC2, two molecular markers of the sclerotomal compartment, are expressed by vSMC and pericytes during the earliest phases of vascular wall formation. Later on, PDGFR-beta and MYOCARDIN are also expressed by these cells. In contrast, the dermomyotome gives rise to endothelium but never to cells in the vascular wall. Taken together, out data point out to the critical role of the somite in vessel formation and demonstrate that vSMC and endothelial cells originate from two independent somitic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pouget
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Bat C, 6ème étage, Case 24, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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30
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Davis GE, Koh W, Stratman AN. Mechanisms controlling human endothelial lumen formation and tube assembly in three-dimensional extracellular matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 81:270-85. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Boström K. Osteopontin, a missing link in PDGF-induced smooth muscle cell migration. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 75:634-5. [PMID: 17643404 PMCID: PMC2709406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Kristina Boström, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951679, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, Fax: 310-206-8553, Tel: 310-794-4417, E-mail:
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32
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Banerjee S, Sengupta K, Dhar K, Mehta S, D'Amore PA, Dhar G, Banerjee SK. Breast cancer cells secreted platelet-derived growth factor-induced motility of vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated through neuropilin-1. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:871-80. [PMID: 16847823 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Motility of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is an essential step for both normal and pathologic angiogenesis. We report here that breast tumor cells, such as MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, can modulate this SMC migration. We present evidence that the tumor cell-derived platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is the key regulator of vascular SMCs motility induced by breast cancer cells. PDGF significantly upregulates neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) mRNA expression and protein production in aortic smooth muscle cells (AOSMCs) and depletion of NRP-1 production by AOSMCs with specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) prevents the PDGF-dependent migration of vascular SMCs. Moreover, we demonstrate that PDGF physically interacts with NRP-1. We propose that tumor-derived PDGF and NRP-1 of AOSMCs function as a relay system that promotes motility of vascular SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri 64128, USA
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33
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Martens TP, See F, Schuster MD, Sondermeijer HP, Hefti MM, Zannettino A, Gronthos S, Seki T, Itescu S. Mesenchymal lineage precursor cells induce vascular network formation in ischemic myocardium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3 Suppl 1:S18-22. [PMID: 16501624 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal lineage precursors can be reproducibly isolated from adult mammalian bone marrow and grown in culture. Immunoselection with monoclonal antibodies against STRO-1 and vascular-cell-adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1/CD106) prior to expansion results in a 1,000-fold enrichment of mesenchymal precursors compared to standard isolation techniques. Intramyocardial injection of human STRO-1-selected precursors in an athymic rat model of acute myocardial infarction results in induction of vascular network formation and arteriogenesis coupled with global functional cardiac recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Martens
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Choong CSN, Hutmacher DW, Triffitt JT. Co-culture of Bone Marrow Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells on Modified Polycaprolactone Substrates for Enhanced Potentials in Bone Tissue Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2521-31. [PMID: 16995785 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The creation of a vascularized bed makes the survival of seeded cells on 3-dimensional scaffolds much more likely. However, relying purely on random capillary ingrowth into the porous scaffolds from the host may compromise vascularization of a scaffold. One solution is to transplant cells capable of differentiating into new blood vessels into the scaffolds to accelerate the creation of a vascularized scaffold. Because endothelial cells are the key cells involved in blood vessel formation, the present study was designed to investigate the development of a biomaterial surface that supports endothelial cell attachment and proliferation. The subsequent effects of the material surface modifications on the differentiation and proliferation of human bone marrow-derived fibroblasts (HBMFs) when grown in co-culture with a human bone marrow endothelial cell line (HBMEC-60) were studied. Endothelialization studies showed that the gelatin-coated and hydroxyapatite-coated substrates were superior for HBMEC-60 attachment and proliferation to hydrolyzed-only or untreated polycaprolactone substrates. Co-culture studies showed that the presence of the HBMEC-60 specifically enhanced HBMF cell proliferation and differentiation and that this effect was not observed with co-culture with skin fibroblasts. It is concluded that the co-culture of endothelial cells with HBMFs could be a promising culture system for bone tissue- engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo S N Choong
