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Robertson CC, Elgamal RM, Henry-Kanarek BA, Arvan P, Chen S, Dhawan S, Eizirik DL, Kaddis JS, Vahedi G, Parker SCJ, Gaulton KJ, Soleimanpour SA. Untangling the genetics of beta cell dysfunction and death in type 1 diabetes. Mol Metab 2024; 86:101973. [PMID: 38914291 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex multi-system disease which arises from both environmental and genetic factors, resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Over the past two decades, human genetic studies have provided new insight into the etiology of T1D, including an appreciation for the role of beta cells in their own demise. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we outline models supported by human genetic data for the role of beta cell dysfunction and death in T1D. We highlight the importance of strong evidence linking T1D genetic associations to bona fide candidate genes for mechanistic and therapeutic consideration. To guide rigorous interpretation of genetic associations, we describe molecular profiling approaches, genomic resources, and disease models that may be used to construct variant-to-gene links and to investigate candidate genes and their role in T1D. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We profile advances in understanding the genetic causes of beta cell dysfunction and death at individual T1D risk loci. We discuss how genetic risk prediction models can be used to address disease heterogeneity. Further, we present areas where investment will be critical for the future use of genetics to address open questions in the development of new treatment and prevention strategies for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Robertson
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth M Elgamal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Belle A Henry-Kanarek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John S Kaddis
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Scott A Soleimanpour
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Bak I, Choi M, Yu E, Yoo KW, Jeong SY, Lee J, Jo M, Moon KS, Yu DY. The Effects of Busulfan on Xenogeneic Transplantation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Recipient Mice. Transplant Proc 2024; 56:440-447. [PMID: 38368129 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanized mouse models with engraftment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are effective tools for the study of human immunity. Busulfan has been used as a substitute for irradiation in human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation models, but it has not been tested in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transplantation models. METHODS This study evaluated PBMC engraftment using cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in female NOD.CB17/Prkdcscid/JKrb/ IL2 receptor γ-/- (NIG) mice treated with busulfan. RESULTS In this model, the percentage of human CD3+ T cell engraftment in the blood was 28.2%, with dominant infiltration of CD8+ cells in the spleen 3 weeks post PBMC transplantation. Production of human cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-12p70, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-22, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, and IL-10, was determined in mice treated with busulfan. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that busulfan treatment is a beneficial alternative for simple and efficient PBMC engraftment in a rodent model, possibly helping to evaluate human immunity in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Bak
- GHBIO Inc. (Genes & Health Biotechnology), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Immunology and Immunopharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjin Choi
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Yu
- GHBIO Inc. (Genes & Health Biotechnology), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Won Yoo
- GHBIO Inc. (Genes & Health Biotechnology), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyun Lee
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Jo
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Yeul Yu
- GHBIO Inc. (Genes & Health Biotechnology), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Athmuri DN, Shiekh PA. Experimental diabetic animal models to study diabetes and diabetic complications. MethodsX 2023; 11:102474. [PMID: 38023309 PMCID: PMC10661736 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is an endocrine illness involving numerous physiological systems. To understand the intricated pathophysiology and disease progression in diabetes, small animals are still the most relevant model systems, despite the availability and progression in numerous invitro and insilico research methods in recent years. In general, experimental diabetes is instigated mainly due to the effectiveness of animal models in illuminating disease etiology. Most diabetes trials are conducted on rodents, while some research is conducted on larger animals. This review will discuss the methodology and mechanisms in detail for preparing diabetic animal models, considering the following important points. The exact pathophysiology of the disease may or may not be replicated in animal models, the correct induction doses must be given and the combination of different approaches for the models is recommended to get desired results.•Animal models are essential to understand diabetes etiology and pathophysiology.•Diabetic models can be developed in both rodents and non-rodents.•Chemically induced and genetic models of diabetes are widely used to study diabetes and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Nandini Athmuri
- SMART Lab, Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad Shiekh
- SMART Lab, Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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4
