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Bieńkowski C, Żak Z, Fijołek F, Cholewik M, Stępień M, Skrzat-Klapaczyńska A, Kowalska JD. Immunological and Clinical Responses to Vaccinations among Adults Living with HIV. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:540. [PMID: 38792562 PMCID: PMC11122059 DOI: 10.3390/life14050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases. At the same time, they are less likely to respond to vaccinations, and might have a higher rate of vaccine adverse event and faster waning of protective effect. International and national guidelines emphasize the importance of vaccinating people living with HIV against respiratory system disease pathogens including seasonal influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and COVID-19, as well as against sexually transmitted infections, i.e., Hepatitis A and B (HAV, HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the current knowledge regarding the immune and clinical responses elicited by vaccinations in the older adult population living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bieńkowski
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland; (F.F.); (A.S.-K.); (J.D.K.)
- Department of Adults’ Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Żak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Filip Fijołek
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland; (F.F.); (A.S.-K.); (J.D.K.)
- Department of Adults’ Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Cholewik
- Student’s Scientific Group at the Department of Adults’ Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Maciej Stępień
- Student’s Scientific Group at the Department of Adults’ Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Agata Skrzat-Klapaczyńska
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland; (F.F.); (A.S.-K.); (J.D.K.)
- Department of Adults’ Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna D. Kowalska
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland; (F.F.); (A.S.-K.); (J.D.K.)
- Department of Adults’ Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland
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Ciudin A, Padulles B, Popescu R, Manasia P. Autovaccine-Based Immunotherapy: A Promising Approach for Male Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:111. [PMID: 38255726 PMCID: PMC10821010 DOI: 10.3390/life14010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in men range from 0.9 to 2.4/1000 individuals in younger men to 7.7/1000 in those over 85, significantly impacting their quality of life. Preventive strategies include autovaccines, but limited evidence exists for males. METHODS A prospective monocentric, open-label observational study was conducted from August 2018 to August 2021, with follow-up until August 2023 including patients with recurrent UTIs treated with immunotherapy. We evaluated the incidence rate of UTIs per year, the incidence rate of episodes after two or three rounds of the autovaccine, and quality of life measured with the IPSS-QoL questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 49 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria. The mean age was 72 years (±15), and the median 61. The evolution of UTIs number of episodes after the autovaccine rounds: -37.74% for the first round from 5.3 to 3.3; -33.33% for the second round from 3.3 to 2.2; -45.45% for the third round from 2.2 to 1.2. The mean IPSS score improved from 10.69 to 7.27 after the treatment (32%). The mean QoL subscore enhancement was from 4.22 to 1.92 (54%). With a mean follow-up of 3 years, only nine patients required retreatment. CONCLUSION Autovaccine treatment significantly reduced the number of UTI episodes, with a cumulative effect observed after multiple rounds of treatment, demonstrating an enhancement in QoL and with sustained effectiveness and a low need for retreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Ciudin
- Urology Department, Hospital Universitari de Mollet, 08100 Barcelona, Spain; (B.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Bernat Padulles
- Urology Department, Hospital Universitari de Mollet, 08100 Barcelona, Spain; (B.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Razvan Popescu
- Urology Department, Spitalul Clinic “Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele”, 061344 Bucuresti, Romania;
| | - Pasqualino Manasia
- Urology Department, Hospital Universitari de Mollet, 08100 Barcelona, Spain; (B.P.); (P.M.)
