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Zhu L, Li R, Yan Y, Cui L. Urbanization drives the succession of antibiotic resistome and microbiome in a river watershed. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134707. [PMID: 35487363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization is a process of ecosystem evolution mediated by human activities. One of the main consequences is the alteration of antibiotic resistome and microbiome in aquatic environment, which may transfer from water to sediments and exert a long-term health concern to aquatic animals and even humans. However, the role of urbanization in shaping resistome and microbiome in water and sediments is largely unknown. Here, a typical watershed with a significant gradient of urbanization was selected, and the resistome and microbiome in both water and sediments were profiled. In water, the relative abundance of ARGs and bacterial diversity increased gradually along the urbanization, but were relatively stable in sediments. The abundance of potential multidrug-resistant bacteria in peri-urban and urban water were significantly higher than rural water, while in sediments, unique potential multidrug-resistant bacteria were detected at different urbanization levels. Population size was identified as the key factor shaping the ARGs profiles. Finally, environmental risk assessment based on the projection pursuit regression model suggested that the water in urban region had higher potential environmental risk of antibiotic resistance, in contrary to the sediments in rural and peri-urban regions. Our findings revealed distinct responses of water and sediment to urbanization in terms of antibiotic resistome and microbiome. This work provides important guide for hierarchically controlling ARGs dissemination in watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ruilong Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; School of Marine Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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2
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Wang W, Hu Y, Baker M, Dottorini T, Li H, Dong Y, Bai Y, Fanning S, Li F. Novel SCCmec type XV (7A) and two pseudo-SCCmec variants in foodborne MRSA in China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:903-909. [PMID: 35040979 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements are highly diverse and have been classified into 14 types. Novel SCCmec variants have been frequently detected from humans and animals but rarely from food. OBJECTIVES To characterize a novel SCCmec type and two SCCmec variants identified from food-associated MRSA in China. METHODS Three MRSA (NV_1, NT_611 and NT_8) collected from retail foods in China were subjected to WGS and the SCCmec elements were determined. RESULTS The novel SCCmecXV identified in NV_1 carried the mec gene complex class A (mecI-mecR1-mecA-IS431) and the ccr gene complex 7 (ccrA1B6), and a Tn558-mediated phenicol exporter gene fexA was detected in this SCCmecXV cassette. The pseudo-SCCmec elements ΨSCCmecNT_611 and ΨSCCmecNT_8 showed a truncated SCCmec pattern, carrying the class C2 mec gene complex but missing the ccr genes. The ΨSCCmecNT_611 element shared more similarities with those of Staphylococcus haemolyticus (AB478934.1) and carried a heavy metal resistance gene cluster cadD-cadX-arsC-arsB-arsR-copA. The ΨSCCmecNT_8 MRSA exhibited a highly resistant phenotype, showing the absence of a 19.3 kb segment compared with the reference SCCmecXII element (CP019945.1). Notably, a 46 kb region containing multiple transposons encoding antimicrobial or metal resistance genes flanked by IS431 or IS256 was identified ∼30 kb downstream from the mec gene complex in ΨSCCmecNT_8, which might explain such high resistance in MRSA NT_8. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of novel and pseudo-SCCmec elements reflected the ongoing intra/interspecies genetic rearrangements in staphylococci. Further study will be needed to investigate the biological significance and prevalence of those SCCmec variants along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Michelle Baker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Hui Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Séamus Fanning
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhang F, Wu S, Lei T, Wu Q, Zhang J, Huang J, Dai J, Chen M, Ding Y, Wang J, Wei X, Zhang Y. Presence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-carrying the multidrug resistance genes cfr and lsa(E) in retail food in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109512. [PMID: 34971878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important food-related pathogen associated with bacterial poisoning that is difficult to treat due to its multidrug resistance. The cfr and lsa(E) genes both cause multiple drug resistance and have been identified in numerous Staphylococcus species, respectively. In this study, we found that a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain, 2868B2, which was isolated from a sample of frozen dumplings in Hangzhou in 2015, co-carried these two different multidrug resistance genes. Further analysis showed that this strain was resistant to more than 18 antibiotics and expressed high-level resistance to florfenicol, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tiamulin, erythromycin, ampicillin, cefepime, ceftazidime, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and linezolid (MIC = 8 μg/mL). Whole genome sequencing was performed to characterize the genetic environment of these resistance genes and other genomic features. The cfr gene was located on the single plasmid p2868B2 (39,159 bp), which demonstrated considerable similarity to many plasmids previously identified in humans and animals. p2868B2 contained the insertion sequence (IS) element IS21-558, which allowed the insertion of cfr into Tn558 and played an important role in the mobility of cfr. Additionally, a novel multidrug resistance region (36.9 kb) harbouring lsa(E) along with nine additional antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (aadD, aadE, aacA-aphD, spc, lnu(B), lsa(E), tetL, ermC and blaZ) was identified. The multidrug resistance region harboured four copies of IS257 that were active and can mediate the formation of four circular structures containing ARGs and ISs. In addition, genes encoding various virulence factors and affecting multiple cell adhesion properties were identified in the genome of MRSA 2868B2. This study confirmed that the cfr and lsa(E) genes coexist in one MRSA strain and the presence of plasmid and IS257 in the multi-ARG cluster can promote both ARG transfer and dissemination. Furthermore, the presence of so many ARGs and virulence genes in food-related pathogens may seriously compromise the effectiveness of clinical therapy and threaten public health, its occurrence should pay public attention and the traceability of these genes in food-related samples needs further surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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4
