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Huang J, Zhang L, Shi L, Wu M, Lv T, Zhang Y, Lai Y, Tu Q, Wang X, Wang H. An epidemiological study on skin tumors of the elderly in a community in Shanghai, China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4441. [PMID: 36932111 PMCID: PMC10023674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity of skin tumors (ST) in China is a great concern as the population ages. No epidemiological survey on ST in elderly communities in China has been reported. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the residents over 60 years old in a community in Shanghai, China from May 1, 2011 to November 30, 2011. The prevalence of cutaneous tumors and associated factors were analyzed. Among 2038 valid cases, a total of 78 (3.8%, 95% CI 3.0-4.7) skin cancers (SC) were confirmed. According to the final multivariate regression analysis, age, gender and previous occupation were the significantly influential factors for SC. Actinic keratosis (AK) accounted for the largest proportion (63, 3.1%) in SC. The head and neck was the physiological site with the highest incidence of SC (64, 82.1%), and AK was the most common (55, 87.3%) in head and neck SC. The common concomitant diseases of SC were hypertension (26, 33.3%) and diabetes mellitus (9, 11.5%). Seborrheic keratosis (SK) was the most common benign skin tumor with a prevalence of 100%. Men and women developed SK in significantly different parts of the body (P < 0.0001). The incidence of ST in the elderly population in Shanghai community increased with age. ST preferred to occur in the head and neck, which might be attributed to excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure in these areas. Therefore, early diagnosis and sun-protection education are essential interventions for ST in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minfeng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxian Lai
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Tu
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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de Troya Martín M, Aguilar S, Aguilera-Arjona J, Rivas-Ruiz F, Rodríguez-Martínez A, de Castro-Maqueda G, Cambil-Martín J, de Gálvez-Aranda V, Blázquez-Sánchez N. Risk assessment of occupational skin cancer among outdoor workers in southern Spain: local pilot study. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:14-20. [PMID: 36424170 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main preventable cause of skin cancer. Outdoor workers, exposed to the sun for many hours throughout their working lives, are at special risk. The aim of this study is to determine occupational photoexposure and photoprotection among outdoor workers employed by a municipality in southern Spain. METHODS Cross-sectional descriptive study focusing on outdoor workers employed by the municipality of Fuengirola (in areas such as construction, gardening, urban cleaning and beach maintenance). The participants were monitored by personal dosimetry, participated in a dermatological check-up and answered a validated questionnaire (CHACES) on their habits, attitudes and knowledge related to sun exposure. RESULTS The median effective erythema dose of exposure to solar UV radiation during the working day (n=20) was 379.4 J/m2, equivalent to 3.8 standard erythema doses, almost 3 times higher than the recommended limits for an 8-hour workday. Skin examination (n=128) revealed the presence of actinic lentigines (79.7%), actinic keratoses (8.6%) and skin cancer (3.9%). The CHACES questionnaire (n=128) revealed a sunburn rate of 50.0%. Photoprotection practices were markedly deficient: only 16.7% of the survey respondents sought protection in the shade, 20.3% avoided exposure during the peak exposure hours and 33.1% applied sunscreen. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to evaluate UV radiation exposure, occupational sun protection practices, sunburn and actinic injuries of different outdoor workers in one of the sunniest regions of Spain and underlines the need for effective interventions to protect outdoor workers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sierra Aguilar
- Occupational Risk Prevention Service, Fuengirola City Council, Fuengirola, Spain
| | - José Aguilera-Arjona
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Guillermo de Castro-Maqueda
- Physical Education Department, Education Science Faculty, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.,Nursing Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jacobo Cambil-Martín
- Nursing Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Calvache Ruales MF, Westerhausen S, Zapata Gallo HA, Strehl B, Naza Guzman SD, Versteeg H, Stöppelmann W, Wittlich M. UVR Exposure and Prevention of Street Construction Workers in Colombia and Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127259. [PMID: 35742508 PMCID: PMC9223545 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
(1) Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses a major risk factor for developing skin cancer after years of chronic exposure. The irradiation is strongly dependent upon the activity or occupation carried out, but also on the climate conditions at the workplace. Knowledge of both has been tested within the occupational group of road construction workers in Colombia and Germany. (2) The GENESIS-UV measurement system has been used at both locations for consistency. A number of workers in both countries wore an electronic data logging dosimeter for several months to deliver detailed information on UVR exposure. (3) It was found that in a tropical climate, UVR exposure remains constant throughout the year, while in a temperate climate seasonal effects are visible, superimposed by behavioural aspects e.g., in springtime. The daily distribution of the radiation shows a distinct dip, especially in the Colombian data. Derived data show the high fraction of working days exceeding a threshold set by the skin type. (4) Road construction work involves high UVR exposure. In both countries, preventive measures are required to reduce the personal exposure to a minimum. Exceedance of the minimal erythema dose (MED) suggests a possible enhancing effect, especially in fair skinned people. Intercomparison of UVR exposure at workplaces is possible between countries and climate zones, emphasizing efforts for global action against skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Westerhausen
- Department of Ergonomics: Physical Environmental Factors, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany;
| | | | - Benjamin Strehl
- Department Accident Prevention: Digitalisation—Technologies, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany;
| | - Sergio D. Naza Guzman
- Risk Management Consultancy CGR, SURA, Cali 760046, Colombia; (M.F.C.R.); (S.D.N.G.)
| | - Helmut Versteeg
- Department Exposure and Risk Assessment, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany; (H.V.); (W.S.)
| | - Wiho Stöppelmann
- Department Exposure and Risk Assessment, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany; (H.V.); (W.S.)