- Botnar Research Centre, Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Lee C, Dixelius J, Thulin A, Kawamura H, Claesson-Welsh L, Olsson AK. Signal transduction in endothelial cells by the angiogenesis inhibitor histidine-rich glycoprotein targets focal adhesions. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:2547-56. [PMID: 16769050 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) is an abundant heparin-binding plasma protein. We have shown that a fragment released from the central histidine/proline-rich (His/Pro-rich) domain of HRGP blocks endothelial cell migration in vitro and vascularization and growth of murine fibrosarcoma in vivo. The minimal active HRGP domain exerting the anti-angiogenic effect was recently narrowed down to a 35 amino acid peptide, HRGP330, derived from the His/Pro-rich domain of HRGP. By use of a signal transduction antibody array representing 400 different signal transduction molecules, we now show that HRGP and the synthetic peptide HRGP330 specifically induce tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and its downstream substrate paxillin in endothelial cells. HRGP/HRGP330 treatment of endothelial cells induced disruption of actin stress fibers, a process reversed by treatment of cells with the FAK inhibitor geldanamycin. In addition, VEGF-mediated endothelial cell tubular morphogenesis in a three-dimensional collagen matrix was inhibited by HRGP and HRGP330. In contrast, VEGF-induced proliferation was not affected by HRGP or HRGP330, demonstrating the central role of cell migration during tube formation. In conclusion, our data show that HRGP targets focal adhesions in endothelial cells, thereby disrupting the cytoskeletal organization and the ability of endothelial cells to assemble into vessel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsik Lee
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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36
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Aitken E, Khaund A, Hamid SA, Millan D, Campbell S. The normal human myometrium has a vascular spatial gradient absent in small fibroids. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:2669-78. [PMID: 16807279 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human uterine vasculature is highly structured, exhibiting circumferential and radial branching. Previously published angiograms of the arterial network describe a system of regular coils. Uterine fibroids lack this structured vasculature. In this study, we make a comparison between the vasculature in normal myometrium and in fibroids using robust stereological methods thus far lacking in the literature. METHODS Stereological and morphometric analysis of the vascular system was carried out on 15 normal and 27 small fibroid (5-40 mm) uteri taken from women suffering menorrhagia. Projected images of published angiograms were also re-examined, measuring tortuosity. RESULTS A decreasing gradient of vascular smooth muscle from outer to inner myometrium was found in normal uteri, with no corresponding gradient in capillary tissue fraction. An association between vascular luminal size, amplitude and frequency of vessel bending was also established. Conversely, fibroids were found to lack structured or muscularized vasculature. CONCLUSIONS A quantitative gradient within the myometrial vascular system, which is absent in fibroids, has been demonstrated. These structural differences between diseased and healthy tissues are probably because of differing expression of angiogenic growth factors and may explain the distribution of particles seen after uterine artery embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aitken
- Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Department of Pathology, North Glasgow Hospitals Trust, UK
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Pouget C, Gautier R, Teillet MA, Jaffredo T. Somite-derived cells replace ventral aortic hemangioblasts and provide aortic smooth muscle cells of the trunk. Development 2006; 133:1013-22. [PMID: 16467362 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that endothelial cells of the aortic floor give rise to hematopoietic cells, revealing the existence of an aortic hemangioblast. It has been proposed that the restriction of hematopoiesis to the aortic floor is based on the existence of two different and complementary endothelial lineages that form the vessel: one originating from the somite would contribute to the roof and sides, another from the splanchnopleura would contribute to the floor. Using quail/chick orthotopic transplantations of paraxial mesoderm, we have traced the distribution of somite-derived endothelial cells during aortic hematopoiesis. We show that the aortic endothelium undergoes two successive waves of remodeling by somitic cells: one when the aortae are still paired, during which the initial roof and sides of the vessels are renewed; and a second, associated to aortic hematopoiesis, in which the hemogenic floor is replaced by somite endothelial cells. This floor thus appears as a temporary structure, spent out and replaced. In addition,the somite contributes to smooth muscle cells of the aorta. In vivo lineage tracing experiments with non-replicative retroviral vectors showed that endothelial cells do not give rise to smooth muscle cells. However, in vitro,purified endothelial cells acquire smooth muscle cells characteristics. Taken together, these data point to the crucial role of the somite in shaping the aorta and also give an explanation for the short life of aortic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pouget
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, CNRS UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Bat C, 6 étage, Case 24, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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38