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Alshehri S, Sallam M. Vaccine conspiracy association with higher COVID-19 vaccination side effects and negative attitude towards booster COVID-19, influenza and monkeypox vaccines: A pilot study in Saudi Universities. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2275962. [PMID: 37941437 PMCID: PMC10653693 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2275962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Conspiracies regarding vaccines are widely prevalent, with negative consequences on health-seeking behaviors. The current study aimed to investigate the possible association between the embrace of vaccine conspiracies and the attitude to booster COVID-19, seasonal influenza, and monkeypox (mpox) vaccinations as well as the perceived side effects following COVID-19 vaccination. The target population involved academic staff and university students in health colleges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed in January 2023 to collect data on participants' demographics, self-reported side effects following each dose, willingness to get booster COVID-19, seasonal influenza, and mpox vaccinations, as well as an evaluation of vaccine conspiracies and attitude to mandatory vaccination. Among the 273 participants, the willingness to receive yearly booster COVID-19 vaccination was observed among 26.0% of the participants, while it was 46.9% and 34.1% for seasonal influenza and mpox vaccinations, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analyses demonstrated a significant correlation between endorsing vaccine conspiracies and higher frequency of self-reported side effects following uptake of the second and third doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine conspiracies were also correlated with attitude toward booster COVID-19, influenza, mpox, and mandatory vaccination. The findings of this pilot study highlighted the potential adverse impact of the preexisting notions and negative attitudes toward vaccines, which could have contributed to heightened perceived side effects following COVID-19 vaccination. The study also highlighted the ongoing divisions concerning mandatory vaccination policies, emphasizing the need for cautious implementation of this strategy as a last resort for public health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiyah Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Ciarambino T, Crispino P, Buono P, Giordano V, Trama U, Iodice V, Leoncini L, Giordano M. Efficacy and Safety of Vaccinations in Geriatric Patients: A Literature Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1412. [PMID: 37766089 PMCID: PMC10537287 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the progressive lengthening of the average age of the population, especially in some countries such as Italy, vaccination of the elderly is a fixed point on which most of the public health efforts are concentrating as epidemic infectious diseases, especially those of the winter, have a major impact on the progression of severe disease, hospitalization, and death. The protection of the elderly against acute infectious diseases should not only limit mortality but also have a positive impact on the fragility of these people in terms of less disability and fewer care needs. However, vaccination of the elderly population differs in efficacy and safety compared to that of other population categories since aging and the consequent loss of efficiency of the immune system lead to a reduction in the immunogenicity of vaccines without achieving a lasting antibody coverage. There are various strategies to avoid the failure of immunization by vaccines such as resorting to supplementary doses with adjuvant vaccines, increasing the dosage of the antigen used, or choosing to inoculate the serum relying on various routes of administration of the vaccine. Vaccination in the elderly is also an important factor in light of growing antibiotic resistance because it can indirectly contribute to combating antibiotic resistance, reducing theoretically the use of those agents. Furthermore, vaccination in old age reduces mortality from infectious diseases preventable with vaccines and reduces the same rate of resistance to antibiotics. Given the importance and complexity of the topic, in this review, we will deal with the main aspects of vaccination in the elderly and how it can influence mortality and healthcare costs, especially in those countries where population aging is more evident. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed to identify all types of studies published up to 31 May 2023 that examined the association between vaccination and the elderly. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by two reviewers (PC and TC) who independently extracted the following data and assessed the quality of each study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Ciarambino
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Marcianise, ASL Caserta, 81031 Caserta, Italy
- Direzione di Staff Direzione Generale Tutela per la Salute Regione Campania, 80143 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (U.T.)
| | - Pietro Crispino
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Latina, ASL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy;
| | - Pietro Buono
- Direzione di Staff Direzione Generale Tutela per la Salute Regione Campania, 80143 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (U.T.)
| | | | - Ugo Trama
- Direzione di Staff Direzione Generale Tutela per la Salute Regione Campania, 80143 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (U.T.)
| | - Vincenzo Iodice
- ASL Caserta, Direttore Sanitario Aziendale, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Laura Leoncini
- ASL Caserta, Direttore Sanitario, P.O. Marcianise, 81025 Marcianise, Italy
| | - Mauro Giordano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, Italy;