| | - Marc Wittlich
- Department Accident Prevention: Digitalisation—Technologies, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-13001-3500
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4
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Wittlich M. Criteria for Occupational Health Prevention for Solar UVR Exposed Outdoor Workers-Prevalence, Affected Parties, and Occupational Disease. Front Public Health 2022; 9:772290. [PMID: 35155340 PMCID: PMC8826221 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.772290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer in western countries. Legislative bodies and stakeholders like WHO and EU strongly promote protection against solar UVR, especially in workers. Occupational health prevention must be introduced as a strong instrument in workers protection also with regard to occupational disease issues. To date, criteria for both occupational health prevention and occupational disease are missing and the identification of risk groups has no metric basis. Here I report a criteria analysis based on the largest comprehensive data set of occupational ultraviolet radiation exposure of outdoor workers. With detailed research on occupation-specific dosimetric measurements of 45.000 measurement days in 176 occupations and sub-occupations, it is possible to map criteria for occupational health prevention specifically and to identify affected occupations. The number of employees affected can be elucidated worldwide. For the first time, a direct link to retrospective occupational disease criteria could be established. Of the 176 occupations and sub-occupations selected for this work, 153 (=87%) exceed the criterion for occupational health prevention and thus need special attention. This includes all occupations with annual exposures of more than 150 SED. Employment figures for the EU and the world yield the total number of affected workers to be 36.1 million and more than 500 million, respectively. These new criteria for occupational health prevention are valid and in good agreement with international research on limit values by WHO and ICNIRP. If applied correctly and consistently, these criteria can prevent occupational disease. It will be possible to identify occupations and sub-occupations that have an urgent need for prevention to avoid chronic skin damage leading to cancer. This research serves as a basis for policy making and clinical risk identification, as well as for daily practice of occupational physicians and employers responsible for risk assesment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wittlich
- Department Accident Prevention: Digitalisation-Technologies, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
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5
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Linde K, Wright CY, du Plessis JL. Personal Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure of Farmworkers: Seasonal and Anatomical Differences Suggest Prevention Measures Are Required. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 66:41-51. [PMID: 34302333 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farmworkers are at risk of excess exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) during their work activities, especially if they work in geographical areas with high ambient solar UVR levels such as in South Africa. Excess exposure to solar UVR may lead to several negative health effects such as certain cataracts and skin cancer. This study evaluated personal solar UVR exposure of a group of farmworkers to determine if they were at risk of health-related problems due to excess solar UVR exposure. METHODS Polysulphone film (PSF) badges were placed on the shoulder, arm, and top of the head of outdoor and indoor farmworkers on a macadamia nut and avocado farm in the Limpopo province for the duration of their daily work shift to evaluate their total daily solar UVR exposure. Sixteen days were assessed for each of the three, high solar UVR seasons, i.e. autumn, spring, and summer. RESULTS During autumn, farmworkers' arms received the highest solar UVR exposures (geometric mean (GM) = 7.8 SED, where 1 standard erythemal dose (SED) = 100 J/m2, 95% CI 6.1-9.8 SED) while the highest exposures were on the top of the head during spring (GM = 11.6 SED, 95% CI 7.3-17.4 SED) and summer (GM = 13.9, 95% CI 10.4-17.9 SED). Statistically significant differences in solar UVR exposure were found between the body sites during spring and summer but not autumn. CONCLUSIONS The relatively high daily solar UVR exposure levels of farmworkers suggest this occupational group is at risk of excess solar UVR exposure and preventive measures with awareness information to safeguard health is necessary for employers and employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlien Linde
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.,Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Caradee Yael Wright
- Environmental and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.,Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Johannes Lodewykus du Plessis
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Schmalwieser AW. Possibilities to estimate the personal UV radiation exposure from ambient UV radiation measurements. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:1249-1261. [PMID: 32794538 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) throughout their entire lives. Exposure to UVR is vital but also poses serious risks. The quantification of human UVR exposure is a complex issue. Personal UVR exposure is related to ambient UVR as well as to a variety of factors such as the orientation of the exposed anatomical site with respect to the sun and the duration of exposure. This is mainly determined by personal behaviour. A variety of efforts have been made in the past to measure or model the personal UVR exposure of people and often personal UVR exposure has been expressed as the percentage of ambient UVR. On the other hand, ambient UVR is being monitored at a variety of places and measurements are available even online. This suggests that both the knowledge of personal UVR exposure and measurements of ambient UVR is required. In this paper, a summary on the different methods, which use ambient UVR measurements to estimate personal UVR exposure of people, as well as a few examples, are given. Advantages and disadvantages will be discussed as well as possibilities and limitations. This also includes an overview of appropriate terminology, units and basic statistic parameters to describe personal UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois W Schmalwieser
- Institute of Biophysics and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Abstract
During leisure time, people can decide if they want to expose themselves to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to what extent. While working, people do not have this choice. Outdoor workers are exposed to solar UV radiation (UVR) on a daily basis. This may pose a certain health risk, which can be estimated when the personal solar UVR exposure (PE) is known. During past decades, a variety of studies were conducted to measure PE of outdoor workers and our knowledge of the PE of outdoor workers has increased remarkably. As shown by this review, studies clearly indicate that PE of most outdoor workers exceeds the internationally proposed threshold limit value, which is comparable to 1.0 to 1.3 standard erythema dose (SED), respectively, to 1.1 to 1.5 UV Index received over one hour. Besides working in a high UVR environ, monotonic workflow (limited movement, nearly static posture) is a risk factor. In such cases, PE can be higher than ambient UVR. In this review, we provide also a list of milestones, depicting the progress and the most important findings in this field during the past 45 years. However, in many respects our knowledge is still rudimentary, for several reasons. Different measuring positions have been used so that measured PE is not comparable. Few studies were designed to enable the extension of measured PE to other locations or dates. Although the importance of a proper calibration of the measuring devices in respect to the changing solar spectrum was pointed out from the beginning, this is often not performed, which leads to high uncertainties in the presented PE levels. At the end of our review, we provide some key points, which can be used to evaluate the quality of a study respectively to support the design of future studies.
