1
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Hadar BN, Bonnett BN, Poljak Z, Bernardo TM. Morbidity of insured Swedish cats between 2011 and 2016: Comparing disease risk in domestic crosses and purebreds. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2778. [PMID: 36912155 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sources of population-based cat health information are scarce. The objective of this study was to determine disease frequency in cats using pet insurance data to inform health promotion efforts. METHODS A descriptive analysis of cats insured with Agria Pet Insurance in Sweden (2011-2016) was performed. Incidence rates of broad disease categories were calculated based on veterinary care events and an exact denominator consisting of cat-years-at-risk. Rate ratios were calculated, comparing domestic crosses to all purebreds and specific purebreds to all other purebreds combined. RESULTS The study included over 1.6 million cat-years-at-risk (78.5% were domestic crosses), 18 breeds and 24 disease categories. The most common disease categories causing morbidity in purebreds were digestive, whole body, injury, urinary lower, skin and female reproduction. Purebreds had the highest relative risk (compared to domestics crosses) in the female reproduction, heart, operation complication, respiratory lower and immunological disease categories. LIMITATIONS There are typical limitations of secondary data, but they do not negate the overall value of such a large dataset. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates how pet insurance data can be used to find breed-specific differences in the incidence of various disease categories in cats. This may be of importance for breeders, cat owners, veterinarians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barr N Hadar
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa M Bernardo
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Pathophysiology of Prediabetes, Diabetes, and Diabetic Remission in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:511-529. [PMID: 36898862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a heterogenous cause, and the exact pathogenesis differs between patients. Most diabetic cats have a cause similar to human type 2 DM but, in some, DM is associated with underlying conditions, such as hypersomatotropism, hyperadrenocorticism, or administration of diabetogenic drugs. Predisposing factors for feline DM include obesity, reduced physical activity, male sex, and increasing age. Gluco(lipo)toxicity and genetic predisposition also likely play roles in pathogenesis. Prediabetes cannot be accurately diagnosed in cats at the current time. Diabetic cats can enter remission, but relapses are common, as these cats might have ongoing, abnormal glucose homeostasis.
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3
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Gernone F, Uva A, Cavalera MA, Zatelli A. Neurogenic Bladder in Dogs, Cats and Humans: A Comparative Review of Neurological Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3233. [PMID: 36496754 PMCID: PMC9739254 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) includes abnormalities in the structure and function of the bladder and the urethra. LUTD caused by neurological disease is defined neurogenic bladder (NB). The integrity of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is required to explicate normal micturition, maintaining the proper function of bladder and urethra. The location and type of neurological lesions influence the pattern of clinical manifestations, potential treatment, and prognosis. Though, in dogs and cats, spinal cord injury is considered mainly responsible for bladder and/or urethra incompetence, other disorders, congenital or acquired, involving CNS or PNS, could play a role in NB. In veterinary medicine, the information about the epidemiology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of NB are scattered. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the epidemiology, prevalence, clinical findings, diagnosis and prognosis for NB in dogs and cats compared with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Gernone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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4
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A genome-wide association study identifies novel candidate genes for susceptibility to diabetes mellitus in non-obese cats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259939. [PMID: 34874954 PMCID: PMC8651108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common feline endocrinopathy, which is similar to human type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in terms of its pathophysiology. T2DM occurs due to peripheral insulin resistance and/or β-cell dysfunction. Several studies have identified genetic and environmental factors that contribute to susceptibility to human T2DM. In cats, environmental factors such as obesity and physical inactivity have been linked with DM, although to date, the only genetic association that has been demonstrated is with a polymorphism in the feline MC4R gene. The aim of this study was to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify polymorphisms associated with feline DM. Illumina Infinium 63k iSelect DNA arrays were used to analyse genomic DNA samples from 200 diabetic domestic shorthair cats and 399 non-diabetic control cats. Data was analysed using PLINK whole genome data analysis toolset. A linear model analysis, EMMAX, was done to test for population structure and HAPLOVIEW was used to identify haplotype blocks surrounding the significant SNPs to assist with candidate gene nomination. A total of 47,497 SNPs were available for analysis. Four SNPs were identified with genome-wide significance: chrA2.4150731 (praw = 9.94 x10-8); chrUn17.115508 (praw = 6.51 x10-8); chrUn17.394136 (praw = 2.53 x10-8); chrUn17.314128 (praw = 2.53 x10-8) as being associated with DM. The first SNP is located within chromosome A2, less than 4kb upstream of the dipeptidyl-peptidase-9 (DPP9) gene, a peptidase involved in incretin inactivation. The remaining three SNPs are located within a haplotype block towards the end of chromosome A3; within this region, genes of interest include TMEM18 and ACP1, both previously associated with T2DM. This study indicates a polygenic component to susceptibility to DM in cats and has highlighted several loci and candidate genes worthy of further investigation.
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5
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Komiya T, Mori A, Nishii N, Oda H, Onozawa E, Seki S, Sako T. Relationship between anti-insulin antibody production and severe insulin resistance in a diabetic cat. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:661-665. [PMID: 33840723 PMCID: PMC8111345 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was diagnosed with diabetic
ketoacidosis and severe insulin resistance. Although the conventional treatment for
diabetic ketoacidosis was provided, the cat required frequent hospitalization because of
severe dehydration and repeated diabetic ketoacidosis. We detected anti-insulin antibodies
for human in this cat. Serum insulin-binding IgG levels were markedly elevated compared
with those in healthy cats and other diabetic cats. We initiated prednisolone to suppress
the effects of anti-insulin antibodies. After initiation of prednisolone, the cat was
gradually recovered with increasing activity and appetite. Furthermore, satisfactory
glycemic control was achieved with combined subcutaneous injection of insulin detemir and
insulin degludec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Komiya
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.,Animal Emergency Center Fuchu, 1-17-1 Midoricho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0006, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Naohito Nishii
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hitomi Oda
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Eri Onozawa
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Seri Seki
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sako
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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6
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Öhlund M, Müllner E, Moazzami A, Hermansson U, Pettersson A, Anderson F, Häggström J, Hansson-Hamlin H, Holst BS. Differences in metabolic profiles between the Burmese, the Maine coon and the Birman cat-Three breeds with varying risk for diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249322. [PMID: 33886598 PMCID: PMC8062062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline diabetes mellitus shares many features with type 2 diabetes in people, regarding clinical presentation, physiology, and pathology. A breed predisposition for type 2 diabetes has been identified, with the Burmese breed at a fivefold increased risk of developing the condition compared to other purebred cats. We aimed to characterize the serum metabolome in cats (n = 63) using nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics, and to compare the metabolite pattern of Burmese cats with that of two cat breeds of medium or low risk of diabetes, the Maine coon (MCO) and Birman cat, respectively. Serum concentrations of adiponectin, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 were also measured (n = 94). Burmese cats had higher insulin and lower adiponectin concentrations than MCO cats. Twenty one metabolites were discriminative between breeds using a multivariate statistical approach and 15 remained significant after adjustment for body weight and body condition score. Burmese cats had higher plasma levels of 2-hydroxybutyrate relative to MCO and Birman cats and increased concentrations of 2-oxoisocaproic acid, and tyrosine, and lower concentrations of dimethylglycine relative to MCO cats. The metabolic profile of MCO cats was characterized by high concentrations of arginine, asparagine, methionine, succinic acid and low levels of acetylcarnitine while Birman cats had the highest creatinine and the lowest taurine plasma levels, compared with MCO and Burmese. The pattern of metabolites in Burmese cats is similar to that in people with insulin resistance. In conclusion, the metabolic profile differed between healthy cats of three breeds. Detection of an abnormal metabolome might identify cats at risk of developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Öhlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Müllner
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ali Moazzami
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Hermansson
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Pettersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helene Hansson-Hamlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bodil S. Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Mapping of Diabetes Susceptibility Loci in a Domestic Cat Breed with an Unusually High Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111369. [PMID: 33228033 PMCID: PMC7699364 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants that are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D) are important for identification of individuals at risk and can provide insights into the molecular basis of disease. Analysis of T2D in domestic animals provides both the opportunity to improve veterinary management and breeding programs as well as to identify novel T2D risk genes. Australian-bred Burmese (ABB) cats have a 4-fold increased incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to Burmese cats bred in the United States. This is likely attributable to a genetic founder effect. We investigated this by performing a genome-wide association scan on ABB cats. Four SNPs were associated with the ABB T2D phenotype with p values <0.005. All exons and splice junctions of candidate genes near significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were sequenced, including the genes DGKG, IFG2BP2, SLC8A1, E2F6, ETV5, TRA2B and LIPH. Six candidate polymorphisms were followed up in a larger cohort of ABB cats with or without T2D and also in Burmese cats bred in America, which exhibit low T2D incidence. The original SNPs were confirmed in this cohort as associated with the T2D phenotype, although no novel coding SNPs in any of the seven candidate genes showed association with T2D. The identification of genetic markers associated with T2D susceptibility in ABB cats will enable preventative health strategies and guide breeding programs to reduce the prevalence of T2D in these cats.
