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Patel H, Solanki N, Solanki A, Patel M, Patel S, Shah U. Mathematical modelling of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: Targeting Amyloid beta, Tau protein, Apolipoprotein E and Apoptotic pathways. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:2777-2792. [PMID: 39114703 PMCID: PMC11301479 DOI: 10.62347/ujqf5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: The kinetics of brain cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is being studied using mathematical models. These mathematical models utilize techniques like differential equations, stochastic processes, and network theory to explore crucial signalling pathways and interactions between different cell types. One crucial area of research is the intentional cell death known as apoptosis, which is crucial for the nervous system. The main purpose behind the mathematical modelling of this is for identification of which biomarkers and pathways are most influential in the progression of AD. In addition, we can also predict the natural history of the disease, by which we can make early diagnosis. Mathematical modelling of AD: Current mathematical models include the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Gene Model, the Tau Protein Kinetics Model, and the Amyloid Beta Peptide Kinetic Model. The Bcl-2 and Bax apoptosis theories postulate that the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in cells determines whether a cell experiences apoptosis, where the Bcl-2 model, depicts the interaction of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, it is also being used in research on cell death in a range of cell types, including neurons and glial cells. How peptides are produced and eliminated in the brain is explained by the Amyloid beta Peptide (Aβ) Kinetics Model. The tau protein kinetics model focuses on production, aggregation, and clearance of tau protein processes, which are hypothesized to be involved in AD. The APOE gene model investigates the connection between the risk of Alzheimer's disease and the APOE gene. These models have been used to predict how Alzheimer's disease would develop and to evaluate how different inhibitors will affect the illness's course. Conclusion: These mathematical models reflect physiological meaningful characteristics and demonstrates robust fits to training data. Incorporating biomarkers like Aβ, Tau, APOE and markers of neuronal loss and cognitive impairment can generate sound predictions of biomarker trajectories over time in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetvi Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT CampusChanga 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Nilay Solanki
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT CampusChanga 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Arpita Solanki
- Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities (Mathematics), Parul UniversityVadodara 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT CampusChanga 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Swayamprakash Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT CampusChanga 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Umang Shah
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT CampusChanga 388421, Gujarat, India
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Johnson MJ, Abdelmalik MR, Baidoo FA, Badachhape A, Hughes TJ, Hossain SS. Image-guided subject-specific modeling of glymphatic transport and amyloid deposition. COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING 2023; 417:116449. [PMID: 38249440 PMCID: PMC10798618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cma.2023.116449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a brain-wide system of perivascular networks that facilitate exchange of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) to remove waste products from the brain. A greater understanding of the mechanisms for glymphatic transport may provide insight into how amyloid beta (A β ) and tau agglomerates, key biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, accumulate and drive disease progression. In this study, we develop an image-guided computational model to describe glymphatic transport and A β deposition throughout the brain. A β transport and deposition are modeled using an advection-diffusion equation coupled with an irreversible amyloid accumulation (damage) model. We use immersed isogeometric analysis, stabilized using the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) method, where the transport model is constructed using parameters inferred from brain imaging data resulting in a subject-specific model that accounts for anatomical geometry and heterogeneous material properties. Both short-term (30-min) and long-term (12-month) 3D simulations of soluble amyloid transport within a mouse brain model were constructed from diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) data. In addition to matching short-term patterns of tracer deposition, we found that transport parameters such as CSF flow velocity play a large role in amyloid plaque deposition. The computational tools developed in this work will facilitate investigation of various hypotheses related to glymphatic transport and fundamentally advance our understanding of its role in neurodegeneration, which is crucial for the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Johnson
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th St, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Michael R.A. Abdelmalik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gemini, Building number 15, Groene Loper, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frimpong A. Baidoo
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th St, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Andrew Badachhape
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 701 Fannin Street, Suite 47, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Thomas J.R. Hughes
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th St, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Shaolie S. Hossain
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th St, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, The Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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3
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Sacks F, Furtado J, Jensen M. Protein-based HDL subspecies: Rationale and association with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and dementia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Anusheel, Avula SN, Joseph KLTN, Onuchukwu CV, Thondamala V, Shrivastava S, Namburi AR, Mohammed L. The Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Lowering Risk of Dementia in the Elderly: A Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e24374. [PMID: 35621297 PMCID: PMC9126470 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is one of the major causes of disability and hospitalization in the elderly. As far as non-invasive markers of dementia are concerned, we only have age and Apolipoprotein-E (Apo-E) gene, which can be considered as clinically relevant. Modifiable risk factors have been found to be the cause in one-third of the patients who develop dementia. The compatible data supporting the same, in particular for dyslipidemia, is limited, which in turn makes it difficult to devise prevention and interventional methods for both dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Hence, the objective of the review is to summarize the findings on the relation established between the high-density lipoprotein type C( HDL-C) levels and lower the chance of dementia in the elderly, and the possible role of HDL-C as a potential predictive biomarker for cases of dementia in elderly people. Dyslipidemia, a known risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, seems to be linked to Alzheimer's disease. Elevated levels of serum cholesterol in mid-adult life increases the risk of dementia in older age. But elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level and its principal apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I ) equates with a low risk of dementia in the elderly population HDL cholesterol has been found to promote endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity which in turn reduces the neural and vascular inflammation and suppresses vascular adhesion thereby exhibiting its vasoprotective function. It has been believed that all these factors have a role to play in the pathogenesis of dementia. The relation between the higher levels of HDL cholesterol or its key protein component ApoA-I and the lower dementia prevalence in the elderly had been documented in numerous observational studies. Some studies have reported conflicting results. Yet, observational studies measuring the baseline HDL level in middle age found a significant association between HDL level and dementia risk in the elderly, whereas those studies measuring HDL cholesterol level only in old age found no association. Likewise, a significant association between HDL cholesterol and dementia risk has been reported with studies that carry through to 10 years or longer. However, the studies with follow-up of fewer than 10 years had failed to document any such association between HDL cholesterol and dementia. HDL assays may also be used as a predictive biomarker for dementia patients to target the interventions. Although statins do not target HDL directly but can be an area of interest for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusheel
- Public Health, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Supraja N Avula
- Public Health, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ke-Li-Ta N Joseph
- Public Health, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Chibuzor V Onuchukwu
- Public Health, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Vishwanath Thondamala
- Public Health, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Shashwat Shrivastava
- Vascular Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Anusha R Namburi