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Dekker RJ, Boon RA, Rondaij MG, Kragt A, Volger OL, Elderkamp YW, Meijers JCM, Voorberg J, Pannekoek H, Horrevoets AJG. KLF2 provokes a gene expression pattern that establishes functional quiescent differentiation of the endothelium. Blood 2006; 107:4354-63. [PMID: 16455954 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The flow-responsive transcription factor KLF2 is acquiring a leading role in the regulation of endothelial cell gene expression. A genome-wide microarray expression profiling is described employing lentivirus-mediated, 7-day overexpression of human KLF2 at levels observed under prolonged flow. KLF2 is not involved in lineage typing, as 42 endothelial-specific markers were unaffected. Rather, KLF2 generates a gene transcription profile (> 1000 genes) affecting key functional pathways such as cell migration, vasomotor function, inflammation, and hemostasis and induces a morphology change typical for shear exposure including stress fiber formation. Protein levels for thrombomodulin, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 are altered to atheroprotective levels, even in the presence of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. KLF2 attenuates cell migration by affecting multiple genes including VEGFR2 and the potent antimigratory SEMA3F. The distribution of Weibel-Palade bodies in cultured cell populations is normalized at the single-cell level without interfering with their regulated, RalA-dependent release. In contrast, thrombin-induced release of Weibel-Palade bodies is significantly attenuated, consistent with the proposed role of VWF release at low-shear stress regions of the vasculature in atherosclerosis. These results establish that KLF2 acts as a central transcriptional switch point between the quiescent and activated states of the adult endothelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J Dekker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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LaRue AC, Argraves WS, Zile MH, Drake CJ. Critical role for retinol in the generation/differentiation of angioblasts required for embryonic blood vessel formation. Dev Dyn 2005; 230:666-74. [PMID: 15254901 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies demonstrate that vitamin A (retinol) deficiency causes abnormal cardiovascular morphogenesis. We evaluated the impact of retinol deficiency on the regulation of the numbers of endothelial cells and angioblasts (endothelial progenitors) produced during embryonic quail development. At the one-somite stage, there were no discernible differences in the mean number of endothelial cells or angioblasts in normal and retinol-deficient embryos. However, retinol-deficient embryos at the three-somite stage had an increase in the mean number of endothelial cells but no difference in the mean number of angioblasts. By contrast, retinol-deficient embryos at the five-somite stage have 61% of the normal number of endothelial cells and 12% of the normal number of angioblasts. Similarly, retinol-deficient embryos at the 10-somite stage had 71% and 60% of normal numbers of endothelial cells in capillary-like networks and the sinuses venosus, respectively. Furthermore, we show that retinol deficiency did not elicit a global reduction in mesodermal cell numbers but was specific to cells of the endothelial lineage. Taken together, our findings suggest that vascular abnormalities observed under conditions of retinol deficiency are due to reduction in the number of angioblasts and consequently an insufficiency in the number of endothelial cells required to build complex vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C LaRue
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA
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40
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Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Deruiter MC, Poelmann RE. Basics of cardiac development for the understanding of congenital heart malformations. Pediatr Res 2005; 57:169-76. [PMID: 15611355 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000148710.69159.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular development has become a crucial element of transgene technology in that many transgenic and knockout mice unexpectedly present with a cardiac phenotype, which often turns out to be embryolethal. This demonstrates that formation of the heart and the connecting vessels is essential for the functioning vertebrate organism. The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side. Genetic cascades are unravelled that direct dextral looping and subsequent secondary looping and wedging of the outflow tract of the primitive heart tube. This tube consists of a number of transitional zones and intervening primitive cardiac chambers. After septation and valve formation, the mature two atria and two ventricles still contain elements of the primitive chambers as well as transitional zones. An essential additional element is the contribution of extracardiac cell populations like neural crest cells and epicardium-derived cells. Whereas the neural crest cell is of specific importance for outflow tract septation and formation of the pharyngeal arch arteries, the epicardium-derived cells are essential for proper maturation of the myocardium and coronary vascular formation. Inductive signals, sometimes linked to apoptosis, of the extracardiac cells are thought to be instructive for differentiation of the conduction system. In summary, cardiovascular development is a complex interplay of many cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Study of both (transgenic) animal models and human pathology is unravelling the mechanisms underlying congenital cardiac anomalies.