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8
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Emslie RS, Tutt CL. Supernumerary maxillary fourth premolar teeth in five related Burmese cats. JFMS Open Rep 2020; 6:2055116920946278. [PMID: 33149928 PMCID: PMC7585898 DOI: 10.1177/2055116920946278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Case series summary This article reports a case series of five Burmese cats with supernumerary teeth. All included cases displayed either unilateral or bilateral supernumerary maxillary fourth premolar teeth. Two cases also displayed supernumerary mandibular fourth premolar teeth, and in one case bilateral supernumerary maxillary third incisor teeth were found. Examination of the pedigrees of the affected cats revealed that all five cats were related with one common ancestor. All patients in this case series were successfully treated. Relevance and novel information Supernumerary maxillary fourth premolar teeth in cats have not been reported previously in the literature. As all five cats in this case series were shown to be related, supernumerary maxillary fourth premolar teeth may be yet another heritable health condition affecting the Burmese breed. Therefore, Burmese breeders should endeavour to reduce the incidence of supernumerary teeth within the breed by having animals examined by a veterinary dentist prior to breeding, and neutering affected, as well as related, individuals. Burmese cat owners must be made aware of the condition in order to institute early evaluation, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne S Emslie
- Cape Animal Dentistry Service, Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cedric Lc Tutt
- Cape Animal Dentistry Service, Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa
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9
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Samaha G, Wade CM, Beatty J, Lyons LA, Fleeman LM, Haase B. Mapping the genetic basis of diabetes mellitus in the Australian Burmese cat (Felis catus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:19194. [PMID: 33154479 PMCID: PMC7644637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a common endocrinopathy affecting domestic cats, shares many clinical and pathologic features with type 2 diabetes in humans. In Australia and Europe, diabetes mellitus is almost four times more common among Burmese cats than in other breeds. As a genetically isolated population, the diabetic Australian Burmese cat provides a spontaneous genetic model for studying diabetes mellitus in humans. Studying complex diseases in pedigreed breeds facilitates tighter control of confounding factors including population stratification, allelic frequencies and environmental heterogeneity. We used the feline SNV array and whole genome sequence data to undertake a genome wide-association study and runs of homozygosity analysis, of a case–control cohort of Australian and European Burmese cats. Our results identified diabetes-associated haplotypes across chromosomes A3, B1 and E1 and selective sweeps across the Burmese breed on chromosomes B1, B3, D1 and D4. The locus on chromosome B1, common to both analyses, revealed coding and splice region variants in candidate genes, ANK1, EPHX2 and LOX2, implicated in diabetes mellitus and lipid dysregulation. Mapping this condition in Burmese cats has revealed a polygenic spectrum, implicating loci linked to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, lipid dysregulation and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in the Burmese cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Samaha
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Claire M Wade
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Beatty
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Bianca Haase
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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10
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Černá P, Kilpatrick S, Gunn-Moore DA. Feline comorbidities: What do we really know about feline triaditis? J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1047-1067. [PMID: 33100169 PMCID: PMC10814216 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20965831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline triaditis describes concurrent pancreatitis, cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The reported prevalence is 17-39% in ill referral patients. While the aetiology is poorly understood, it is known to include infectious, autoimmune and physical components. What is not known is whether different organs are affected by different diseases, or the same process; indeed, triaditis may be part of a multiorgan inflammatory disease. Feline gastrointestinal tract anatomy plays its role too. Specifically, the short small intestine, high bacterial load and anatomic feature whereby the pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct before entering the duodenal papilla all increase the risk of bacterial reflux and parenchymal inflammation. Inflammation may also be a sequela of bowel bacterial translocation and systemic bacteraemia. DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES Cholangitis, pancreatitis and IBD manifest with overlapping, vague and non-specific clinical signs. Cholangitis may be accompanied by increased serum liver enzymes, total bilirubin and bile acid concentrations, and variable ultrasonographic changes. A presumptive diagnosis of pancreatitis is based on increased serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity or feline pancreas-specific lipase, and/or abnormal pancreatic changes on ultrasonography, though these tests have low sensitivity. Diagnosis of IBD is challenging without histopathology; ultrasound findings vary from normal to mucosal thickening or loss of layering. Triaditis may cause decreased serum folate or cobalamin (B12) concentrations due to intestinal disease and/or pancreatitis. Triaditis can only be confirmed with histopathology; hence, it remains a presumptive diagnosis in most cases. EVIDENCE BASE The literature on feline triaditis, pancreatitis, cholangitis and IBD is reviewed, focusing on histopathology, clinical significance and diagnostic challenges. Current management recommendations are provided. Further studies are needed to understand the complex pathophysiology, and in turn improve diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Černá
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, and Small Animal Clinic, The University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Danielle A Gunn-Moore
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Williams MC, McMillan CJ, Snead ER, Takada K, Chelikani PK. Association of circulating adipokine concentrations with indices of adiposity and sex in healthy, adult client owned cats. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:332. [PMID: 31533709 PMCID: PMC6749635 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity are common in cats. The adipokines leptin, adiponectin, resistin and omentin are thought to have important roles in human obesity and glucose homeostasis; however, their functions in the pathophysiology of feline diabetes mellitus and obesity are poorly understood. We determined whether sexual dimorphism exists for circulating concentrations of these adipokines, whether they are associated with adiposity, and whether they correlate with basic indices of insulin sensitivity in cats. Healthy, client-owned male and female cats that were either ideal weight or obese were recruited into the study. Fasting blood glucose, fructosamine, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and plasma concentrations of adipokines were evaluated. Results Obese cats had greater serum concentrations of glucose and triglycerides than ideal weight cats, but fructosamine and cholesterol concentrations did not differ between groups. Body weight and body mass index were greater in male than female cats, but circulating metabolite cocentrations were similar between sexes of both the ideal weight and obese groups. Plasma concentrations of insulin and leptin were greater in obese than ideal weight cats, with reciprocal reduction in adiponectin concentrations in obese cats; there were no sex differences in these hormones. Interestingly, plasma omentin concentrations were greater in male than female cats but with no differences between obese and ideal weight states. Conclusion Together our findings suggest that rather than gender, body weight and adiposity are more important determinants of circulating concentrations of the adipokines leptin and adiponectin. On the contrary, the adipokine omentin is not affected by body weight or adiposity but instead exhibits sexual dimorphism in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie C Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chantal J McMillan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Elisabeth R Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kanae Takada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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12
