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Ueno Y, Morishima Y, Hata T, Shindo A, Murata H, Saito T, Nakamura Y, Shindo K. Current progress in microRNA profiling of circulating extracellular vesicles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 200:106639. [PMID: 39168358 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons, leading to death resulting mainly from respiratory failure, for which there is currently no curative treatment. Underlying pathological mechanisms for the development of ALS are diverse and have yet to be elucidated. Non-invasive testing to isolate circulating molecules including microRNA to diagnose ALS has been reported, but circulating extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived microRNA has not been fully studied in the ALS population. METHODS A systematic literature review to explore studies investigating the profile of microRNAs in EVs from blood samples of ALS patients was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline. RESULTS Eleven studies including a total of 263 patients with ALS were included in the present systematic review. The majority of patients had sporadic ALS, though a small number of patients with ALS having genetic mutations were included. Seven studies used plasma-derived EVs, and the remaining four studies used serum-derived EVs. RNA sequencing or microarrays were used in eight studies, and quantitative PCR was used in eight studies, of which five studies used RNA sequencing or microarrays for screening and quantitative PCR for validation. There was overlap of miR-199a-3p and miR-199a-5p in three studies. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the systematic review addressed the current advances in the profiling of microRNAs in circulating EVs of ALS patients. Blood samples, isolation of EVs, and microRNA analysis were diverse. Although there was an overlap of miR-199a-3p and miR-199a-5p, collection of further evidence is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ueno
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan.
| | - Yuto Morishima
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Takanori Hata
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Shindo
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Murata
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saito
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shindo
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
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He L, Zhou Q, Xiu C, Shao Y, Shen D, Meng H, Le W, Chen S. Circulating proteomic biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1842-1848. [PMID: 38103252 PMCID: PMC10960292 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202408000-00039/figure1/v/2023-12-16T180322Z/r/image-tiff Biomarkers are required for the early detection, prognosis prediction, and monitoring of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a progressive disease. Proteomics is an unbiased and quantitative method that can be used to detect neurochemical signatures to aid in the identification of candidate biomarkers. In this study, we used a label-free quantitative proteomics approach to screen for substantially differentially regulated proteins in ten patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis compared with five healthy controls. Substantial upregulation of serum proteins related to multiple functional clusters was observed in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Potential biomarkers were selected based on functionality and expression specificity. To validate the proteomics profiles, blood samples from an additional cohort comprising 100 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 100 healthy controls were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eight substantially upregulated serum proteins in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were selected, of which the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide demonstrated the best discriminative ability between patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and healthy controls (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.713, P < 0.0001). To further enhance diagnostic accuracy, a multi-protein combined discriminant algorithm was developed incorporating five proteins (hemoglobin beta, cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide, talin-1, zyxin, and translationally-controlled tumor protein). The algorithm achieved an AUC of 0.811 and a P-value of < 0.0001, resulting in 79% sensitivity and 71% specificity for the diagnosis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Subsequently, the ability of candidate biomarkers to discriminate between early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and controls, as well as patients with different disease severities, was examined. A two-protein panel comprising talin-1 and translationally-controlled tumor protein effectively distinguished early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients from controls (AUC = 0.766, P < 0.0001). Moreover, the expression of three proteins (FK506 binding protein 1A, cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide, and hemoglobin beta-1) was found to increase with disease progression. The proteomic signatures developed in this study may help facilitate early diagnosis and monitor the progression of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when used in combination with current clinical-based parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinming Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Xiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yaping Shao
- Center for Translational Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huanyu Meng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinrui Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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Thal DR, Gawor K, Moonen S. Regulated cell death and its role in Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:69. [PMID: 38583129 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite considerable research efforts, it is still not clear which mechanisms underlie neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative diseases. During the last 20 years, multiple pathways have been identified that can execute regulated cell death (RCD). Among these RCD pathways, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy-related cell death, and lysosome-dependent cell death have been intensively investigated. Although RCD consists of numerous individual pathways, multiple common proteins have been identified that allow shifting from one cell death pathway to another. Another layer of complexity is added by mechanisms such as the endosomal machinery, able to regulate the activation of some RCD pathways, preventing cell death. In addition, restricted axonal degeneration and synaptic pruning can occur as a result of RCD activation without loss of the cell body. RCD plays a complex role in neurodegenerative processes, varying across different disorders. It has been shown that RCD is differentially involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among the most common neurodegenerative diseases. In AD, neuronal loss is associated with the activation of not only necroptosis, but also pyroptosis. In ALS, on the other hand, motor neuron death is not linked to canonical necroptosis, whereas pyroptosis pathway activation is seen in white matter microglia. Despite these differences in the activation of RCD pathways in AD and ALS, the accumulation of protein aggregates immunoreactive for p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1) is a common event in both diseases and many other neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we describe the major RCD pathways with clear activation in AD and ALS, the main interactions between these pathways, as well as their differential and similar involvement in these disorders. Finally, we will discuss targeting RCD as an innovative therapeutic concept for neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ALS. Considering that the execution of RCD or "cellular suicide" represents the final stage in neurodegeneration, it seems crucial to prevent neuronal death in patients by targeting RCD. This would offer valuable time to address upstream events in the pathological cascade by keeping the neurons alive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Rudolf Thal
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU-Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Klara Gawor
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU-Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Moonen
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU-Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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Al-kuraishy HM, Jabir MS, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES, Klionsky DJ. The beneficial role of autophagy in multiple sclerosis: Yes or No? Autophagy 2024; 20:259-274. [PMID: 37712858 PMCID: PMC10813579 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) due to an increase of abnormal peripherally auto-reactive T lymphocytes which elicit autoimmunity. The main pathophysiology of MS is myelin sheath damage by immune cells and a defect in the generation of myelin by oligodendrocytes. Macroautophagy/autophagy is a critical degradation process that eliminates dysfunctional or superfluous cellular components. Autophagy has the property of a double-edged sword in MS in that it may have both beneficial and detrimental effects on MS neuropathology. Therefore, this review illustrates the protective and harmful effects of autophagy with regard to this disease. Autophagy prevents the progression of MS by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory disorders. In contrast, over-activated autophagy is associated with the progression of MS neuropathology and in this case the use of autophagy inhibitors may alleviate the pathogenesis of MS. Furthermore, autophagy provokes the activation of different immune and supporting cells that play an intricate role in the pathogenesis of MS. Autophagy functions in the modulation of MS neuropathology by regulating cell proliferation related to demyelination and remyelination. Autophagy enhances remyelination by increasing the activity of oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. However, autophagy induces demyelination by activating microglia and T cells. In conclusion, specific autophagic activators of oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, and specific autophagic inhibitors of dendritic cells (DCs), microglia and T cells induce protective effects against the pathogenesis of MS.Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; APCs: antigen-presenting cells; BBB: blood-brain barrier; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; CNS: central nervous system; DCs: dendritic cells; EAE: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MS: multiple sclerosis; NCA: non-canonical autophagy; OCBs: oligoclonal bands; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD: Parkinson disease; ROS: reactive oxygen species; UPR: unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq, Baghdad
| | - Majid S. Jabir
- Department of Applied Science, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq, Baghdad
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El Beheira, Egypt