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8
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Dillane D, Balanay JAG. Comparison between EPA UV index app and UV monitor to assess risk for solar ultraviolet radiation exposure in agricultural settings in Eastern North Carolina. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2021; 18:16-27. [PMID: 33284740 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2020.1842880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural workers are exposed to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to the significant amount of time spent working outdoors. Risk information on UV exposure from the EPA SunWise UV Index mobile app is conveniently available for timely advice on risk management, but its reliability is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the EPA UV Index app in providing accurate risk information to reduce UV exposure and prevent related illnesses among agricultural workers in eastern North Carolina. UV radiation effective irradiance (UV eff ) indices were datalogged at two agricultural sites using radiometers from April-August 2019 and were assigned to risk levels (low, moderate, high, very high, extreme) based on the ACGIH® Threshold Limit Values (TLVs®). The UV index (UV app ) and its corresponding risk level were obtained using the app. Hourly UV app -based risk level assignments were time-matched to their corresponding UV eff /TLV-based risk level assignments (871 pairs) and analyzed using cross tabulation by determining the percentage of hourly UV eff /TLV-based risk levels ("gold standard") with the same hourly UV app -based risk levels, with a larger percentage indicating higher app reliability. Results showed that the app correctly identified 100% of low risk conditions, but its reliability decreased as the UV risk condition became more severe. The app correctly identified 0% of moderate, high and very high risk conditions but instead assigned 100% of them to lower risk levels (30-100% as low risk, 5-70% as moderate risk), indicating that the app was less protective in assessing UV risk. The app correctly identified 0.6% of extreme risk conditions but assigned 99.4% of them to lower risk levels (9.4% as low, 29.7% as moderate, 24.6% as high, 35.8% as very high). It is concluded that the performance of the EPA UV Index app in assessing occupational UV risk is not protective of workers particularly for high risk conditions, and that the use of the app for the assessment of risk to UV exposure in agricultural settings is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dillane
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jo Anne G Balanay
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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9
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McKenzie JF, El-Zaemey S, Carey RN. Prevalence of exposure to multiple occupational carcinogens among exposed workers in Australia. Occup Environ Med 2020; 78:oemed-2020-106629. [PMID: 32948666 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Workers can be exposed to a range of different carcinogenic agents in the workplace. However, previous studies have often focused on prevalence of exposure to a single carcinogen, resulting in substantial knowledge gaps regarding the extent of multiple exposures in the workplace. This study aims to investigate the current prevalence of occupational exposure to multiple carcinogens among exposed workers in Australia. METHODS The data for this study come from the Australian Work Exposures Study, a nationwide cross-sectional telephone survey of Australian workers aged between 18 and 65. Information was collected about the respondents' current employment and numerous demographic factors using a web-based application (Occupational Integrated Database Exposure Assessment System) to conduct the interview, with predefined algorithms used to automatically assign exposures to carcinogens based on the respondents' job tasks. RESULTS The majority (81%) of exposed respondents were assessed as being probably exposed to more than one carcinogen, and 26% reported exposure to five or more carcinogens. We found that after adjusting for occupation, exposure to multiple carcinogens was more likely among male respondents, while older workers (aged between 55 and 65) were less likely to be exposed to multiple carcinogens. CONCLUSIONS This study provides information on the prevalence of exposure to multiple carcinogens in the general population that has not previously been reported. This information could be useful for the intervention and control of occupational exposures to the prioritised carcinogens identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F McKenzie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sonia El-Zaemey
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Renee N Carey
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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10
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Borup H, Mortensen OS, Grandahl K. Sex as a Risk Factor for Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure?-Dosimetry in Danish Outdoor Workers. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1350-1354. [PMID: 32737886 PMCID: PMC7754363 DOI: 10.1111/php.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is a known risk factor for the development of skin cancer. Heterogeneity in solar UVR exposure may explain the diversity in skin cancer incidence between men and women. This, however, has not previously been investigated in Danish outdoor workers using UVR dosimetry. The aim of this study was to evaluate sex differences in solar UVR dosimetry in Danish outdoor workers on working and leisure days. A cross‐sectional design was used to collect dosimetry data during the Danish summer season (May to September). Analysis was based on an electronic questionnaire and dosimetry data from 450 outdoor workers (88 women, 362 men). Dosimetry data were reported as standard erythema dose (SED). The daily median SED (Interquartile range) on working days was 1.6 (2.5) in men and 1.5 (2.1) in women while on leisure days it was 0.5 (1.4) in men and 0.6 (1.3) in women. Analysis by multiple linear regression did not show any association between daily median SED and sex on either working or leisure days. In conclusion, solar UVR exposure in Danish outdoor workers did not vary according to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Borup
- Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, Holbaek Hospital, Part of Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark
| | - Ole Steen Mortensen
- Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, Holbaek Hospital, Part of Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark.,Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Grandahl
- Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, Holbaek Hospital, Part of Copenhagen University Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark
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11
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Use of Electronic UV Dosimeters in Measuring Personal UV Exposures and Public Health Education. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The performance limits of electronic ultraviolet (EUV) dosimeters, which use AlGaN Schottky photodiodes as the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) sensing element to measure personal erythemally weighted UVR exposures, were investigated via a direct comparison with meteorological-grade reference instruments. EUV dosimeters with two types of AlGaN Schottky photodiode were compared to second-generation ‘Robertson–Berger type’ broadband erythemal radiometers. This comparison was done by calculating correction factors for the deviations of the spectral responsivity of each instrument from the CIE erythemal action spectrum and for deviations in their angular response from the ideal cosine response of flat surfaces and human skin. Correction factors were also calculated to convert the output of these instruments to vitamin D-weighted UV irradiances. These comparisons showed that EUV dosimeters can be engineered with spectral responsivities and cosine response errors approaching those of Robertson–Berger type radiometers, making them very acceptable for use in human UVR exposure and sun safety behaviour studies, provided appropriate side-by-side calibrations are performed. Examples of these calibrations and the effect of EUV dosimeter sampling rates on the calculation of received erythemal UVR doses and erythemal UVR dose rates are provided, as well as brief descriptions of their use in primary skin cancer prevention programmes, handheld meters, and public health displays.