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Samaha G, Beatty J, Wade CM, Haase B. The Burmese cat as a genetic model of type 2 diabetes in humans. Anim Genet 2019; 50:319-325. [PMID: 31179570 DOI: 10.1111/age.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent extension of genetic tools to the domestic cat, together with the serendipitous consequences of selective breeding, have been essential to the study of the genetic diseases that affect them. Cats are increasingly presented for veterinary surveillance and share many of human's heritable diseases, allowing them to serve as natural models of these conditions. Feline diabetes mellitus is a common condition in domestic cats that bears close pathological and clinical resemblance to type 2 diabetes in humans, including pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance. In Australia, New Zealand and Europe, diabetes mellitus is almost four times more common in cats of the Burmese breed than in other breeds. This geographically based breed predisposition parallels familial and population clustering of type 2 diabetes in humans. As a genetically isolated population, the Australian Burmese breed provides a spontaneous, naturally occurring genetic model of type 2 diabetes. Genetically isolated populations typically exhibit extended linkage disequilibrium and increased opportunity for deleterious variants to reach high frequencies over many generations due to genetic drift. Studying complex diseases in such populations allows for tighter control of confounding factors including environmental heterogeneity, allelic frequencies and population stratification. The homogeneous genetic background of Australian Burmese cats may provide a unique opportunity to either refine genetic signals previously associated with type 2 diabetes or identify new risk factors for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Samaha
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - J Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - C M Wade
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - B Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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13
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Yu Y, Grahn RA, Lyons LA. Mocha tyrosinase variant: a new flavour of cat coat coloration. Anim Genet 2019; 50:182-186. [PMID: 30716167 PMCID: PMC6590430 DOI: 10.1111/age.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel coloration named ‘mocha’ has been identified in the Burmese cat breed from Thailand. Tyrosinase (TYR) mutations are known to be associated with coat coloration in cats, such as the sable Burmese, the points of the Siamese and albino cats. Additionally, sable Burmese that produced mocha‐colored cats had unexpected genotypes for TYR. Therefore, TYR was considered a candidate gene for mocha in cats. Sanger sequencing for genomic DNA revealed NC_018732.3:chromosome D1:45 898 609_45 898 771dup in exon 2 and intron 2 of TYR. Transcription analysis using cDNA detected c.820_936delinsAATCTC (p.I274_L312delinsNL), which caused a 111‐bp (37 amino acid) deletion in the reading frame of TYR. The identified variant was concordant with the phenotype and segregated with TYR variants in a pedigree of 12 Burmese cats. This findings of this study suggest that TYR is associated with the mocha coloration in cats. The new color variant adds to the allelic series for TYR (C > cb = cs > c, c2) and is recessive to full color (C); however, interactions with the cb and cs alleles are unclear due to the temperature‐sensitivity of the alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - R A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - L A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
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14
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Gottlieb S, Rand J. Managing feline diabetes: current perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2018; 9:33-42. [PMID: 30050865 PMCID: PMC6053045 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s125619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease in cats. While type 2 diabetes is the most common form seen in cats, other underlying causes may contribute to insulin resistance. Guidelines for diagnosis vary and often do not take into account prediabetic cats. The goals of treatment are to maximize the chance of remission, while minimizing the risks of hypoglycemia. This article presents a further overview of current treatment and monitoring recommendations for diabetic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gottlieb
- The Cat Clinic, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia,
| | - Jacquie Rand
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia,
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Behrend E, Holford A, Lathan P, Rucinsky R, Schulman R. 2018 AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats*. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:1-21. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease encountered in canine and feline medicine. The 2018 AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats revise and update earlier guidelines published in 2010. The 2018 guidelines retain much of the information in the earlier guidelines that continues to be applicable in clinical practice, along with new information that represents current expert opinion on controlling DM. An essential aspect of successful DM management is to ensure that the owner of a diabetic dog or cat is capable of administering insulin, recognizing the clinical signs of inadequately managed DM, and monitoring blood glucose levels at home, although this is ideal but not mandatory; all topics that are reviewed in the guidelines. Insulin therapy is the mainstay of treatment for clinical DM. The guidelines provide recommendations for using each insulin formulation currently available for use in dogs and cats, the choice of which is generally based on efficacy and duration of effect in the respective species. Also discussed are non-insulin therapeutic medications and dietary management. These treatment modalities, along with insulin therapy, give the practitioner an assortment of options for decreasing the clinical signs of DM while avoiding hypoglycemia, the two conditions that represent the definition of a controlled diabetic. The guidelines review identifying and monitoring patients at risk for developing DM, which are important for avoiding unnecessary insulin therapy in patients with transient hyperglycemia or mildly elevated blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Behrend
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (E.B.); Department of Small Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (A.H.); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi (P.L.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Queen
| | - Amy Holford
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (E.B.); Department of Small Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (A.H.); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi (P.L.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Queen
| | - Patty Lathan
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (E.B.); Department of Small Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (A.H.); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi (P.L.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Queen
| | - Renee Rucinsky
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (E.B.); Department of Small Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (A.H.); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi (P.L.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Queen
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Verbrugghe A, Hesta M. Cats and Carbohydrates: The Carnivore Fantasy? Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4040055. [PMID: 29140289 PMCID: PMC5753635 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat’s wild ancestors are obligate carnivores that consume prey containing only minimal amounts of carbohydrates. Evolutionary events adapted the cat’s metabolism and physiology to this diet strictly composed of animal tissues and led to unique digestive and metabolic peculiarities of carbohydrate metabolism. The domestic cat still closely resembles its wild ancestor. Although the carnivore connection of domestic cats is well recognised, little is known about the precise nutrient profile to which the digestive physiology and metabolism of the cat have adapted throughout evolution. Moreover, studies show that domestic cats balance macronutrient intake by selecting low-carbohydrate foods. The fact that cats evolved consuming low-carbohydrate prey has led to speculations that high-carbohydrate diets could be detrimental for a cat’s health. More specifically, it has been suggested that excess carbohydrates could lead to feline obesity and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the chances for remission of diabetes mellitus are higher in cats that consume a low-carbohydrate diet. This literature review will summarise current carbohydrate knowledge pertaining to digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, food selection and macronutrient balancing in healthy, obese and diabetic cats, as well as the role of carbohydrates in prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph N1G 2W1 ON, Canada.