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41
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Lu M, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Analysis of cerebral microvascular architecture--application to cortical and subcortical vessels in rat brain. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 138:81-7. [PMID: 15325115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral vascular morphology, including vascular diameters, lengths and branch points, was measured using quantitative three-dimensional (3D) imaging software developed in our laboratory, where data were collected from cortical and subcortical regions of a rat brain. To compare multiple records of the vascular morphological differences between anatomical regions with unpaired data, a simple analysis of variance (ANOVA) model may not be applicable, or may not be valid without considering correlation and unpaired data. In this paper, we formulate a novel outcome to study vascular morphological differences, discuss proper paired test statistics on unpaired data and apply the proposed methods to study the cerebral vascular morphological differences between cortical and sub-cortical regions in rats (N=6). The total vessel surface was analyzed as a composite of diameter, length and branches of vessels. The extended Fisher permutation test provides the paired test on unpaired data, which is equivalent to a permutation test based on the average of multiple sections; however, the permutation test may not be exact. The repeated measure analysis of variance using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) can be used to conduct the paired test on unpaired data as an alternative, when the permutation test is not exact. These new approaches can be applied in the study of treatment effects on changes of vascular morphology under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, OFP-3E, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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42
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DeBusk LM, Hallahan DE, Lin PC. Akt is a major angiogenic mediator downstream of the Ang1/Tie2 signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298:167-77. [PMID: 15242771 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tie2 and VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) are tyrosine kinases that play essential roles in angiogenesis. Activation of both receptors leads to the activation of Akt, an important mediator of cell survival and cell motility. In this study, we compared the role of Akt in Tie2-mediated versus VEGF-mediated endothelial cell (EC) survival and EC sprouting. Our data show that Akt is required and sufficient to mediate Ang1-induced EC survival in response to growth factor depletion. Blocking Akt function abolishes angiopoietin 1 (Ang1), a ligand for Tie2, mediated EC survival, and activating Akt rescues a Tie2 blockade-induced EC apoptosis. In contrast, activating Akt rescues EC apoptosis induced by a VEGF blockade, but interestingly, blocking Akt function has no effects on VEGF-induced EC survival, demonstrating that Akt is sufficient but not required for VEGF-mediated EC survival. In addition, we show that both Ang1 and VEGF induce EC sprouting in a three-dimensional collagen gel, which depends on the activation of Akt. Blocking Akt action inhibited EC sprouting induced by Ang1 or VEGF. Therefore, the data show that Akt is the primary mediator of Ang1-induced EC survival while multiple pathways are involved downstream of VEGF responsible for EC survival. However, Akt is required and sufficient to mediate the EC sprouting induced by both Ang1 and VEGF.
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MESH Headings
- Angiopoietin-1/genetics
- Angiopoietin-1/metabolism
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Blood Vessels/cytology
- Blood Vessels/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/growth & development
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/growth & development
- Gels/pharmacology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/agonists
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Receptor, TIE-2/genetics
- Receptor, TIE-2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M DeBusk
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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43
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Wenger A, Stahl A, Weber H, Finkenzeller G, Augustin HG, Stark GB, Kneser U. Modulation ofIn VitroAngiogenesis in a Three-Dimensional Spheroidal Coculture Model for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:1536-47. [PMID: 15588413 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in tissue engineering of bone substitutes remains vascularization of the transplant. We have developed a three-dimensional collagen-based coculture system to assess interactions between human endothelial cells (hECs) and human osteoblasts (hOBs) in vitro. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were grown as three-dimensional multicellular spheroids and seeded in a collagen matrix to assess sprouting of the spheroids, that is, formation of tubelike structures resembling early capillaries. Direct cell contact between hOBs and HUVECs was established by incorporating hOBs into the EC spheroids, thus forming heterogeneous cospheroids. Spatial organization of cospheroids and sprout configuration were assessed by immunohistochemical wholemount staining techniques and confocal laser microscopy. Cumulative sprout length of spheroids was quantitatively analyzed by digital imaging planimetry. In this model HUVECs and hOBs formed heterogeneous cospheroids with distinct spatial organization. The ability of HUVEC spheroids to form tubelike structures on angiogenic stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor was suppressed in heterogeneous HUVEC/hOB cospheroids. The model system introduced in this study may be useful to assess the mechanisms involved in regulating angiogenesis during bone formation and to further investigate the mechanisms by which heterotypic cell-cell interactions inhibit endothelial tube formation for applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wenger