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Papa A, Covino M, De Lucia SS, Del Gaudio A, Fiorani M, Polito G, Settanni CR, Piccioni A, Franceschi F, Gasbarrini A. Impact of COVID-19 in individuals with and without pre-existent digestive disorders with a particular focus on elderly patients. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4099-4119. [PMID: 37475841 PMCID: PMC10354572 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i26.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has several extrapulmonary symptoms. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are among the most frequent clinical manifestations of COVID-19, with severe consequences reported in elderly patients. Furthermore, the impact of COVID-19 on patients with pre-existing digestive diseases still needs to be fully elucidated, particularly in the older population. This review aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the GI tract, liver, and pancreas in individuals with and without previous digestive diseases, with a particular focus on the elderly, highlighting the distinctive characteristics observed in this population. Finally, the effectiveness and adverse events of the anti-COVID-19 vaccination in patients with digestive disorders and the peculiarities found in the elderly are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Papa
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
- CEMAD, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Marcello Covino
- Department of Emergency, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
- Emergency Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Sara Sofia De Lucia
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Angelo Del Gaudio
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Marcello Fiorani
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Giorgia Polito
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Carlo Romano Settanni
- Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Andrea Piccioni
- Department of Emergency, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Department of Emergency, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- CEMAD, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
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Connors J, Joyner D, Mege NJ, Cusimano GM, Bell MR, Marcy J, Taramangalam B, Kim KM, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Weissman D, Kutzler MA, Alameh MG, Haddad EK. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) induce activation and maturation of antigen presenting cells in young and aged individuals. Commun Biol 2023; 6:188. [PMID: 36805684 PMCID: PMC9936473 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we studied the impact of empty LNP (eLNP), component of mRNA-based vaccine, on anti-viral pathways and immune function of cells from young and aged individuals. eLNP induced maturation of monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). We further show that eLNP upregulated CD40 and induced cytokine production in multiple DC subsets and monocytes. This coincided with phosphorylation of TANK binding kinase 1 (pTBK1) and interferon response factor 7 (pIRF7). In response to eLNP, healthy older adults (>65 yrs) have decreased CD40 expression, and IFN-γ output compared to young adults (<65 yrs). Additionally, cells from older adults have a dysregulated anti-viral signaling response to eLNP stimulation, measured by the defect in type I IFN production, and phagocytosis. Overall, our data show function of eLNP in eliciting DC maturation and innate immune signaling pathways that is impaired in older adults resulting in lower immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Connors
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Joyner
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gina M Cusimano
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew R Bell
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Marcy
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bhavani Taramangalam
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth M Kim
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Drew Weissman
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele A Kutzler
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Connors J, Joyner D, Mege N, Cusimano G, Bell M, Marcy J, Taramangalam B, Lin P, Tam Y, Lin P, Weissman D, Kutzler M, Alameh MG, Haddad E. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) induce activation and maturation of antigen presenting cells in young and aged individuals. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-2199652. [PMID: 36380763 PMCID: PMC9665340 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2199652/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming success of mRNA-based vaccine in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and reducing disease severity and hospitalization, little is known about the role lipid nanoparticles (LNP) play in initiating immune response. In this report we studied the adjuvantive impact of empty LNP with no mRNA cargo (eLNP) on anti-viral pathways and immune function of cells from young and aged individuals. We found that eLNP induced maturation of monocyte derived dendritic cells by measuring the expression of CD40, CD80, HLA-DR and production of cytokines including IFN-α,IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-21. Flow cytometry analysis of specific dendritic cell subsets showed that eLNP can induce CD40 expression and cytokine production in cDC1, cDC2 and monocytes. Empty LNP (eLNP) effects on dendritic cells and monocytes coincided with induction pIRF7 and pTBK1, which are both important in mitigating innate immune signaling. Interestingly our data show that in response to eLNP stimulus at 6 and 24 hrs, aged individuals have decreased CD40 expression and reduced IFN- γ output compared to young adults. Furthermore, we show that cDC1, cDC2, and CD14 dim CD16 + monocytes from healthy aged individuals have dysregulated anti-viral signaling response to eLNP stimulation as measured by the defect in type I IFN production, phosphorylation of IRF7, TBK-1, and immune function like phagocytosis. These data showed a novel function of eLNP in eliciting DC maturation and innate immune signaling pathways and that some of these functions are impaired in older individuals providing some suggestion of why older individuals (> 65 yrs of age) respond display lower immune responses and adverse events to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines.