- Public Health, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Lubna Mohammed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Addressing Blood–Brain Barrier Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040742. [PMID: 35453494 PMCID: PMC9029506 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the brain tissue. It facilitates communication while separating the peripheral circulation system from the brain parenchyma. However, normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases can alter and damage the physiological properties of the BBB. In this review, we first briefly present the essential pathways maintaining and regulating BBB integrity, and further review the mechanisms of BBB breakdown associated with normal aging and peripheral inflammation-causing neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. We also discuss how BBB disruption can cause or contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia and a devastating neurological disorder. Next, we document overlaps between AD and vascular dementia (VaD) and briefly sum up the techniques for identifying biomarkers linked to BBB deterioration. Finally, we conclude that BBB breakdown could be used as a biomarker to help diagnose cognitive impairment associated with normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Palmer JA, Kaufman CS, Vidoni ED, Honea RA, Burns JM, Billinger SA. Cerebrovascular response to exercise interacts with individual genotype and amyloid-beta deposition to influence response inhibition with aging. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 114:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Leite DM, Seifi M, Ruiz-Perez L, Nguemo F, Plomann M, Swinny JD, Battaglia G. Syndapin-2 mediated transcytosis of amyloid-ß across the blood-brain barrier. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac039. [PMID: 35233527 PMCID: PMC8882007 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficient transport of amyloid-β across the blood–brain barrier, and its diminished clearance from the brain, contribute to neurodegenerative and vascular pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, respectively. At the blood–brain barrier, amyloid-β efflux transport is associated with the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1. However, the precise mechanisms governing amyloid-β transport across the blood–brain barrier, in health and disease, remain to be fully understood. Recent evidence indicates that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 transcytosis occurs through a tubulation-mediated mechanism stabilized by syndapin-2. Here, we show that syndapin-2 is associated with amyloid-β clearance via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 across the blood–brain barrier. We further demonstrate that risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-β expression and ageing, are associated with a decline in the native expression of syndapin-2 within the brain endothelium. Our data reveals that syndapin-2-mediated pathway, and its balance with the endosomal sorting, are important for amyloid-β clearance proposing a measure to evaluate Alzheimer’s disease and ageing, as well as a target for counteracting amyloid-β build-up. Moreover, we provide evidence for the impact of the avidity of amyloid-β assemblies in their trafficking across the brain endothelium and in low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 expression levels, which may affect the overall clearance of amyloid-β across the blood–brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Leite
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohsen Seifi
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Ruiz-Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Filomain Nguemo
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Plomann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jerome D. Swinny
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Palmer JA, Kaufman CS, Vidoni ED, Honea RA, Burns JM, Billinger SA. Sex Differences in Resilience and Resistance to Brain Pathology and Dysfunction Moderated by Cerebrovascular Response to Exercise and Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:535-542. [PMID: 36155505 PMCID: PMC9731318 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex as a biological variable appears to contribute to the multifactorial etiology of Alzheimer's disease. We tested sex-based interactions between cerebrovascular function and APOE4 genotype on resistance and resilience to brain pathology and cognitive executive dysfunction in cognitively-normal older adults. Female APOE4 carriers had higher amyloid-β deposition yet achieved similar cognitive performance to males and female noncarriers. Further, female APOE4 carriers with robust cerebrovascular responses to exercise possessed lower amyloid-β. These results suggest a unique cognitive resilience and identify cerebrovascular function as a key mechanism for resistance to age-related brain pathology in females with high genetic vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Palmer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America,University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - Carolyn S. Kaufman
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Eric D. Vidoni
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - Robyn A. Honea
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - Sandra A. Billinger
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America,University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA,Correspondence: Sandra A. Billinger, PT, PhD, FAHA, , Twitter: @Sandy_REACHlab
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9
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Arif N, Subhani A, Hussain W, Rasool N. In Silico Inhibition of BACE-1 by Selective Phytochemicals as Novel Potential Inhibitors: Molecular Docking and DFT Studies. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 17:397-411. [PMID: 30767744 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190214161825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has become the most common age-dependent disease of dementia. The trademark pathologies of AD are the presence of amyloid aggregates in neurofibrils. Recently phytochemicals being considered as potential inhibitors against various neurodegenerative, antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral diseases in human beings. OBJECTIVE This study targets the inhibition of BACE-1 by phytochemicals using in silico drug discovery analysis. METHODS A total of 3150 phytochemicals were collected from almost 25 different plants through literature assessment. The ADMET studies, molecular docking and density functional theory (DFT) based analysis were performed to analyze the potential inhibitory properties of these phytochemicals. RESULTS The ADMET and docking results exposed seven compounds that have high potential as an inhibitory agent against BACE-1 and show binding affinity >8.0 kcal/mol against BACE-1. They show binding affinity greater than those of various previously reported inhibitors of BACE-1. Furthermore, DFT based analysis has shown high reactivity for these seven phytochemicals in the binding pocket of BACE- 1, based on ELUMO, EHOMO and Kohn-Sham energy gap. All seven phytochemicals were testified (as compared to experimental ones) as novel inhibitors against BACE-1. CONCLUSION Out of seven phytochemicals, four were obtained from plant Glycyrrhiza glabra i.e. Shinflavanone, Glabrolide, Glabrol and PrenyllicoflavoneA, one from Huperzia serrate i.e. Macleanine, one from Uncaria rhynchophylla i.e. 3a-dihydro-cadambine and another one was from VolvalerelactoneB from plant Valeriana-officinalis. It is concluded that these phytochemicals are suitable candidates for drug/inhibitor against BACE-1, and can be administered to humans after experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Arif
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Subhani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Hussain
- National Center of Artificial Intelligence, Punjab University College of Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan,Center for Professional Studies, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nouman Rasool
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological
Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan,Center for Professional Studies, Lahore, Pakistan
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Chai AB, Lam HHJ, Kockx M, Gelissen IC. Apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent effects on the processing of Alzheimer's amyloid-β. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158980. [PMID: 34044125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) *ε4 allele as a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, significant efforts have been aimed at elucidating how apoE4 expression confers greater brain amyloid-β (Aβ) burden, earlier disease onset and worse clinical outcomes compared to apoE2 and apoE3. ApoE primarily functions as a lipid carrier to regulate cholesterol metabolism in circulation as well as in the brain. However, it has also been suggested to interact with hydrophobic Aβ peptides to influence their processing in an isoform-dependent manner. Here, we review evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies extricating the effects of the three apoE isoforms, on different stages of the Aβ processing pathway including synthesis, aggregation, deposition, clearance and degradation. ApoE4 consistently correlates with impaired Aβ clearance, however data regarding Aβ synthesis and aggregation are conflicting and likely reflect inconsistencies in experimental approaches across studies. We further discuss the physical and chemical properties of apoE that may explain the inherent differences in activity between the isoforms. The lipidation status and lipid transport function of apoE are intrinsically linked with its ability to interact with Aβ. Traditionally, apoE-oriented therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease have been proposed to non-specifically enhance or inhibit apoE activity. However, given the wide-ranging physiological functions of apoE in the brain and periphery, a more viable approach may be to specifically target and neutralise the pathological apoE4 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hin Hei Julian Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maaike Kockx
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Ingrid C Gelissen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Wojtunik-Kulesza K, Rudkowska M, Kasprzak-Drozd K, Oniszczuk A, Borowicz-Reutt K. Activity of Selected Group of Monoterpenes in Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms in Experimental Model Studies-A Non-Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7366. [PMID: 34298986 PMCID: PMC8306454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and cognitive function impairment. The multi-faced character of AD requires new drug solutions based on substances that incorporate a wide range of activities. Antioxidants, AChE/BChE inhibitors, BACE1, or anti-amyloid platelet aggregation substances are most desirable because they improve cognition with minimal side effects. Plant secondary metabolites, used in traditional medicine and pharmacy, are promising. Among these are the monoterpenes-low-molecular compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, analgesic, sedative, as well as other biological properties. The presented review focuses on the pathophysiology of AD and a selected group of anti-neurodegenerative monoterpenes and monoterpenoids for which possible mechanisms of action have been explained. The main body of the article focuses on monoterpenes that have shown improved memory and learning, anxiolytic and sleep-regulating effects as determined by in vitro and in silico tests-followed by validation in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Rudkowska
- Independent Experimental Neuropathophysiology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.R.); (K.B.-R.)
| | - Kamila Kasprzak-Drozd
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kinga Borowicz-Reutt
- Independent Experimental Neuropathophysiology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.R.); (K.B.-R.)