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Basile G, Vetere A, Hu J, Ijaduola O, Zhang Y, Liu KC, Eltony AM, De Jesus DF, Fukuda K, Doherty G, Leech CA, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Yun SH, Andersson O, Choudhary A, Wagner BK, Kulkarni RN. Excess pancreatic elastase alters acinar-β cell communication by impairing the mechano-signaling and the PAR2 pathways. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1242-1260.e9. [PMID: 37339634 PMCID: PMC10834355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) are caused by a deficit of functional insulin-producing β cells. Thus, the identification of β cell trophic agents could allow the development of therapeutic strategies to counteract diabetes. The discovery of SerpinB1, an elastase inhibitor that promotes human β cell growth, prompted us to hypothesize that pancreatic elastase (PE) regulates β cell viability. Here, we report that PE is up-regulated in acinar cells and in islets from T2D patients, and negatively impacts β cell viability. Using high-throughput screening assays, we identified telaprevir as a potent PE inhibitor that can increase human and rodent β cell viability in vitro and in vivo and improve glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant mice. Phospho-antibody microarrays and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis identified PAR2 and mechano-signaling pathways as potential mediators of PE. Taken together, our work highlights PE as a potential regulator of acinar-β cell crosstalk that acts to limit β cell viability, leading to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Basile
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amedeo Vetere
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Oluwaseun Ijaduola
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ka-Cheuk Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Amira M Eltony
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dario F De Jesus
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kazuki Fukuda
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Grace Doherty
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Colin A Leech
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bridget K Wagner
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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5
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Ghoneim MA, Gabr MM, Refaie AF, El-Halawani SM, Al-Issawi MM, Elbassiouny BL, Kader MAAE, Ismail AM, Zidan MF, Karras MS, Magar RW, Khater SM, Ashamallah SA, Zakaria MM, Kloc M. Transplantation of insulin-producing cells derived from human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells into diabetic humanized mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:350. [PMID: 35883190 PMCID: PMC9327173 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate allogenic immune responses following the transplantation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) differentiated from human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hAT-MSCs) into humanized mice. Methods hAT-MSCs were isolated from liposuction aspirates obtained from HLA-A2-negative healthy donors. These cells were expanded and differentiated into IPCs. HLA-A2-positive humanized mice (NOG-EXL) were divided into 4 groups: diabetic mice transplanted with IPCs, diabetic but nontransplanted mice, nondiabetic mice transplanted with IPCs and normal untreated mice. Three million differentiated cells were transplanted under the renal capsule. Animals were followed-up to determine their weight, glucose levels (2-h postprandial), and human and mouse insulin levels. The mice were euthanized 6–8 weeks posttransplant. The kidneys were explanted for immunohistochemical studies. Blood, spleen and bone marrow samples were obtained to determine the proportion of immune cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD19+ and CD69+), and the expression levels of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR. Results Following STZ induction, blood glucose levels increased sharply and were then normalized within 2 weeks after cell transplantation. In these animals, human insulin levels were measurable while mouse insulin levels were negligible throughout the observation period. Immunostaining of cell-bearing kidneys revealed sparse CD45+ cells. Immunolabeling and flow cytometry of blood, bone marrow and splenic samples obtained from the 3 groups of animals did not reveal a significant difference in the proportions of immune cell subsets or in the expression levels of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR. Conclusion Transplantation of IPCs derived from allogenic hAT-MSCs into humanized mice was followed by a muted allogenic immune response that did not interfere with the functionality of the engrafted cells. Our findings suggest that such allogenic cells could offer an opportunity for cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes without immunosuppression, encapsulation or gene manipulations. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03048-y.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud M Gabr
- Biotechnology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ayman F Refaie
- Nephrology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Mohga M Al-Issawi
- Biotechnology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Mai A Abd El Kader
- Biotechnology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amani M Ismail
- Immunology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona F Zidan
- Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children's Hospital 57357, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mary S Karras
- Immunology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Raghda W Magar
- Immunology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sherry M Khater
- Pathology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud M Zakaria
- Biotechnology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA
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6