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Calder PC, Ortega EF, Meydani SN, Adkins Y, Stephensen CB, Thompson B, Zwickey H. Nutrition, Immunosenescence, and Infectious Disease: An Overview of the Scientific Evidence on Micronutrients and on Modulation of the Gut Microbiota. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:S1-S26. [PMID: 36183242 PMCID: PMC9526826 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is key to host defense against pathogenic organisms. Aging is associated with changes in the immune system, with a decline in protective components (immunosenescence), increasing susceptibility to infectious disease, and a chronic elevation in low-grade inflammation (inflammaging), increasing the risk of multiple noncommunicable diseases. Nutrition is a determinant of immune cell function and of the gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota shapes and controls the immune and inflammatory responses. Many older people show changes in the gut microbiota. Age-related changes in immune competence, low-grade inflammation, and gut dysbiosis may be interlinked and may relate, at least in part, to age-related changes in nutrition. A number of micronutrients (vitamins C, D, and E and zinc and selenium) play roles in supporting the function of many immune cell types. Some trials report that providing these micronutrients as individual supplements can reverse immune deficits in older people and/or in those with insufficient intakes. There is inconsistent evidence that this will reduce the risk or severity of infections including respiratory infections. Probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic strategies that modulate the gut microbiota, especially by promoting the colonization of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, have been demonstrated to modulate some immune and inflammatory biomarkers in older people and, in some cases, to reduce the risk and severity of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, although, again, the evidence is inconsistent. Further research with well-designed and well-powered trials in at-risk older populations is required to be more certain about the role of micronutrients and of strategies that modify the gut microbiota-host relationship in protecting against infection, especially respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin Frank Ortega
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer–USDA Human Nutrition Research on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer–USDA Human Nutrition Research on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuriko Adkins
- USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brice Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather Zwickey
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
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Sfera A, Hazan S, Anton JJ, Sfera DO, Andronescu CV, Sasannia S, Rahman L, Kozlakidis Z. Psychotropic drugs interaction with the lipid nanoparticle of COVID-19 mRNA therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:995481. [PMID: 36160443 PMCID: PMC9503827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.995481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines for COVID-19, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, were authorized in the US on an emergency basis in December of 2020. The rapid distribution of these therapeutics around the country and the world led to millions of people being vaccinated in a short time span, an action that decreased hospitalization and death but also heightened the concerns about adverse effects and drug-vaccine interactions. The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are of particular interest as they form the vanguard of a range of other mRNA therapeutics that are currently in the development pipeline, focusing both on infectious diseases as well as oncological applications. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) has gained additional attention during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically regarding the rollout of mRNA therapeutics. However, for VAERS, absence of a reporting platform for drug-vaccine interactions left these events poorly defined. For example, chemotherapy, anticonvulsants, and antimalarials were documented to interfere with the mRNA vaccines, but much less is known about the other drugs that could interact with these therapeutics, causing adverse events or decreased efficacy. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 exploitation of host cytochrome P450 enzymes, reported in COVID-19 critical illness, highlights viral interference with drug metabolism. For example, patients with severe psychiatric illness (SPI) in treatment with clozapine often displayed elevated drug levels, emphasizing drug-vaccine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sabine Hazan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan J. Anton
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dan O. Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Leah Rahman
- Department of Medicine, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Sung LC, Chen CC, Liu SH, Chiu CC, Yang TY, Lin CH, Fan YA, Jian W, Lei MH, Yeh HT, Hsu MH, Hao WR, Liu JC. Effect of Influenza Vaccination on the Reduction of the Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154520. [PMID: 35956134 PMCID: PMC9369464 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to vascular complications and chronic inflammation. T2DM contributes to a higher risk of mortality and morbidity related to influenza. In Taiwan, influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with T2DM. A previous meta-analysis reported the efficacy of influenza vaccination in reducing hospitalization and mortality in patients with diabetes; however, the renal protective effect of the vaccine remains unclear. This study evaluated whether influenza vaccination could reduce the incidence of CKD and dialysis in patients with T2DM. The study cohort included all patients aged ≥55 years who were diagnosed as having T2DM between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012, by using data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Each patient was followed up with to assess factors associated with CKD. A time-dependent Cox proportional hazard regression model after adjustment for potential confounders was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) of CKD in the vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. The study population comprised 48,017 eligible patients with DM; 23,839 (49.7%) received influenza vaccination and the remaining 24,178 (50.3%) did not. The adjusted HRs (aHRs) for CKD/dialysis decreased in the vaccinated patients compared with the unvaccinated patients (influenza season, noninfluenza season, and all seasons: aHRs: 0.47/0.47, 0.48/0.49, and 0.48/0.48, respectively, all p < 0.0001). We observed similar protective effects against CKD during the influenza and noninfluenza seasons. Regardless of comorbidities or drug use, influenza vaccination was an independent protective factor. Furthermore, aHRs for CKD/dialysis were 0.71 (0.65−0.77)/0.77 (0.68−0.87), 0.57 (0.52−0.61)/0.69 (0.56−0.70), and 0.30 (0.28−0.33)/0.28 (0.24−0.31) in the patients who received 1, 2−3, and ≥4 vaccinations during the follow-up period, respectively. This population-based cohort study demonstrated that influenza vaccination exerts a dose-dependent and synergistic protective effect against CKD in the patients with T2DM with associated risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chin Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (L.-C.S.); (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (T.-Y.Y.); (Y.-A.F.)
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chao Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (L.-C.S.); (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (T.-Y.Y.); (Y.-A.F.)