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12
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Ding Y, Zhong Y, Baldeshwiler A, Abner EL, Bauer B, Hartz AMS. Protecting P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier from degradation in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:10. [PMID: 33676539 PMCID: PMC7937299 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure to clear Aβ from the brain is partly responsible for Aβ brain accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A critical protein for clearing Aβ across the blood-brain barrier is the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In AD, P-gp levels are reduced, which contributes to impaired Aβ brain clearance. However, the mechanism responsible for decreased P-gp levels is poorly understood and there are no strategies available to protect P-gp. We previously demonstrated in isolated brain capillaries ex vivo that human Aβ40 (hAβ40) triggers P-gp degradation by activating the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In this pathway, hAβ40 initiates P-gp ubiquitination, leading to internalization and proteasomal degradation of P-gp, which then results in decreased P-gp protein expression and transport activity levels. Here, we extend this line of research and present results from an in vivo study using a transgenic mouse model of AD (human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP)-overexpressing mice; Tg2576). METHODS In our study, hAPP mice were treated with vehicle, nocodazole (NCZ, microtubule inhibitor to block P-gp internalization), or a combination of NCZ and the P-gp inhibitor cyclosporin A (CSA). We determined P-gp protein expression and transport activity levels in isolated mouse brain capillaries and Aβ levels in plasma and brain tissue. RESULTS Treating hAPP mice with 5 mg/kg NCZ for 14 days increased P-gp levels to levels found in WT mice. Consistent with this, P-gp-mediated hAβ42 transport in brain capillaries was increased in NCZ-treated hAPP mice compared to untreated hAPP mice. Importantly, NCZ treatment significantly lowered hAβ40 and hAβ42 brain levels in hAPP mice, whereas hAβ40 and hAβ42 levels in plasma remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide in vivo evidence that microtubule inhibition maintains P-gp protein expression and transport activity levels, which in turn helps to lower hAβ brain levels in hAPP mice. Thus, protecting P-gp at the blood-brain barrier may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for AD and other Aβ-based pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ding
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Yu Zhong
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Andrea Baldeshwiler
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, 55812, USA
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- University of Kentucky Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 800 S Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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13
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Camargo A, Wang Z. Longitudinal Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Normal Aging and the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum Identified by Arterial Spin Labeling MRI. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1727-1735. [PMID: 33967053 PMCID: PMC8217256 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies have shown lower cerebral blood flow (CBF) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but longitudinal CBF changes in AD are still unknown. OBJECTIVE To reveal the longitudinal CBF changes in normal control (NC) and the AD continuum using arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (ASL MRI). METHODS CBF was calculated from two longitudinal ASL scans acquired 2.22±1.43 years apart from 140 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). At the baseline scan, the cohort contained 41 NC, 74 mild cognitive impairment patients (MCI), and 25 AD patients. 21 NC converted into MCI and 17 MCI converted into AD at the follow-up. Longitudinal CBF changes were assessed using paired-t test for non-converters and converters separately at each voxel and in the meta-ROI. Age and sex were used as covariates. RESULTS CBF reductions were observed in all subjects. Stable NC (n = 20) showed CBF reduction in the hippocampus and precuneus. Stable MCI patients (n = 57) showed spatially more extended CBF reduction patterns in hippocampus, middle temporal lobe, ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. NC-MCI converters showed CBF reduction in hippocampus and cerebellum and CBF increase in caudate. MCI-AD converters showed CBF reduction in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. CBF changes were not related with longitudinal neurocognitive changes. CONCLUSION Normal aging and AD continuum showed common longitudinal CBF reductions in hippocampus independent of disease and its conversion. Disease conversion independent longitudinal CBF reductions escalated in MCI subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Camargo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Mesnil M, Defamie N, Naus C, Sarrouilhe D. Brain Disorders and Chemical Pollutants: A Gap Junction Link? Biomolecules 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 33396565 PMCID: PMC7824109 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of brain pathologies has increased during last decades. Better diagnosis (autism spectrum disorders) and longer life expectancy (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease) partly explain this increase, while emerging data suggest pollutant exposures as a possible but still underestimated cause of major brain disorders. Taking into account that the brain parenchyma is rich in gap junctions and that most pollutants inhibit their function; brain disorders might be the consequence of gap-junctional alterations due to long-term exposures to pollutants. In this article, this hypothesis is addressed through three complementary aspects: (1) the gap-junctional organization and connexin expression in brain parenchyma and their function; (2) the effect of major pollutants (pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, heavy metals, airborne particles, etc.) on gap-junctional and connexin functions; (3) a description of the major brain disorders categorized as neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, epilepsy), neurobehavioral (migraines, major depressive disorders), neurodegenerative (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases) and cancers (glioma), in which both connexin dysfunction and pollutant involvement have been described. Based on these different aspects, the possible involvement of pollutant-inhibited gap junctions in brain disorders is discussed for prenatal and postnatal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mesnil
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Norah Defamie
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Christian Naus
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada;
| | - Denis Sarrouilhe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 6 rue de La Milétrie, bât D1, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
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15
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Gil-Martins E, Barbosa DJ, Silva V, Remião F, Silva R. Dysfunction of ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier: Role in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107554. [PMID: 32320731 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters represent one of the largest and most diverse superfamily of proteins in living species, playing an important role in many biological processes such as cell homeostasis, cell signaling, drug metabolism and nutrient uptake. Moreover, using the energy generated from ATP hydrolysis, they mediate the efflux of endogenous and exogenous substrates from inside the cells, thereby reducing their intracellular accumulation. At present, 48 ABC transporters have been identified in humans, which were classified into 7 different subfamilies (A to G) according to their phylogenetic analysis. Nevertheless, the most studied members with importance in drug therapeutic efficacy and toxicity include P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ABCB subfamily, the multidrug-associated proteins (MPRs), members of the ABCC subfamily, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a member of the ABCG subfamily. They exhibit ubiquitous expression throughout the human body, with a special relevance in barrier tissues like the blood-brain barrier (BBB). At this level, they play a physiological function in tissue protection by reducing or limiting the brain accumulation of neurotoxins. Furthermore, dysfunction of ABC transporters, at expression and/or activity level, has been associated with many neurological diseases, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, these transporters are strikingly associated with the pharmacoresistance to central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs, because they contribute to the decrease in drug bioavailability. This article reviews the signaling pathways that regulate the expression and activity of P-gp, BCRP and MRPs subfamilies of transporters, with particular attention at the BBB level, and their mis-regulation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gil-Martins
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel José Barbosa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Abrahamson EE, Ikonomovic MD. Brain injury-induced dysfunction of the blood brain barrier as a risk for dementia. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113257. [PMID: 32092298 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex and dynamic physiological interface between brain parenchyma and cerebral vasculature. It is composed of closely interacting cells and signaling molecules that regulate movement of solutes, ions, nutrients, macromolecules, and immune cells into the brain and removal of products of normal and abnormal brain cell metabolism. Dysfunction of multiple components of the BBB occurs in aging, inflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI, severe or mild repetitive), and in chronic degenerative dementing disorders for which aging, inflammation, and TBI are considered risk factors. BBB permeability changes after TBI result in leakage of serum proteins, influx of immune cells, perivascular inflammation, as well as impairment of efflux transporter systems and accumulation of aggregation-prone molecules involved in hallmark pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases with dementia. In addition, cerebral vascular dysfunction with persistent alterations in cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling contribute to brain ischemia, neuronal degeneration, and synaptic dysfunction. While the idea of TBI as a risk factor for dementia is supported by many shared pathological features, it remains a hypothesis that needs further testing in experimental models and in human studies. The current review focusses on pathological mechanisms shared between TBI and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of pathological protein aggregates, such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We discuss critical knowledge gaps in the field that need to be explored to clarify the relationship between TBI and risk for dementia and emphasize the need for longitudinal in vivo studies using imaging and biomarkers of BBB dysfunction in people with single or multiple TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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17
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Inselman A, Liu F, Wang C, Shi Q, Pang L, Mattes W, White M, Lyn-Cook B, Rosas-Hernandez H, Cuevas E, Lantz S, Imam S, Ali S, Petibone DM, Shemansky JM, Xiong R, Wang Y, Tripathi P, Cao X, Heflich RH, Slikker W. Dr. Daniel Acosta and In Vitro toxicology at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's National Center for Toxicological Research. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 64:104471. [PMID: 31628011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For the past five years, Dr. Daniel Acosta has served as the Deputy Director of Research at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), a principle research laboratory of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Over his career at NCTR, Dr. Acosta has had a major impact on developing and promoting the use of in vitro assays in regulatory toxicity and product safety assessments. As Dr. Acosta nears his retirement we have dedicated this paper to his many accomplishments at the NCTR. Described within this paper are some of the in vitro studies that have been conducted under Dr. Acosta's leadership. These studies include toxicological assessments involving developmental effects, and the development and application of in vitro reproductive, heart, liver, neurological and airway cell and tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Inselman
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Qiang Shi
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Li Pang
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William Mattes
- Division of Systems Biology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Matthew White
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, AR 72916, USA
| | - Beverly Lyn-Cook
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | | | - Elvis Cuevas
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Susan Lantz