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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Vokes SA, Yatskievych TA, Heimark RL, McMahon J, McMahon AP, Antin PB, Krieg PA. Hedgehog signaling is essential for endothelial tube formation during vasculogenesis. Development 2004; 131:4371-80. [PMID: 15294868 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the first blood vessels are formed through the aggregation and subsequent assembly of angioblasts (endothelial precursors) into a network of endothelial tubes, a process known as vasculogenesis. These first vessels generally form in mesoderm that is adjacent to endodermal tissue. Although specification of the angioblast lineage is independent of endoderm interactions, a signal from the endoderm is necessary for angioblasts to assemble into a vascular network and to undergo vascular tube formation. In this study, we show that endodermally derived sonic hedgehog is both necessary and sufficient for vascular tube formation in avian embryos. We also show that Hedgehog signaling is required for vascular tube formation in mouse embryos, and for vascular cord formation in cultured mouse endothelial cells. These results demonstrate a previously uncharacterized role for Hedgehog signaling in vascular development, and identify Hedgehog signaling as an important component of the molecular pathway leading to vascular tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Vokes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, USA
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45
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Owens GK, Kumar MS, Wamhoff BR. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:767-801. [PMID: 15269336 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2552] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of molecular mechanisms/processes that control differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) during normal development and maturation of the vasculature, as well as how these mechanisms/processes are altered in vascular injury or disease. A major challenge in understanding differentiation of the vascular SMC is that this cell can exhibit a wide range of different phenotypes at different stages of development, and even in adult organisms the cell is not terminally differentiated. Indeed, the SMC is capable of major changes in its phenotype in response to changes in local environmental cues including growth factors/inhibitors, mechanical influences, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and various inflammatory mediators. There has been much progress in recent years to identify mechanisms that control expression of the repertoire of genes that are specific or selective for the vascular SMC and required for its differentiated function. One of the most exciting recent discoveries was the identification of the serum response factor (SRF) coactivator gene myocardin that appears to be required for expression of many SMC differentiation marker genes, and for initial differentiation of SMC during development. However, it is critical to recognize that overall control of SMC differentiation/maturation, and regulation of its responses to changing environmental cues, is extremely complex and involves the cooperative interaction of many factors and signaling pathways that are just beginning to be understood. There is also relatively recent evidence that circulating stem cell populations can give rise to smooth muscle-like cells in association with vascular injury and atherosclerotic lesion development, although the exact role and properties of these cells remain to be clearly elucidated. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of our knowledge in this area and to attempt to identify some of the key unresolved challenges and questions that require further study.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Cellular Senescence
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Vascular Diseases/genetics
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Owens
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Univ. of Virginia School of Medicine, 415 Lane Rd., Medical Research Building 5, Rm. 1220, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Abstract
Far from being just a membrane for the passive transport of cells, molecules, and water between blood vessels and their interstitium or a passive target for humoral immunological reactions, the endothelium is now being viewed as an active modulator of both normal physiological homeostasis and the early inflammatory response. The repertoire of receptors and mediators produced by endothelial cells overlap those traditionally assigned to the immune system. This new paradigm together with the changes caused by brain death in the cadaver donor have far-reaching repercussions on how rejection is conceived, while opening new venues for its prevention. The respective theoretical roles of the neuro-endocrine-immunological axis and of syndecans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Santiago-Delpin
- Puerto Rico Transplant Program, Auxilio Mutuo Hospital and the Department of Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, Medical School, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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47
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Liu Y, Senger DR. Matrix-specific activation of Src and Rho initiates capillary morphogenesis of endothelial cells. FASEB J 2004; 18:457-68. [PMID: 15003991 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0948com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial collagen I stimulates microvascular endothelial cells to form solid cords that imitate precapillary structures found during angiogenesis. Time-lapse microscopy identified cell retraction and disruption of cell-cell contacts as early critical steps in collagen I-induced capillary morphogenesis. These early stages paralleled collagen I activation of Src kinase and GTPase Rho through beta1 integrins. The Src inhibitor PP2, dominant-negative Src, and Rho inhibitor exoenzyme C3 transferase each inhibited collagen I induction of actin stress fibers that mediate cell retraction and each inhibited capillary morphogenesis. Collagen I also disrupted VE-cadherin from intercellular junctions through a Src-dependent mechanism; both the Src inhibitor PP2 and dominant-negative Src preserved VE-cadherin localization to regions of cell-cell contact. An active Src mutant disrupted VE-cadherin and cell-cell contacts similarly to collagen I. In sharp contrast, laminin-1 did not induce capillary morphogenesis, and laminin-1 did not induce activation of Src or Rho. Rather, laminin-1 induced persistent activation of the GTPase Rac. Thus, these studies identify activation of Src and Rho as key mechanisms by which collagen I provokes capillary morphogenesis of microvascular endothelial cells, and they define marked differences between the functions of collagen I and laminin-1 in regulating endothelial cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Liu