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Kapil L, Kumar V, Kaur S, Sharma D, Singh C, Singh A. Role of Autophagy and Mitophagy in Neurodegenerative Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:367-383. [PMID: 36974405 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230327092855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-destructive cellular process that removes essential metabolites and waste from inside the cell to maintain cellular health. Mitophagy is the process by which autophagy causes disruption inside mitochondria and the total removal of damaged or stressed mitochondria, hence enhancing cellular health. The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, performing essential functions such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) generation, metabolism, Ca2+ buffering, and signal transduction. Many different mechanisms, including endosomal and autophagosomal transport, bring these substrates to lysosomes for processing. Autophagy and endocytic processes each have distinct compartments, and they interact dynamically with one another to complete digestion. Since mitophagy is essential for maintaining cellular health and using genetics, cell biology, and proteomics techniques, it is necessary to understand its beginning, particularly in ubiquitin and receptor-dependent signalling in injured mitochondria. Despite their similar symptoms and emerging genetic foundations, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have all been linked to abnormalities in autophagy and endolysosomal pathways associated with neuronal dysfunction. Mitophagy is responsible for normal mitochondrial turnover and, under certain physiological or pathological situations, may drive the elimination of faulty mitochondria. Due to their high energy requirements and post-mitotic origin, neurons are especially susceptible to autophagic and mitochondrial malfunction. This article focused on the importance of autophagy and mitophagy in neurodegenerative illnesses and how they might be used to create novel therapeutic approaches for treating a wide range of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshay Kapil
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Simranjit Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Deepali Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics (School of Pharmacy), H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar - 246174, Garhwal (Uttarakhand), India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab India
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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Sanghai N, Tranmer GK. Biochemical and Molecular Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Integrated View. Cells 2023; 12:2318. [PMID: 37759540 PMCID: PMC10527779 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are defined by a myriad of complex aetiologies. Understanding the common biochemical molecular pathologies among NDDs gives an opportunity to decipher the overlapping and numerous cross-talk mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Numerous interrelated pathways lead to the progression of neurodegeneration. We present evidence from the past pieces of literature for the most usual global convergent hallmarks like ageing, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity-induced calcium butterfly effect, defective proteostasis including chaperones, autophagy, mitophagy, and proteosome networks, and neuroinflammation. Herein, we applied a holistic approach to identify and represent the shared mechanism across NDDs. Further, we believe that this approach could be helpful in identifying key modulators across NDDs, with a particular focus on AD, PD, and ALS. Moreover, these concepts could be applied to the development and diagnosis of novel strategies for diverse NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Sanghai
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
| | - Geoffrey K. Tranmer
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Ramzan F, Abrar F, Mishra GG, Liao LMQ, Martin DDO. Lost in traffic: consequences of altered palmitoylation in neurodegeneration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1166125. [PMID: 37324388 PMCID: PMC10268010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1166125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the first molecular events in neurodegenerative diseases, regardless of etiology, is protein mislocalization. Protein mislocalization in neurons is often linked to proteostasis deficiencies leading to the build-up of misfolded proteins and/or organelles that contributes to cellular toxicity and cell death. By understanding how proteins mislocalize in neurons, we can develop novel therapeutics that target the earliest stages of neurodegeneration. A critical mechanism regulating protein localization and proteostasis in neurons is the protein-lipid modification S-acylation, the reversible addition of fatty acids to cysteine residues. S-acylation is more commonly referred to as S-palmitoylation or simply palmitoylation, which is the addition of the 16-carbon fatty acid palmitate to proteins. Like phosphorylation, palmitoylation is highly dynamic and tightly regulated by writers (i.e., palmitoyl acyltransferases) and erasers (i.e., depalmitoylating enzymes). The hydrophobic fatty acid anchors proteins to membranes; thus, the reversibility allows proteins to be re-directed to and from membranes based on local signaling factors. This is particularly important in the nervous system, where axons (output projections) can be meters long. Any disturbance in protein trafficking can have dire consequences. Indeed, many proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases are palmitoylated, and many more have been identified in palmitoyl-proteomic studies. It follows that palmitoyl acyl transferase enzymes have also been implicated in numerous diseases. In addition, palmitoylation can work in concert with cellular mechanisms, like autophagy, to affect cell health and protein modifications, such as acetylation, nitrosylation, and ubiquitination, to affect protein function and turnover. Limited studies have further revealed a sexually dimorphic pattern of protein palmitoylation. Therefore, palmitoylation can have wide-reaching consequences in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Gonzalez Porras MA, Gransee HM, Denton TT, Shen D, Webb KL, Brinker CJ, Noureddine A, Sieck GC, Mantilla CB. CTB-targeted protocells enhance ability of lanthionine ketenamine analogs to induce autophagy in motor neuron-like cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2581. [PMID: 36781993 PMCID: PMC9925763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired autophagy, a cellular digestion process that eliminates proteins and damaged organelles, has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including motor neuron disorders. Motor neuron targeted upregulation of autophagy may serve as a promising therapeutic approach. Lanthionine ketenamine (LK), an amino acid metabolite found in mammalian brain tissue, activates autophagy in neuronal cell lines. We hypothesized that analogs of LK can be targeted to motor neurons using nanoparticles to improve autophagy flux. Using a mouse motor neuron-like hybrid cell line (NSC-34), we tested the effect of three different LK analogs on autophagy modulation, either alone or loaded in nanoparticles. For fluorescence visualization of autophagy flux, we used a mCherry-GFP-LC3 plasmid reporter. We also evaluated protein expression changes in LC3-II/LC3-I ratio obtained by western blot, as well as presence of autophagic vacuoles per cell obtained by electron microscopy. Delivering LK analogs with targeted nanoparticles significantly enhanced autophagy flux in differentiated motor neuron-like cells compared to LK analogs alone, suggesting the need of a delivery vehicle to enhance their efficacy. In conclusion, LK analogs loaded in nanoparticles targeting motor neurons constitute a promising treatment option to induce autophagy flux, which may serve to mitigate motor neuron degeneration/loss and preserve motor function in motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gonzalez Porras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Heather M Gransee
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd, College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Dunxin Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Kevin L Webb
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C Jeffrey Brinker
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Achraf Noureddine
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- MB2-758, St Mary's Hospital, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Sánchez-Vidaña DI, Li J, Abokyi S, Chan JNM, Ngai SPC, Lau BWM. In vitro methods in autophagy research: Applications in neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1168948. [PMID: 37122628 PMCID: PMC10130388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1168948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a conserved physiological intracellular mechanism responsible for the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents (e.g., damaged organelles, and protein aggregates) to maintain cell homeostasis. Aberrant autophagy has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's Disease (HD), and recently aberrant autophagy has been associated with mood disorders, such as depression. Several in vitro methods have been developed to study the complex and tightly regulated mechanisms of autophagy. In vitro methods applied to autophagy research are used to identify molecular key players involved in dysfunctional autophagy and to screen autophagy regulators with therapeutic applications in neurological diseases and mood disorders. Therefore, the aims of this narrative review are (1) to compile information on the cell-based methods used in autophagy research, (2) to discuss their application, and (3) to create a catalog of traditional and novel in vitro methods applied in neurodegenerative diseases and depression. Methods Pubmed and Google Scholar were used to retrieve relevant in vitro studies on autophagy mechanisms in neurological diseases and depression using a combination of search terms per mechanism and disease (e.g., "macroautophagy" and "Alzheimer's disease"). A total of 37 studies were included (14 in PD, 8 in AD, 5 in ALS, 5 in %, and 5 in depression). Results A repertoire of traditional and novel approaches and techniques was compiled and discussed. The methods used in autophagy research focused on the mechanisms of macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. The in vitro tools presented in this review can be applied to explore pathophysiological mechanisms at a molecular level and to screen for potential therapeutic agents and their mechanism of action, which can be of great importance to understanding disease biology and potential therapeutic options in the context of neurodegenerative disorders and depression. Conclusion This is the first review to compile, discuss, and provide a catalog of traditional and novel in vitro models applied to neurodegenerative disorders and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalinda Isabel Sánchez-Vidaña
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Dalinda Isabel Sánchez-Vidaña, ;
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel Abokyi
- School of Optometry, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jackie Ngai-Man Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shirley Pui-Ching Ngai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Włodarczyk P, Witczak M, Gajewska A, Chady T, Piotrowski I. The role of TDP-43 protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.20883/medical.e710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease where both upper and lower motoneurons are damaged. Even though the pathogenesis of ALS is unclear, the TDP-43 aggregations and non-nuclear localization may be crucial to understanding this process. Despite intensive research on ALS therapies, only two lifespan-prolonging medications have been approved: Riluzole and Edaravone. Unravelling the TDP-43 pathology could help develop new ALS therapies using mechanisms such as inhibition of nuclear export, autophagy, chaperones, or antisense oligonucleotides. Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs) are drugs that block Exportin 1 (XPO1) and cause the accumulation of not exported molecules inside the nucleus. SINEs that target XPO1 are shown to slightly extend the survival of neurons and soften motor symptoms. Dysfunctional proteins, including TDP-43, can be eliminated through autophagocytosis, which is regulated by the mTOR kinase. Stimulating the elimination of protein deposits may be an effective ALS therapy. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) are single-stranded, synthetic oligonucleotides that can bind and modulate specific RNA: via ribonuclease H, inducing their degradation or inducing alternative splicing via blocking primary RNA transcripts. Current ASOs therapies used in ALS focus on SOD1, C9ORF72, FUS, and ATXN2, and they may be used to slow the ALS progression. Reversing the aggregation is a promising therapeutic strategy. Chaperones control other proteins' quality and protect them against stress factors. Due to the irreversible character of ALS, it is essential to understand its complicated pathology better and to seek new therapies.