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Syed Imam
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Dayton M Petibone
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jennifer M Shemansky
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Priya Tripathi
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, NCTR, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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18
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Lin M, Zhu L, Wang J, Xue Y, Shang X. miR-424-5p maybe regulate blood-brain barrier permeability in a model in vitro with Abeta incubated endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:525-531. [PMID: 31375213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) in AD patients and in animal models is changed. However, the mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we found that miR-424-5p was upregulated in Abeta-incubated microvascular endothelial cells. TEER and HRP exudation tests showed that miR-424-5p silencing significantly decreased BBB permeability in vitro BBB model with Abeta-incubated. MiR-424-5p silencing upregulated expression of the tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and occludin in Abeta-incubated microvascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, dual luciferase reporter gene assay results confirmed the presence of a potential binding site for miR-424-5p on the 3'UTR of Endophilin-1. Endophilin-1 was down-regulated in Abeta-incubated endothelial cells in which miR-424-5p was silenced. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that miR-424-5p could affect the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) via Endophilin-1 and thereby maybe regulate BBB permeability in an BBB model in vitro with Abeta incubated endothelial cells. MiR-424-5p may thus serve as a protective target for AD and provide a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Lin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jirui Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shengyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Shang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Koch M, DeKosky ST, Fitzpatrick AL, Furtado JD, Lopez OL, Kuller LH, Mackey RH, Hughes TM, Mukamal KJ, Jensen MK. Apolipoproteins and Alzheimer's pathophysiology. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2018; 10:545-553. [PMID: 30370330 PMCID: PMC6199693 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Apolipoproteins of demonstrated importance to brain cholesterol and ß-amyloid metabolism may serve as novel risk markers for Alzheimer's pathology. Methods We measured apolipoproteins (apoE, apoJ, apoA-I, and apoC-III and their uniquely defined subspecies) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma collected in 2000 and 2008 from 176 dementia-free participants of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study and related these to ß-amyloid on positron emission tomography scans, hippocampal volume, and white matter lesion volume in 2009. Results Higher apoE was associated with lower ß-amyloid deposition. Despite apoA-I being unrelated to hippocampal volume, subspecies of apoA-I containing or lacking apoJ or apoC-III showed opposite associations with hippocampal volume. Higher apoJ and apoE lacking apoJ were associated with higher hippocampal volume and higher white matter lesion volume, respectively. Associations were similar in participants without cognitive impairment or APOE ε4 noncarrier and when analyzing apolipoproteins in 2000–2002. Discussion Apolipoproteins may be important minimally invasive biomarkers indicative of Alzheimer's pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Koch
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jeremy D Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel H Mackey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy M Hughes
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Seynnaeve D, Vecchio MD, Fruhmann G, Verelst J, Cools M, Beckers J, Mulvihill DP, Winderickx J, Franssens V. Recent Insights on Alzheimer's Disease Originating from Yeast Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1947. [PMID: 29970827 PMCID: PMC6073265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review article, yeast model-based research advances regarding the role of Amyloid-β (Aβ), Tau and frameshift Ubiquitin UBB+1 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are discussed. Despite having limitations with regard to intercellular and cognitive AD aspects, these models have clearly shown their added value as complementary models for the study of the molecular aspects of these proteins, including their interplay with AD-related cellular processes such as mitochondrial dysfunction and altered proteostasis. Moreover, these yeast models have also shown their importance in translational research, e.g., in compound screenings and for AD diagnostics development. In addition to well-established Saccharomyces cerevisiae models, new upcoming Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida glabrata and Kluyveromyces lactis yeast models for Aβ and Tau are briefly described. Finally, traditional and more innovative research methodologies, e.g., for studying protein oligomerization/aggregation, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seynnaeve
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mara Del Vecchio
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Gernot Fruhmann
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joke Verelst
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Melody Cools
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jimmy Beckers
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Daniel P Mulvihill
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK.
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Vanessa Franssens
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Kelly P, Denver P, Satchell SC, Ackermann M, Konerding MA, Mitchell CA. Microvascular ultrastructural changes precede cognitive impairment in the murine APPswe/PS1dE9 model of Alzheimer's disease. Angiogenesis 2017; 20:567-580. [PMID: 28741167 PMCID: PMC5660145 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral and systemic organ microvascular pathologies coexist with human Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. In this study, we hypothesised that both cerebral and systemic microvascular pathologies exist in 4- to 5-month-old male APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice prior to the onset of cognitive impairment. To assess this we examined recognition memory in both wild-type and APP/PS1 mice using the object recognition task (ORT; n = 11 per group) and counted thioflavin-S-positive plaques in brain (n = 6 per group). Vascular casts of brain, liver, spleen and kidneys were examined using scanning electron microscopy (n = 6 per group), and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR; n = 5 per group) was measured as an index of glomerular permeability. Murine recognition memory was intact, as demonstrated by a significant preference for the novel object in the ORT paradigm. Brain sections of wild-type mice were devoid of thioflavin-S positivity, whereas age-matched APP/PS1 mice had an average of 0.88 ± 0.22 thioflavin-S-positive plaques in the cortex, 0.42 ± 0.17 plaques in the dentate gyrus and 0.30 ± 0.07 plaques in the cornus ammonis 1 region. The profiles of casted cerebral capillaries of wild-type mice were smooth and regular in contrast to those of APP/PS1 mice which demonstrate characteristic (0.5-4.6 μm) 'tags'. APP/PS1 mice also had a significantly reduced hepatic vessel number (p = 0.0002) and an increase in the number of splenic microvascular pillars (p = 0.0231), in the absence of changes in either splenic microvascular density (p = 0.3746) or glomerular ultrastructure. The highly significant reduction in uACR in APP/PS1 mice compared to wild-type (p = 0.0079) is consistent with glomerular microvascular dysfunction. These findings highlight early microvascular pathologies in 4- to 5-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice and may indicate an amenable target for pharmacological intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kelly
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paul Denver
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz A Konerding
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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22
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Chen GF, Xu TH, Yan Y, Zhou YR, Jiang Y, Melcher K, Xu HE. Amyloid beta: structure, biology and structure-based therapeutic development. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1205-1235. [PMID: 28713158 PMCID: PMC5589967 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is produced through the proteolytic processing of a transmembrane protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β- and γ-secretases. Aβ accumulation in the brain is proposed to be an early toxic event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common form of dementia associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. Currently, it is unclear what the physiological and pathological forms of Aβ are and by what mechanism Aβ causes dementia. Moreover, there are no efficient drugs to stop or reverse the progression of Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we review the structures, biological functions, and neurotoxicity role of Aβ. We also discuss the potential receptors that interact with Aβ and mediate Aβ intake, clearance, and metabolism. Additionally, we summarize the therapeutic developments and recent advances of different strategies for treating Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we will report on the progress in searching for novel, potentially effective agents as well as selected promising strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These prospects include agents acting on Aβ, its receptors and tau protein, such as small molecules, vaccines and antibodies against Aβ; inhibitors or modulators of β- and γ-secretase; Aβ-degrading proteases; tau protein inhibitors and vaccines; amyloid dyes and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Fang Chen
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ting-Hai Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Yan
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Ren Zhou
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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23
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Desai BS, Monahan AJ, Carvey PM, Hendey B. Blood–Brain Barrier Pathology in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Implications for Drug Therapy. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:285-99. [PMID: 17503739 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a tightly regulated barrier in the central nervous system. Though the BBB is thought to be intact during neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), recent evidence argues otherwise. Dysfunction of the BBB may be involved in disease progression, eliciting of peripheral immune response, and, most importantly, altered drug efficacy. In this review, we will give a brief overview of the BBB, its components, and their functions. We will critically evaluate the current literature in AD and PD BBB pathology resulting from insult, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Specifically, we will discuss alterations in tight junction, transport and endothelial cell surface proteins, and vascular density changes, all of which result in altered permeability. Finally, we will discuss the implications of BBB dysfunction in current and future therapeutics. Developing a better appreciation of BBB dysfunction in AD and PD may not only provide novel strategies in treatment, but will prove an interesting milestone in understanding neurodegenerative disease etiology and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda S Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Komarova YA, Kruse K, Mehta D, Malik AB. Protein Interactions at Endothelial Junctions and Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability. Circ Res 2017; 120:179-206. [PMID: 28057793 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The monolayer of endothelial cells lining the vessel wall forms a semipermeable barrier (in all tissue except the relatively impermeable blood-brain and inner retinal barriers) that regulates tissue-fluid homeostasis, transport of nutrients, and migration of blood cells across the barrier. Permeability of the endothelial barrier is primarily regulated by a protein complex called adherens junctions. Adherens junctions are not static structures; they are continuously remodeled in response to mechanical and chemical cues in both physiological and pathological settings. Here, we discuss recent insights into the post-translational modifications of junctional proteins and signaling pathways regulating plasticity of adherens junctions and endothelial permeability. We also discuss in the context of what is already known and newly defined signaling pathways that mediate endothelial barrier leakiness (hyperpermeability) that are important in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and lung diseases and vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Komarova
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Kevin Kruse
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Dolly Mehta
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Asrar B Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago.