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Jiang N, Wyres KL, Li J, Feßler AT, Krüger H, Wang Y, Holt KE, Schwarz S, Wu C. Evolution and genomic insight into methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1703-1711. [PMID: 33822977 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To reconstruct the evolutionary history and genomic epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus ST9 in China. METHODS Using WGS analysis, we described the phylogeny of 131 S. aureus ST9 isolates collected between 2002 and 2016 from 11 provinces in China, including six clinical samples from Taiwan. We also investigated the complex structure and distribution of the lsa(E)-carrying multiresistance gene cluster, and genotyped prophages in the genomes of the ST9 isolates. RESULTS ST9 was subdivided into one major (n = 122) and one minor (n = 9) clade. Bayesian phylogeny predicted the divergence of ST9 isolates in pig farming in China as early as 1987, which then evolved rapidly in the following three decades. ST9 isolates shared similar multiresistance properties, which were likely acquired before the ST9 emergence in China. The accessory genome is highly conserved, and ST9 harboured similar sets of phages, but lacked certain virulence genes. CONCLUSIONS Host exchange and regional transmission of ST9 have occurred between pigs and humans. Pig rearing and trading might have favoured gene exchanges between ST9 isolates. Resistance genes, obtained from the environment and other isolates, were stably integrated into the chromosomal DNA. The abundance of resistance genes among ST9 is likely attributed to the extensive use of antimicrobial agents in livestock. Phages are present in the genomes of ST9 and may play a role in the rapid evolution of this ST. Although human ST9 infections are rare, ST9 isolates may constitute a potential risk to public health as a repository of antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nansong Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kelly L Wyres
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Krüger
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li SM, Zhou YF, Li L, Fang LX, Duan JH, Liu FR, Liang HQ, Wu YT, Gu WQ, Liao XP, Sun J, Xiong YQ, Liu YH. Characterization of the Multi-Drug Resistance Gene cfr in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains Isolated From Animals and Humans in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2925. [PMID: 30538695 PMCID: PMC6277690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated cfr-positive and -negative MRSA strains isolated from animals and humans in different geographical areas of China, from 2011 to 2016. Twenty cfr-positive strains (15.6%) were identified from 128 MRSA strains including 17 from food animals and three from humans. The resistance rates and prevalence of the tested antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the cfr-positive MRSA isolates were higher than that in the cfr-negative MRSA isolates. All cfr-positive MRSA isolates were co-carrying fexA and ermC, and had significantly higher optrA incidence rate vs. the cfr-negative isolates (P < 0.05). In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) assays showed that ST9 and spa-type t899 were the most prevalent ST and spa types in the study strains. However, all of the 20 cfr-positive and 10 randomly selected cfr-negative MRSA isolates were clonally unrelated as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses. Importantly, the cfr gene was successfully transferred to a recipient Staphylococcus aureus strain RN4220 from 13 of the 20 cfr-positive MRSA isolates by electroporation. Among these 13 cfr-positive MRSA isolates, two different genetic contexts surrounding cfr were determined and each was associated with one type of cfr-carrying plasmids. Of note, the predominant genetic context of cfr was found to be a Tn558 variant and locate on large plasmids (∼50 kb) co-harboring fexA in 11 of the 13 MRSA isolates. Furthermore, the cfr gene was also identified on small plasmids (∼ 7.1 kb) that co-carried ermC in two of the 13 MRSA isolates. Our results demonstrated a high occurrence of multi-drug resistance in cfr-positive MRSA isolates, and the spread of cfr might be attributed to horizontal dissemination of similar cfr-carrying transposons and plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Liang Li
- LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hong Duan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Qing Liang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ting Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Qi Gu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Xiong
- LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Feßler AT, Wang Y, Wu C, Schwarz S. Mobile lincosamide resistance genes in staphylococci. Plasmid 2018; 99:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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7
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance among staphylococci of animal origin is based on a wide variety of resistance genes. These genes mediate resistance to many classes of antimicrobial agents approved for use in animals, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols, pleuromutilins, and diaminopyrimidines. In addition, numerous mutations have been identified that confer resistance to specific antimicrobial agents, such as ansamycins and fluoroquinolones. The gene products of some of these resistance genes confer resistance to only specific members of a class of antimicrobial agents, whereas others confer resistance to the entire class or even to members of different classes of antimicrobial agents, including agents approved solely for human use. The resistance genes code for all three major resistance mechanisms: enzymatic inactivation, active efflux, and protection/modification/replacement of the cellular target sites of the antimicrobial agents. Mobile genetic elements, in particular plasmids and transposons, play a major role as carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes in animal staphylococci. They facilitate not only the exchange of resistance genes among members of the same and/or different staphylococcal species, but also between staphylococci and other Gram-positive bacteria. The observation that plasmids of staphylococci often harbor more than one resistance gene points toward coselection and persistence of resistance genes even without direct selective pressure by a specific antimicrobial agent. This chapter provides an overview of the resistance genes and resistance-mediating mutations known to occur in staphylococci of animal origin.