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12
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Measurements of UV—A Exposure of Commercial Pilots Using Genesis-UV Dosimeters. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies suggest that pilots are at twice the risk of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers than the general population, and that they have a raised mortality from melanoma. No conclusive links with in-flight exposure to ionising radiationor circadian rhythm disruption due to the pilots’ shift work were found. Possible over-exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may be implicated as pilots may be exposed to higher UV-A levels at cruise altitude compared with those at ground levels. The direct method of making in-flight spectral measurements has been carried out on a limited number of flights, but this technique is challenging; the use of small wearable sensors may be more appropriate but there are a few issues that should be addressed for their use in cockpit measurements. While the spectral response of sensors for erythema effective values usually closely matches the corresponding weighting function, the response of UV-A sensors may not be spectrally flat, which, if not corrected to account for the transmission of the aircraft windshield, could potentially result in large errors. In this paper, the spectral correction method was applied to the UV-A sensor of the Genesis-UV unit to measure UVR exposure of commercial pilots on 312 flights to a range of destinations from four UK airports from September 2016 to August 2017.
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Isser M, Kranebitter H, Kühn E, Lederer W. High-energy visible light transparency and ultraviolet ray transmission of metallized rescue sheets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11208. [PMID: 31371746 PMCID: PMC6671957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallized rescue sheets are essential components in first aid boxes and professional emergency equipment for provision of thermal insulation. We investigated the transparency for visual light and the transmission of ultraviolet radiation and high-energy visible light in the violet/blue band of rescue sheets under laboratory conditions to evaluate the potential of blocking solar radiation during outdoor activities. An experimental study was performed using two commercially available brands of rescue sheets. Transmission of visible light and ultraviolet light was assessed by optometry. Single-layer transparency for visible light was between 1% and 8%. Transmission for high-energy visible light in the violet/blue band and ultraviolet A rays was between 1% and 13% for the single layer and between 0% and 3% for the double layer of the rescue sheets. Transmission for ultraviolet B rays afforded by each tested rescue sheet brand was between 0% and 1% for the single layer. Double-layer rescue sheets blocked 100% of ultraviolet B radiation. In conclusion, single layer rescue sheets were sufficiently permeable for visible light and diminished transmission for ultraviolet radiation and high-energy visible light in the violet/blue band to potentially protect from solar radiation if used for facial protection and as makeshift sun googles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Isser
- Medical Division, Mountain Rescue Tyrol, Telfs, 6410, Austria
| | - Hannah Kranebitter
- Medical Division, Mountain Rescue Tyrol, Telfs, 6410, Austria.,Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Erich Kühn
- Private Polytechnic Institute of the State of Tyrol - College of Optometry, Hall, 6060, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Lederer
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
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14
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Modenese A, Korpinen L, Gobba F. Solar Radiation Exposure and Outdoor Work: An Underestimated Occupational Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2063. [PMID: 30241306 PMCID: PMC6209927 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A considerably high number of outdoor workers worldwide are constantly exposed for the majority of their working life to solar radiation (SR); this exposure is known to induce various adverse health effects, mainly related to its ultraviolet (UV) component. The skin and the eye are the principal target organs for both acute and long-term exposure. Actinic keratosis, non-melanoma skin cancers, and malignant melanoma are the main long-term adverse skin effects, whereas in the eye pterygium, cataracts, and according to an increasing body of evidence, macular degeneration may be induced. Despite this, SR exposure risk is currently undervalued, if not neglected, as an occupational risk factor for outdoor workers. SR exposure is influenced by various environmental and individual factors, and occupation is one of the most relevant. For a better understanding of this risk and for the development of more effective prevention strategies, one of the main problems is the lack of available and adequate methods to estimate SR worker exposure, especially long-term exposure. The main aims of this review were to provide a comprehensive overview of SR exposure risk of outdoor workers, including the UV exposure levels and the main methods recently proposed for short-term and cumulative exposure, and to provide an update of knowledge on the main adverse eye and skin effects. Finally, we also outline here preventive interventions to reduce occupational risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Leena Korpinen
- Clinical Physiology and Neurophysiology Unit, The North Karelia Central Hospital, 80210 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
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15
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Determinants of Sunburn and Sun Protection of Agricultural Workers During Occupational and Recreational Activities. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 59:1089-1094. [PMID: 28858909 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify determinants of occupational sunburn in agricultural workers and assess their occupational and recreational sun protection habits. METHODS Specific surveys of agricultural workers in Switzerland and France were conducted (N = 1538). Multivariate logistic regressions identified occupational sunburn determinants. Occupational and recreational sun protection habits were estimated and correlated. RESULTS One-year occupational and recreational sunburn prevalences were 19.8% and 11.5%, respectively. Occupational sunburn increased with having a recent recreational sunburn, highly sensitive skin, young age, high perceived skin cancer risk, using sunscreen, and not wearing a hat. Correlation between protection habits during work and leisure was substantial (rs 0.5 to 0.7). Skin health knowledge was high and pro-tanning attitude moderate. CONCLUSION Potentially modifiable sunburn determinants and suboptimal recreational and occupational sun protection practices were identified in agricultural workers. Refining and tailoring sun protection messages targeting the agricultural sector are needed.