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Houeiss P, Boitard C, Luce S. Preclinical Models to Evaluate the Human Response to Autoantigen and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:883000. [PMID: 35498419 PMCID: PMC9044628 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells by auto-reactive T cells. The clinical management of T1D faces the lack of fully predictive biomarkers in its preclinical stage and of antigen-specific therapies to induce or re-induce immune tolerance to β-cell autoantigens and prevent its development. From a therapeutic standpoint, preclinical models of T1D have fallen short of directly translating into humans. To circumvent this limitation, preclinical models are being optimized to allow defining autoantigen epitopes that are presented to T cells and directly apply to the human. In this review, we propose to make a point on the latest available models such as humanized immunodeficient NOD mice models and HLA and autoantigen transgenic mice and their application in the context of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Houeiss
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Luce
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
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7
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Basile G, Kahraman S, Dirice E, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Kulkarni RN. Using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to interrogate transcriptomic profiles of archived human pancreatic islets. Genome Med 2021; 13:128. [PMID: 34376240 PMCID: PMC8356387 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human pancreatic islets are a central focus of research in metabolic studies. Transcriptomics is frequently used to interrogate alterations in cultured human islet cells using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). We introduce single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) as an alternative approach for investigating transplanted human islets. Methods The Nuclei EZ protocol was used to obtain nuclear preparations from fresh and frozen human islet cells. Such preparations were first used to generate snRNA-seq datasets and compared to scRNA-seq output obtained from cells from the same donor. Finally, we employed snRNA-seq to obtain the transcriptomic profile of archived human islets engrafted in immunodeficient animals. Results We observed virtually complete concordance in identifying cell types and gene proportions as well as a strong association of global and islet cell type gene signatures between scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq applied to fresh and frozen cultured or transplanted human islet samples. Conclusions We propose snRNA-seq as a reliable strategy to probe transcriptomic profiles of freshly harvested or frozen sources of transplanted human islet cells especially when scRNA-seq is not ideal. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-021-00941-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Basile
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sevim Kahraman
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ercument Dirice
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Current Address: Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Pastore I, Assi E, Ben Nasr M, Bolla AM, Maestroni A, Usuelli V, Loretelli C, Seelam AJ, Abdelsalam A, Zuccotti GV, D'Addio F, Fiorina P. Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694118. [PMID: 34305929 PMCID: PMC8299361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D), the quest for therapeutic options capable of delaying/reverting the diseases is still ongoing. Among all strategies currently tested in T1D, the use of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based approaches and of teplizumab, showed the most encouraging results. Few clinical trials have already demonstrated the beneficial effects of HSCs in T1D, while the durability of the effect is yet to be established. Investigators are also trying to understand whether the use of selected and better-characterized HSCs subsets may provide more benefits with less risks. Interestingly, ex vivo manipulated HSCs showed promising results in murine models and the recent introduction of the humanized mouse models accelerated the translational potentials of such studies and their final road to clinic. Indeed, immunomodulatory as well as trafficking abilities can be enhanced in genetically modulated HSCs and genetically engineered HSCs may be viewed as a novel "biologic" therapy, to be further tested and explored in T1D and in other autoimmune/immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Pastore
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Assi
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital and Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Anna Maestroni
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristian Loretelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andy Joe Seelam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ahmed Abdelsalam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Addio
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital and Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Shapiro MR, Thirawatananond P, Peters L, Sharp RC, Ogundare S, Posgai AL, Perry DJ, Brusko TM. De-coding genetic risk variants in type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:496-508. [PMID: 33483996 PMCID: PMC8119379 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual basis for a genetic predisposition underlying the risk for developing type 1 diabetes (T1D) predates modern human molecular genetics. Over half of the genetic risk has been attributed to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II gene region and to the insulin (INS) gene locus - both thought to confer direction of autoreactivity and tissue specificity. Notwithstanding, questions still remain regarding the functional contributions of a vast array of minor polygenic risk variants scattered throughout the genome that likely influence disease heterogeneity and clinical outcomes. Herein, we summarize the available literature related to the T1D-associated coding variants defined at the time of this review, for the genes PTPN22, IFIH1, SH2B3, CD226, TYK2, FUT2, SIRPG, CTLA4, CTSH and UBASH3A. Data from genotype-selected human cohorts are summarized, and studies from the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse are presented to describe the functional impact of these variants in relation to innate and adaptive immunity as well as to β-cell fragility, with expression profiles in tissues and peripheral blood highlighted. The contribution of each variant to progression through T1D staging, including environmental interactions, are discussed with consideration of how their respective protein products may serve as attractive targets for precision medicine-based therapeutics to prevent or suspend the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Puchong Thirawatananond