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Yang Y, Shi W, Lu SY, Liu J, Liang H, Yang Y, Duan G, Li Y, Wang H, Zhang A. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteriophage DNA fraction from Funan River water in Sichuan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:835-841. [PMID: 29396344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the role that bacteriophages play in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) dissemination in the aquatic environment, 36 water samples were collected from the Funan River in Sichuan, China. The occurrence of 15 clinically relevant ARGs and one class 1 integron gene int1 in phage-particle DNA were evaluated by PCR. The abundance of ARGs (blaCTX-M, sul1, and aac-(6')-1b-cr) was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). High prevalence of the int1 gene (66.7%) was found in the phage-particle DNA of tested samples, followed by sul1 (41.7%), sul2 (33.3%), blaCTX-M (33.3%), aac-(6')-lb-cr (25%), aph(3')-IIIa (16.7%), and ermF (8.3%). The qPCR data showed higher gene copy (GC) numbers in samples collected near a hospital (site 7) and a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (site 10) (P < .05). Particularly the absolute abundance of aac-(6')-lb-cr gene was significantly higher than the blaCTX-M and sul1 genes with the gene copy (GC) numbers of 5.73 log10 copy/mL for site 7 and 4.99 log10 copy/mL for site 10. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to report the presence of sul2, aac-(6')-lb-cr, ermF and aph(3')-IIIa genes in bacteriophage DNA derived from aquatic environments. Our findings highlight the potential of ARGs to be transmitted via bacteriophages in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wenjin Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shao-Yeh Lu
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Huihui Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yifan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guowei Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yunxia Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Anyun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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Feßler AT, Wang Y, Wu C, Schwarz S. Mobile macrolide resistance genes in staphylococci. Plasmid 2018; 99:2-10. [PMID: 29807043 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrolide resistance in staphylococci is based on the expression of a number of genes which specify four major resistance mechanisms: (i) target site modification by methylation of the ribosomal target site in the 23S rRNA, (ii) ribosome protection via ABC-F proteins, (iii) active efflux via Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporters, and (iv) enzymatic inactivation by phosphotransferases or esterases. So far, 14 different classes of erm genes, which code for 23S rRNA methylases, have been reported to occur in staphylococci from humans, animals and environmental sources. Inducible or constitutive expression of the erm genes depends on the presence and intactness of a regulatory region known as translational attenuator. The erm genes commonly confer resistance not only to macrolides, but also to lincosamides and streptogramin B compounds. In contrast, the msr(A) gene codes for an ABC-F protein which confers macrolide and streptogramin B resistance whereas the mef(A) gene codes for a Major Facilitator Superfamily protein that can export only macrolides. Enzymatic inactivation of macrolides may be due to the macrolide phosphotransferase gene mph(C) or the macrolide esterase genes ere(A) or ere(B). Many of these macrolide resistance genes are part of either plasmids, transposons, genomic islands or prophages and as such, can easily be transferred across strain, species and genus boundaries. The co-location of other antimicrobial or metal resistance genes on the same mobile genetic element facilitates co-selection and persistence of macrolide resistance genes under the selective pressure of metals or other antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Kumar D, Pornsukarom S, Sivaraman G, Thakur S. Environmental Dissemination of Multidrug Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus sciuriAfter Application of Manure from Commercial Swine Production Systems. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:210-217. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Suchawan Pornsukarom
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - G.K. Sivaraman
- ICAR-Research Centre of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Veraval, Gujarat, India
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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11
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Park JH, Kang JH, Hyun JE, Hwang CY. Low prevalence of mupirocin resistance inStaphylococcus pseudintermediusisolates from canine pyoderma in Korea. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:95-e37. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyung Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Cheol-Yong Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Dermatology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science; College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
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Lekshmi M, Ammini P, Adjei J, Sanford LM, Shrestha U, Kumar S, Varela MF. Modulation of antimicrobial efflux pumps of the major facilitator superfamily in Staphylococcus aureus. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:1-18. [PMID: 31294201 PMCID: PMC6605029 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of the microorganism Staphylococcus aureus which are resistant to antimicrobial agents exist as causative agents of serious infectious disease and constitute a considerable public health concern. One of the main antimicrobial resistance mechanisms harbored by S. aureus pathogens is exemplified by integral membrane transport systems that actively remove antimicrobial agents from bacteria where the cytoplasmic drug targets reside, thus allowing the bacteria to survive and grow. An important class of solute transporter proteins, called the major facilitator superfamily, includes related and homologous passive and secondary active transport systems, many of which are antimicrobial efflux pumps. Transporters of the major facilitator superfamily, which confer antimicrobial efflux and bacterial resistance in S. aureus, are good targets for development of resistance-modifying agents, such as efflux pump inhibition. Such modulatory action upon these antimicrobial efflux systems of the major facilitator superfamily in S. aureus may circumvent resistance and restore the clinical efficacy of therapy towards S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Lekshmi