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McInerney MP, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Neurovascular Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease: Transporter Expression Profiles and CNS Drug Access. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:940-956. [PMID: 28462473 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a century of steady and incremental progress toward understanding the underlying biochemical mechanisms, Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a complicated and enigmatic disease, and greater insight will be necessary before substantive clinical success is realised. Over the last decade in particular, a large body of work has highlighted the cerebral microvasculature as an anatomical region with an increasingly apparent role in the pathogenesis of AD. The causative interplay and temporal cascade that manifest between the brain vasculature and the wider disease progression of AD are not yet fully understood, and further inquiry is required to properly characterise these relationships. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent advancements in research implicating neurovascular factors in AD, at both the molecular and anatomical levels. We begin with a brief introduction of the biochemical and genetic aspects of AD, before reviewing the essential concepts of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the neurovascular unit (NVU). In detail, we then examine the evidence demonstrating involvement of BBB dysfunction in AD pathogenesis, highlighting the importance of neurovascular components in AD. Lastly, we include within this review research that focuses on how altered properties of the BBB in AD impact upon CNS exposure of therapeutic agents and the potential clinical impact that this may have on people with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell P McInerney
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Short
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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26
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Ogoh S. Relationship between cognitive function and regulation of cerebral blood flow. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:345-351. [PMID: 28155036 PMCID: PMC10717011 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is the primary risk factor for cognitive deterioration. Given that the cerebral blood flow (CBF) or regulation of cerebral circulation is attenuated in the elderly, it could be expected that ageing-induced cognitive deterioration may be affected by a decrease in CBF as a result of brain ischemia and energy depletion. CBF regulation associated with cerebral metabolism thus likely plays an important role in the preservation of cognitive function. However, in some specific conditions (e.g. during exercise), change in CBF does not synchronize with that of cerebral metabolism. Our recent study demonstrated that cognitive function was more strongly affected by changes in cerebral metabolism than by changes in CBF during exercise. Therefore, it remains unclear how an alteration in CBF or its regulation affects cognitive function. In this review, I summarize current knowledge on previous investigations providing the possibility of an interaction between regulation of CBF or cerebral metabolism and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan.
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Jung J, Michalak M, Agellon LB. Endoplasmic Reticulum Malfunction in the Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:220. [PMID: 28487627 PMCID: PMC5403925 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases often have multifactorial causes and are progressive diseases. Some are inherited while others are acquired, and both vary greatly in onset and severity. Impaired endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis, involving Ca2+ signaling, protein synthesis, processing, trafficking, and degradation, is now recognized as a key risk factor in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Lipidostasis involves lipid synthesis, quality control, membrane assembly as well as sequestration of excess lipids or degradation of damaged lipids. Proteostasis and lipidostasis are maintained by interconnected pathways within the cellular reticular network, which includes the ER and Ca2+ signaling. Importantly, lipidostasis is important in the maintenance of membranes and luminal environment that enable optimal protein processing. Accumulating evidence suggest that the loss of coordinate regulation of proteostasis and lipidostasis has a direct and negative impact on the health of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill UniversitySte. Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Campos-Peña V, Toral-Rios D, Becerril-Pérez F, Sánchez-Torres C, Delgado-Namorado Y, Torres-Ossorio E, Franco-Bocanegra D, Carvajal K. Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Is Aβ a Crucial Factor in Both Pathologies? Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:542-560. [PMID: 27368351 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Recently, chronic degenerative diseases have become one of the main health problems worldwide. That is the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), whose expression can be influenced by different risk factors. Recent Advances: In recent decades, it has been widely described that MetS increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. MetS pathogenesis involves several vascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance (I/R). CRITICAL ISSUES Reported evidence shows that vascular risk factors are associated with AD, particularly in the development of protein aggregation, inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal dysfunction, and disturbances in signaling pathways, with insulin receptor signaling being a common alteration between MetS and AD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Insulin signaling has been involved in tau phosphorylation and amyloid β (Aβ) metabolism. However, it has also been demonstrated that Aβ oligomers can bind to insulin receptors, triggering their internalization, decreasing neuron responsiveness to insulin, and promoting insulin I/R. Thus, it could be argued that Aβ could be a convergent factor in the development of both pathologies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 542-560.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danira Toral-Rios
- 2 Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carmen Sánchez-Torres
- 4 Departamento of Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Elimar Torres-Ossorio
- 6 Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Karla Carvajal
- 7 Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Mexico City, Mexico
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Koch M, Furtado JD, Falk K, Leypoldt F, Mukamal KJ, Jensen MK. Apolipoproteins and their subspecies in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 6:182-187. [PMID: 28289700 PMCID: PMC5338868 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subspecies of apolipoproteins can be defined by fractionating apolipoproteins based on the presence and absence of coexisting apolipoproteins. METHODS We determined age- and sex-adjusted correlations of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-measured plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoC-III, apoE, and apoJ) or apolipoprotein subspecies (apoA-I with and without apoC-III, ApoE, or apoJ; apoE with and without apoC-III or apoJ) in 22 dementia-free participants. RESULTS CSF apoE did not correlate with plasma apolipoproteins or their subspecies. CSF apoJ correlated most strongly with plasma apoA-I without apoJ (r = 0.7). CSF apoA-I correlated similarly strong with plasma total apoA-I and all apoA-I subspecies (r ≥ 0.4) except for apoA-I with apoE (r = 0.3) or apoA-I with apoJ (r = 0.3). CSF apoC-III was most strongly correlated with plasma apoA-I with apoC-III (r = 0.7). DISCUSSION CSF levels of some apolipoproteins implicated in the pathophysiology of dementia might be better approximated by specific plasma apolipoprotein subspecies than total plasma concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Koch
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim Falk
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Kerner NA, Roose SP. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is Linked to Depression and Cognitive Impairment: Evidence and Potential Mechanisms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 24:496-508. [PMID: 27139243 PMCID: PMC5381386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent but very frequently undiagnosed. OSA is an independent risk factor for depression and cognitive impairment/dementia. Herein the authors review studies in the literature pertinent to the effects of OSA on the cerebral microvascular and neurovascular systems and present a model to describe the key pathophysiologic mechanisms that may underlie the associations, including hypoperfusion, endothelial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Intermittent hypoxia plays a critical role in initiating and amplifying these pathologic processes. Hypoperfusion and impaired cerebral vasomotor reactivity lead to the development or progression of cerebral small vessel disease (C-SVD). Hypoxemia exacerbates these processes, resulting in white matter lesions, white matter integrity abnormalities, and gray matter loss. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability and neuroinflammation lead to altered synaptic plasticity, neuronal damage, and worsening C-SVD. Thus, OSA may initiate or amplify the pathologic processes of C-SVD and BBB dysfunction, resulting in the development or exacerbation of depressive symptoms and cognitive deficits. Given the evidence that adequate treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure improves depression and neurocognitive functions, it is important to identify OSA when assessing patients with depression or cognitive impairment. Whether treatment of OSA changes the deteriorating trajectory of elderly patients with already-diagnosed vascular depression and cognitive impairment/dementia remains to be determined in randomized controlled trials.