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Park SK, Park S, Liebman SW. TDP-43 Toxicity in Yeast Is Associated with a Reduction in Autophagy, and Deletions of TIP41 and PBP1 Counteract These Effects. Viruses 2022; 14:2264. [PMID: 36298819 PMCID: PMC9607128 DOI: 10.3390/v14102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When human TDP-43 is overexpressed in yeast it is toxic and forms cytoplasmic aggregates. The mechanism of this toxicity is unknown. Genetic screens for TDP-43 toxicity modifiers in the yeast system previously identified proteins, including PBP1, that enhance TDP-43 toxicity. The determination in yeast that deletion of PBP1 reduces TDP-43 toxicity while overexpression enhances toxicity, led to the discovery that its human homolog, ATXN2, is associated with ALS risk. Thus, the yeast system has relevance to human disease. We now show that deletion of a new yeast gene, tip41Δ, likewise suppresses TDP-43 toxicity. We also found that TDP-43 overexpression and toxicity is associated with reduced autophagy. This is consistent with findings in other systems that increasing autophagy reduces TDP-43 toxicity and is in contrast to a report of enhanced autophagy when TDP-43 was overexpressed in yeast. Interestingly, we found that deletions of PBP1 and TIP41, which reduced TDP-43 toxicity, eliminated TDP-43's inhibition of autophagy. This suggests that toxicity of TDP-43 expressed in yeast is in part due to its inhibition of autophagy and that deletions of PBP1 and TIP41 may reduce TDP-43 toxicity by preventing TDP-43 from inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan W. Liebman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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12
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Hayes LR, Kalab P. Emerging Therapies and Novel Targets for TDP-43 Proteinopathy in ALS/FTD. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1061-1084. [PMID: 35790708 PMCID: PMC9587158 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic mislocalization of the essential RNA binding protein, TDP-43, is a pathologic hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and related neurodegenerative disorders collectively termed "TDP-43 proteinopathies." TDP-43 mislocalization causes neurodegeneration through both loss and gain of function mechanisms. Loss of TDP-43 nuclear RNA processing function destabilizes the transcriptome by multiple mechanisms including disruption of pre-mRNA splicing, the failure of repression of cryptic exons, and retrotransposon activation. The accumulation of cytoplasmic TDP-43, which is prone to aberrant liquid-liquid phase separation and aggregation, traps TDP-43 in the cytoplasm and disrupts a host of downstream processes including the trafficking of RNA granules, local translation within axons, and mitochondrial function. In this review, we will discuss the TDP-43 therapy development pipeline, beginning with therapies in current and upcoming clinical trials, which are primarily focused on accelerating the clearance of TDP-43 aggregates. Then, we will look ahead to emerging strategies from preclinical studies, first from high-throughput genetic and pharmacologic screens, and finally from mechanistic studies focused on the upstream cause(s) of TDP-43 disruption in ALS/FTD. These include modulation of stress granule dynamics, TDP-43 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, RNA metabolism, and correction of aberrant splicing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Hayes
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Petr Kalab
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Ding R, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Shi Y, Ji Y, Zhen T, Fu Z, Bao X, Tan J, Zhang S, Li J, Xing K, Zhou X, Zhu S. Calcitriol ameliorates renal injury with high-salt diet-induced hypertension by upregulating GLIS2 expression and AMPK/mTOR-regulated autophagy. Gene 2022; 820:146239. [PMID: 35114278 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of calcitriol on high-salt diet-induced hypertension. The hypertension rat model was established by a long-term high-salt diet (8% NaCl). Rats were treated with calcitriol, losartan, or their combination. Histological staining was used to confirm renal pathology. Global transcriptome analysis of renal tissues was performed, and the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of calcitriol was analysed by functional annotation and pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as well as by Western blotting analysis. The core genes for potential therapeutic regulation were identified through the coexpression gene network. For in vitro HK-2 cell experiments, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown key a transcription factor (TF) Glis2 to validate the therapeutic target of calcitriol. MAPK1 and CXCL12 expression was downregulated and the apoptosis pathway was significantly enriched by calcitriol treatment. The western blotting results showed that calcitriol treatment increased AMPK phosphorylation and decreased downstream mTOR phosphorylation, which was accompanied by a decrease in autophagy protein p62 expression and an increase in LC3-II/I expression. GLIS2 was identified as a specific therapeutic target for calcitriol. GLIS2 expression was upregulated by calcitriol and confirmed by HK-2 cells in vitro. Our omics data show that calcitriol can alleviate oxidative stress and fibrosis. Moreover, calcitriol can regulate the CXCL12/ERK1/2 cascade to inhibit the inflammatory response and renal cell apoptosis and induce renal autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Our study partially elucidate the pathogenesis and treatment mechanism underlying hypertension, and provide new insights into the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Ding
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China; Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yong Shi
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Ji
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | | | | | - Xunxia Bao
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia Tan
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shuyong Zhang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | | | - Xinli Zhou
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Sibo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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14
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Ondaro J, Hernandez-Eguiazu H, Garciandia-Arcelus M, Loera-Valencia R, Rodriguez-Gómez L, Jiménez-Zúñiga A, Goikolea J, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Ruiz-Martinez J, Moreno F, Lopez de Munain A, Holt IJ, Gil-Bea FJ, Gereñu G. Defects of Nutrient Signaling and Autophagy in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836196. [PMID: 35419363 PMCID: PMC8996160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are post-mitotic cells that allocate huge amounts of energy to the synthesis of new organelles and molecules, neurotransmission and to the maintenance of redox homeostasis. In neurons, autophagy is not only crucial to ensure organelle renewal but it is also essential to balance nutritional needs through the mobilization of internal energy stores. A delicate crosstalk between the pathways that sense nutritional status of the cell and the autophagic processes to recycle organelles and macronutrients is fundamental to guarantee the proper functioning of the neuron in times of energy scarcity. This review provides a detailed overview of the pathways and processes involved in the balance of cellular energy mediated by autophagy, which when defective, precipitate the neurodegenerative cascade of Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ondaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haizea Hernandez-Eguiazu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maddi Garciandia-Arcelus
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Gómez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Jiménez-Zúñiga
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ian James Holt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Gereñu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
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15
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Chavda V, Patel C, Modh D, Ertas YN, Sonak SS, Munshi NK, Anand K, Soni A, Pandey S. Therapeutic Approaches to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis from the Lab to the Clinic. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:200-222. [PMID: 35272595 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220310113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a terminal neuro-degenerative disorder that is clinically recognized as a gradual degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons, with an average duration of 3 to 5 years from initiation of symptoms to death. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of the disease are multifactorial. Therefore, to find effective treatments, it is necessary to understand this heterogeneity underlying the progression of ALS. Recent developments in gene therapy have opened a new avenue to treat this condition, especially for the characterized genetic types. Gene therapy methods have been studied in a variety of pre-clinical settings and clinical trials, and they may be a promising path for developing an effective and safe ALS cure. A growing body of evidence demonstrates abnormalities in energy metabolism at the cellular and whole-body level in animal models and in people living with ALS. The use and incorporation of high-throughput "omics" methods has radically transformed our thought about ALS, strengthening our understanding of the disease's dynamic molecular architecture, differentiating distinct patient subtypes, and creating a reasonable basis for the identification of biomarkers and novel individualised treatments. Future clinical and laboratory trials would also focus on the diverse relationships between metabolism and ALS to address the issue of whether targeting deficient metabolism in ALS is an effective way to change disease progression. In this review, we focus on the detailed pathogenesis of ALS and highlight principal genes, i.e., SOD1, TDP-43, C9orf72, and FUS, targeted therapeutic approaches of ALS. An attempt is made to provide up-to-date information on clinical outcomes, including various biomarkers which are thought to be important players in early ALS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutic, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad - 380009 (India)
| | - Chirag Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad - 380009 (India)
| | - Dharti Modh
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Poona college of pharmacy, Bharti vidhyapith, Pune - 411030 (India)
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- ERNAM - Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Shreya S Sonak
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Poona college of pharmacy, Bharti vidhyapith, Pune - 411030 (India)
| | - Nafisa K Munshi
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Poona college of pharmacy, Bharti vidhyapith, Pune - 411030 (India)
| | - Krishna Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Arun Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, SSR College of Pharmacy, Silvassa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli - 396230(India)
| | - Sonal Pandey
- Research and Development, Meril Diagnostic Pvt. Ltd, Vapi - 396191 (India)
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16
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Xu X, Shen D, Gao Y, Zhou Q, Ni Y, Meng H, Shi H, Le W, Chen S, Chen S. A perspective on therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: can disease progression be curbed? Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:29. [PMID: 34372914 PMCID: PMC8353789 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to paralysis and eventually death. Symptomatic treatments such as inhibition of salivation, alleviation of muscle cramps, and relief of spasticity and pain still play an important role in enhancing the quality of life. To date, riluzole and edaravone are the only two drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ALS in a few countries. While there is adequate consensus on the modest efficacy of riluzole, there are still open questions concerning the efficacy of edaravone in slowing the disease progression. Therefore, identification of novel therapeutic strategies is urgently needed. Impaired autophagic process plays a critical role in ALS pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on therapies modulating autophagy in the context of ALS. Furthermore, stem cell therapies, gene therapies, and newly-developed biomaterials have great potentials in alleviating neurodegeneration, which might halt the disease progression. In this review, we will summarize the current and prospective therapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Xu
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.,Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Yining Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Qinming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - You Ni
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Huanyu Meng
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200020, China
| | - Hongqin Shi
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200020, China.,Department of Neurology, Xinrui Hospital, Wuxi, 214028, China
| | - Weidong Le
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China. .,Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, 610031, China. .,Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200020, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200020, China.