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Parvathi Ammini
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Regional Centre, Dr. Salim Ali Road, Kochi, 682018, India
| | - Jones Adjei
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Leslie M Sanford
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Ugina Shrestha
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Manuel F Varela
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
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Argudín MA, Deplano A, Meghraoui A, Dodémont M, Heinrichs A, Denis O, Nonhoff C, Roisin S. Bacteria from Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6020012. [PMID: 28587316 PMCID: PMC5485445 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are used in both veterinary and human medicine. The intensive use of antimicrobials in animals may promote the fixation of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria, which may be zoonotic or capable to transfer these genes to human-adapted pathogens or to human gut microbiota via direct contact, food or the environment. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal health and explores the role of bacteria from animals as a pool of antimicrobial resistance genes for human bacteria. This review focused in relevant examples within the ESC(K)APE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile (Klebsiella pneumoniae), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae) group of bacterial pathogens that are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Argudín
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ariane Deplano
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alaeddine Meghraoui
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Magali Dodémont
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Amelie Heinrichs
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Denis
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Claire Nonhoff
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandrine Roisin
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Chalmers G, Cormier AC, Nadeau M, Côté G, Reid-Smith RJ, Boerlin P. Determinants of virulence and of resistance to ceftiofur, gentamicin, and spectinomycin in clinical Escherichia coli from broiler chickens in Québec, Canada. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:149-157. [PMID: 28619137 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are frequently used for the prevention of avian colibacillosis, with gentamicin used for this purpose in Québec until 2003. Ceftiofur was also used similarly, but voluntarily withdrawn in 2005 due to increasing resistance. Spectinomycin-lincomycin was employed as a replacement, but ceftiofur use was partially reinstated in 2007 until its definitive ban by the poultry industry in 2014. Gentamicin resistance frequency increased during the past decade in clinical Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in Québec, despite this antimicrobial no longer being used. Since this increase coincided with the use of spectinomycin-lincomycin, co-selection of gentamicin resistance through spectinomycin was suspected. Therefore, relationships between spectinomycin, gentamicin, and ceftiofur resistance determinants were investigated here. The distribution of 13 avian pathogenic E. coli virulence-associated genes and their association with spectinomycin resistance were also assessed. A sample of 586 E. coli isolates from chickens with colibacillosis in Québec between 2009 and 2013 was used. The major genes identified for resistance to ceftiofur, gentamicin, and spectinomycin were blaCMY, aac(3)-VI, and aadA, respectively. The aadA and aac(3)-VI genes were strongly associated and shown to be located on a modified class 1 integron. The aadA and blaCMY genes were negatively associated, but when present together, were generally located on the same plasmids. No statistical positive association was observed between aadA and virulence genes, and virulence genes were only rarely detected on plasmids encoding spectinomycin resistance. Thus, the use of spectinomycin-lincomycin may likely select for gentamicin but not ceftiofur resistance, nor for any of the virulence-associated genes investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabhan Chalmers
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ashley C Cormier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marie Nadeau
- Laboratoire d'expertise en pathologie animale du Québec, 2650 rue Einstein, Québec, Québec, G1P 4S8, Canada
| | - Geneviève Côté
- Laboratoire d'expertise en pathologie animale du Québec, 2650 rue Einstein, Québec, Québec, G1P 4S8, Canada
| | - Richard J Reid-Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada,160 Research Lane, Suite 103, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5B2, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Feßler AT, Zhao Q, Schoenfelder S, Kadlec K, Brenner Michael G, Wang Y, Ziebuhr W, Shen J, Schwarz S. Complete sequence of a plasmid from a bovine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus harbouring a novel ica-like gene cluster in addition to antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance genes. Vet Microbiol 2017; 200:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Emergence of ileS2-Carrying, Multidrug-Resistant Plasmids in Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6411-4. [PMID: 27503649 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00948-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 137 Staphylococcus lugdunensis isolates collected from two nephrology centers in Hong Kong, 10 (7.3%) and 3 (2.2%) isolates had high-level and low-level mupirocin resistance, respectively. Isolates with high-level resistance contained the plasmid-mediated ileS2 gene, while isolates with low-level resistance contained the mutation V588F within the chromosomal ileS gene. All but one of the ileS2-positive isolates belong to the predominating clone HKU1. Plasmids carrying the ileS2 gene were mosaic and also cocarry multiple other resistance determinants.