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MicroRNA-107 prevents amyloid-beta induced blood-brain barrier disruption and endothelial cell dysfunction by targeting Endophilin-1. Exp Cell Res 2016; 343:248-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hamel E, Royea J, Ongali B, Tong XK. Neurovascular and Cognitive failure in Alzheimer’s Disease: Benefits of Cardiovascular Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:219-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dementia is a major cause of disability and institutionalization. Apart from age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, there are currently no established, clinically relevant, noninvasive markers of dementia. We conducted a literature search of recent observational epidemiological studies evaluating the relevance of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoproteins as biomarkers of future and prevalent risk of dementia. RECENT FINDINGS HDL-C and apolipoproteins, such as apoE have been suggested to play important roles in brain function and have been associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease in observational studies. However, findings have been inconsistent, especially across study designs. In recent years, modern proteomic approaches have enabled the investigation of further apolipoproteins involved in the deposition and clearance of β-amyloid, a determining factor for subsequent neurodegeneration. SUMMARY Associations in cross-sectional studies are not always indicative of a prospective relationship. Large studies find that plasma HDL-C and apoE are inversely associated with dementia. Higher apoJ levels might be a marker of prevalent dementia, but were not associated with risk of future dementia. The investigation of HDL-C and apolipoproteins in relation to dementia represents an area of opportunity. Additional prospective studies that account for potential confounding factors and that explore potential effect modifiers such as APOE genotype and sex are needed to fully investigate the potential of these noninvasive measures in disease prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Koch
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Majken K. Jensen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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34
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Dubinina EE, Schedrina LV, Neznanov NG, Zalutskaya NM, Zakharchenko DV. [Oxidative stress and its effect on cells functional activity of alzheimer's disease]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2015; 61:57-69. [PMID: 25762599 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The paper summarizes literature data on the importance of oxidative stress as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. The paper describes the main specific and nonspecific ways of reactive oxygen species generation in the course of the disease development. The effect of reactive oxygen species generated by the functional activity of cells, i.e. apoptosis and mitotic cycle, is shown. The role of the regulatory system of nodal cells is performed by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation process which is associated with intense phosphorylation of tau protein and mitosis-specific proteins. In Alzheimer's disease, the regulating function of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases in particular of Pin1 associated with maintaining a balanced state of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes is disturbed. Taking into consideration the multifactorial impairment of the cell cycle control, this process should be considered from the standpoint of the general state of metabolic processes, and oxidative stress has one of the key positions in aging.
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Bailey HR, Sargent JQ, Flores S, Nowotny P, Goate A, Zacks JM. APOE ε4 genotype predicts memory for everyday activities. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2015; 22:639-66. [PMID: 25754878 PMCID: PMC4537694 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1020916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (ApOE) ε4 allele is associated with neuropathological buildup of amyloid in the brain, and with lower performance on some laboratory measures of memory in some populations. In two studies, we tested whether ApOE genotype affects memory for everyday activities. In Study 1, participants aged 20-79 years old (n = 188) watched movies of actors engaged in daily activities and completed memory tests for the activities in the movies. In Study 2, cognitively healthy and demented older adults (n = 97) watched and remembered similar movies, and also underwent structural MRI scanning. All participants provided saliva samples for genetic analysis. In both samples we found that, in older adults, ApOE ε4 carriers demonstrated worse everyday memory performance than did ε4 noncarriers. In Study 2, ApOE ε4 carriers had smaller medial temporal lobes (MTL) volumes, and MTL volume mediated the relationship between ApOE genotype and everyday memory performance. These everyday memory tasks measure genetically determined cognitive decline that can occur prior to a clinical diagnosis of dementia. Further, these tasks are easily administered and may be a useful clinical tool in identifying ε4 carriers who may be at risk for MTL atrophy and further cognitive decline that is a common characteristic of the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Bailey
- a Department of Psychology , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA
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36
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Jellinger KA. Pathogenesis and treatment of vascular cognitive impairment. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2014; 4:471-90. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.14.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) defines a continuum of disorders ranging from mild cognitive impairment to full-blown dementia, attributable to cerebrovascular causes. Major morphological types – multi-infarct encephalopathy, strategic infarct type, subcortical arteriosclerotic leukoencephalopathy, multilacunar state, postischemic encephalopathy – result from systemic, cardiac and local large or small vessel disease. Cognitive decline is commonly caused by widespread small cerebrovascular lesions (CVLs) affecting regions/networks essential for cognition, memory and behavior. CVLs often coexist with Alzheimer-type and other pathologies, which interact in promoting dementia, but in many nondemented elderly individuals, mixed brain pathologies are also present. Due to the high variability of CVLs, no validated clinical and neuropathological criteria for VCI are available. Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine produce small cognitive improvement but without essential effect. Antihypertensive treatment, cardiovascular control and lifestyle modifications reducing vascular risk factors are essential. Given its growing health, social and economic burden, prevention and treatment of VCI are a major challenge of neuroscience.
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Bangen KJ, Nation DA, Delano-Wood L, Weissberger GH, Hansen LA, Galasko DR, Salmon DP, Bondi MW. Aggregate effects of vascular risk factors on cerebrovascular changes in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 11:394-403.e1. [PMID: 25022538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the relationships of antemortem vascular risk factors to postmortem cerebrovascular and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies. Eighty-four AD patients underwent an assessment of vascular risk (blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, transient ischemic attack [TIA], or stroke) and later underwent brain autopsy. Given our aim to examine mild cerebrovascular changes (CVCs), individuals were excluded if autopsy revealed large stroke. The most common forms of CVC were circle of Willis atherosclerosis followed by arteriosclerosis, lacunes, and microinfarcts. Excluding the history of TIA/clinical stroke, individual vascular risk factors were not associated with CVC. However, the presence of multiple vascular risk factors was associated with CVC. Furthermore, the presence of CVC was associated with lower Braak and Braak stage. These findings highlight the importance of aggregate risk in the vascular contribution to dementia. Interventions designed to maintain cerebrovascular health may represent important opportunities for preventing or delaying dementia, even when AD is the dominant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Bangen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gali H Weissberger
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence A Hansen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglas R Galasko
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Bondi
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Sarkar S, Raymick J, Schmued LC. The use of recently developed histochemical markers for localizing neurotoxicant induced regional brain pathologies. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1453-70. [PMID: 24763333 PMCID: PMC4014745 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal and vascular brain components are interrelated morphologically, physiologically and developmentally. Due to this close interrelationship, it is often difficult to understand the cause and effect relationship between neuronal vs. vascular dysfunction and pathology. This review will discuss four of the more promising recent developments for detecting vascular pathology, and will compare them with the labeling pattern seen with markers of glial and neuronal pathology; following exposure to well characterized neurotoxicants. To detect the vascular dysfunction in the brain, we recently developed a Fluoro-Turquoise gelatin conjugate (FT-gel), a fluorescent probe that helps to delineate between healthy vs. sclerotic vessels. Similarly, we have investigated the potential for Fluoro-Gold to label in vivo all the endothelial cells in the brain as they co-localize with RECA, an endothelial cell marker. We have also developed Amylo-Glo, a fluorescent tracer that can detect neurotoxic A-beta aggregates in the brain. In this article, we will discuss the potential use of these novel histochemical markers to study the neurotoxicant induced brain. We will also discuss neurovascular strategies that may offer novel therapeutic opportunities for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sarkar
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - James Raymick
- Toxicology Pathology Associates, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Larry C Schmued
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Impaired structural correlates of memory in Alzheimer's disease mice. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 3:290-300. [PMID: 24273714 PMCID: PMC3814975 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The healthy adult brain demonstrates robust learning-induced neuroanatomical plasticity. While altered neuroanatomical plasticity is suspected to be a factor mitigating the progressive cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is not known to what extent this plasticity is affected by AD. We evaluated whether spatial learning and memory-induced neuroanatomical plasticity are diminished in an adult mouse model of AD (APP mice) featuring amyloid beta-driven cognitive and cerebrovascular dysfunction. We also evaluated the effect of early, long-term pioglitazone-treatment on functional hyperemia, spatial learning and memory, and associated neuroanatomical plasticity. Using high-resolution post-mortem MRI and deformation-based morphometry, we demonstrate spatial learning and memory-induced focal volume increase in the hippocampus of wild-type mice, an effect that was severely attenuated in APP mice, consistent with their unsuccessful performance in the spatial Morris water maze. These findings implicate impaired neuroanatomical plasticity as an important contributing factor to cognitive deficits in the APP mouse model of AD. Pioglitazone-treatment in APP mice completely rescued functional hyperemia and exerted beneficial effects on spatial learning and memory-recall, but it did not improve hippocampal plasticity.