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Schmalwieser AW, Siani AM. Review on Nonoccupational Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:900-915. [PMID: 29856894 DOI: 10.1111/php.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation follows people during their whole life. Exposure to UV radiation is vital but holds serious risks, too. The quantification of human UV exposure is a complex issue. UV exposure is directly related to incoming UV radiation as well as to a variety of factors such as the orientation of the exposed anatomical site with respect to the sun and the duration of exposure. The use of badge-sensors allows assessing the UV exposure of differently oriented body sites. Such UV devices have been available for over 40 years, and a variety of measuring campaigns have been undertaken since then. This study provides an overview of those studies which reported measurements of the personal UV exposure (PE) during outdoor activities of people not related to their occupation. This overview is given chronologically to show the progress of knowledge in this research and is given with respect to different activities. Special focus is put on the ratio of personal exposure to ambient UV radiation. This ratio, when given as a function of solar elevation, allows estimating PE at any other location or date if ambient UV radiation is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois W Schmalwieser
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Riccò M, Razio B, Poletti L, Panato C. Knowledge, attitudes, and sun-safety practices among agricultural workers in the Autonomous Province of Trento, North-Eastern Italy (2016). GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2017; 155:31-40. [PMID: 28895375 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.17.05672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate sun safety knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) among agricultural workers (AWs) in the Autonomous Province of Trento (North-Eastern Italy). METHODS A cross sectional study was performed among AWs who attended pesticide training courses (2016). Participants received a structured questionnaire focusing on KAP towards sun protective behaviors. Synthetic scores for knowledge (GKS), risk perception (RPS), behavioral adaptation and use of personal protective equipment (SPPS) were calculated. Regression analysis was modelled in order to assess GKS, RPS and individual factors as predictors of SPPS. RESULTS The sample included 204 AWs (89.7% males, 10.3% females, mean age 43.9±15.9 years). Sun protective behaviors were irregularly referred by participants, in particular receiving medical skin assessment by a dermatologist (33.8%), avoiding sun radiations at noon and taking rest breaks in shady areas (30.9%), and wearing sunscreen (13.3%). GKS was correlated with RPS, and RPS was characterized as a significant predictor of SPPS (B=0.307; 95% CI 0.224-0.389, P<0.001), alongside increased seniority (B=4.957: 95% CI 3.064-6.851, P<0.001) and previous history of sunburns (B=5.829; 95% CI 1.520-10.139, P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that AWs are not appropriately aware of the risks associated with occupational exposure to solar radiation, and eventually report inadequate skin cancer prevention practices. Since SPPS found significant predictors in individual factors, tailored interventions and training may contribute to fill knowledge gaps and raise the concerns of AWs towards occupational dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riccò
- Operative Unit for Health and Safety in the Workplaces, Department of Prevention, Provincial Agency for Health Services (APSS) of the Autonomous Province of Trento, Trento, Italy - .,Local Health Unit of Reggio Emilia, Department of Public Health, Service for Health and Safety in the Workplace, AUSL IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy -
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18
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Laurenzo SA, Kardon R, Ledolter J, Poolman P, Schumacher AM, Potash JB, Full JM, Rice O, Ketcham A, Starkey C, Fiedorowicz JG. Pupillary response abnormalities in depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:492-499. [PMID: 27821359 PMCID: PMC5161673 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Depressive disorders lack objective physiological measurements to characterize the affected population and facilitate study of relevant mechanisms. The melanopsin-mediated light signaling pathway may contribute to seasonal variation and can be measured non-invasively by pupillometry. We prospectively studied changes in melanopsin-mediated pupillary constriction in 19 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 10 control across the summer and winter solstices. The melanopsin-mediated response, as measured by the pupil's sustained constriction six s after a high intensity blue light stimulus, was marginally attenuated in those with MDD relative to controls (p=0.071). The participants with MDD unexpectedly showed a significantly reduced transient pupillary response to low intensity red (p=0.011) and blue light (p=0.013), but not high intensity red and blue light. Sustained pupillary constriction in response to high intensity blue light was more pronounced with increasing daylight hours (p=0.037) and was more strongly related to objectively measured versus estimated light exposure. Melanopsin-mediated impairments in pupil response may serve as a biological marker for vulnerability to depression in low light conditions. Assessment of these and other responses to light stimuli, such as response to low intensity light, may be useful for the study of the neurobiology of MDD and related mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Laurenzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States
| | - Randy Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States,Iowa City Veterans Affairs center for Prevention of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, United States
| | - Johannes Ledolter
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs center for Prevention of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, United States,Tippie College of Business, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Pieter Poolman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States,Iowa City Veterans Affairs center for Prevention of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, United States
| | - Ashley M. Schumacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jan M. Full
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States,Iowa City Veterans Affairs center for Prevention of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, United States
| | - Olivia Rice
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States,Iowa City Veterans Affairs center for Prevention of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, United States
| | - Anna Ketcham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States,Iowa City Veterans Affairs center for Prevention of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, United States
| | - Cole Starkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States,Iowa City Veterans Affairs center for Prevention of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, United States
| | - Jess G. Fiedorowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, United States,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, United States
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Schrempf M, Haluza D, Simic S, Riechelmann S, Graw K, Seckmeyer G. Is Multidirectional UV Exposure Responsible for Increasing Melanoma Prevalence with Altitude? A Hypothesis Based on Calculations with a 3D-Human Exposure Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13100961. [PMID: 27690069 PMCID: PMC5086700 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, melanoma incidence rates for Austrian inhabitants living at higher altitudes were found to increase by as much as 30% per 100 m altitude. This strong increase cannot simply be explained by the known increase of erythemally-weighted irradiance with altitude, which ranges between 0.5% and 4% per 100 m. We assume that the discrepancy is partially explainable by upwelling UV radiation; e.g., reflected by snow-covered surfaces. Therefore, we present an approach where the human UV exposure is derived by integrating incident radiation over the 3D geometry of a human body, which enables us to take upwelling radiation into account. Calculating upwelling and downwelling radiance with a radiative transfer model for a snow-free valley and for snow-covered mountain terrain (with albedo of 0.6) yields an increase in UV exposure by 10% per 100 m altitude. The results imply that upwelling radiation plays a significant role in the increase of melanoma incidence with altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrempf
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany.