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Schwarz S, Loeffler A, Kadlec K. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents and its impact on veterinary and human medicine. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:82-e19. [PMID: 27581211 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance has become a major challenge in veterinary medicine, particularly in the context of bacterial pathogens that play a role in both humans and animals. OBJECTIVES This review serves as an update on acquired resistance mechanisms in bacterial pathogens of human and animal origin, including examples of transfer of resistant pathogens between hosts and of resistance genes between bacteria. RESULTS Acquired resistance is based on resistance-mediating mutations or on mobile resistance genes. Although mutations are transferred vertically, mobile resistance genes are also transferred horizontally (by transformation, transduction or conjugation/mobilization), contributing to the dissemination of resistance. Mobile genes specifying any of the three major resistance mechanisms - enzymatic inactivation, reduced intracellular accumulation or modification of the cellular target sites - have been found in a variety of bacteria that may be isolated from animals. Such resistance genes are associated with plasmids, transposons, gene cassettes, integrative and conjugative elements or other mobile elements. Bacteria, including zoonotic pathogens, can be exchanged between animals and humans mainly via direct contact, but also via dust, aerosols or foods. Proof of the direction of transfer of resistant bacteria can be difficult and depends on the location of resistance genes or mutations in the chromosomal DNA or on a mobile element. CONCLUSION The wide variety in resistance and resistance transfer mechanisms will continue to ensure the success of bacterial pathogens in the future. Our strategies to counteract resistance and preserve the efficacy of antimicrobial agents need to be equally diverse and resourceful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Höltystr. 10, 31535, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Höltystr. 10, 31535, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
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Hensel N, Zabel S, Hensel P. Prior antibacterial drug exposure in dogs with meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) pyoderma. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:72-8e20. [PMID: 26909526 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has become a significant animal health problem. Recent studies have indicated that previous antibacterial drug exposure is a factor in acquisition of meticillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with prior antimicrobial drug use and MRSP pyoderma in dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Dogs diagnosed with pyoderma associated with MRSP (n = 53) or meticillin-sensitive S. pseudintermedius (MSSP; n = 45). METHODS The medical records of dogs diagnosed with pyoderma associated with isolation of S. pseudintermedius between January 2006 and November 2012 were reviewed. All cases with a complete twelve month to 3 yr drug history prior to the diagnosis were included. RESULTS Fifty two of 53 (98%) MRSP cases and 42 of 45 (93%) MSSP cases had received at least one course of antibacterial drug prior to diagnosis. The total number of antibacterial drug prescriptions provided to pet owners and the variety of antibacterial drug classes represented were higher for cases with MRSP than for cases with MSSP (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.009, respectively). More cases with MRSP (98%) received beta-lactam drugs than those with MSSP (82%; P = 0.007) and the proportion of MRSP cases that had received concurrent immunomodulatory therapy was higher (62% versus 42%; P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results suggest that the total number of antibacterial drug prescriptions, exposure to multiple drug classes (beta-lactams in particular) and concurrent immunomodulatory therapy may be associated with increased risk for acquisition of MRSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hensel
- Tierdermatologie Basel, Emil Frey-Strasse 127, CH-4142, Münchenstein, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Zabel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Patrick Hensel
- Tierdermatologie Basel, Emil Frey-Strasse 127, CH-4142, Münchenstein, Switzerland
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Abstract
In staphylococci and other Firmicutes, resistance to numerous classes of antimicrobial agents, which are commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, is mediated by genes that are associated with mobile genetic elements. The gene products of some of these antimicrobial resistance genes confer resistance to only specific members of a certain class of antimicrobial agents, whereas others confer resistance to the entire class or even to members of different classes of antimicrobial agents. The resistance mechanisms specified by the resistance genes fall into any of three major categories: active efflux, enzymatic inactivation, and modification/replacement/protection of the target sites of the antimicrobial agents. Among the mobile genetic elements that carry such resistance genes, plasmids play an important role as carriers of primarily plasmid-borne resistance genes, but also as vectors for nonconjugative and conjugative transposons that harbor resistance genes. Plasmids can be exchanged by horizontal gene transfer between members of the same species but also between bacteria belonging to different species and genera. Plasmids are highly flexible elements, and various mechanisms exist by which plasmids can recombine, form cointegrates, or become integrated in part or in toto into the chromosomal DNA or into other plasmids. As such, plasmids play a key role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes within the gene pool to which staphylococci and other Firmicutes have access. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the current knowledge of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci and other Firmicutes.
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Detection of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance geneerm(44) and a novelerm(44) variant in staphylococci from aquatic environments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Andersen JL, He GX, Kakarla P, K C R, Kumar S, Lakra WS, Mukherjee MM, Ranaweera I, Shrestha U, Tran T, Varela MF. Multidrug efflux pumps from Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio cholerae and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial food pathogens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:1487-547. [PMID: 25635914 PMCID: PMC4344678 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120201487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses caused by bacterial microorganisms are common worldwide and constitute a serious public health concern. In particular, microorganisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae families of Gram-negative bacteria, and to the Staphylococcus genus of Gram-positive bacteria are important causative agents of food poisoning and infection in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Recently, variants of these bacteria have developed resistance to medically important chemotherapeutic agents. Multidrug resistant Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus are becoming increasingly recalcitrant to clinical treatment in human patients. Of the various bacterial resistance mechanisms against antimicrobial agents, multidrug efflux pumps comprise a major cause of multiple drug resistance. These multidrug efflux pump systems reside in the biological membrane of the bacteria and actively extrude antimicrobial agents from bacterial cells. This review article summarizes the evolution of these bacterial drug efflux pump systems from a molecular biological standpoint and provides a framework for future work aimed at reducing the conditions that foster dissemination of these multidrug resistant causative agents through human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Andersen
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Gui-Xin He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Prathusha Kakarla
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Ranjana K C
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India.