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17
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Jagaraj CJ, Parakh S, Atkin JD. Emerging Evidence Highlighting the Importance of Redox Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:581950. [PMID: 33679322 PMCID: PMC7929997 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.581950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular redox state, or balance between cellular oxidation and reduction reactions, serves as a vital antioxidant defence system that is linked to all important cellular activities. Redox regulation is therefore a fundamental cellular process for aerobic organisms. Whilst oxidative stress is well described in neurodegenerative disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), other aspects of redox dysfunction and their contributions to pathophysiology are only just emerging. ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, with few useful treatments. Hence there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutics in the future. Here, we discuss the increasing evidence for redox dysregulation as an important and primary contributor to ALS pathogenesis, which is associated with multiple disease mechanisms. Understanding the connection between redox homeostasis, proteins that mediate redox regulation, and disease pathophysiology in ALS, may facilitate a better understanding of disease mechanisms, and lead to the design of better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jones Jagaraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonam Parakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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18
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Medchalmi S, Tare P, Sayyad Z, Swarup G. A glaucoma- and ALS-associated mutant of OPTN induces neuronal cell death dependent on Tbk1 activity, autophagy and ER stress. FEBS J 2021; 288:4576-4595. [PMID: 33548116 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in OPTN are associated with glaucoma, an eye disease, and also with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a motor neuron disease. A 2-bp insertion in OPTN (691_692insAG or 2bpIns-OPTN) is associated with both glaucoma and ALS. This mutation results in frame shift after 127 amino acids, giving rise to a protein with C-terminal aberrant sequence. We have explored the mechanism of induction of cell death by this mutant in a motor neuron cell line, NSC-34, and also in a retinal cell line, 661W. Compared to wild-type OPTN, this mutant induced more cell death in NSC-34 and 661W cells. This mutant localizes predominantly in the nucleus whereas normal OPTN localizes in the cytoplasm. Deletion analysis of 2bpIns-OPTN showed that the aberrant sequence was not essential for cell death induction. This mutant interacts with TANK-binding kinase 1 (Tbk1) but not with OPTN and activates Tbk1. This mutant induced ER stress in NSC-34 cells as seen by induction of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and some other genes. Induction of CHOP, autophagosomal protein LC3-II and cell death by this mutant were abrogated by Tbk1 knockdown and also by 4-phenylbutyric acid, that inhibits ER stress. Induction of CHOP and cell death by 2bpIns-OPTN was autophagy dependent as shown by the effect of Atg5 knockdown. This mutant caused increased formation of LC3-positive aggregates. Treatment of cells with autophagy inducer rapamycin reduced LC3-positive aggregates, CHOP and cell death induced by 2bpIns-OPTN. These results suggest that constitutive activation of Tbk1 by 2bpIns-OPTN leads to impaired autophagy that results in ER stress and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Medchalmi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Priyanka Tare
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ghanshyam Swarup
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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19
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Madruga E, Maestro I, Martínez A. Mitophagy Modulation, a New Player in the Race against ALS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020740. [PMID: 33450997 PMCID: PMC7828440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal neurodegenerative disease that usually results in respiratory paralysis in an interval of 2 to 4 years. ALS shows a multifactorial pathogenesis with an unknown etiology, and currently lacks an effective treatment. The vast majority of patients exhibit protein aggregation and a dysfunctional mitochondrial accumulation in their motoneurons. As a result, autophagy and mitophagy modulators may be interesting drug candidates that mitigate key pathological hallmarks of the disease. This work reviews the most relevant evidence that correlate mitophagy defects and ALS, and discusses the possibility of considering mitophagy as an interesting target in the search for an effective treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Madruga
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Inés Maestro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (I.M.)
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (I.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-918373112
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20
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Yuan F, Xu Y, You K, Zhang J, Yang F, Li YX. Calcitriol alleviates ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity via AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108694. [PMID: 33232716 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive ethanol consumption causes cellular damage, leading to fetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol liver diseases, which are frequently seen with vitamin D (VD) deficiency. A great deal of progress has been achieved in the mechanisms of ethanol-induced hepatocyte damage. However, there are limited intervention means to reduce or rescue hepatocytes damage caused by ethanol. On the basis of our preliminary limited screen process, calcitriol showed a positive effect on protecting hepatocyte viability. Therefore, the molecular basis is worth elucidating. We found that calcitriol pretreatment markedly improved the cell viability, decreased cell apoptosis and oxidative stress and alleviated the abnormal mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential of hepatocytes induced by ethanol. Notably, autophagy was significantly enhanced by calcitriol, as evident by the increasing number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, upregulated LC3B-Ⅱ and ATG5 levels, and promotion of p62 degradation. Furthermore, calcitriol pretreatment increased the colocalization of GFP-LC3-labeled autophagosomes with mitochondria, suggesting that calcitriol effectively promoted ethanol-induced mitophagy in hepatocytes. In addition, the inhibition of autophagy attenuated the protective and preventive effect of calcitriol. Furthermore, the effect of calcitriol on autophagy was regulated by AMPK/mTOR signaling, and signaling transduction was dependent on the Vitamin D receptor (VDR). In conclusion, calcitriol ameliorates ethanol-induced hepatocyte damage by enhancing autophagy. It may offer a convenient preventive and hepatoprotective mean for people on occasional social drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, China; Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai You
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaye Zhang
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Xiong Li
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Michalska P, León R. When It Comes to an End: Oxidative Stress Crosstalk with Protein Aggregation and Neuroinflammation Induce Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080740. [PMID: 32806679 PMCID: PMC7463521 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons in the brain or spinal cord that leads to a loss of function of the affected areas. The lack of effective treatments and the ever-increasing life expectancy is raising the number of individuals affected, having a tremendous social and economic impact. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage given the high energy demand, low levels of antioxidant defenses, and high levels of metal ions. Driven by age-related changes, neurodegeneration is characterized by increased oxidative stress leading to irreversible neuronal damage, followed by cell death. Nevertheless, neurodegenerative diseases are known as complex pathologies where several mechanisms drive neuronal death. Herein we discuss the interplay among oxidative stress, proteinopathy, and neuroinflammation at the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss the use of the Nrf2-ARE pathway as a potential therapeutic strategy based on these molecular mechanisms to develop transformative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Michalska
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (R.L.); Tel.: +34-91-497-27-66 (P.M. & R.L.)