| | - Daniela Haluza
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Stana Simic
- Institute of Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria.
| | - Stefan Riechelmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig 38116, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Graw
- Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach 63067, Germany.
| | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany.
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20
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Wainwright L, Parisi A, Downs N. Dual calibrated dosimeter for simultaneous measurements of erythemal and vitamin D effective solar ultraviolet radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 157:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Modenese A, Farnetani F, Andreoli A, Pellacani G, Gobba F. Questionnaire-based evaluation of occupational and non-occupational solar radiation exposure in a sample of Italian patients treated for actinic keratosis and other non-melanoma skin cancers. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30 Suppl 3:21-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Modenese
- Chair of Occupational Medicine; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - F. Farnetani
- Chair of Dermatology; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - A. Andreoli
- Chair of Occupational Medicine; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - G. Pellacani
- Chair of Dermatology; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - F. Gobba
- Chair of Occupational Medicine; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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22
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Liu Y, Hu L, Wang F, Gao Y, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. The angular distributions of ultraviolet spectral irradiance at different solar elevation angles under clear sky conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:63-72. [PMID: 25994798 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the angular distributions of UVA, UVB, and effective UV for erythema and vitamin D (vitD) synthesis, the UV spectral irradiances were measured at ten inclined angles (from 0° to 90°) and seven azimuths (from 0° to 180°) at solar elevation angle (SEA) that ranged from 18.8° to 80° in Shanghai (31.22° N, 121.55° E) under clear sky and the albedo of ground was 0.1. The results demonstrated that in the mean azimuths and with the back to the sun, the UVA, UVB, and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances increased with the inclined angles and an increase in SEA. When facing toward the sun at 0°-60° inclined angles, the UVA first increased and then decreased with an increase in SEA; at other inclined angles, the UVA increased with SEA. At 0°-40° inclined angles, the UVB and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances first increased and then decreased with an increase in SEA, and their maximums were achieved at SEA 68.7°; at other inclined angles, the above three irradiances increased with an increase in SEA. The maximum UVA, UVB, and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances were achieved at an 80° inclined angle at SEA 80° (the highest in our measurements); the cumulative exposure of the half day achieved the maximum at a 60° inclined angle, but not on the horizontal. This study provides support for the assessment of human skin sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - LiWen Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - YanYan Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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23
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Bodekær M, Harrison G, Philipsen P, Petersen B, Triguero-Mas M, Schmalwieser A, Rogowski-Tylman M, Dadvand P, Lesiak A, Narbutt J, Eriksen P, Heydenreich J, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Thieden E, Young A, Wulf H. Personal UVR exposure of farming families in four European countries. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:267-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sustainability of prevention programs is a public health goal. METHODS The effectiveness of Go Sun Smart, an occupational skin cancer prevention program, was evaluated 5 to 7 years out from the conclusion of a controlled randomized dissemination trial that compared an enhanced versus basic dissemination strategy at 53 ski areas enrolled in the trial. RESULTS Employees (n = 2940) at ski areas in the enhanced condition reported fewer sunburns but did not differ from employees in the basic condition on other sun-protection measures. Significant differences for all sun-protection practices were identified at ski areas that displayed nine or more Go Sun Smart materials or a combined total of nine or more Go Sun Smart and other sun safety messages. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to prevention messages is an important determinant of program effectiveness and potentially of program sustainability.