| | - Wazir Singh Lakra
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India.
| | - Mun Mun Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Indrika Ranaweera
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Ugina Shrestha
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
| | - Thuy Tran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Manuel F Varela
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
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Wendlandt S, Shen J, Kadlec K, Wang Y, Li B, Zhang WJ, Feßler AT, Wu C, Schwarz S. Multidrug resistance genes in staphylococci from animals that confer resistance to critically and highly important antimicrobial agents in human medicine. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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The novel macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B resistance gene erm(44) is associated with a prophage in Staphylococcus xylosus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6133-8. [PMID: 25092709 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02949-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel erythromycin ribosome methylase gene, erm(44), that confers resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics was identified by whole-genome sequencing of the chromosome of Staphylococcus xylosus isolated from bovine mastitis milk. The erm(44) gene is preceded by a regulatory sequence that encodes two leader peptides responsible for the inducible expression of the methylase gene, as demonstrated by cloning in Staphylococcus aureus. The erm(44) gene is located on a 53-kb putative prophage designated ΦJW4341-pro. The 56 predicted open reading frames of ΦJW4341-pro are structurally organized into the five functional modules found in members of the family Siphoviridae. ΦJW4341-pro is site-specifically integrated into the S. xylosus chromosome, where it is flanked by two perfect 19-bp direct repeats, and exhibits the ability to circularize. The presence of erm(44) in three additional S. xylosus strains suggests that this putative prophage has the potential to disseminate MLSB resistance.
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Amikacin resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from dogs. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3641-6. [PMID: 25078911 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01253-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the most common microorganism isolated from canine pyoderma and postoperative wound infections. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) has increased, and recently, isolates that are resistant not only to methicillin but also to other classes of antibiotic drugs, including aminoglycosides, have become common. A total of 422 S. pseudintermedius isolates collected from 413 dogs were analyzed for amikacin and methicillin resistance using broth microdilution and disk diffusion testing. Methicillin-resistant isolates were significantly (P < 0.0001) more likely to be resistant to amikacin (37%, 31/84) than were methicillin-susceptible isolates (7%, 22/338). Additionally, resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics was significantly associated with resistance to amikacin irrespective of methicillin resistance. Among the 422 isolates, 32 that tested positive for amikacin resistance by broth microdilution or disk diffusion testing were investigated further for the presence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes using multiplex PCR. Of these isolates, 66% (21/32) were methicillin resistant. In contrast to previous studies of Staphylococcus aureus, the most prevalent gene detected was aph(3')-IIIa found in 75% (24/32) of isolates followed by aac(6')/aph(2") and ant(4')-Ia in 12% (4/32) and 3% (1/32), respectively. Understanding the differences in antimicrobial resistance gene carriage between different species of Staphylococcus may improve antimicrobial drug selection for clinical therapy and provide insights into how resistance develops in S. pseudintermedius.
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Entorf M, Feßler AT, Kadlec K, Kaspar H, Mankertz J, Peters T, Schwarz S. Tylosin susceptibility of staphylococci from bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:368-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wendlandt S, Kadlec K, Feßler AT, van Duijkeren E, Schwarz S. Two different erm(C)-carrying plasmids in the same methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 isolate from a broiler farm. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:382-7. [PMID: 24553412 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During a study on plasmid-borne antimicrobial resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from broiler farms, an MRSA isolate was identified which carried multiple plasmids. This MRSA isolate belonged to CC398 and exhibited spa type t3015 and dru type dt11a. Plasmid profiling revealed the presence of one large and two small plasmids. The resistance genes tet(L) (tetracycline resistance), dfrK (trimethoprim resistance) and aadD (kanamycin/neomycin resistance) were located on the large plasmid. Both small plasmids, designated pSWS371 and pSWS372, carried only an erm(C) gene for macrolide/lincosamide resistance. Sequence analysis revealed that the 2458-bp plasmid pSWS371 carried only a repL gene for plasmid replication in addition to the erm(C) gene. In contrast, the 3882-bp plasmid pSWS372 harbored - in addition to the erm(C) gene - three more genes: a repF gene for plasmid replication, a cop-6 gene for a small protein potentially involved in copy number control of the plasmid and a novel pre/mob gene for a protein involved in plasmid recombination and mobilization. The erm(C) genes of both small plasmids exhibited constitutive erm(C) gene expression and analysis of the respective translational attenuators identified deletions of 16 bp and 74 bp which explain the constitutive expression. The simultaneous presence of two small plasmids that carry the same resistance gene in the same MRSA isolate is a rare observation. The fact that both plasmids belong to different incompatibility groups as specified by the different rep genes, repL and repF, explains why they can stably coexist in the same bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wendlandt
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.