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Liu
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chih Chiu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (L.-C.S.); (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (T.-Y.Y.); (Y.-A.F.)
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Yeh Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (L.-C.S.); (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (T.-Y.Y.); (Y.-A.F.)
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lin
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ann Fan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (L.-C.S.); (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (T.-Y.Y.); (Y.-A.F.)
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - William Jian
- Department of Emergency, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Meng-Huan Lei
- Cardiovascular Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation Luodong Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 265, Taiwan;
| | - Hsien-Tang Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Luodong 265, Taiwan;
| | - Min-Huei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Rui Hao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (L.-C.S.); (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (T.-Y.Y.); (Y.-A.F.)
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-R.H.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Ju-Chi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; (L.-C.S.); (C.-C.C.); (C.-C.C.); (T.-Y.Y.); (Y.-A.F.)
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-R.H.); (J.-C.L.)
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11
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Kara Z, Akçin R, Demir AN, Dinç HÖ, Kocazeybek B, Yumuk VD. Risk Factors Influencing Seroconversion after Inactive SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in People Living with Obesity. Obes Facts 2022; 15:648-654. [PMID: 35921804 PMCID: PMC9669952 DOI: 10.1159/000525555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens and the risk factors affecting antibody levels in people living with obesity (PwO) after inactive SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) administration. METHODS 169 consecutive patients with obesity who visited the Center for Obesity Management at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty Hospitals, between May and August 2021, were invited to the study. The nonobese control group was recruited from 191 subjects who visited the Cerrahpaşa Hospitals Vaccination Unit. The study group and the nonobese control group have already received two doses of inactive SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG nucleocapsid antibody test was administered to patients and control subjects to discover those who had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Forty-one patients who had prior infection and received two doses of vaccine were also included in the study as a subgroup. Blood samples were taken on the 3rd to 4th week after the second vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers were determined by quantitative serological methods. RESULTS Antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen of individuals with BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 were significantly lower than those with BMI <30 kg/m2 (p = 0.001) in the study group. Moreover, the antibody titers in people with BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 were significantly lower than in those having a BMI <30.0 kg/m2 in the subgroup (p = 0.03). Age (p = 0.03), BMI (p = 0.006), and hypertension (p = 0.03) were found to be independent risk factors for antibody response in PwO. Women with non-prior SARS-CoV-2 infection showed a significantly higher antibody response then men (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2-Immunoglobulin G antibody levels against inactive (CoronaVac) vaccine were found to be lower in PwO compared to nonobese individuals. Antibody titers may be measured, and booster doses should be delivered accordingly in PwO for optimal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Kara
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
- European Association for the Study of Obesity-Collaborating Center for Obesity Management, Istanbul, Turkey
- *Zehra Kara,
| | - Rüveyda Akçin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Numan Demir
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
- European Association for the Study of Obesity-Collaborating Center for Obesity Management, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Harika Öykü Dinç
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bekir Kocazeybek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Demirhan Yumuk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
- European Association for the Study of Obesity-Collaborating Center for Obesity Management, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Andryukov BG, Besednova NN. Older adults: panoramic view on the COVID-19 vaccination. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:388-415. [PMID: 34395690 PMCID: PMC8334630 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2020, COVID-19 vaccination started in many countries, with which the world community hopes to stop the further spread of the current pandemic. More than 90% of sick and deceased patients belong to the category of older adults (65 years and older). This category of the population is most vulnerable to infectious diseases, so vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy, the need for which for older adults is indisputable. Here we briefly summarize information about age-related changes in the immune system and present current data on their impact on the formation of the immune response to vaccination. Older age is accompanied by the process of biological aging accompanied by involution of the immune system with increased susceptibility to infections and a decrease in the effect of immunization. Therefore, in the ongoing mass COVID-19 vaccination, the older adults are a growing public health concern. The authors provide an overview of the various types of COVID-19 vaccines approved for mass immunization of the population by the end of 2020, including older adults, as well as an overview of strategies and platforms to improve the effectiveness of vaccination of this population. In the final part, the authors propose for discussion a system for assessing the safety and monitoring the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines for the older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G Andryukov
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Natalya N Besednova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087, Vladivostok, Russia
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13