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (R.L.); Tel.: +34-91-497-27-66 (P.M. & R.L.)
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22
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McCombe PA, Garton FC, Katz M, Wray NR, Henderson RD. What do we know about the variability in survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:921-941. [PMID: 32569484 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1785873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. However, patients show variability in the length of survival after symptom onset. Understanding the mechanisms of long survival could lead to possible avenues for therapy. AREAS COVERED This review surveys the reported length of survival in ALS, the clinical features that predict survival in individual patients, and possible factors, particularly genetic factors, that could cause short or long survival. The authors also speculate on possible mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION a small number of known factors can explain some variability in ALS survival. However, other disease-modifying factors likely exist. Factors that alter motor neurone vulnerability and immune, metabolic, and muscle function could affect survival by modulating the disease process. Knowing these factors could lead to interventions to change the course of the disease. The authors suggest a broad approach is needed to quantify the proportion of variation survival attributable to genetic and non-genetic factors and to identify and estimate the effect size of specific factors. Studies of this nature could not only identify novel avenues for therapeutic research but also play an important role in clinical trial design and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fleur C Garton
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Katz
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert D Henderson
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Cho KS, Lee JH, Cho J, Cha GH, Song GJ. Autophagy Modulators and Neuroinflammation. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:955-982. [PMID: 30381067 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031144605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders. Therefore, various studies have focused on the development of neuroinflammation inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools. Recently, the involvement of autophagy in the regulation of neuroinflammation has drawn substantial scientific interest, and a growing number of studies support the role of impaired autophagy in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to review recent research on the role of autophagy in controlling neuroinflammation. We focus on studies employing both mammalian cells and animal models to evaluate the ability of different autophagic modulators to regulate neuroinflammation. METHODS We have mostly reviewed recent studies reporting anti-neuroinflammatory properties of autophagy. We also briefly discussed a few studies showing that autophagy modulators activate neuroinflammation in certain conditions. RESULTS Recent studies report neuroprotective as well as anti-neuroinflammatory effects of autophagic modulators. We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of action of these drugs and their potential limitations as therapeutic agents against neurological disorders. CONCLUSION Autophagy activators are promising compounds for the treatment of neurological disorders involving neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Ho Lee
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeiwon Cho
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Guang-Ho Cha
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 35015 Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
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24
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D’Amico AG, Maugeri G, Saccone S, Federico C, Cavallaro S, Reglodi D, D’Agata V. PACAP Modulates the Autophagy Process in an In Vitro Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082943. [PMID: 32331311 PMCID: PMC7216177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of complex etiology leading to motor neuron degeneration. Many gene alterations cause this pathology, including mutation in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which leads to its gain of function. Mutant SOD1 proteins are prone to aberrant misfolding and create aggregates that impair autophagy. The hypoxic stress is strictly linked to the disease progression since it induces uncontrolled autophagy activation and the consequent high rates of cell death. Previously, we showed that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts neurotrophic activity in cultured mSOD1 motor neurons exposed to serum deprivation. To date, no studies have examined whether the protective effect of PACAP on mSOD1 cells exposed to hypoxic insult is mediated through the regulation of the autophagy process. In the present study, we used the neuroblastoma-spinal cord-34 (NSC-34) cell line, stably expressing human wild type or mutant SOD1 G93A, to represent a well characterized in vitro model of a familial form of ALS. These cells were exposed to 100-µM desferrioxamine mesylate salt for 24h, to mimic the hypoxic stress affecting motor neurons during the disease progression. Our results showed that PACAP treatment significantly reduced cell death and hypoxia-induced mSOD1 accumulation by modulating the autophagy process in G93A motor neurons, as revealed by the decreased LC3II and the increased p62 levels, two autophagy indicators. These results were also confirmed by evaluating the vacuole formation detected through light chain 3 (LC3) immunofluorescence. Furthermore, the PACAP effects on autophagy seem to be mediated through the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Overall, our data demonstrated that PACAP exerts an ameliorative effect on the mSOD1 motor neuron viability by modulating a hypoxia-induced autophagy process through activation of MAPK/ERK signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D’Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Roma, Italy;
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Concetta Federico
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Italian National Research Council, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, 7622 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-378-2039; Fax: +39-095-378-2046
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25
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McCombe PA, Lee JD, Woodruff TM, Henderson RD. The Peripheral Immune System and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:279. [PMID: 32373052 PMCID: PMC7186478 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disease that is defined by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, associated with accumulation of protein aggregates in cells. There is also pathology in extra-motor areas of the brain, Possible causes of cell death include failure to deal with the aggregated proteins, glutamate toxicity and mitochondrial failure. ALS also involves abnormalities of metabolism and the immune system, including neuroinflammation in the brain and spinal cord. Strikingly, there are also abnormalities of the peripheral immune system, with alterations of T lymphocytes, monocytes, complement and cytokines in the peripheral blood of patients with ALS. The precise contribution of the peripheral immune system in ALS pathogenesis is an active area of research. Although some trials of immunomodulatory agents have been negative, there is strong preclinical evidence of benefit from immune modulation and further trials are currently underway. Here, we review the emerging evidence implicating peripheral immune alterations contributing to ALS, and their potential as future therapeutic targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John D. Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent M. Woodruff
- Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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26
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Suresh SN, Chakravorty A, Giridharan M, Garimella L, Manjithaya R. Pharmacological Tools to Modulate Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2822-2842. [PMID: 32105729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidences suggest a link between autophagy dysfunction, protein aggregation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given that autophagy is a conserved intracellular housekeeping process, modulation of autophagy flux in various model organisms have highlighted its importance for maintaining proteostasis. In postmitotic cells such as neurons, compromised autophagy is sufficient to cause accumulation of ubiquitinated aggregates, neuronal dysfunction, degeneration, and loss of motor coordination-all hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Reciprocally, enhanced autophagy flux augments cellular and organismal health, in addition to extending life span. These genetic studies not-withstanding a plethora of small molecule modulators of autophagy flux have been reported that alleviate disease symptoms in models of neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the potential of such molecules to be, perhaps, one of the first autophagy drugs for treating these currently incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Suresh
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Anushka Chakravorty
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Mridhula Giridharan
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi Garimella
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India; Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India.