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium.
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McCann TM, Simpson KE, Shaw DJ, Butt JA, Gunn-Moore DA. Feline diabetes mellitus in the UK: The prevalence within an insured cat population and a questionnaire-based putative risk factor analysis. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 9:289-99. [PMID: 17392005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence and risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats in the United Kingdom have not previously been reported. The prevalence of DM was evaluated in a large insured population and was found to be 1 in 230 cats. In this insured cat population Burmese cats were 3.7 times more likely to develop DM than non-pedigree cats. A convenience-sampling questionnaire-based study was used in order to identify putative risk factors for the development of DM. The univariate risk factor analysis identified being male, neutered, inactive, weighing ≥5 kg and having a history of corticosteroid treatment as significant risk factors for the development of DM in these cats. In addition, male cats treated with megestrol acetate had a significantly increased risk of developing DM compared to females. In contrast, there was no difference in DM occurrence between male and female Burmese cats. A multivariate classification tree-based model on the questionnaire data looking for interactions between risk factors, identified gender as the most important overall risk factor for the development of DM with low physical activity being the next most important risk factor for female cats and breed the next most important for male cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M McCann
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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18
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Lewitt MS, Strage E, Church D. An individual approach to feline diabetes care: a case report and literature review. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:63. [PMID: 27766967 PMCID: PMC5073813 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achieving insulin independence is emerging as a realistic therapeutic goal in the management of feline diabetes mellitus. Case presentation The management of an 11-year-old spayed female Burmese cat presenting with diabetes mellitus after corticosteroid administration is described. Remission was achieved after the frequency of insulin administration was increased to four times a day, and supported by intensive home blood glucose monitoring and a high protein, low carbohydrate diet. Conclusion Owners are important collaborators in feline diabetes care and, with intensive home monitoring, more frequent insulin treatment may lead to remission without hypoglycemia. More frequent insulin injections than recommended in the literature may be necessary to achieve glycemic control and used as an alternative to a longer-acting insulin.
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Reeve-Johnson MK, Rand JS, Vankan D, Anderson ST, Marshall R, Morton JM. Diagnosis of prediabetes in cats: glucose concentration cut points for impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 57:55-62. [PMID: 27565231 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is typically diagnosed in cats once clinical signs are evident. Diagnostic criteria for prediabetes in cats have not been defined. The objective of the study was to establish methodology and cut points for fasting and 2-h blood glucose concentrations in healthy client-owned senior cats (≥8 yr) using ear/paw samples and a portable glucose meter calibrated for feline blood. Of the 78 cats, 27 were ideal (body condition score [BCS] 4 or 5 of 9), 31 overweight (BCS 6 or 7), and 20 obese (BCS 8 or 9); 19 were Burmese and 59 non-Burmese. After an 18-24-h fast and an ear/paw blood glucose measurement using a portable glucose meter, glucose (0.5 g/kg bodyweight) was administered intravenous and blood glucose measured at 2 min and 2 h. Cut points for fasting and 2-h glucose concentrations were defined as the upper limits of 95% reference intervals using cats with BCS 4 or 5. The upper cut point for fasting glucose was 6.5 mmol/L. Of the overweight and obese cats, 1 (BCS 7) was above this cut point indicating evidence of impaired fasting glucose. The cut point for 2-h glucose was 9.8 mmol/L. A total of 7 cats (4 with BCS 8 or 9 including 1 Burmese; 3 with BCS 6 or 7, non-Burmese) were above this cut point and thus had evidence of impaired glucose tolerance. In conclusion, the methodology and cutpoints for diagnosis of prediabetes are defined for use in healthy cats 8 yr and older with a range of BCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Reeve-Johnson
- The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - J S Rand
- The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D Vankan
- The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S T Anderson
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - J M Morton
- The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Jemora Pty Ltd, PO Box 2277, Geelong, Australia
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O'Neill DG, Gostelow R, Orme C, Church DB, Niessen SJM, Verheyen K, Brodbelt DC. Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus among 193,435 Cats Attending Primary-Care Veterinary Practices in England. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:964-72. [PMID: 27353396 PMCID: PMC5094533 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease of cats. The prevalence of DM in cats in England is not well-defined. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors for DM in a large population of cats attending primary-care practices. ANIMALS A cohort of 193,563 cats in the VetCompass Programme attending 118 primary-care practices in England. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of cohort clinical data. Data were extracted covering September 1st 2009 and August 31st 2014. Period prevalence of DM was calculated. Associations between risk factors and DM were assessed using logistic regression modelling. RESULTS Of 1,128 DM cases were identified among 194,563 cats (period prevalence 0.58%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54-0.61). Multivariable modelling indicated that Tonkinese (OR 4.1; 95% CI 1.8-9.6; P = .001), Norwegian Forest (odds ratio [OR] 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.6; P = .001) and Burmese (OR 3.0; 95% CI 2.0-4.4; P < .001) cats had increased odds of DM compared with crossbred cats. DM odds increased as bodyweight categories increased above 4 kg (P < .001), as cats aged beyond 6 years old (P < .001) and in insured cats (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.4; P < .001) but sex was not significantly associated with DM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Diabetes mellitus is an important component of the primary-care practice caseload with 1-in-200 cats affected. An increased risk of DM in certain cat breeds supports a genetic predisposition. These results can guide future research and preventative healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G O'Neill
- Department of Production and Population Health
| | - R Gostelow
- Department of Clinical Science and Services
| | - C Orme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services
| | - D B Church
- Department of Clinical Science and Services
| | | | - K Verheyen
- Department of Production and Population Health
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Lyons LA, Erdman CA, Grahn RA, Hamilton MJ, Carter MJ, Helps CR, Alhaddad H, Gandolfi B. Aristaless-Like Homeobox protein 1 (ALX1) variant associated with craniofacial structure and frontonasal dysplasia in Burmese cats. Dev Biol 2015; 409:451-8. [PMID: 26610632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) can have severe presentations that are medically and socially debilitating. Several genes are implicated in FND conditions, including Aristaless-Like Homeobox 1 (ALX1), which is associated with FND3. Breeds of cats are selected and bred for extremes in craniofacial morphologies. In particular, a lineage of Burmese cats with severe brachycephyla is extremely popular and is termed Contemporary Burmese. Genetic studies demonstrated that the brachycephyla of the Contemporary Burmese is a simple co-dominant trait, however, the homozygous cats have a severe craniofacial defect that is incompatible with life. The craniofacial defect of the Burmese was genetically analyzed over a 20 year period, using various genetic analysis techniques. Family-based linkage analysis localized the trait to cat chromosome B4. Genome-wide association studies and other genetic analyses of SNP data refined a critical region. Sequence analysis identified a 12bp in frame deletion in ALX1, c.496delCTCTCAGGACTG, which is 100% concordant with the craniofacial defect and not found in cats not related to the Contemporary Burmese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA.