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40
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Hu Y, Yang Y, Yu Y, Wen G, Shang N, Zhuang W, Lu D, Zhou B, Liang B, Yue X, Li F, Du J, Bu X. Synthesis and identification of new flavonoids targeting liver X receptor β involved pathway as potential facilitators of Aβ clearance with reduced lipid accumulation. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6033-53. [PMID: 23844653 DOI: 10.1021/jm301913k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired Aβ degradation in the brain. Enhancing the process of Aβ clearance is an attractive potential AD therapy. Treatment with LXR agonists may reduce Aβ levels in vivo. However, the clinical potential of many LXR agonists is limited because of their nonselective actions on LXRα/β, which lead to undesired hepatic lipogenesis via LXRα-dependent pathways. In this study, ABCA1 up-regulators were identified from a series of flavonoids and were found to preferentially activate LXRβ and up-regulate expression of ABCA1 and apoE in different cell lines. Further investigations confirmed that these compounds facilitate intracellular Aβ clearance in Aβ-loaded BV2 cells. Administration of compound 19 reduced total brain Aβ and plaque burden in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, associated with elevated ABCA1 and apoE expression. Compared with the nonselective LXR agonists, the active compounds reported here induced less accumulation of undesired lipids and triglycerides in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Jellinger KA. Pathology and pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment-a critical update. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:17. [PMID: 23596414 PMCID: PMC3622231 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) [vascular cognitive disorder (VCD), vascular dementia] describes a continuum of cognitive disorders ranging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia, in which vascular brain injury involving regions important for memory, cognition and behavior plays an important role. Clinical diagnostic criteria show moderate sensitivity (ca 50%) and variable specificity (range 64-98%). In Western clinical series, VaD is suggested in 8-10% of cognitively impaired elderly subjects. Its prevalence in autopsy series varies from 0.03 to 58%, with means of 8 to 15% (in Japan 22-35%). Major types of sporadic VaD are multi-infarct encephalopathy, small vessel and strategic infarct type dementias, subcortical arteriosclerotic leukoencephalopathy (SAE) (Binswanger), multilacunar state, mixed cortico-subcortical type, granular cortical atrophy (rare), postischemic encephalopathy, and a mixture of cerebrovascular lesions (CVLs). They result from systemic, cardiac and local large or small vessel disease (SVD); their pathogenesis is multifactorial. Hereditary forms of VaD caused by gene mutations are rare. Cognitive decline is commonly associated with widespread small ischemic vascular lesions involving subcortical brain areas (basal ganglia and hemispheral white matter). The lesions affect neuronal networks involved in cognition, memory, and behavior (thalamo-cortical, striato-subfrontal, cortico-subcortical, limbic systems). CVLs often coexist with Alzheimer-type lesions and other pathologies; 25-80% of elderly demented show mixed pathologies. The lesion pattern of "pure" VaD differs from that in mixed dementia (AD + CVLs) suggesting different pathogenesis of both phenotypes. Minor CVLs, except for severe amyloid angiopathy, appear not essential for cognitive impairment in full-blown AD, while both mild AD-type pathology and SVD may interact synergistically in promoting dementia. However, in a large percentage of non-demented elderly individuals, both AD-related and vascular brain pathologies have been reported. Despite recent suggestions for staging and grading CVLs in specific brain areas, due to the high variability of CVLs associated with cognitive impairment, no validated neuropathological criteria are currently available for VaD and mixed dementia. Further clinico-pathological studies and harmonization of neuropathological procedures are needed to validate the diagnostic criteria for VaD and mixed dementia in order to clarify the impact of CVLs and other coexistent pathologies on cognitive impairment as a basis for further successful therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A. Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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Ly S, Altman R, Petrlova J, Lin Y, Hilt S, Huser T, Laurence TA, Voss JC. Binding of apolipoprotein E inhibits the oligomer growth of amyloid-β peptide in solution as determined by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11628-35. [PMID: 23430745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease is the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques resulting from the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. The intrinsic disorder of the Aβ peptide drives self-association and progressive reordering of the conformation in solution, and this dynamic distribution of Aβ complicates biophysical studies. This property poses a challenge for understanding the interaction of Aβ with apolipoprotein E (apoE). ApoE plays a pivotal role in the aggregation and clearance of Aβ peptides in the brain, and the ε4 allele of APOE is the most significant known genetic modulator of Alzheimer risk. Understanding the interaction between apoE and Aβ will provide insight into the mechanism by which different apoE isoforms determine Alzheimer disease risk. Here we applied alternating laser excitation fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy to observe the single molecule interaction of Aβ with apoE in the hydrated state. The diffusion time of freely diffusing Aβ in the absence of apoE shows significant self-aggregation, whereas in the presence of apoE, binding of the protein results in a more stable complex. These results show that apoE slows down the oligomerization of Aβ in solution and provide direct insight into the process by which apoE influences the deposition and clearance of Aβ peptides in the brain. Furthermore, by developing an approach to remove signals arising from very large Aβ aggregates, we show that real-time single particle observations provide access to information regarding the fraction of apoE bound and the stoichiometry of apoE and Aβ in the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonny Ly
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Yu JT, Ma XY, Wang YL, Sun L, Tan L, Hu N, Tan L. Genetic variation in clusterin gene and Alzheimer's disease risk in Han Chinese. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1921.e17-23. [PMID: 23411014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin gene (CLU), also known as apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), is a strong candidate gene for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) according to the Alzgene database. To further characterize this association and to isolate the variants contributing to the pathogenesis of LOAD in Han Chinese, we first sequenced a small sample (n = 100) to discover variants in the promoter, exons, the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, and exon-intron boundaries of CLU. Follow-up genotyping of identified variants in a larger sample (n = 1592). Sequencing analysis identified 18 variants. Analysis in the larger population revealed that only the rs9331949 C allele was significantly associated with an increased risk of LOAD, even after adjusting for multiple testing (p = 0.026). Logistic analysis identified the rs9331949 polymorphism was still strongly associated with LOAD (additive model: p = 0.004, odds ratio = 1.274; dominant model: p = 0.039, odds ratio = 1.239; recessive model: p = 0.002, OR = 1.975) after adjusting for sex, age, and APOE ε4 status. Our findings implicate CLU as a susceptibility gene for LOAD in Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tai Yu
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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Cerebral β-amyloid deposition predicts HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in APOE ε4 carriers. AIDS 2012; 26:2327-35. [PMID: 23018443 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835a117c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele enhances cerebral accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and is a major risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized that HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) would be associated with the APOE ε4 genotype and cerebral Aβ deposition. DESIGN Clinicopathological study of HIV-infected adults from four prospective cohorts in the US National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium. METHODS We used multivariable logistic regressions to model outcomes [Aβ plaques (immunohistochemistry) and HAND (standard criteria)] on predictors [APOE ε4 (allelic discrimination assay), older age (≥50 years), Aβ plaques, and their two-way interactions] and comorbid factors. RESULTS Isocortical Aβ deposits generally occurred as diffuse plaques and mild-to-moderate amyloid angiopathy. Isocortical phospho-Tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary lesions were sparse. The APOE ε4 and older age were independently associated with the presence of Aβ plaques [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 10.16 and 5.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.89 - 35.76 and 1.91-17.48, P = 0.0003 and 0.0019, respectively, n = 96]. The probability of HAND was increased in the presence of Aβ plaques among APOE ε4 carriers (adjusted OR 30.00, 95% CI 1.41-638.63, P = 0.029, n = 15), but not in non-ε4 carriers (n = 57). CONCLUSION The APOE ε4 and older age increased the likelihood of cerebral Aβ plaque deposition in HIV-infected adults. Generally, Aβ plaques in HIV brains were immunohistologically different from those in symptomatic Alzheimer's disease brains. Nonetheless, Aβ plaques were associated with HAND among APOE ε4 carriers. The detection of APOE ε4 genotype and cerebral Aβ deposition biomarkers may be useful in identifying living HAND patients who could benefit from Aβ-targeted therapies.