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27
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Joshi V, Upadhyay A, Prajapati VK, Mishra A. How autophagy can restore proteostasis defects in multiple diseases? Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1385-1439. [PMID: 32043639 DOI: 10.1002/med.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular evolution develops several conserved mechanisms by which cells can tolerate various difficult conditions and overall maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is a well-developed and evolutionarily conserved mechanism of catabolism, which endorses the degradation of foreign and endogenous materials via autolysosome. To decrease the burden of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy also promotes the selective degradation of proteins in a tightly regulated way to improve the physiological balance of cellular proteostasis that may get perturbed due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. However, the diverse as well as selective clearance of unwanted materials and regulations of several cellular mechanisms via autophagy is still a critical mystery. Also, the failure of autophagy causes an increase in the accumulation of harmful protein aggregates that may lead to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is necessary to address this multifactorial threat for in-depth research and develop more effective therapeutic strategies against lethal autophagy alterations. In this paper, we discuss the most relevant and recent reports on autophagy modulations and their impact on neurodegeneration and other complex disorders. We have summarized various pharmacological findings linked with the induction and suppression of autophagy mechanism and their promising preclinical and clinical applications to provide therapeutic solutions against neurodegeneration. The conclusion, key questions, and future prospectives sections summarize fundamental challenges and their possible feasible solutions linked with autophagy mechanism to potentially design an impactful therapeutic niche to treat neurodegenerative diseases and imperfect aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Vijay K Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
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28
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Shaw JP, Moore MN, Readman JW, Mou Z, Langston WJ, Lowe DM, Frickers PE, Al-Moosawi L, Pascoe C, Beesley A. Oxidative stress, lysosomal damage and dysfunctional autophagy in molluscan hepatopancreas (digestive gland) induced by chemical contaminants. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 152:104825. [PMID: 31668363 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved evolutionary survival or defence process that enables cells and organisms to survive periods of environmental stress by breaking down cellular organelles and macromolecules in autolysosomes to provide a supply of nutrients for cell maintenance. However, autophagy is also a part of normal cellular physiology that facilitates the turnover of cellular constituents under normal conditions: it can be readily augmented by mild environmental stress; but becomes dysfunctional with severe oxidative stress leading to cellular pathology. The molluscan hepatopancreas or digestive gland provides a versatile and environmentally relevant model to investigate lysosomal autophagy and stress-induced dysfunctional autophagy. This latter process has been implicated in many animal and human disease conditions, including degenerative and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as obesity related conditions. Many environmental pollutants have also been found to induce dysfunctional autophagy in molluscan hepatopancreatic digestive cells, and in this study, the marine blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was exposed for 7 days to: 0.1 μM, 1 μM and 10 μM concentrations of fluoranthene and phenanthrene (PAHs); chlorpyrifos and malathion (organophosphorus compounds); atrazine (triazine herbicide); copper (transition metal) and dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (LAS, surfactant). The marine snail or periwinkle, Littorina littorea, was also exposed to phenanthrene, chlorpyrifos and copper. Indices of oxidative stress, cell injury and dysfunctional autophagy were measured (i.e., lysosomal membrane stability, protein carbonyls, lipofuscin, and lysosomal accumulation of lipid or lipidosis). Evidence of oxidative stress, based on the elevation of lipofuscin and protein carbonyls, was found for all compounds tested; with chlorpyrifos being the most toxic to both species. Dysfunctional autophagy was induced by all of the compounds tested in both species, except for atrazine in mussels. This failure of normal autophagy was consistently associated with oxidative stress. Autophagic dysfunction is an important emerging feature in the aetiology of many disease conditions in animals and humans; and an explanatory conceptual mechanistic model has been developed for dysregulation of autophagy in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Shaw
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - M N Moore
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK; European Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, TR1 3HD, UK; School of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - J W Readman
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK; School of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Z Mou
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - W J Langston
- Marine Biological Association UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - D M Lowe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - P E Frickers
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - L Al-Moosawi
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - C Pascoe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - A Beesley
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
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29
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Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles with roles in processes involved in degrading and recycling cellular waste, cellular signalling and energy metabolism. Defects in genes encoding lysosomal proteins cause lysosomal storage disorders, in which enzyme replacement therapy has proved successful. Growing evidence also implicates roles for lysosomal dysfunction in more common diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and metabolic disorders. With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases - including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease - this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fengjuan Wang
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France.
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
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30
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Sándor S, Kubinyi E. Genetic Pathways of Aging and Their Relevance in the Dog as a Natural Model of Human Aging. Front Genet 2019; 10:948. [PMID: 31681409 PMCID: PMC6813227 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging research has experienced a burst of scientific efforts in the last decades as the growing ratio of elderly people has begun to pose an increased burden on the healthcare and pension systems of developed countries. Although many breakthroughs have been reported in understanding the cellular mechanisms of aging, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to senescence on higher biological levels are still barely understood. The dog, Canis familiaris, has already served as a valuable model of human physiology and disease. The possible role the dog could play in aging research is still an open question, although utilization of dogs may hold great promises as they naturally develop age-related cognitive decline, with behavioral and histological characteristics very similar to those of humans. In this regard, family dogs may possess unmatched potentials as models for investigations on the complex interactions between environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors that determine the course of aging. In this review, we summarize the known genetic pathways in aging and their relevance in dogs, putting emphasis on the yet barely described nature of certain aging pathways in canines. Reasons for highlighting the dog as a future aging and gerontology model are also discussed, ranging from its unique evolutionary path shared with humans, its social skills, and the fact that family dogs live together with their owners, and are being exposed to the same environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sára Sándor
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Schmeisser K, Parker JA. Pleiotropic Effects of mTOR and Autophagy During Development and Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:192. [PMID: 31572724 PMCID: PMC6749033 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy as a ubiquitous catabolic process causes degradation of cytoplasmic components and is generally considered to have beneficial effects on health and lifespan. In contrast, inefficient autophagy has been linked with detrimental effects on the organism and various diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Previous research, however, showed that this paradigm is far from being black and white. For instance, it has been reported that increased levels of autophagy during development can be harmful, but become advantageous in the aging cell or organism, causing enhanced healthspan and even longevity. The antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis postulates that genes, which control various traits in an organism, can be fitness-promoting in early life, but subsequently trigger aging processes later. Autophagy is controlled by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key player of nutrient sensing and signaling and classic example of a pleiotropic gene. mTOR acts upstream of transcription factors such as FOXO, NRF, and TFEB, controlling protein synthesis, degradation, and cellular growth, thereby regulating fertility as well as aging. Here, we review recent findings about the pleiotropic role of autophagy during development and aging, examine the upstream factors, and contemplate specific mechanisms leading to disease, especially neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schmeisser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Alex Parker
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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32
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Signal Exchange through Extracellular Vesicles in Neuromuscular Junction Establishment and Maintenance: From Physiology to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112804. [PMID: 31181747 PMCID: PMC6600513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation involves morphological changes both in motor terminals and muscle membrane. The molecular mechanisms leading to NMJ formation and maintenance have not yet been fully elucidated. During the last decade, it has become clear that virtually all cells release different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can be taken up by nearby or distant cells modulating their activity. Initially, EVs were associated to a mechanism involved in the elimination of unwanted material; subsequent evidence demonstrated that exosomes, and more in general EVs, play a key role in intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, DNA and RNA to target cells. Recently, EVs have emerged as potent carriers for Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein, miRNA secretion and extracellular traveling. Convincing evidence demonstrates that presynaptic terminals release exosomes that are taken up by muscle cells, and these exosomes can modulate synaptic plasticity in the recipient muscle cell in vivo. Furthermore, recent data highlighted that EVs could also be a potential cause of neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, mutant SOD1, TDP-43 and FUS/TLS can be secreted by neural cells packaged into EVs and enter in neighboring neural cells, contributing to the onset and severity of the disease.