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Gómez-Sanz E, Zarazaga M, Kadlec K, Schwarz S, Torres C. Chromosomal integration of the novel plasmid pUR3912 from methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 of human origin. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:E519-22. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Weiss S, Kadlec K, Fessler AT, Schwarz S. Complete sequence of a multiresistance plasmid from a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ST5 isolated in a small animal clinic. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:847-59. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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A novel fexA variant from a canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolate that does not confer florfenicol resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:5763-6. [PMID: 23979755 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00948-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposon Tn558 integrated in the chromosomal radC gene was detected for the first time in Staphylococus pseudintermedius. It carried a novel fexA variant (fexAv) that confers only chloramphenicol resistance. The exporter FexAv exhibited two amino acid substitutions, Gly33Ala and Ala37Val, both of which seem to be important for substrate recognition. Site-directed mutagenesis that reverted the mutated base pairs to those present in the original fexA gene restored the chloramphenicol-plus-florfenicol resistance phenotype.
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Wendlandt S, Feßler AT, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Schwarz S, Kadlec K. The diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes among staphylococci of animal origin. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:338-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Wendlandt S, Li B, Ma Z, Schwarz S. Complete sequence of the multi-resistance plasmid pV7037 from a porcine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:650-4. [PMID: 23953027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the complete sequence of the multi-resistance plasmid pV7037 to gain insight into the structure and organization of this plasmid. Of the four XbaI clones of pV7037, one clone of 17,577 bp has already been sequenced and shown to carry a multi-resistance gene cluster. The remaining three clones of approximately 12.5, 6.5 and 4.5 kb were sequenced, the entire plasmid sequence correctly assembled and investigated for reading frames. In addition, two reading frames one coding for an ABC transporter and the other coding for an rRNA methylase were cloned and expressed in a S. aureus host to see whether they confer antimicrobial resistance properties. Plasmid pV7037 proved to be 40,971 bp in size. Besides the previously determined resistance gene cluster, it carried a functionally active tet(L) gene for tetracycline resistance, a complete cadDX operon for cadmium resistance and also a variant of the β-lactamase transposon Tn552. Two single bp deletions, which resulted in frame shifts, functionally deleted the genes for the BlaZ β-lactamase and the signal transducer protein BlaR1 in this Tn552 variant of pV7037. Plasmid pV7037 seems to be composed of various parts previously known from plasmids and transposons of staphylococci and other Gram-positive bacteria. However, there are also parts of the plasmid which do not show any homology to so far known sequences deposited in the databases. The novel ABC transporter and rRNA methylase genes identified on pV7037 do not seem to play a role in antimicrobial resistance. The co-location of numerous antimicrobial resistance genes bears the risk of co-transfer and co-selection of resistance genes, but also persistence of resistance genes even if no direct selective pressure by the use of the respective antimicrobial agents is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wendlandt
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
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Li B, Wendlandt S, Yao J, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Shi Z, Wei J, Shao D, Schwarz S, Wang S, Ma Z. Detection and new genetic environment of the pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance gene lsa(E) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of swine origin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1251-5. [PMID: 23386262 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the genetic basis of pleuromutilin resistance in porcine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and to map the genetic environment of the identified plasmid-borne resistance gene. METHODS Seventy porcine MRSA isolates, which exhibited high MICs of tiamulin, valnemulin and retapamulin, were investigated for pleuromutilin resistance genes and mutations. They were characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, spa typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Plasmid DNA was extracted from the lsa(E)-positive strains and transferred to S. aureus RN4220 for selection of resistance plasmids. The plasmid-borne lsa(E) gene region was sequenced and 10 overlapping PCR assays for the analysis of the genetic environment of lsa(E) were developed. RESULTS All 70 MRSA isolates were ST9 (MLST)-t899 (spa)-IVa (SCCmec). Sixteen isolates carried the lsa(E) gene; all others were negative for known pleuromutilin resistance mechanisms. An lsa(E)-carrying plasmid of ∼41 kb was detected in a single isolate. Sequence analysis revealed that the lsa(E) gene was located in a multiresistance gene cluster, which showed partial homology to clusters identified in MRSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and Enterococcus faecalis. PCR analysis of the remaining isolates revealed a partly deleted multiresistance gene cluster in 6/15 isolates and solely the lsa(E) gene without the known flanking regions in 9/15 isolates. CONCLUSIONS We identified the pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance gene lsa(E) in porcine MRSA isolates. The multiresistance gene cluster in which lsa(E) was located differed from the previously described ones found in human MRSA/MSSA or in E. faecalis. The location of lsa(E) on a multiresistance plasmid facilitates its persistence and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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Novel erm(T)-carrying multiresistance plasmids from porcine and human isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 that also harbor cadmium and copper resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3275-82. [PMID: 23629701 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00171-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes three novel erm(T)-carrying multiresistance plasmids that also harbor cadmium and copper resistance determinants. The plasmids, designated pUR1902, pUR2940, and pUR2941, were obtained from porcine and human methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of the clonal lineage ST398. In addition to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance gene erm(T), all three plasmids also carry the tetracycline resistance gene tet(L). Furthermore, plasmid pUR2940 harbors the trimethoprim resistance gene dfrK and the MLSB resistance gene erm(C), while plasmids pUR1902 and pUR2941 possess the kanamycin/neomycin resistance gene aadD. Sequence analysis of approximately 18.1 kb of the erm(T)-flanking region from pUR1902, 20.0 kb from pUR2940, and 20.8 kb from pUR2941 revealed the presence of several copies of the recently described insertion sequence ISSau10, which is probably involved in the evolution of the respective plasmids. All plasmids carried a functional cadmium resistance operon with the genes cadD and cadX, in addition to the multicopper oxidase gene mco and the ATPase copper transport gene copA, which are involved in copper resistance. The comparative analysis of S. aureus RN4220 and the three S. aureus RN4220 transformants carrying plasmid pUR1902, pUR2940, or pUR2941 revealed an 8-fold increase in CdSO4 and a 2-fold increase in CuSO4 MICs. The emergence of multidrug resistance plasmids that also carry heavy metal resistance genes is alarming and requires further surveillance. The colocalization of antimicrobial resistance genes and genes that confer resistance to heavy metals may facilitate their persistence, coselection, and dissemination.