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25
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Giménez VB, Ysasi GG, Moreno JC, Serrano MA. Maximum Incident Erythemally Effective UV Exposure Received by Construction Workers, in Valencia, Spain. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1505-9. [PMID: 26346996 DOI: 10.1111/php.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article analyzes the influence of Ultraviolet Erythematic Radiation (UVER) dose received by construction workers in Valencia highlighting the upper limit of the dose received for a worker in different periods of a year. Building construction usually implies workers to stand for several hours outdoors while working until roof top is finished. In Valencia, construction carried out near the coastline has been very intense in the last few years with the construction of a great amount of summer flats. This article focuses on the maximum values UVER can reach in different seasons of the year for cities with similar latitude to Valencia (39°28'N, 0°22'W), as an important way of warning construction workers about the necessity of taking preventive actions. Viospor dosimeters placed on a mannequin have been used in this study. The measurements took place between 2012 December and 2013 July.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Blanca Giménez
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - Gonzalo Gurrea Ysasi
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - Juan Carlos Moreno
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - María Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
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Smit-Kroner C, Brumby S. Farmers sun exposure, skin protection and public health campaigns: An Australian perspective. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:602-7. [PMID: 26844126 PMCID: PMC4721376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer is a common and costly cancer in agricultural populations. Prevention and early detection are an effective way to decrease the burden of disease and associated costs. To examine sun exposure and skin protection practices in agricultural workers and farmers a thematic review of the literature between 1983 and 2014 was undertaken. Comparison between studies was complicated by differences in study design, definitions of skin protection, and analytic methods used. Farmers are the most exposed to harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation of all outdoor workers and the level of reported skin protection by farmers is suboptimal. Years of public health campaigns have failed to adequately address farmers' specific needs. Increased rates of skin cancer and subsequent higher costs are expected. Estimates of sun exposure and skin protection practice indicate that protective clothing is the most promising avenue to improve on farmers' skin protection. Early detection needs to be part of public health campaigns. This review explores the quantitative data about Australian farmers and their skin protective behaviours. We investigate what the documented measurable effect of the public health campaign Slip!Slop!Slap! has had on agricultural workers and farmers and make recommendations for future focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Smit-Kroner
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Box 283, Hamilton, VIC 3300, Australia
| | - Susan Brumby
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Box 283, Hamilton, VIC 3300, Australia
- Western District Health Service, 20 Foster Street, Hamilton, VIC 3300, Australia
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27
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Bodekær M, Petersen B, Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Heydenreich J, Olsen P, Wulf HC. UVR exposure and vitamin D in a rural population. A study of outdoor working farmers, their spouses and children. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:1598-606. [PMID: 25248029 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00188e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living and working in the countryside may result in excessive UVR exposure, with increased risk of skin cancer. Some sun exposure is, however, recommended, since vitamin D production is UVB-dependent. OBJECTIVES To examine UVR exposure and vitamin D levels in a rural population of outdoor working male farmers, their indoor working spouses and their children, expected to receive high UVR exposure. METHODS Prospective, cohort study. During the summer 2009 daily, personal UVR exposure and sun behaviour were recorded by dosimetry and diaries (17 403 days). Vitamin D was measured at the end of summer and the following winter. RESULTS Risk behaviour (= exposure of shoulders/upper body to the sun), beach days, sunscreen use and sunburns were infrequent. Farmers and boys had the highest daily UVR exposure (both 1.5 SED per day), likewise on work days. On non-work days the UVR exposure was even higher (up to 2.0 SED per day). Farmers, girls and boys had a higher chronic UVR exposure than the spouses, who had more intermittent high UVR exposure. Vitamin D levels did not differ between family members. At the end of summer 16% of the participants were vitamin D insufficient, the following winter, 61%. Some UVR exposure variables correlated positively, but weakly, with vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS UVR exposure was generally high among this study population, however, vitamin D levels still dropped below the recommended level during winter for most participants. Differences in UVR exposure between the groups did not result in differences in vitamin D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bodekær
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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Vernez D, Milon A, Vuilleumier L, Bulliard JL, Koechlin A, Boniol M, Doré JF. A general model to predict individual exposure to solar UV by using ambient irradiance data. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:113-118. [PMID: 24496216 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) is the main cause of skin cancer. Specific prevention should be further developed to target overexposed or highly vulnerable populations. A better characterisation of anatomical UV exposure patterns is however needed for specific prevention. To develop a regression model for predicting the UV exposure ratio (ER, ratio between the anatomical dose and the corresponding ground level dose) for each body site without requiring individual measurements. A 3D numeric model (SimUVEx) was used to compute ER for various body sites and postures. A multiple fractional polynomial regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of ER. The regression model used simulation data and its performance was tested on an independent data set. Two input variables were sufficient to explain ER: the cosine of the maximal daily solar zenith angle and the fraction of the sky visible from the body site. The regression model was in good agreement with the simulated data ER (R(2)=0.988). Relative errors up to +20% and -10% were found in daily doses predictions, whereas an average relative error of only 2.4% (-0.03% to 5.4%) was found in yearly dose predictions. The regression model predicts accurately ER and UV doses on the basis of readily available data such as global UV erythemal irradiance measured at ground surface stations or inferred from satellite information. It renders the development of exposure data on a wide temporal and geographical scale possible and opens broad perspectives for epidemiological studies and skin cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vernez
- Institute of Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Milon
- Institute of Work and Health (IST), University of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vuilleumier
- Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Bulliard
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alice Koechlin
- International Prevention Research Institute (IPRI), Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Boniol
- International Prevention Research Institute (IPRI), Lyon, France
| | - Jean F Doré
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
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Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Bernhard G, Aucamp PJ, Ilyas M, Madronich S, Tourpali K. Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:19-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Percentage changes in the UV Index (UVI) for 2090 relative to 2015 due to changes in ozone (left) and aerosols (right) only. Large decreases are projected over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone recovery. Increases are projected for parts of Asia due to decreases in aerosols, partly reversing the possible large reductions in UVI after the 1950s.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - R. L. McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
- PB 50061 Omakau, Central Otago
- New Zealand
| | | | - P. J. Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Management Consultants
- Faerie Glen
- South Africa
| | - M. Ilyas
- School of Environmental Engineering
- University Malaysia Perlis
- Kangar
- Malaysia
| | - S. Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Boulder
- USA
| | - K. Tourpali
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
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31