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Leeana Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Robert C Sharp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Similoluwa Ogundare
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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10
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Redick SD, Leehy L, Rittenhouse AR, Blodgett DM, Derr AG, Kucukural A, Garber MG, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Wang JP, Harlan DM, Bortell R, Jurczyk A. Recovery of viable endocrine-specific cells and transcriptomes from human pancreatic islet-engrafted mice. FASEB J 2019; 34:1901-1911. [PMID: 31914605 PMCID: PMC6972551 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901022rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic islets engrafted into immunodeficient mice serve as an important model for in vivo human diabetes studies. Following engraftment, islet function can be monitored in vivo by measuring circulating glucose and human insulin; however, it will be important to recover viable cells for more complex graft analyses. Moreover, RNA analyses of dissected grafts have not distinguished which hormone-specific cell types contribute to gene expression. We developed a method for recovering live cells suitable for fluorescence-activated cell sorting from human islets engrafted in mice. Although yields of recovered islet cells were relatively low, the ratios of bulk-sorted β, α, and δ cells and their respective hormone-specific RNA-Seq transcriptomes are comparable pretransplant and posttransplant, suggesting that the cellular characteristics of islet grafts posttransplant closely mirror the original donor islets. Single-cell RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis confirms the presence of appropriate β, α, and δ cell subsets. In addition, ex vivo perifusion of recovered human islet grafts demonstrated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Viable cells suitable for patch-clamp analysis were recovered from transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived β cells. Together, our functional and hormone-specific transcriptome analyses document the broad applicability of this system for longitudinal examination of human islet cells undergoing developmental/metabolic/pharmacogenetic manipulation in vivo and may facilitate the discovery of treatments for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambra D Redick
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Linda Leehy
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ann R Rittenhouse
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David M Blodgett
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Math and Science Division, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Alan G Derr
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alper Kucukural
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Manuel G Garber
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Dale L Greiner
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer P Wang
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David M Harlan
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rita Bortell
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Agata Jurczyk
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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11
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Harb G, Poh YC, Pagliuca F. Stem Cell-Derived Insulin-Producing β Cells to Treat Diabetes. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Hosur V, Low BE, Avery C, Shultz LD, Wiles MV. Development of Humanized Mice in the Age of Genome Editing. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3043-3048. [PMID: 28332231 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice are the most commonly used model organisms to study human disease. Many genetic human diseases can be recapitulated by modifying the mouse genome allowing the testing of existing and novel therapeutics, including combinatorial therapeutics, without putting humans at risk. Specifically, the development of "humanized" mice, that is, severely immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human hematopoietic and immune cells and tissues, has revolutionized our ability to study and model human diseases in preclinical in vivo systems. Until recently it has been challenging to develop strains of humanized mice with targeted mutations or that transgenically express human genes with site-specific mutations, and can permit optimal growth of functional human cells and tissues. However, recent advances in targeted nuclease-based genetic engineering have enabled precise modification and development of humanized mouse models at an unprecedented pace. These modifications permit optimal growth of functional human cells and tissues and can be used to replicate human genetically determined diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3043-3048, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cindy Avery
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor 04609, Maine
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13