| | - Carolyn A Erdman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 96516, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | - Michael J Hamilton
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | - Michael J Carter
- MDxHealth Inc, 15279 Alton Parkway, Suite #100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
| | | | | | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95776, USA
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Öhlund M, Fall T, Ström Holst B, Hansson-Hamlin H, Bonnett B, Egenvall A. Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Insured Swedish Cats in Relation to Age, Breed and Sex. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1342-7. [PMID: 26179258 PMCID: PMC4858030 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrinopathy in cats. Most affected cats suffer from a type of diabetes similar to type 2 diabetes in humans. An increasing prevalence has been described in cats, as in humans, related to obesity and other lifestyle factors. OBJECTIVES To describe the incidence of DM in insured Swedish cats and the association of DM with demographic risk factors, such as age, breed and sex. ANIMALS A cohort of 504,688 individual cats accounting for 1,229,699 cat-years at risk (CYAR) insured by a Swedish insurance company from 2009 to 2013. METHODS We used reimbursed insurance claims for the diagnosis of DM. Overall incidence rates and incidence rates stratified on year, age, breed, and sex were estimated. RESULTS The overall incidence rate of DM in the cohort was 11.6 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0-12.2) per 10,000 CYAR. Male cats had twice as high incidence rate (15.4; 95% CI, 14.4-16.4) as females (7.6; 95% CI, 6.9-8.3). Domestic cats were at higher risk compared to purebred cats. A significant association with breed was seen, with the Burmese, Russian Blue, Norwegian Forest cat, and Abyssinian breeds at a higher risk compared to other cats. No sex predisposition was found among Burmese cats. Several breeds with a lower risk of DM were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our results verify that the Burmese breed is at increased risk of developing DM. We also identified several previously unreported breeds with increased or decreased risk of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Öhlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Ström Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Hansson-Hamlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Bonnett
- International Partnership for Dogs, Georgian Bluffs, ON, Canada
| | - A Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sparkes AH, Cannon M, Church D, Fleeman L, Harvey A, Hoenig M, Peterson ME, Reusch CE, Taylor S, Rosenberg D. ISFM consensus guidelines on the practical management of diabetes mellitus in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:235-50. [PMID: 25701862 PMCID: PMC11148891 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15571880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrinopathy in cats that appears to be increasing in prevalence. The prognosis for affected cats can be good when the disease is well managed, but clinical management presents challenges, both for the veterinary team and for the owner. These ISFM Guidelines have been developed by an independent, international expert panel of clinicians and academics to provide practical advice on the management of routine (uncomplicated) diabetic cats. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Although the diagnosis of diabetes is usually straightforward, optimal management can be challenging. Clinical goals should be to limit or eliminate clinical signs of the disease using a treatment regimen suitable for the owner, and to avoid insulin-induced hypoglycaemia or other complications. Optimising bodyweight, feeding an appropriate diet and using a longer acting insulin preparation (eg, protamine zinc insulin, insulin glargine or insulin detemir) are all factors that are likely to result in improved glycaemic control in the majority of cats. There is also some evidence that improved glycaemic control and reversal of glucose toxicity may promote the chances of diabetic remission. Owner considerations and owner involvement are an important aspect of management. Provided adequate support is given, and owners are able to take an active role in monitoring blood glucose concentrations in the home environment, glycaemic control may be improved. Monitoring of other parameters is also vitally important in assessing the response to insulin. Insulin adjustments should always be made cautiously and not too frequently--unless hypoglycaemia is encountered. EVIDENCE BASE The Panel has produced these Guidelines after careful review of the existing literature and of the quality of the published studies. They represent a consensus view on practical management of cats with DM based on available clinical data and experience. However, in many areas, substantial data are lacking and there is a need for better studies in the future to help inform and refine recommendations for the clinical management of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Church
- Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Linda Fleeman
- Animal Diabetes Australia, Rowville Veterinary Clinic, Rowville, VIC 3178, Australia
| | - Andrea Harvey
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Margarethe Hoenig
- Professor, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark E Peterson
- Animal Endocrine Clinic, 21 West 100th Street, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Claudia E Reusch
- Professor & Director, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dan Rosenberg
- Micen Vet Centre, 58 Rue Auguste Perret, Parc Technologique, Europarc, 9400 Créteil, France
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Bloom CA, Rand J. Feline diabetes mellitus: clinical use of long-acting glargine and detemir. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:205-15. [PMID: 24563492 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14523187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder in feline practice, affecting approximately 1 in 200 cats. The majority of diabetic cats have type 2 diabetes mellitus, which results from a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and a progressive reduction in insulin production. CLINICAL CHALLENGES While usually easy to diagnose, management of diabetes mellitus presents a number of challenges for practitioners and clients alike. Practitioners must decide on diet, insulin type and dose, monitoring method and intensity, and concomitant therapy, which will vary based on individual patient and client needs, and geographic location. Practitioners may also encounter patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or other diabetic complications, and patients with multiple concurrent diseases. Clients may be challenged by the substantial time and financial commitment involved in owning a diabetic cat. AUDIENCE Understanding the pathophysiology, optimal treatment protocols and current goals of diabetes management will benefit practitioners managing diabetic cats. This article reviews the most current management plans for feline diabetics. It places particular emphasis on best practice for achieving diabetic remission, which is an attainable goal in the majority of newly diagnosed diabetic cats. EVIDENCE BASE The information in this article is drawn from the recent human and veterinary literature, including prospective and retrospective studies. The body of prospective clinical data on the use of newer, long-acting insulins (glargine and especially detemir) in cats is limited, but growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Anne Bloom
- The Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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25
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Hoenig M. Carbohydrate Metabolism and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs and Cats. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:377-412. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Forcada Y, Holder A, Church DB, Catchpole B. A polymorphism in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R:c.92C>T) is associated with diabetes mellitus in overweight domestic shorthaired cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:458-64. [PMID: 24372947 PMCID: PMC4857971 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline diabetes mellitus (DM) shares many pathophysiologic features with human type 2 DM. Human genome-wide association studies have identified genes associated with obesity and DM, including melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), which plays an important role in energy balance and appetite regulation. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the feline MC4R gene and to determine whether any SNPs are associated with DM or overweight body condition in cats. ANIMALS Two-hundred forty domestic shorthaired (DSH) cats were recruited for the study. Of these, 120 diabetics were selected (60 overweight, 60 lean), along with 120 nondiabetic controls (60 overweight and 60 lean). Males and females were equally represented. METHODS A prospective case-control study was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and used as template for PCR amplification of the feline MC4R gene. The coding region of the gene was sequenced in 10 cats to identify polymorphisms. Subsequently, genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis assessed MC4R:c.92C > T allele and genotype frequencies in each group of cats. RESULTS No significant differences in MC4R:c.92C>T allele or genotype frequencies were identified between nondiabetic overweight and lean cats. In the overweight diabetic group, 55% were homozygous for the MC4R:c.92C allele, compared to 33% of the lean diabetics and 30% of the nondiabetics. The differences between the overweight diabetic and the nondiabetics were significant (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We identified a polymorphism in the coding sequence of feline MC4R that is associated with DM in overweight DSH cats, similar to the situation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Forcada