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Schiwon K, Arends K, Rogowski KM, Fürch S, Prescha K, Sakinc T, Van Houdt R, Werner G, Grohmann E. Comparison of antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and conjugative transfer of Staphylococcus and Enterococcus isolates from International Space Station and Antarctic Research Station Concordia. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 65:638-51. [PMID: 23411852 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The International Space Station (ISS) and the Antarctic Research Station Concordia are confined and isolated habitats in extreme and hostile environments. The human and habitat microflora can alter due to the special environmental conditions resulting in microbial contamination and health risk for the crew. In this study, 29 isolates from the ISS and 55 from the Antarctic Research Station Concordia belonging to the genera Staphylococcus and Enterococcus were investigated. Resistance to one or more antibiotics was detected in 75.8 % of the ISS and in 43.6 % of the Concordia strains. The corresponding resistance genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction in 86 % of the resistant ISS strains and in 18.2 % of the resistant Concordia strains. Plasmids are present in 86.2 % of the ISS and in 78.2 % of the Concordia strains. Eight Enterococcus faecalis strains (ISS) harbor plasmids of about 130 kb. Relaxase and/or transfer genes encoded on plasmids from gram-positive bacteria like pIP501, pRE25, pSK41, pGO1 and pT181 were detected in 86.2 % of the ISS and in 52.7 % of the Concordia strains. Most pSK41-homologous transfer genes were detected in ISS isolates belonging to coagulase-negative staphylococci. We demonstrated through mating experiments that Staphylococcus haemolyticus F2 (ISS) and the Concordia strain Staphylococcus hominis subsp. hominis G2 can transfer resistance genes to E. faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Biofilm formation was observed in 83 % of the ISS and in 92.7 % of the Concordia strains. In conclusion, the ISS isolates were shown to encode more resistance genes and possess a higher gene transfer capacity due to the presence of three vir signature genes, virB1, virB4 and virD4 than the Concordia isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Schiwon
- Department of Environmental Microbiology/Genetics, Technical University, Berlin, Germany
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Shen J, Wang Y, Schwarz S. Presence and dissemination of the multiresistance gene cfr in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1697-706. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Feßler AT, Olde Riekerink RG, Rothkamp A, Kadlec K, Sampimon OC, Lam TJ, Schwarz S. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 obtained from humans and animals on dairy farms. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gomez-Sanz E, Kadlec K, Fessler AT, Billerbeck C, Zarazaga M, Schwarz S, Torres C. Analysis of a novel erm(T)- and cadDX-carrying plasmid from methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398-t571 of human origin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:471-3. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kadlec K, Feßler A, Hauschild T, Schwarz S. Novel and uncommon antimicrobial resistance genes in livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:745-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus delphini together comprise the S. intermedius group (SIG). Within the SIG, S. pseudintermedius represents the major pathogenic species and is involved in a wide variety of infections, mainly in dogs, but to a lesser degree also in other animal species and humans. Antimicrobial agents are commonly applied to control S. pseudintermedius infections; however, during recent years S. pseudintermedius isolates have been identified that are meticillin-resistant and have also proved to be resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents approved for veterinary applications. This review deals with the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance properties in S. pseudintermedius and other SIG members. A summary of the known resistance genes and their association with mobile genetic elements is given, as well as an update of the known resistance-mediating mutations. These data show that, in contrast to other staphylococcal species, S. pseudintermedius seems to prefer transposon-borne resistance genes, which are then incorporated into the chromosomal DNA, over plasmid-located resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Höltystraße 10, 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.
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