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Li G, Wu B, Ward MG, Chong ACN, Mukherjee S, Chen S, Hao M. Multifunctional in vivo imaging of pancreatic islets during diabetes development. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2865-75. [PMID: 27270669 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet dysfunction leading to insufficient glucose-stimulated insulin secretion triggers the clinical onset of diabetes. How islet dysfunction develops is not well understood at the cellular level, partly owing to the lack of approaches to study single islets longitudinally in vivo Here, we present a noninvasive, high-resolution system to quantitatively image real-time glucose metabolism from single islets in vivo, currently not available with any other method. In addition, this multifunctional system simultaneously reports islet function, proliferation, vasculature and macrophage infiltration in vivo from the same set of images. Applying our method to a longitudinal high-fat diet study revealed changes in islet function as well as alternations in islet microenvironment. More importantly, this label-free system enabled us to image real-time glucose metabolism directly from single human islets in vivo for the first time, opening the door to noninvasive longitudinal in vivo studies of healthy and diabetic human islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Binlin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meliza G Ward
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Angie C N Chong
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sushmita Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mingming Hao
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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14
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Dai C, Kayton NS, Shostak A, Poffenberger G, Cyphert HA, Aramandla R, Thompson C, Papagiannis IG, Emfinger C, Shiota M, Stafford JM, Greiner DL, Herrera PL, Shultz LD, Stein R, Powers AC. Stress-impaired transcription factor expression and insulin secretion in transplanted human islets. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1857-70. [PMID: 27064285 DOI: 10.1172/jci83657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and progressive β cell dysfunction. Excess glucose and lipid impair β cell function in islet cell lines, cultured rodent and human islets, and in vivo rodent models. Here, we examined the mechanistic consequences of glucotoxic and lipotoxic conditions on human islets in vivo and developed and/or used 3 complementary models that allowed comparison of the effects of hyperglycemic and/or insulin-resistant metabolic stress conditions on human and mouse islets, which responded quite differently to these challenges. Hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance impaired insulin secretion only from human islets in vivo. In human grafts, chronic insulin resistance decreased antioxidant enzyme expression and increased superoxide and amyloid formation. In human islet grafts, expression of transcription factors NKX6.1 and MAFB was decreased by chronic insulin resistance, but only MAFB decreased under chronic hyperglycemia. Knockdown of NKX6.1 or MAFB expression in a human β cell line recapitulated the insulin secretion defect seen in vivo. Contrary to rodent islet studies, neither insulin resistance nor hyperglycemia led to human β cell proliferation or apoptosis. These results demonstrate profound differences in how excess glucose or lipid influence mouse and human insulin secretion and β cell activity and show that reduced expression of key islet-enriched transcription factors is an important mediator of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity.
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15
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El Ouaamari A, Dirice E, Gedeon N, Hu J, Zhou JY, Shirakawa J, Hou L, Goodman J, Karampelias C, Qiang G, Boucher J, Martinez R, Gritsenko MA, De Jesus DF, Kahraman S, Bhatt S, Smith RD, Beer HD, Jungtrakoon P, Gong Y, Goldfine AB, Liew CW, Doria A, Andersson O, Qian WJ, Remold-O'Donnell E, Kulkarni RN. SerpinB1 Promotes Pancreatic β Cell Proliferation. Cell Metab 2016; 23:194-205. [PMID: 26701651 PMCID: PMC4715773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although compensatory islet hyperplasia in response to insulin resistance is a recognized feature in diabetes, the factor(s) that promote β cell proliferation have been elusive. We previously reported that the liver is a source for such factors in the liver insulin receptor knockout (LIRKO) mouse, an insulin resistance model that manifests islet hyperplasia. Using proteomics we show that serpinB1, a protease inhibitor, which is abundant in the hepatocyte secretome and sera derived from LIRKO mice, is the liver-derived secretory protein that regulates β cell proliferation in humans, mice, and zebrafish. Small-molecule compounds, that partially mimic serpinB1 effects of inhibiting elastase activity, enhanced proliferation of β cells, and mice lacking serpinB1 exhibit attenuated β cell compensation in response to insulin resistance. Finally, SerpinB1 treatment of islets modulated proteins in growth/survival pathways. Together, these data implicate serpinB1 as an endogenous protein that can potentially be harnessed to enhance functional β cell mass in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah El Ouaamari
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ercument Dirice
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas Gedeon
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jian-Ying Zhou
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lifei Hou
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jessica Goodman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christos Karampelias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guifeng Qiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rachael Martinez
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marina A Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Dario F De Jesus
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sevim Kahraman
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shweta Bhatt
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Dermatology, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Prapaporn Jungtrakoon
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yanping Gong
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Allison B Goldfine
- Section on Clinical Research, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alessandro Doria
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Eileen Remold-O'Donnell
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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16