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Mechanisms underlying the rapid peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-mediated amyloid clearance and reversal of cognitive deficits in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2012; 32:10117-28. [PMID: 22836247 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5268-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with a disruption of amyloid β (Aβ) homeostasis, resulting in the accumulation and subsequent deposition of Aβ peptides within the brain. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that acts in a coupled metabolic cycle with Liver X Receptors (LXRs) to increase brain apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels. apoE functions to promote the proteolytic clearance of soluble forms of Aβ, and we found that the synthetic PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone, stimulated Aβ degradation by both microglia and astrocytes in an LXR and apoE-dependent manner. Remarkably, a brief 9 d oral treatment of APPswe/PS1Δe9 mice with pioglitazone resulted in dramatic reductions in brain levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ levels which correlated with the loss of both diffuse and dense-core plaques within the cortex. The removal of preexisting amyloid deposits was associated with the appearance of abundant Aβ-laden microglia and astrocytes. Pioglitazone treatment resulted in the phenotypic polarization of microglial cells from a proinflammatory M1 state, into an anti-inflammatory M2 state that was associated with enhanced phagocytosis of deposited forms of amyloid. The reduction in amyloid levels was associated with a reversal of contextual memory deficits in the drug-treated mice. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for how PPARγ activation facilitates amyloid clearance and supports the therapeutic utility of PPARγ agonists for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Sagare AP, Deane R, Zlokovic BV. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1: a physiological Aβ homeostatic mechanism with multiple therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:94-105. [PMID: 22820095 PMCID: PMC3432694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is the main cell surface receptor involved in brain and systemic clearance of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) toxin amyloid-beta (Aβ). In plasma, a soluble form of LRP1 (sLRP1) is the major transport protein for peripheral Aβ. LRP1 in brain endothelium and mural cells mediates Aβ efflux from brain by providing a transport mechanism for Aβ across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). sLRP1 maintains a plasma 'sink' activity for Aβ through binding of peripheral Aβ which in turn inhibits re-entry of free plasma Aβ into the brain. LRP1 in the liver mediates systemic clearance of Aβ. In AD, LRP1 expression at the BBB is reduced and Aβ binding to circulating sLRP1 is compromised by oxidation. Cell surface LRP1 and circulating sLRP1 represent druggable targets which can be therapeutically modified to restore the physiological mechanisms of brain Aβ homeostasis. In this review, we discuss how increasing LRP1 expression at the BBB and liver with lifestyle changes, statins, plant-based active principles and/or gene therapy on one hand, and how replacing dysfunctional plasma sLRP1 on the other regulate Aβ clearance from brain ultimately controlling the onset and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Rashid Deane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
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Porte Y, Morel JL. Learning on Jupiter, learning on the Moon: the dark side of the G-force. Effects of gravity changes on neurovascular unit and modulation of learning and memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:64. [PMID: 23015785 PMCID: PMC3449275 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
On earth, gravity vector conditions the development of all living beings by physically imposing an axis along which to build their organism. Thus, during their whole life, they have to fight against this force not only to maintain their architectural organization but also to coordinate the communication between organs and keep their physiology in a balanced steady-state. In space, astronauts show physiological, psychological, and cognitive deregulations, ranging from bone decalcification or decrease of musculature, to depressive-like disorders, and spatial disorientation. Nonetheless, they are confronted to a great amount of physical changes in their environment such as solar radiations, loss of light-dark cycle, lack of spatial landmarks, confinement, and obviously a dramatic decrease of gravity force. It is thus very hard to selectively discriminate the strict role of gravity level alterations on physiological, and particularly cerebral, dysfunction. To this purpose, it is important to design autonomous models and apparatuses for behavioral phenotyping utilizable under modified gravity environments. Our team actually aims at working on this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Porte
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives Talence, France
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Sabayan B, Jansen S, Oleksik AM, van Osch MJ, van Buchem MA, van Vliet P, de Craen AJ, Westendorp RG. Cerebrovascular hemodynamics in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of transcranial Doppler studies. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:271-7. [PMID: 22226802 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alteration in cerebrovascular hemodynamics has reported in both ageing and dementia. However, it is still unclear whether this alteration follows similar pattern in ageing and in different dementia pathologies. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate changes in cerebral blood flow velocity and pulsatility index in two most common forms of dementia; Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, using transcranial Doppler studies. METHODS A literature search was conducted in Pubmed, EMBASE and Web of Science. After initial screening of 304 articles and removing duplicates, a total of 53 articles, published between 1980 and 2010, were reviewed. Finally 12 articles were included in the meta-analysis. For each study, effect sizes (ES) indicating the standardized mean differences of the hemodynamic measures between two groups were calculated. Using random effect models, pooled estimates of ES were measured. RESULTS Patients with Alzheimer's disease (ES=-1.09, 95% CI -1.77 to -0.44, p=0.004) and vascular dementia (ES=-1.62, 95% CI -2.26 to -0.98, p<0.001) had significantly lower cerebral blood flow velocity compared with healthy aged-matched controls. In addition, pulsatility index was significantly higher in both Alzheimer's disease (ES=0.5, 95% CI 0.28-0.72, p<0.001) and vascular dementia patients (ES=2.34, 95% CI 1.39-3.29, p<0.001). Patients with Alzheimer's disease had lower pulsatility index (ES=-1.22, 95% CI -1.98 to -0.46, p=0.002) compared to subjects with vascular type of dementia. CONCLUSIONS Patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia have a pronounced disturbance in their cerebrovascular hemodynamics. The severity of disturbances in cerebral hemodynamics is significantly lower in Alzheimer's disease compared to vascular dementia.
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Jeynes B, Provias J. The case for blood-brain barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:22-8. [PMID: 21046564 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to a progressive loss of integrative and memory capacities of the brain. This is the predominant form of neurodegenerative dementia, with a growing prevalence of between 1 in 50 and 1 in 100 in North America. Numerous hypotheses related to the etiology of AD have developed over the years. However, among the various published hypotheses, the predominant one is related to the progressive and prominent accumulation of central nervous system β-amyloid peptide and the ensuing brain burden created. It is, therefore, important to consider the homeostatic mechanisms underlying β-amyloid transport dynamics between the brain and blood vascular compartments. As well, there is a dynamic interrelationship between soluble and insoluble forms of the peptide. Factors that underlie and regulate these dynamic processes are likely relevant to the end accumulation of β-amyloid peptide in the brain compartment and ultimately in insoluble forms, which is characteristic of, and significant for, the pathophysiology of the Alzheimer's brain. Significantly, and in particular relation to the amyloid burden theory mentioned above, it has been postulated that a dysfunctioning blood-brain barrier (BBB) may play a significant, if not critical, role in the pathogenesis of AD. By allowing the influx of injurious materials or agents into the brain or by impeding or blocking the efflux of those materials and/or agents, BBB-related neuronopathies and their associated sequelae could, and do, ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jeynes
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharine's, Ontario, Canada.
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Arciniegas DB, Kellermeyer GF, Bonifer NM, Anderson-Salvi KM, Anderson CA. Screening for cognitive decline following single known stroke using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2011; 7:189-96. [PMID: 21573080 PMCID: PMC3090282 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s17886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive cognitive decline develops in a nontrivial minority of stroke survivors. Although commonly used to identify cognitive decline in older stroke survivors, the usefulness of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) as a screening tool for post-stroke cognitive decline across a wider range of ages is not well established. This study therefore investigated the usefulness of the MMSE for this purpose. METHODS Twenty-seven subjects, aged 18-82 years, with a single known remote stroke were assessed using the MMSE. The frequency of cognitive impairment was determined by comparison of MMSE scores with population-based norms. Relationships between cognitive performance, motor impairments, age, gender, handedness, stroke laterality, and time since stroke also were explored. RESULTS Age-adjusted MMSE scores identified mild cognitive impairment in 22.2% and moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment in 7.4% of subjects. Raw and age-adjusted MMSE scores were inversely correlated with time since stroke, but not with other patient or stroke characteristics. CONCLUSION A relationship between time since single known stroke and MMSE performance was observed in this study. The proportion of subjects identified as cognitively impaired in this group by Z-transformation of MMSE scores using previously published normative data for this measure comports well with the rates of late post-stroke cognitive impairment reported by other investigators. These findings suggest that the MMSE, when normatively interpreted, may identify cognitive decline in the late period following single known stroke. Additionally, the lack of a relationship between MMSE and Fugl-Meyer scores suggests that the severity of post-stroke motor impairments is unlikely to serve as a clinically useful indicator of the need for cognitive assessment. A larger study of stroke survivors is needed to inform more fully on the usefulness of normatively interpreted MMSE scores as a method of screening for post-stroke cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Arciniegas
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, HealthONE Spalding Rehabilitation Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
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