- Division of Cancer Biology and Angiogenesis, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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48
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May SR, Stewart NJ, Chang W, Peterson AS. A Titin mutation defines roles for circulation in endothelial morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2004; 270:31-46. [PMID: 15136139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 12/26/2003] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the developing vascular network requires coordinated regulation of an extensive array of endothelial cell behaviors. Precisely regulated signaling molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) direct some of these endothelial behaviors. Newly forming blood vessels also become subjected to novel biomechanical forces upon initiation of cardiac contractions. We report here the identification of a recessive mouse mutation termed shrunken-head (shru) that disrupts function of the Titin gene. Titin was found to be required for the initiation of proper heart contractions as well as for maintaining the correct overall shape and orientation of individual cardiomyocytes. Cardiac dysfunction in shrunken-head mutant embryos provided an opportunity to study the effects of lack of blood circulation on the morphogenesis of endothelial cells. Without blood flow, differentiating endothelial cells display defects in their shapes and patterns of cell-cell contact. These endothelial cells, without exposure to blood circulation, have an abnormal distribution within vasculogenic vessels. Further effects of absent blood flow include abnormal spatial regulation of angiogenesis and elevated VEGF signaling. The shrunken-head mutation has provided an in vivo model to precisely define the roles of circulation on cellular and network aspects of vascular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R May
- Department of Neurology and the Gallo Center, University of California at San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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49
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Ball SG, Shuttleworth AC, Kielty CM. Direct cell contact influences bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell fate. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:714-27. [PMID: 15010334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can differentiate into various cell types of mesenchymal origin, but mechanisms regulating such cellular changes are unclear. We have conducted co-culture experiments to examine whether mesenchymal stem cell differentiation is influenced by indirect or direct contact with differentiated cells. Cultured adult mesenchymal stem cells showed some characteristics of synthetic state vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). When co-cultured with vascular endothelial cells (EC) without cell contact, they exhibited abundant well-organised smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-actin) filaments. Direct co-culture with endothelial cells resulted in increased smooth muscle alpha-actin mRNA and protein, yet also comprehensive disruption of smooth muscle alpha-actin filament organisation. In order to assess whether these cell contact effects on mesenchymal stem cells were cell type specific, we also analysed direct co-cultures of mesenchymal stem cells with dermal fibroblasts. However, these experiments were characterised by the appearance of abundant spindle-shaped myofibroblast-like cells containing organised smooth muscle alpha-actin filaments. Thus, direct contact with distinct differentiated cells may be a critical determinant of mesenchymal stem cell fate in blood vessels and other connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Ball
- UK Centre for Tissue Engineering, University of Manchester, 2.205 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Boot MJ, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Poelmann RE, van Iperen L, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Homocysteine Induces Endothelial Cell Detachment and Vessel Wall Thickening During Chick Embryonic Development. Circ Res 2004; 94:542-9. [PMID: 14699014 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000115556.03792.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine affects the migration and differentiation of neural crest cells in vitro and can result in neural tube defects in vivo. Furthermore, homocysteine has been described as an important determinant in vascular disease in human adults. However, little is known about the effects of homocysteine on the development of embryonic vessels. In this study, we injected homocysteine (30 μmol/L) into the neural tube lumen of chick embryos at the time point of neural crest cell emigration, and analyzed the effects on the neural crest–derived pharyngeal arch arteries, like the brachiocephalic arteries, and the mesoderm-derived arteries, such as the dorsal aorta. By stage HH35, we observed detachment of the endothelium, decreased expression of the extracellular matrix proteins fibrillin-2, and fibronectin in the pharyngeal arch arteries, whereas the dorsal aorta was identical in homocysteine-neural tube–injected and control embryos. No effect of homocysteine on endothelin-1 mRNA expression was observed. By stage HH40, the brachiocephalic arteries of homocysteine-neural tube–injected embryos displayed a decreased lumen diameter, an increased intima- and media-thickness, and an increased number of actin layers compared with the brachiocephalic arteries in control embryos. We propose that homocysteine affects the neural crest–derived smooth muscle cells and their extracellular matrix proteins in the pharyngeal arch arteries, resulting in an abnormal smooth muscle to endothelial cell interaction, leading to endothelial cell detachment. We suggest that, as in adult life, increased homocysteine concentrations lead to vascular damage in the embryo. This prenatal damage might increase the susceptibility to develop vessel pathology later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit J Boot
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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