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Friedline RH, Ko HJ, Jung DY, Lee Y, Bortell R, Dagdeviren S, Patel PR, Hu X, Inashima K, Kearns C, Tsitsilianos N, Shafiq U, Shultz LD, Lee KW, Greiner DL, Kim JK. Genetic ablation of lymphocytes and cytokine signaling in nonobese diabetic mice prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. FASEB J 2015; 30:1328-38. [PMID: 26644351 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-280610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by a dysregulated immune system, which may causally associate with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Despite widespread use of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, NOD with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mutation (SCID) mice, and SCID bearing a null mutation in the IL-2 common γ chain receptor (NSG) mice as animal models of human diseases including type 1 diabetes, the underlying metabolic effects of a genetically altered immune system are poorly understood. For this, we performed a comprehensive metabolic characterization of these mice fed chow or after 6 wk of a high-fat diet. We found that NOD mice had ∼50% less fat mass and were 2-fold more insulin sensitive, as measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, than C57BL/6 wild-type mice. SCID mice were also more insulin sensitive with increased muscle glucose metabolism and resistant to diet-induced obesity due to increased energy expenditure (∼10%) and physical activity (∼40%) as measured by metabolic cages. NSG mice were completely protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance with significant increases in glucose metabolism in peripheral organs. Our findings demonstrate an important role of genetic background, lymphocytes, and cytokine signaling in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall H Friedline
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Jin Ko
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Jung
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Lee
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rita Bortell
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sezin Dagdeviren
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Payal R Patel
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaodi Hu
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunikazu Inashima
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Caitlyn Kearns
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicholas Tsitsilianos
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Umber Shafiq
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Leonard D Shultz
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dale L Greiner
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason K Kim
- *Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; and World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Abstract
During the past decade, the development of humanized mouse models and their general applications in biomedical research greatly accelerated the translation of outcomes obtained from basic research into potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in clinic. In this chapter, we firstly present an overview on the history and current progress of diverse humanized mouse models and then focus on those equipped with reconstituted human immune system. The update advancement in the establishment of humanized immune system mice and their applications in the studies of the development of human immune system and the pathogenesis of multiple human immune-related diseases are intensively reviewed here, while the shortcoming and perspective of these potent tools are discussed as well. As a valuable bridge across the gap between bench work and clinical trial, progressive humanized mouse models will undoubtedly continue to play an indispensable role in the wide area of biomedical research.
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18
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Gallagher GR, Brehm MA, Finberg RW, Barton BA, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Bortell R, Wang JP. Viral infection of engrafted human islets leads to diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:1358-69. [PMID: 25392246 PMCID: PMC4375078 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells of pancreatic islets. Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to T1D development. Viral infection with enteroviruses is a suspected trigger for T1D, but a causal role remains unproven and controversial. Studies in animals are problematic because of species-specific differences in host cell susceptibility and immune responses to candidate viral pathogens such as coxsackievirus B (CVB). In order to resolve the controversial role of viruses in human T1D, we developed a viral infection model in immunodeficient mice bearing human islet grafts. Hyperglycemia was induced in mice by specific ablation of native β-cells. Human islets, which are naturally susceptible to CVB infection, were transplanted to restore normoglycemia. Transplanted mice were infected with CVB4 and monitored for hyperglycemia. Forty-seven percent of CVB4-infected mice developed hyperglycemia. Human islet grafts from infected mice contained viral RNA, expressed viral protein, and had reduced insulin levels compared with grafts from uninfected mice. Human-specific gene expression profiles in grafts from infected mice revealed the induction of multiple interferon-stimulated genes. Thus, human islets can become severely dysfunctional with diminished insulin production after CVB infection of β-cells, resulting in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Robert W Finberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Bruce A Barton
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Rita Bortell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jennifer P Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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19