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
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27
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O'Leary CA, Duffy DL, Gething MA, McGuckin C, Rand JS. Investigation of diabetes mellitus in Burmese cats as an inherited trait: a preliminary study. N Z Vet J 2013; 61:354-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.817295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lee P, Mori A, Coradini M, Mori N, Sagara F, Yamamoto I, Rand JS, Arai T. Potential predictive biomarkers of obesity in Burmese cats. Vet J 2012; 195:221-7. [PMID: 22840209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Australian Burmese cats are predisposed to diabetes mellitus and, compared to other breeds, have delayed triglyceride clearance that may result in subtle changes within cells and tissues that trigger specific alterations in gene expression within peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs). Expression of genes involved in energy metabolism (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase), lipogenesis (ATP citrate lyase [ACL], fatty acid synthase [FAS] and sterol regulatory binding protein-1c [SREBP-1c]), and insulin signalling (insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2, and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase), as well as cholesterol lipoprotein subfraction profiling were carried out on PBLs from lean Burmese cats and compared with similar profiles of age and gender matched lean and obese Australian domestic shorthaired cats (DSHs) in an attempt to identify possible biomarkers for assessing obesity. For the majority of the genes examined, the lean Burmese cats demonstrated similar PBL gene expression patterns as age and gender matched obese Australian DSH cats. Lean Burmese had increased expression of ACL and FAS, but not SREBP-1c, a main upstream regulator of lipid synthesis, suggesting possible aberrations in lipogenesis. Moreover, lean Burmese displayed a 3- to 4-fold increase in the very low density cholesterol fraction percentage, which was double that for obese DSH cats, indicating an increased degree of lipid dysregulation especially in relation to triglycerides. The findings suggest that Burmese cats may have a particular propensity for dysregulation in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lee
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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Root Kustritz MV. Effects of Surgical Sterilization on Canine and Feline Health and on Society. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 4:214-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mucha S, Wolc A, Gradowska A, Szwaczkowski T. Inbreeding rate and genetic structure of cat populations in Poland. J Appl Genet 2010; 52:101-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-010-0018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dobromylskyj MJ, Sparkes AH. Assessing portable blood glucose meters for clinical use in cats in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2010; 167:438-42. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Dobromylskyj
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - A. H. Sparkes
- Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU
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Preliminary post-prandial studies of Burmese cats with elevated triglyceride concentrations and/or presumed lipid aqueous. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:621-30. [PMID: 20594884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of Burmese cats in Australia have an exaggerated post-prandial triglyceride (TG) response after an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). The aim of this study was to determine (a) whether Burmese cats with presumed lipid aqueous (PLA) had exaggerated post-prandial triglyceridaemia, (b) if Burmese cats with exaggerated post-prandial triglyceridaemia ('affected' cats) had decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and (c) whether affected cats were more insulin resistant than normal Burmese cats. Of cats with a history of PLA, 4/5 were shown to be lipid intolerant (4h TG>4.5mmol/l). Four affected Burmese cats were age, gender and body condition matched to four normal Burmese cats. Serum TG, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations were determined 2 weeks after commencing a standardised high-protein diet, with an OFTT performed 4 weeks later. Affected Burmese cats did not have significantly different fasting insulin, fructosamine, NEFA, apolipoprotein or lipoprotein concentrations compared to control cats. During the OFTT, affected cats had significantly higher 4h and 6h serum TG and NEFA concentrations than normal cats. There was a trend for lower LPL activity, higher insulin concentrations (at 4 and 6h) and higher insulin area under the curve (AUC) during the OFTT in affected Burmese cats compared to controls, although these results failed to reach significance, probably due to the small number of cats studied. Further investigations using larger numbers of cats should focus on reduced LPL activity and insulin resistance as potential causes of delayed TG clearance.
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Rucinsky R, Cook A, Haley S, Nelson R, Zoran DL, Poundstone M. AAHA diabetes management guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:215-24. [PMID: 20439947 DOI: 10.5326/0460215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zeugswetter F, Handl S, Iben C, Schwendenwein I. Efficacy of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration as a marker for diabetes mellitus in acutely sick cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:300-5. [PMID: 20117951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urine ketone measurement is routinely performed in cats with diabetes mellitus to identify impending or established ketoacidosis. Studies using the urinary ketone dipstick test have shown that ketonuria is common in cats with newly diagnosed untreated diabetes mellitus. This test has a low sensitivity as it quantifies the less abundant ketone acetoacetate. The objective of the present study was to determine if ketonaemia is an inherent biochemical finding in untreated feline diabetes mellitus by measuring plasma ss-hydroxybutyrate (ss-OHB) in acutely sick cats. In 122 sick cats (37 diabetic and 85 non-diabetic cats) plasma ss-OHB, glucose, fructosamine, total protein and thyroxine were measured as part of the routine work up. Diabetic cats had significantly elevated ss-OHB values and ss-OHB measurement was a sensitive and specific test to identify diabetes mellitus. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.93. The cut off value with the highest positive likelihood ratio was 0.58 mmol/l. These results suggest that determination of plasma ss-OHB concentration is a useful method to distinguish between diabetic and non-diabetic sick cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zeugswetter
- Clinic for Small Animals and Infectious Diseases, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Marshall R, Rand J, Morton J. Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Cats with Glargine Insulin Improves Glycaemic Control and Results in Higher Probability of Remission than Protamine Zinc and Lente Insulins. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:683-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycaemic control and remission probabilities were compared in 24 newly diagnosed diabetic cats treated twice daily with either glargine, protamine zinc (PZI) or lente insulin and fed a low carbohydrate diet. After day 17, the probability of remission was substantially higher for cats with lower mean 12 h blood glucose concentrations on day 17, irrespective of insulin type. Glargine-treated cats had lower mean 12 h blood glucose concentrations on day 17 than PZI- or lente-treated cats, and all eight glargine-treated cats achieved remission compared to three PZI- and two lente-treated cats. The probability of remission was greater for cats treated with glargine than cats treated with PZI or lente insulin. In newly diagnosed diabetic cats, twice daily treatment with glargine provides better glycaemic control and higher probability of remission compared to twice daily treatment with PZI or lente insulin. Good glycaemic control soon after diagnosis is associated with increased probability of remission and should be the goal of insulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.D. Marshall
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland 4072, Australia
- The Cat Clinic, 189 Creek Rd, Mt Gravatt 4122, Australia
| | - J.S. Rand
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - J.M. Morton
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland 4072, Australia