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Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC, Gurrea G. Occupational UV exposure of environmental agents in Valencia, Spain. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:911-8. [PMID: 24494834 DOI: 10.1111/php.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is considered the most important environmental risk factor in the development of melanoma and skin cancer. Outdoor workers are among those with the highest risk from exposure to solar UVR, as their daily activities constantly expose them to this radiation source. A study was carried out in Valencia, Spain, in summer 2012 and involved a group of 11 workers for a period of six 2-day recordings. Sensitive spore-film filter-type personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were used to measure erythemal UVR received by environmental agents in the course of their daily work. Median 2-day UV exposure was 6.2 standard erythema dose (SED), with 1 SED defined as effective 100 J m(-2) when weighted with the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage's (CIE) erythemal response function. These workers were found to receive a median of 8.3% total daily ambient ultraviolet erythemal radiation. Comparison with the occupational UV exposure limit showed that the subjects had received an erythemal UV dose in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures against this risk are highly advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
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32
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Siani AM, Casale GR, Modesti S, Parisi AV, Colosimo A. Investigation on the capability of polysulphone for measuring biologically effective solar UV exposures. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 13:521-30. [PMID: 24352228 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50267h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polysulphone (PS) dosimetry is a well-known technique broadly used to assess the erythemally effective solar UV dose received by anatomical sites (personal exposure). We investigate the capability of PS dosimetry to convert doses absorbed by PS badges into biologically effective solar UV exposures taking as examples two relevant effects for human skin: erythema induction and pre-vitamin D3 production. PS calibration curves for erythemal and pre-vitamin D3 were distinctly determined by using an empirical relationship between the biologically effective UV exposures and the PS absorbance change. This relationship is parameterized by a coefficient, distinct for each of the two considered biological effects, multiplying the same cubic polynomial function. It is shown how the multiplying coefficient is related to the ratio between the biologically effective and the PS weighted irradiances which is the prevailing factor affecting the accuracy of the calibration and, consequently, the capability of PS films for measuring biologically effective solar UV exposures. The points addressed in this paper can be extended to other biological effects of interest whose action spectra have some similarity with the PS film response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Siani
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Physics Department, P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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33
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Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC. Solar UV exposure in construction workers in Valencia, Spain. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:525-530. [PMID: 22739681 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has long been recognized as the most important environmental risk factor for melanoma and skin cancer. Outdoor workers are among the groups most at risk from exposure to solar UVR in their daily activities. Sensitive spore-film filter-type personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were used to measure the biologically effective UVR received by construction workers in the course of their daily work. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in July 2010 and involved a group of eight workers for a period of 5 days. The median UV exposure was 6.11 standard erythema dose (SED) per day, with 1 SED defined as effective 100 J/m(2) when weighted with the Commission Internationale de L'Eeclairage erythemal response function. These workers were found to receive a median of 13.9% of total daily ambient ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER). Comparison with the occupational UVR exposure limit showed that the subjects had received UVER exposure in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures against this risk are highly advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, España.
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34
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Weihs P, Schmalwieser A, Reinisch C, Meraner E, Walisch S, Harald M. Measurements of personal UV exposure on different parts of the body during various activities. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1004-7. [PMID: 23587050 DOI: 10.1111/php.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within this study, the erythemal ultraviolet (UV) exposure received by different parts of the body during four different activities is determined. Optoelectronic devices were used to measure the erythemal UV exposure at 10 different positions of the body. The measuring devices were fixed on the forehead, on the shoulders, on the arms, on the chest, on the thighs and on the lower legs. The measurements were performed during the following activities of the test persons: walking, sitting, lying and sitting up. The measurements were performed on four clear sky days in the early afternoon at 1 s interval. One measurement sequence was taking 30-40 min. For the analysis of the measured UV exposures, the ambient UV is taken as a reference to remove the atmospheric fluctuations on the measured UV exposure. The strong dependence of the UV exposure on the activity and on the orientation of the test person is shown. Most of the body parts receive the highest exposure, when the test subject is sitting up or lying. The shoulders are most at risk when the test person is walking, whereas during the activities sitting up and lying the legs are most at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Weihs
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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35
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Idorn L, Datta P, Heydenreich J, Philipsen P, Wulf H. Sun behaviour after cutaneous malignant melanoma: a study based on ultraviolet radiation measurements and sun diary data. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:367-73. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Yoon C, Ryu K, Kim J, Lee K, Park D. New approach for particulate exposure monitoring: determination of inhaled particulate mass by 24 h real-time personal exposure monitoring. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:344-351. [PMID: 22549723 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to measure particulate pollution (PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(1.0)) continuously (24 h/day for 7 day) using real-time exposure monitoring and to estimate total inhalation mass using breathing rate and time-activity. Breathing rates were calculated from measured heart rates. Participants were asked to record a time-activity diary every 15 min. Five microenvironments were defined based on the time-activity diary: home, workplace/school, other indoor, outdoor, and transportation. The average masses of inhaled PM(10) were 530, 316, and 280 μg/day for two office workers, a housewife, and three students, respectively; those of PM(2.5) were 316, 279, and 210 μg/day; and those of PM(1.0) were 251, 264, and 187 μg/day, respectively. We found that home and office/school microenvironments were the main contributors of PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(1.0) inhaled mass during weekdays and weekends because dwelling time was a determinant factor for inhaled mass. Considering microenvironmental concentration, breathing rate, and dwelling time in each microenvironment, indoor home microenvironments were the largest source of particulate inhalation, followed in order by workplace, transportation, other indoor, and outdoor microenvironments. 34.6% and 69.6% of PM(10) inhalation mass were accumulated in home microenvironments during weekdays and weekends, respectively. The inhaled mass of particulate <1.0 μm (PM(1.0)) in size occupied largest, followed in order by particulate 10-2.5 μm (coarse particle) and 2.5-1.0 μm in size for all occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungsik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Siani AM, Casale GR, Sisto R, Colosimo A, Lang CA, Kimlin MG. Occupational Exposures to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation of Vineyard Workers in Tuscany (Italy). Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:925-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata Sisto
- ISPESL (Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione E la Sicurezza del Lavoro), Occupational Hygiene Department, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Alfredo Colosimo
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolyn A. Lang
- Australian Sun and Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael G. Kimlin
- Australian Sun and Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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