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Johannesson B, Sui L, Freytes DO, Creusot RJ, Egli D. Toward beta cell replacement for diabetes. EMBO J 2015; 34:841-55. [PMID: 25733347 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of insulin more than 90 years ago introduced a life-saving treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes, and since then, significant progress has been made in clinical care for all forms of diabetes. However, no method of insulin delivery matches the ability of the human pancreas to reliably and automatically maintain glucose levels within a tight range. Transplantation of human islets or of an intact pancreas can in principle cure diabetes, but this approach is generally reserved for cases with simultaneous transplantation of a kidney, where immunosuppression is already a requirement. Recent advances in cell reprogramming and beta cell differentiation now allow the generation of personalized stem cells, providing an unlimited source of beta cells for research and for developing autologous cell therapies. In this review, we will discuss the utility of stem cell-derived beta cells to investigate the mechanisms of beta cell failure in diabetes, and the challenges to develop beta cell replacement therapies. These challenges include appropriate quality controls of the cells being used, the ability to generate beta cell grafts of stable cellular composition, and in the case of type 1 diabetes, protecting implanted cells from autoimmune destruction without compromising other aspects of the immune system or the functionality of the graft. Such novel treatments will need to match or exceed the relative safety and efficacy of available care for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Sui
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald O Freytes
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Molina J, Rodriguez-Diaz R, Fachado A, Jacques-Silva MC, Berggren PO, Caicedo A. Control of insulin secretion by cholinergic signaling in the human pancreatic islet. Diabetes 2014; 63:2714-26. [PMID: 24658304 PMCID: PMC4113066 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine regulates hormone secretion from the pancreatic islet and is thus crucial for glucose homeostasis. Little is known, however, about acetylcholine (cholinergic) signaling in the human islet. We recently reported that in the human islet, acetylcholine is primarily a paracrine signal released from α-cells rather than primarily a neural signal as in rodent islets. In this study, we demonstrate that the effects acetylcholine produces in the human islet are different and more complex than expected from studies conducted on cell lines and rodent islets. We found that endogenous acetylcholine not only stimulates the insulin-secreting β-cell via the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M3 and M5, but also the somatostatin-secreting δ-cell via M1 receptors. Because somatostatin is a strong inhibitor of insulin secretion, we hypothesized that cholinergic input to the δ-cell indirectly regulates β-cell function. Indeed, when all muscarinic signaling was blocked, somatostatin secretion decreased and insulin secretion unexpectedly increased, suggesting a reduced inhibitory input to β-cells. Endogenous cholinergic signaling therefore provides direct stimulatory and indirect inhibitory input to β-cells to regulate insulin secretion from the human islet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Molina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Rayner Rodriguez-Diaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FLDiabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FLThe Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Fachado
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FLThe Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenDivision of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, WCU Program, University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FLDiabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FLDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FLProgram in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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21
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Wang B, Chandrasekera PC, Pippin JJ. Leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodent models: relevance for human type 2 diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2014; 10:131-45. [PMID: 24809394 PMCID: PMC4082168 DOI: 10.2174/1573399810666140508121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the most widely used animal models in obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) research are the congenital leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodent models. These include the leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice, Zucker fatty rats, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, SHR/N-cp rats, and JCR:LA-cp rats. After decades of mechanistic and therapeutic research schemes with these animal models, many species differences have been uncovered, but researchers continue to overlook these differences, leading to untranslatable research. The purpose of this review is to analyze and comprehensively recapitulate the most common leptin/leptin receptor-based animal models with respect to their relevance and translatability to human T2DM. Our analysis revealed that, although these rodents develop obesity due to hyperphagia caused by abnormal leptin/leptin receptor signaling with the subsequent appearance of T2DM-like manifestations, these are in fact secondary to genetic mutations that do not reflect disease etiology in humans, for whom leptin or leptin receptor deficiency is not an important contributor to T2DM. A detailed comparison of the roles of genetic susceptibility, obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications as well as leptin expression, signaling, and other factors that confound translation are presented here. There are substantial differences between these animal models and human T2DM that limit reliable, reproducible, and translatable insight into human T2DM. Therefore, it is imperative that researchers recognize and acknowledge the limitations of the leptin/leptin receptor- based rodent models and invest in research methods that would be directly and reliably applicable to humans in order to advance T2DM management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John J Pippin