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Castro-Herrera VM, Lown M, Fisk HL, Owen-Jones E, Lau M, Lowe R, Hood K, Gillespie D, Hobbs FDR, Little P, Butler CC, Miles EA, Calder PC. Relationships Between Age, Frailty, Length of Care Home Residence and Biomarkers of Immunity and Inflammation in Older Care Home Residents in the United Kingdom. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:599084. [PMID: 35821989 PMCID: PMC9261419 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.599084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with changes to the immune system, collectively termed immunosenescence and inflammageing. However, the relationships among age, frailty, and immune parameters in older people resident in care homes are not well described. We assessed immune and inflammatory parameters in 184 United Kingdom care home residents aged over 65 years and how they relate to age, frailty index, and length of care home residence. Linear regression was used to identify the independent contribution of age, frailty, and length of care home residence to the various immune parameters as dependent variables. Participants had a mean age (±SD) of 85.3 ± 7.5 years, had been residing in the care home for a mean (±SD) of 1.9 ± 2.2 years at the time of study commencement, and 40.7% were severely frail. Length of care home residence and frailty index were correlated but age and frailty index and age and length of care home residence were not significantly correlated. All components of the full blood count, apart from total lymphocytes, were within the reference range; 31% of participants had blood lymphocyte numbers below the lower value of the reference range. Among the components of the full blood count, platelet numbers were positively associated with frailty index. Amongst plasma inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), soluble E-selectin and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) were positively associated with frailty. Plasma soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), IP-10 and tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNFRII) were positively associated with age. Plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 was positively associated with length of care home residence. Frailty was an independent predictor of platelet numbers, plasma CRP, IL-1ra, IP-10, and sE-selectin. Age was an independent predictor of activated monocytes and plasma IP-10, TNFRII and sVCAM-1. Length of care home residence was an independent predictor of plasma MCP-1. This study concludes that there are independent links between increased frailty and inflammation and between increased age and inflammation amongst older people resident in care homes in the United Kingdom. Since, inflammation is known to contribute to morbidity and mortality in older people, the causes and consequences of inflammation in this population should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M. Castro-Herrera
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Vivian M. Castro-Herrera,
| | - Mark Lown
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helena L. Fisk
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eleri Owen-Jones
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Lau
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Gillespie
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - F. D. Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Little
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C. Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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14
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Yang X, Zhao H, Li Z, Zhu A, Ren M, Geng M, Li Y, Qin Y, Feng L, Peng Z, An Z, Zheng J, Li Z, Feng Z. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Mainland China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020079. [PMID: 33498688 PMCID: PMC7912587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza endangers human health but can be prevented in part by vaccination. Assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) provides scientific evidence for developing influenza vaccination policy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that evaluated influenza VE in mainland China. We searched six relevant databases as of 30 August 2019 to identify studies and used Review Manager 5.3 software to analyze the included studies. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess the risk of publication bias. We identified 1408 publications, and after removing duplicates and screening full texts, we included 21 studies in the analyses. Studies were conducted in Beijing, Guangzhou, Suzhou, and Zhejiang province from the 2010/11 influenza season through the 2017/18 influenza season. Overall influenza VE for laboratory confirmed influenza was 36% (95% CI: 25–46%). In the subgroup analysis, VE was 45% (95% CI: 18–64%) for children 6–35 months who received one dose of influenza vaccine, and 57% (95% CI: 50–64%) who received two doses. VE was 47% (95% CI: 39–54%) for children 6 months to 8 years, and 18% (95% CI: 0–33%) for adults ≥60 years. For inpatients, VE was 21% (95% CI: −11–44%). We conclude that influenza vaccines that were used in mainland China had a moderate effectiveness, with VE being higher among children than the elderly. Influenza VE should be continuously monitored in mainland China to provide evidence for policy making and improving uptake of the influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Yang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
| | - Hongting Zhao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zhili Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
| | - Aiqin Zhu
- Division of Infectious Disease Prevention and Disinfection Management, Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200136, China;
| | - Minrui Ren
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
| | - Mengjie Geng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
| | - Yu Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
| | - Ying Qin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
| | - Luzhao Feng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zhijie An
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Jiandong Zheng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); Tel.: +86-010-5890-0541 (J.Z.); +86-010-5890-0543 (Z.L.); +86-010-5890-0309 (Z.F.)
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (M.R.); (M.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.Q.); (Z.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); Tel.: +86-010-5890-0541 (J.Z.); +86-010-5890-0543 (Z.L.); +86-010-5890-0309 (Z.F.)
| | - Zijian Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); Tel.: +86-010-5890-0541 (J.Z.); +86-010-5890-0543 (Z.L.); +86-010-5890-0309 (Z.F.)