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33
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Qi W, Yan L, Liu Y, Zhou X, Li R, Wang Y, Bai L, Chen J, Nie X. Simvastatin aggravates impaired autophagic flux in NSC34-hSOD1G93A cells through inhibition of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthesis. Neuroscience 2019; 409:130-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ikenberg E, Reilich P, Abicht A, Heller C, Schoser B, Walter MC. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2CC due to a frameshift mutation of the neurofilament heavy polypeptide gene in an Austrian family. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 29:392-397. [PMID: 30992180 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurofilaments are structural components of motor axons. Recently different variants resulting in translation of a cryptic amyloidogenic element of the neurofilament-heavy polypeptide (NEFH) gene have been described to cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2CC (CMT2CC) by forming amyloidogenic toxic protein aggregation. Until now only few CMT2CC patients have been described. Clinical features include progressive muscle weakness and atrophy mainly affecting the lower limbs, hyporeflexia and distal sensory impairment. In addition to classic CMT features, some patients were reported to have increased serum creatine kinase levels, an electrophysiologic pattern suggestive for myopathies, and pyramidal signs. Ambulation is progressively impaired, most patients are non-ambulant in the 5th decade. Nerve conduction testing shows a symmetrical, distal and proximal sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. Here we describe the first Austrian pedigree suffering from CMT2CC and give an overview on the phenotype of CMT2CC described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ikenberg
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Reilich
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Abicht
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany; Medical Genetics Centre - MGZ, Bayerstraße 3, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Corina Heller
- CeGaT GmbH und Praxis für Humangenetik, Paul Ehrlich Straße 23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Maggie C Walter
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Dep. of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1A, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Zhou J, Li A, Li X, Yi J. Dysregulated mitochondrial Ca 2+ and ROS signaling in skeletal muscle of ALS mouse model. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:249-258. [PMID: 30682329 PMCID: PMC6506190 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neuromuscular disease characterized by motor neuron loss and prominent skeletal muscle wasting. Despite more than one hundred years of research efforts, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neuromuscular degeneration in ALS remain elusive. While the death of motor neuron is a defining hallmark of ALS, accumulated evidences suggested that in addition to being a victim of motor neuron axonal withdrawal, the intrinsic skeletal muscle degeneration may also actively contribute to ALS disease pathogenesis and progression. Examination of spinal cord and muscle autopsy/biopsy samples of ALS patients revealed similar mitochondrial abnormalities in morphology, quantity and disposition, which are accompanied by defective mitochondrial respiratory chain complex and elevated oxidative stress. Detailing the molecular/cellular mechanisms and the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS relies on ALS animal model studies. This review article discusses the dysregulated mitochondrial Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling revealed in live skeletal muscle derived from ALS mouse models, and a potential role of the vicious cycle formed between the dysregulated mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling and excessive ROS production in promoting muscle wasting during ALS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Zhou
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Ang Li
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Xuejun Li
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Jianxun Yi
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Koh JY, Kim HN, Hwang JJ, Kim YH, Park SE. Lysosomal dysfunction in proteinopathic neurodegenerative disorders: possible therapeutic roles of cAMP and zinc. Mol Brain 2019; 12:18. [PMID: 30866990 PMCID: PMC6417073 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, share intra- and/or extracellular deposition of protein aggregates as a common core pathology. While the species of accumulating proteins are distinct in each disease, an increasing body of evidence indicates that defects in the protein clearance system play a crucial role in the gradual accumulation of protein aggregates. Among protein degradation systems, the endosome-autophagosome-lysosome pathway (EALP) is the main degradation machinery, especially for large protein aggregates. Lysosomal dysfunction or defects in fusion with vesicles containing cargo are commonly observed abnormalities in proteinopathic neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the available evidence for a mechanistic connection between components of the EALP-especially lysosomes-and neurodegenerative diseases. We also focus on lysosomal pH regulation and its significance in maintaining flux through the EALP. Finally, we suggest that raising cAMP and free zinc levels in brain cells may be beneficial in normalizing lysosomal pH and EALP flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Koh
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Neural Injury Lab, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Jin Hwang
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Eun Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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Haukedal H, Freude K. Implications of Microglia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1818-1829. [PMID: 30763568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative disorders with clear similarities regarding their clinical, genetic and pathological features. Both are progressive, lethal disorders, with no current curative treatment available. Several genes that correlated with ALS and FTD are implicated in the same molecular pathways. Strikingly, many of these genes are not exclusively expressed in neurons, but also in glial cells, suggesting a multicellular pathogenesis. Moreover, chronic inflammation is a common feature observed in ALS and FTD, indicating an essential role of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in disease development and progression. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the implications of microglia in ALS and FTD. Specifically, we will focus on the role of impaired phagocytosis and increased inflammatory responses and their impact on microglial function. Several genes associated with the disorders can directly be linked to microglial activation, phagocytosis and neuroinflammation. Other genes associated with the disorders are implicated in biological pathways involved in protein degradation and autophagy. In general such mutations have been shown to cause abnormal protein accumulation and impaired autophagy. These impairments have previously been linked to affect the innate immune system in the central nervous system through inappropriate activation of microglia and neuroinflammation, highlighted in this review. Although it has been well established that microglia play essential roles in neurodegenerative disorders, the precise underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Haukedal
- Group of Stem Cells and Modeling of Neurodegeneration, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870C, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Group of Stem Cells and Modeling of Neurodegeneration, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870C, Denmark.
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Riancho J, Gonzalo I, Ruiz-Soto M, Berciano J. Why do motor neurons degenerate? Actualisation in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ryter SW, Bhatia D, Choi ME. Autophagy: A Lysosome-Dependent Process with Implications in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Human Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:138-159. [PMID: 29463101 PMCID: PMC6251060 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent homeostatic process inherent to cells and tissues, has emerging significance in the pathogenesis of human disease. This process enables the degradation and turnover of cytoplasmic substrates via membrane-dependent sequestration in autophagic vesicles (autophagosomes) and subsequent lysosomal delivery of cargo. Recent Advances: Selective forms of autophagy can target specific substrates (e.g., organelles, protein aggregates, and lipids) for processing. Autophagy is highly regulated by oxidative stress, including exposure to altered oxygen tension, by direct and indirect mechanisms, and contributes to inducible defenses against oxidative stress. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) plays a critical role in the oxidative stress response, through maintenance of mitochondrial integrity. CRITICAL ISSUES Autophagy can impact a number of vital cellular processes including inflammation and adaptive immunity, host defense, lipid metabolism and storage, mitochondrial homeostasis, and clearance of aggregated proteins, all which may be of significance in human disease. Autophagy can exert both maladaptive and adaptive roles in disease pathogenesis, which may also be influenced by autophagy impairment. This review highlights the essential roles of autophagy in human diseases, with a focus on diseases in which oxidative stress or inflammation play key roles, including human lung, liver, kidney and heart diseases, metabolic diseases, and diseases of the cardiovascular and neural systems. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigations that further elucidate the complex role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease will facilitate targeting this pathway for therapies in specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W. Ryter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Divya Bhatia
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mary E. Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
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Riancho J, Gonzalo I, Ruiz-Soto M, Berciano J. ¿Por qué degeneran las motoneuronas? Actualización en la patogenia de la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica. Neurologia 2019; 34:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Li F, Yang B, Li T, Gong X, Zhou F, Hu Z. HSPB8 over-expression prevents disruption of blood-brain barrier by promoting autophagic flux after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Neurochem 2018; 148:97-113. [PMID: 30422312 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein B8 (HSPB8) has been recently reported to confer neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced cerebral injury in vivo and in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism is still elusive. This study focused on the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) delivery of lenti-HSPB8 virus against neurological injury in a rat model of cerebral I/R and explored the underlying mechanism. We found that lentivirus i.c.v injection-induced HSPB8 over-expression strongly alleviated infarct volume, improved neurobehavioral outcomes, and reduced brain edema in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. Concomitantly, HSPB8 over-expression noticeably prevented blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption after cerebral I/R injury as indicated by the reduction in Evans blue leakage and IgG detection in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared with the vehicle group. Moreover, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining of tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin showed that HSPB8 over-expression prevented the degradation of these proteins induced by MCAO/R, which indicated the protective effect of HSPB8 on BBB. Western blotting and immunostaining techniques were also utilized to analyze the expression of the markers of autophagy. We found that HSPB8 over-expression promoted autophagic flux, evidenced by increased ratio of LC3 I/II, accumulation of Beclin-1 expression and enhanced p62 degradation. i.c.v injection of 15 μg autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was applied at the onset of reperfusion. The results showed that 3-MA elicited a significant loss of the protective effect of HSPB8 against MCAO/R-induced neurological defect, Evans blue extravasation, and the loss tight junction proteins, suggesting that the BBB protective role of HSPB8 was, at least in part, mediated through autophagy. Collectively, HSPB8 may represent a potential therapeutic agent for preserving BBB integrity following cerebral I/R injury. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14488.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazhao Li
- Department of General Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiyu Gong
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Diallyl Trisulfide Protects Motor Neurons from the Neurotoxic Protein TDP-43 via Activating Lysosomal Degradation and the Antioxidant Response. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2304-2312. [PMID: 30317421 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive motor neuron disease for which only limited effective therapeutics are available. Currently, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is recognized as a pathological and biochemical marker for ALS. Increases in the levels of aggregated or mislocalized forms of TDP-43 might result in ALS pathology. Therefore, clearance pathways for intracellular protein aggregates have been suggested as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of ALS. Here we report that treatment of motor neuron-like NSC34 cells overexpressing TDP-43 with diallyl trisulfide (DATS) induced neuronal autophagy and lysosomal clearance of TDP-43 and C-terminal TDP-43 fragments. We also observed that the antioxidant transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was accumulated in the nucleus and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) was increased. Consequently, DATS suppressed the increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species induced by TDP-43 expression. This study extends the findings of prior reports indicating that lower doses of DATS mediate cell survival in part by inducing autophagy and activating the Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway.