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Lederer R, Rand J, Jonsson N, Hughes I, Morton J. Frequency of feline diabetes mellitus and breed predisposition in domestic cats in Australia. Vet J 2009; 179:254-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Slingerland LI, Voorhout G, Rijnberk A, Kooistra HS. Growth hormone excess and the effect of octreotide in cats with diabetes mellitus. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 35:352-61. [PMID: 18801640 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this prospective study 16 cats with diabetes mellitus were examined for concurrent acromegaly by measuring plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary fossa. Additionally, the effects of octreotide administration on the plasma concentrations of glucose, GH, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol were measured. Five cats were diagnosed with hypersomatotropism. The pituitary was enlarged in these 5 cats and in 2 other cats. Six cats that required a maximum lente insulin dosage >or=1.5 IU/kg body weight per injection had pituitary enlargement and 5 of these cats had acromegaly. Plasma concentrations of GH, ACTH, and cortisol decreased significantly after single intravenous administration of the somatostatin analogue octreotide in the acromegalic cats. The effect on GH concentrations was more pronounced in some of the acromegalic cats than in others. In the non-acromegalic cats only ACTH concentrations decreased significantly. In both groups plasma glucose concentrations increased slightly but significantly, whereas alpha-MSH concentrations were not significantly affected. In conclusion, the incidence of hypersomatotropism with concomitant pituitary enlargement appears to be high among diabetic cats with severe insulin resistance. Some of these cats responded to octreotide administration with a pronounced decrease in the plasma GH concentration, which suggests that octreotide administration could be used as a pre-entry test for treatment with somatostatin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Slingerland
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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39
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Mori A, Lee P, Takemitsu H, Iwasaki E, Kimura N, Yagishita M, Hayasaka M, Arai T. Decreased gene expression of insulin signaling genes in insulin sensitive tissues of obese cats. Vet Res Commun 2008; 33:315-29. [PMID: 18946721 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) animal models have provided ample opportunity for investigating pathogenesis, as well as to evaluate novel treatment and prevention options for the disease. Because the domestic cat shares a similar environment with humans, it is also confronted with many similar risk factors for diabetes, such as physical inactivity and obesity. Obesity is a significant risk factor for diabetes in cats, and as such, the domestic cat may serve as an ideal model for investigating obesity induced insulin resistance. This study determined changes in insulin signaling genes within insulin sensitive tissues of obese felines. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine mRNA levels of three important insulin signaling genes which have been implicated with insulin resistance: insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3-K) p85alpha. Obese cats had significantly lower IRS-2 and PI3-K p85alpha mRNA levels in liver and skeletal muscle as compared to control cats. This down regulation of insulin signaling genes in obese cats mirrors that of obese humans and rodents suffering from insulin resistance. Interestingly, preprandial blood tests indicated that our obese cats were no different from control cats with regards to glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, thus indicating that the obese cats used in our study had a moderate level of obesity. Therefore, insulin signaling gene alterations were occurring in insulin sensitive tissues of moderately obese felines before glucose intolerance was clinically evident. As such, the monitoring of key insulin signaling genes may have some important diagnostic value to determine the risk level and degree of obesity induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mori
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1, 7, 1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan.
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40
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Treatment of 46 cats with porcine lente insulin – a prospective, multicentre study. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:439-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This prospective, multicentre, non-blinded, open study followed 46 cats with diabetes mellitus during treatment with porcine lente insulin (also known as porcine insulin zinc suspension, Caninsulin®, Intervet) for 16±1 weeks (stabilization phase), with additional monitoring of some cats ( n=23) for a variable period. At least three of the following were present at initial presentation: appropriate history of clinical signs consistent with diabetes mellitus, glucosuria, blood glucose greater than 15 mmol/l and fructosamine greater than 380 μmol/l. Insulin treatment was started at a dose rate of 0.25–0.5 IU/kg body weight twice daily, with a maximum starting dose of 2 IU/injection. Twenty-eight of the cats were classed as reaching clinical stability during the study, in 23 of these cats this was during the stabilization phase. Seven cats went into remission during the stabilization phase and one of the cats in week 56. Clinical signs of hypoglycaemia, significantly associated with a dose of 3 units or 0.5 IU/kg or more per cat (twice daily), were observed in nine of the 46 cats during the stabilization phase and concomitant biochemical hypoglycaemia was recorded in most cases. Biochemical hypoglycaemia, recorded in 6% of the blood glucose curves performed during the stabilization phase, was significantly associated with a dose rate of 0.75 IU/kg or more twice daily. This further highlights the need for cautious stepwise changes in insulin dose. The protocol used in the present study is suitable for and easy to use in practice. This study confirmed the efficacy and safety of porcine lente insulin (Caninsulin®) in diabetic cats under field conditions.
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41
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Kluger EK, Hardman C, Govendir M, Baral RM, Sullivan DR, Snow D, Malik R. Triglyceride response following an oral fat tolerance test in Burmese cats, other pedigree cats and domestic crossbred cats. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 11:82-90. [PMID: 18667349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary lipid disorders causing fasting triglyceridaemia have been documented infrequently in Burmese cats. Due to the known increased risk of diabetes mellitus and sporadic reports of lipid aqueous in this breed, the aim of this study was to determine whether healthy Burmese cats displayed a more pronounced pre- or post-prandial triglyceridaemia compared to other cats. Serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations were determined at baseline and variably at 2, 4 and 6h after ingestion of a high-fat meal (ie, an oral fat tolerance test) in a representative sample of Burmese and non-Burmese cats. The median 4 and 6h serum TG concentrations were significantly higher in Burmese cats (4h - 2.8mmol/l; 6h - 8.2mmol/l) than in other pedigree and domestic crossbred cats (4h - 1.5mmol/l; 6h - 1.0mmol/l). The non-Burmese group had post-prandial TG concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 3.9mmol/l. Seven Burmese cats had post-prandial TG concentrations between 6.6 and 19.0mmol/l, five had concentrations between 4.2 and 4.7mmol/l, while the remaining 15 had post-prandial concentrations between 0.5 and 2.8mmol/l. None of these Burmese cats had fasting triglyceridaemia. Most Burmese cats with a 4 h TG > 6.0 mmol/l had elevated fasting very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations. This study demonstrates that a proportion of Burmese cats in Australia have delayed TG clearance compared to other cats. The potential repercussions of this observation with reference to lipid aqueous, pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus in Burmese cats are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa K Kluger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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42
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Are the available experimental models of type 2 diabetes appropriate for a gender perspective? Pharmacol Res 2007; 57:6-18. [PMID: 18221886 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several experimental models have so far been developed to improve our knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), to determine the possible pharmacological targets of this disease and to better evaluate diabetes-associated complications, e.g. the cardiovascular disease. In particular, the study of T2D gained the attention of several groups working with different animal species: rodents, cats or pigs, as well as other non-human primate species. Each of these species provided useful and different clues. However, T2D has to be considered as a gender-associated disease: sex differences play in fact a key role in the onset as well as in the progression of the disease and a higher mortality for cardiovascular diseases is detected in diabetic women with respect to men. The results obtained from all the available animal models appear to only partially address this issue so that the search for more precise information in this respect appears to be mandatory. In this review we summarize these concepts and literature in the field and propose a reappraisal of the various animal models for a study of T2D that would take into consideration a gender perspective.