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15
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Liebert A, Bicknell B, Markman W, Kiat H. A Potential Role for Photobiomodulation Therapy in Disease Treatment and Prevention in the Era of COVID-19. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1352-1362. [PMID: 33269093 PMCID: PMC7673843 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an evolving pandemic that has far reaching global effects, with a combination of factors that makes the virus difficult to contain. The symptoms of infection can be devastating or at the least very debilitating for vulnerable individuals. It is clear that the elderly are at most risk of the adverse impacts of the virus, including hospitalization and death. Others at risk are those with comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic conditions and those with a hyper-excitable immune response. Treatment options for those with acute responses to the virus are limited and there is an urgent need for potential strategies that can mitigate these severe effects. One potential avenue for treatment that has not been explored is the microbiome gut/lung axis. In addition to those severely affected by their acute reaction to the virus, there is also a need for treatment options for those that are slow to recover from the effects of the infection and also those who have been adversely affected by the measures put in place to arrest the spread of the virus. One potential treatment option is photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy. PBM has been shown over many years to be a safe, effective, non-invasive and easily deployed adjunctive treatment option for inflammatory conditions, pain, tissue healing and cellular energy. We have also recently demonstrated the effectiveness of PBM to alter the gut microbiome. PBM therapy is worthy of consideration as a potential treatment for those most vulnerable to COVID-19, such as the elderly and those with comorbidities. The treatment may potentially be advantageous for those infected with the virus, those who have a slow recovery from the effects of the virus and those who have been denied their normal exercise/rehabilitation programs due to the isolation restrictions that have been imposed to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liebert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Research and Governance, Adventist Hospital Group, Wahroonga, Australia.
- SYMBYX Pty Ltd, Artarmon, Australia.
| | - Brian Bicknell
- SYMBYX Pty Ltd, Artarmon, Australia.
- Faculty of Health Science, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia.
| | - Wayne Markman
- SYMBYX Pty Ltd, Artarmon, Australia.
- School of Business, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Hosen Kiat
- Cardiac Health Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
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16
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Flanagan KL, Best E, Crawford NW, Giles M, Koirala A, Macartney K, Russell F, Teh BW, Wen SCH. Progress and Pitfalls in the Quest for Effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579250. [PMID: 33123165 PMCID: PMC7566192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently around 200 SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials throughout the world. The various candidates employ a range of vaccine strategies including some novel approaches. Currently, the goal is to prove that they are safe and immunogenic in humans (phase 1/2 studies) with several now advancing into phase 2 and 3 trials to demonstrate efficacy and gather comprehensive data on safety. It is highly likely that many vaccines will be shown to stimulate antibody and T cell responses in healthy individuals and have an acceptable safety profile, but the key will be to confirm that they protect against COVID-19. There is much hope that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be rolled out to the entire world to contain the pandemic and avert its most damaging impacts. However, in all likelihood this will initially require a targeted approach toward key vulnerable groups. Collaborative efforts are underway to ensure manufacturing can occur at the unprecedented scale and speed required to immunize billions of people. Ensuring deployment also occurs equitably across the globe will be critical. Careful evaluation and ongoing surveillance for safety will be required to address theoretical concerns regarding immune enhancement seen in previous contexts. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. We provide details of some of the frontrunner vaccines and discuss potential issues including adverse effects, scale-up and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Flanagan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Best
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel W. Crawford
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Immunisation Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Giles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Archana Koirala
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance (NCIRS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance (NCIRS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Russell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Immunisation Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin W. Teh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie CH Wen
- Infection Management Prevention Services, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Barth E, Sieber P, Stark H, Schuster S. Robustness during Aging-Molecular Biological and Physiological Aspects. Cells 2020; 9:E1862. [PMID: 32784503 PMCID: PMC7465392 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the process of aging is still an important challenge to enable healthy aging and to prevent age-related diseases. Most studies in age research investigate the decline in organ functionality and gene activity with age. The focus on decline can even be considered a paradigm in that field. However, there are certain aspects that remain surprisingly stable and keep the organism robust. Here, we present and discuss various properties of robust behavior during human and animal aging, including physiological and molecular biological features, such as the hematocrit, body temperature, immunity against infectious diseases and others. We examine, in the context of robustness, the different theories of how aging occurs. We regard the role of aging in the light of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Barth
- RNA Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Patricia Sieber
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Heiko Stark