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Covassin L, Jangalwe S, Jouvet N, Laning J, Burzenski L, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Human immune system development and survival of non-obese diabetic (NOD)-scid IL2rγ(null) (NSG) mice engrafted with human thymus and autologous haematopoietic stem cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 174:372-88. [PMID: 23869841 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice bearing targeted mutations in the IL2rg gene and engrafted with human immune systems are effective tools for the study of human haematopoiesis, immunity, infectious disease and transplantation biology. The most robust human immune model is generated by implantation of human fetal thymic and liver tissues in irradiated recipients followed by intravenous injection of autologous fetal liver haematopoietic stem cells [often referred to as the BLT (bone marrow, liver, thymus) model]. To evaluate the non-obese diabetic (NOD)-scid IL2rγ(null) (NSG)-BLT model, we have assessed various engraftment parameters and how these parameters influence the longevity of NSG-BLT mice. We observed that irradiation and subrenal capsule implantation of thymus/liver fragments was optimal for generating human immune systems. However, after 4 months, a high number of NSG-BLT mice develop a fatal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)-like syndrome, which correlates with the activation of human T cells and increased levels of human immunoglobulin (Ig). Onset of GVHD was not delayed in NSG mice lacking murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I or II and was not associated with a loss of human regulatory T cells or absence of intrathymic cells of mouse origin (mouse CD45(+) ). Our findings demonstrate that NSG-BLT mice develop robust human immune systems, but that the experimental window for these mice may be limited by the development of GVHD-like pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Covassin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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23
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Abdulreda MH, Caicedo A, Berggren PO. A NATURAL BODY WINDOW TO STUDY HUMAN PANCREATIC ISLET CELL FUNCTION AND SURVIVAL. CELLR4-- REPAIR, REPLACEMENT, REGENERATION, & REPROGRAMMING 2013; 1:111-122. [PMID: 29497630 PMCID: PMC5828509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization projects diabetes prevalence worldwide to be at 4.4% in 2030 compared to 2.8% in the year 2000. These alarming predictions come amid vigorous efforts in diabetes research which have failed so far to deliver effective therapies. Our incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetes is likely to contribute to the "disconnect" between our research efforts and their translation into successful therapies. Technically, studying the pathophysiology of the pancreatic islets is hindered by the anatomical location of the pancreas, which is deeply embedded in the body, and by lack of experimental tools that enable comprehensive interrogation of the pancreatic islets with sufficient resolution in the context of the natural in vivo environment non-invasively and longitudinally. Emerging evidence also indicates that challenges in successful translation of findings in animal models to the human setting are complicated by some inherent structural and functional differences between the mouse and human islets. In this review, we briefly describe the advantages and shortcomings of existing intravital imaging approaches used to study the pancreatic islet biology in vivo, and we contrast such techniques with a recently established intravital approach using pancreatic islet transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye. We also provide a summary of recent structure-function studies in the human pancreas to reveal distinctive features of human islets compared with mouse islets. We finally touch on a recently renewed discussion of the validity of animal models in studying human health and disease, and we highlight the potential utility of "humanized" animal models in studying different aspects of human islet biology and improving our understanding of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Abdulreda
- Diabetes Research Institute, Diabetes Research Institute Federation Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - P-O Berggren
- Diabetes Research Institute, Diabetes Research Institute Federation Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Institute Federation Center at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
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Shultz LD, Brehm MA, Garcia-Martinez JV, Greiner DL. Humanized mice for immune system investigation: progress, promise and challenges. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:786-98. [PMID: 23059428 DOI: 10.1038/nri3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in our understanding of the in vivo functions of human cells and tissues and the human immune system have resulted from the development of 'humanized' mouse strains that are based on severely immunodeficient mice with mutations in the interleukin-2 receptor common γ-chain locus. These mouse strains support the engraftment of a functional human immune system and permit detailed analyses of human immune biology, development and functions. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the development and utilization of humanized mice, the lessons learnt, the remaining challenges and the promise of using humanized mice for the in vivo study of human immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard D Shultz
- Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA.
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25
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A germline-competent embryonic stem cell line from NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice. Transgenic Res 2012; 22:179-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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