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44
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Kustritz MVR. Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:1665-75. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.11.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Prahl A, Guptill L, Glickman NW, Tetrick M, Glickman LT. Time trends and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in cats presented to veterinary teaching hospitals. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 9:351-8. [PMID: 17449313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary Medical Data Base records of cats with diabetes mellitus (DM) from 1970 through 1999 were reviewed to identify trends in hospital prevalence of DM and potential host risk factors. Hospital prevalence increased from eight cases per 10,000 in 1970 to 124 per 10,000 in 1999 ( P < 0.001). Case fatality percent at first visit decreased from 40% to 10% ( P < 0.001). Hospital prevalence increased in all age groups ( P < 0.002). There was no apparent seasonal pattern in hospital prevalence. Significant risk factors included male gender, increasing age for both genders ( P < 0.001), increasing weight for males ( P < 0.001), and mixed vs pure breed for females ( P = 0.006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Prahl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is a new pandemic in humans associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A similar sharp increase has occurred in the number of obese cats in recent years. There are many reasons for this increase in both species; for cats, the main problems are unlimited access to a nutrient-dense diet and sedentary life style. Obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes whose prevalence has increased concomitantly. Cats develop a form of diabetes that is similar to type 2 in humans, characterized by islet amyloid and loss of beta-cell mass. The energy metabolism of cats and the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes are being characterized in order to identify similarities and differences from humans and to recognize causative and protective factors for adverse sequelae to obesity and diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS New approaches to the study of lipid and glucose metabolism in cats show that glucose metabolism is not as dissimilar and lipid metabolism is not as similar to that of humans as previously thought, perhaps explaining why cats do not develop the classic metabolic syndrome. SUMMARY The cat is an excellent model for examining the pathophysiology and complications of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarethe Hoenig
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Feline diabetes mellitus (FDM) closely resembles human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in many respects including clinical, physiological, and pathological features of the disease. These features include age of onset of FDM in middle age, association with obesity, residual but declining insulin secretion, development of islet amyloid deposits, loss of approximately 50% of beta-cell mass, and development of complications in several organ systems including peripheral polyneuropathy and retinopathy. Many of the pathological aspects of the disease are also experimentally inducible, facilitating study of the pathogenesis of these lesions. Physiological aspects of FDM and obesity are also well studied in the cat and provide an excellent basis for comparative studies of human T2DM. The relatively short generation time of cats along with breed predispositions to development of FDM may allow for more rapid screening and identification of genetic markers for diabetes susceptibility. FDM, in both spontaneous and inducible forms, therefore provides a good animal model of human T2DM and may provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of this important condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Henson
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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48
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Abstract
Feline diabetes is a multifactorial disease with genetic and environmental factors, including diet, excess body weight, and physical inactivity, involved in its pathogenesis. Although type 2 diabetes is most common in cats, most cats are insulin-dependent at the time of diagnosis. If good glycemic control can be achieved early after diagnosis, a substantial proportion of diabetic cats go into clinical remission. Diabetic remission may be facilitated by using a low-carbohydrate-high-protein diet combined with a long-acting insulin, such as glargine, administered twice daily. Rather than just controlling clinical signs, these new treatment modalities make curing feline diabetes a realistic goal for practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquie S Rand
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Rand JS, Fleeman LM, Farrow HA, Appleton DJ, Lederer R. Canine and Feline Diabetes Mellitus: Nature or Nurture? J Nutr 2004; 134:2072S-2080S. [PMID: 15284406 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.8.2072s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence for the role of genetic and environmental factors in feline and canine diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in cats. Evidence for genetic factors in feline diabetes includes the overrepresentation of Burmese cats with diabetes. Environmental risk factors in domestic or Burmese cats include advancing age, obesity, male gender, neutering, drug treatment, physical inactivity, and indoor confinement. High-carbohydrate diets increase blood glucose and insulin levels and may predispose cats to obesity and diabetes. Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets may help prevent diabetes in cats at risk such as obese cats or lean cats with underlying low insulin sensitivity. Evidence exists for a genetic basis and altered immune response in the pathogenesis of canine diabetes. Seasonal effects on the incidence of diagnosis indicate that there are environmental influences on disease progression. At least 50% of diabetic dogs have type 1 diabetes based on present evidence of immune destruction of beta-cells. Epidemiological factors closely match those of the latent autoimmune diabetes of adults form of human type 1 diabetes. Extensive pancreatic damage, likely from chronic pancreatitis, causes approximately 28% of canine diabetes cases. Environmental factors such as feeding of high-fat diets are potentially associated with pancreatitis and likely play a role in the development of pancreatitis in diabetic dogs. There are no published data showing that overt type 2 diabetes occurs in dogs or that obesity is a risk factor for canine diabetes. Diabetes diagnosed in a bitch during either pregnancy or diestrus is comparable to human gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquie S Rand
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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50
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Appleton DJ, Rand JS, Sunvold GD, Priest J. Dietary chromium tripicolinate supplementation reduces glucose concentrations and improves glucose tolerance in normal-weight cats. J Feline Med Surg 2002; 4:13-25. [PMID: 11869052 DOI: 10.1053/jfms.2001.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary chromium supplementation on glucose and insulin metabolism in healthy, non-obese cats was evaluated. Thirty-two cats were randomly divided into four groups and fed experimental diets consisting of a standard diet with 0 ppb (control), 150 ppb, 300 ppb, or 600 ppb added chromium as chromium tripicolinate. Intravenous glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests with minimal model analysis were performed before and after 6 weeks of feeding the test diets. During the glucose tolerance test, glucose concentrations, area under the glucose concentration-time curve, and glucose half-life (300 ppb only), were significantly lower after the trial in cats supplemented with 300 ppb and 600 ppb chromium, compared with values before the trial. Fasting glucose concentrations measured on a different day in the biochemistry profile were also significantly lower after supplementation with 600 ppb chromium. There were no significant differences in insulin concentrations or indices in either the glucose or insulin tolerance tests following chromium supplementation, nor were there any differences between groups before or after the dietary trial.Importantly, this study has shown a small but significant, dose-dependent improvement in glucose tolerance in healthy, non-obese cats supplemented with dietary chromium. Further long-term studies are warranted to determine if the addition of chromium to feline diets is advantageous. Cats most likely to benefit are those with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance from lack of exercise, obesity and old age. Healthy cats at risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes from underlying low insulin sensitivity or genetic factors may also benefit from long-term chromium supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Appleton
- Companion Animal Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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