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Osaki T, Uzel SGM, Kamm RD. Microphysiological 3D model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from human iPS-derived muscle cells and optogenetic motor neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat5847. [PMID: 30324134 PMCID: PMC6179377 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving loss of motor neurons (MNs) and muscle atrophy, still has no effective treatment, despite much research effort. To provide a platform for testing drug candidates and investigating the pathogenesis of ALS, we developed an ALS-on-a-chip technology (i.e., an ALS motor unit) using three-dimensional skeletal muscle bundles along with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived and light-sensitive channelrhodopsin-2-induced MN spheroids from a patient with sporadic ALS. Each tissue was cultured in a different compartment of a microfluidic device. Axon outgrowth formed neuromuscular junctions on the muscle fiber bundles. Light was used to activate muscle contraction, which was measured on the basis of pillar deflections. Compared to a non-ALS motor unit, the ALS motor unit generated fewer muscle contractions, there was MN degradation, and apoptosis increased in the muscle. Furthermore, the muscle contractions were recovered by single treatments and cotreatment with rapamycin (a mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitor) and bosutinib (an Src/c-Abl inhibitor). This recovery was associated with up-regulation of autophagy and degradation of TAR DNA binding protein-43 in the MNs. Moreover, administering the drugs via an endothelial cell barrier decreased the expression of P-glycoprotein (an efflux pump that transports bosutinib) in the endothelial cells, indicating that rapamycin and bosutinib cotreatment has considerable potential for ALS treatment. This ALS-on-a-chip and optogenetics technology could help to elucidate the pathogenesis of ALS and to screen for drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Osaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastien G. M. Uzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Corresponding author.
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Chen JL, Luo C, Pu D, Zhang GQ, Zhao YX, Sun Y, Zhao KX, Liao ZY, Lv AK, Zhu SY, Zhou J, Xiao Q. Metformin attenuates diabetes-induced tau hyperphosphorylation in vitro and in vivo by enhancing autophagic clearance. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:44-56. [PMID: 30219731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) can increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients. However, no effective approaches are available to prevent its progression and development. Recently, autophagy dysfunction was identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This study was designed to investigate the effect of metformin on hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in diabetic encephalopathy (DE) by regulating autophagy clearance. db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups, db/+ mice were used as control group. Twelve-week old male db/db mice received consecutive intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg/d metformin or (and) 10 mg/kg/d chloroquine for eight weeks. Morris water maze (MWM) tests were performed to test cognitive functions before the mice were euthanized. Metformin attenuated cognitive impairment in db/db mice, reduced hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, restored the impaired autophagy in diabetic mice, all of which were reversed by inhibiting of autophagy activity. In high glucose-cultured HT22 cells, metformin increased autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, metformin enhanced autophagy activity in an AMPK dependent manner. These data show that metformin may reduce tauopathy and improve cognitive impairment in db/db mice by modulating autophagy through the AMPK dependent pathway. These findings highlight metformin as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Liang Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Die Pu
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, 400014 Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Xing Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Ke-Xiang Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Yin Liao
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - An-Kang Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Friendship Road 1, Yuan Jiagang, 400016 Chongqing, China.
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Formella I, Svahn AJ, Radford RAW, Don EK, Cole NJ, Hogan A, Lee A, Chung RS, Morsch M. Real-time visualization of oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration of individual spinal motor neurons in vivo. Redox Biol 2018; 19:226-234. [PMID: 30193184 PMCID: PMC6126400 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been shown to be important for many physiological processes, ranging from cell differentiation to apoptosis. With the development of the genetically encoded photosensitiser KillerRed (KR) it is now possible to efficiently produce ROS dose-dependently in a specific cell type upon green light illumination. Zebrafish are the ideal vertebrate animal model for these optogenetic methods because of their transparency and efficient transgenesis. Here we describe a zebrafish model that expresses membrane-targeted KR selectively in motor neurons. We show that KR-activated neurons in the spinal cord undergo stress and cell death after induction of ROS. Using single-cell resolution and time-lapse confocal imaging, we selectively induced neurodegeneration in KR-expressing neurons leading to characteristic signs of apoptosis and cell death. We furthermore illustrate a targeted microglia response to the induction site as part of a physiological response within the zebrafish spinal cord. Our data demonstrate the successful implementation of KR mediated ROS toxicity in motor neurons in vivo and has important implications for studying the effects of ROS in a variety of conditions within the central nervous system, including aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Motor neurons can be targeted for oxidative stress using optogenetics in zebrafish. KillerRed expressing neurons undergo characteristic sequence of neurodegeneration. Targeted neurons show microglial activation as part of the physiological response. ROS toxicity has important implications for mechanisms driving neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Formella
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam J Svahn
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rowan A W Radford
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily K Don
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Cole
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison Hogan
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Albert Lee
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Marco Morsch
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Kowalski E, Geng S, Rathes A, Lu R, Li L. Toll-interacting protein differentially modulates HIF1α and STAT5-mediated genes in fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12239-12247. [PMID: 29921584 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) deficiency has been implicated in complex inflammatory and infectious diseases whose mechanisms are poorly understood. Comparing the gene expression profiles of WT and Tollip-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts, we observed here that Tollip deficiency selectively reduces the expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) but potentiates the expression of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) in these cells. We also observed that expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1α) is reduced, whereas that of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is elevated, in Tollip-deficient cells, correlating with the decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and increased expression of FABP4 in these cells. We further found that the coupling of ubiquitin to ER degradation (CUE) domain of Tollip is required for stimulating HIF1α activity, because Tollip CUE-domain mutant cells exhibited reduced levels of HIF1α and selected cytokines. Tollip is known to mediate autophagy and lysosome fusion, and herein we observed that Tollip's autophagy function is required for modulating STAT5 and FABP4 expression. Bafilomycin A, an inhibitor of lysosome fusion, enhanced STAT5 and FABP4 expression in WT fibroblasts, whereas torin 2, an activator of autophagy, reduced STAT5 and FABP4 expression in Tollip-deficient fibroblasts. Taken together, our study reveals that Tollip differentially modulates HIF1α and STAT5 expression in fibroblasts, potentially explaining the complex and context-dependent contribution of Tollip to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kowalski
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Allison Rathes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.
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Turner MR, Eisen A, Kiernan MC, Ravits J, Swash M. Kinnier Wilson's puzzling features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:657-666. [PMID: 29122933 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-317217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Eisen
- Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney; Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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48
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Raloxifene, a promising estrogen replacement, limits TDP-25 cell death by enhancing autophagy and suppressing apoptosis. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:281-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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49
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Metaxakis A, Ploumi C, Tavernarakis N. Autophagy in Age-Associated Neurodegeneration. Cells 2018; 7:cells7050037. [PMID: 29734735 PMCID: PMC5981261 DOI: 10.3390/cells7050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of abnormal and dysfunctional cellular constituents is an essential prerequisite for nerve cells to maintain their homeostasis and proper function. This is mainly achieved through autophagy, a process that eliminates abnormal and dysfunctional cellular components, including misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. Several studies suggest that age-related decline of autophagy impedes neuronal homeostasis and, subsequently, leads to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders due to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates in neurons. Here, we discuss the involvement of autophagy perturbation in neurodegeneration and present evidence indicating that upregulation of autophagy holds potential for the development of therapeutic interventions towards confronting neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Metaxakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
| | - Christina Ploumi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
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Gao J, Wang L, Huntley ML, Perry G, Wang X. Pathomechanisms of TDP-43 in neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2018; 146:10.1111/jnc.14327. [PMID: 29486049 PMCID: PMC6110993 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, a term that refers to the progressive loss of structure and function of neurons, is a feature of many neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). There is no cure or treatment available that can prevent or reverse neurodegenerative conditions. The causes of neurodegeneration in these diseases remain largely unknown; yet, an extremely small proportion of these devastating diseases are associated with genetic mutations in proteins involved in a wide range of cellular pathways and processes. Over the past decade, it has become increasingly clear that the most notable neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS, FTLD, and AD, share a common prominent pathological feature known as TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) proteinopathy, which is usually characterized by the presence of aberrant phosphorylation, ubiquitination, cleavage and/or nuclear depletion of TDP-43 in neurons and glial cells. The role of TDP-43 as a neurotoxicity trigger has been well documented in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. As such, the investigation of TDP-43 pathomechanisms in various major neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise. Here, after a discussion of stages of TDP-43 proteinopathy during disease progression in various major neurodegenerative diseases, we review previous and most recent studies about the potential pathomechanisms with a particular emphasis on ALS, FTLD, and AD, and discuss the possibility of targeting TDP-43 as a common therapeutic approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Gao
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Luwen Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mikayla L. Huntley
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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