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research with Phyletic Museum, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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18
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Piot P, Larson HJ, O'Brien KL, N'kengasong J, Ng E, Sow S, Kampmann B. Immunization: vital progress, unfinished agenda. Nature 2019; 575:119-129. [PMID: 31695203 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination against infectious diseases has changed the future of the human species, saving millions of lives every year, both children and adults, and providing major benefits to society as a whole. Here we show, however, that national and sub-national coverage of vaccination varies greatly and major unmet needs persist. Although scientific progress opens exciting perspectives in terms of new vaccines, the pathway from discovery to sustainable implementation can be long and difficult, from the financing, development and licensing to programme implementation and public acceptance. Immunization is one of the best investments in health and should remain a priority for research, industry, public health and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Piot
- Office of the Director, Vaccine Centre and Vaccine Confidence Project, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Heidi J Larson
- Office of the Director, Vaccine Centre and Vaccine Confidence Project, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination (CEV), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katherine L O'Brien
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John N'kengasong
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Edmond Ng
- Office of the Director, Vaccine Centre and Vaccine Confidence Project, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Samba Sow
- Center for Vaccine Development, Bamako, Mali
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Office of the Director, Vaccine Centre and Vaccine Confidence Project, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,MRC Unit The Gambia at the LSHTM, Banjul, The Gambia
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19
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Aiello A, Farzaneh F, Candore G, Caruso C, Davinelli S, Gambino CM, Ligotti ME, Zareian N, Accardi G. Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2247. [PMID: 31608061 PMCID: PMC6773825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by remodeling of the immune system. With time, this leads to a decline in immune efficacy, resulting in increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, diminished responses to vaccination, and a susceptibility to age-related inflammatory diseases. An age-associated immune alteration, extensively reported in previous studies, is the reduction in the number of peripheral blood naïve cells, with a relative increase in the frequency of memory cells. These two alterations, together with inflamm-aging, are considered the hallmarks of immunosenescence. Because aging is a plastic process, it is influenced by both nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, the role of nutrition and of immunomodulation in immunosenescence is discussed, due to the multifactorial influence on these hallmarks. The close connection between nutrition, intake of bioactive nutrients and supplements, immune function, and inflammation demonstrate the key role of dietary strategies as regulators of immune response and inflammatory status, hence as possible modulators of the rate of immunosenescence. In addition, potential options for therapeutic intervention are clarified. In particular, the use of interleukin-7 as growth factor for naïve T cells, the function of checkpoint inhibitors in improving T cell responses during aging and, the potential of drugs that inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases and their interaction with nutrient signaling pathways are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that the inclusion of appropriate combinations of toll-like receptor agonists may enhance the efficacy of vaccination in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nahid Zareian
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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20
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Brisse M, Ly H. Comparative Structure and Function Analysis of the RIG-I-Like Receptors: RIG-I and MDA5. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1586. [PMID: 31379819 PMCID: PMC6652118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the form of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) motifs to induce expression of type 1 interferons (IFN1) (IFNα and IFNβ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines during the early stage of viral infection. While RIG-I and MDA5 share many genetic, structural and functional similarities, there is increasing evidence that they can have significantly different strategies to recognize different pathogens, PAMPs, and in different host species. This review article discusses the similarities and differences between RIG-I and MDA5 from multiple perspectives, including their structures, evolution and functional relationships with other cellular proteins, their differential mechanisms of distinguishing between host and viral dsRNAs and interactions with host and viral protein factors, and their immunogenic signaling. A comprehensive comparative analysis can help inform future studies of RIG-I and MDA5 in order to fully understand their functions in order to optimize potential therapeutic approaches targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
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21
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Kumar S, Sunagar R, Gosselin E. Bacterial Protein Toll-Like-Receptor Agonists: A Novel Perspective on Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1144. [PMID: 31191528 PMCID: PMC6549121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants have been used in vaccines for over a century, however, the search for safe and effective vaccine adjuvants continues. In recent decades toll-like-receptor (TLR) agonists have been investigated as potential vaccine adjuvants. In this regard, the majority of the currently investigated TLR agonists are non-protein microbial components such as lipopolysaccharides, oligonucleotides, and lipopeptides. On the other hand, a growing number of studies reveal that TLR signaling and immune responses can be activated by numerous bacterial proteins. However, their potential roles as adjuvants have been somewhat overlooked. Herein, we discuss several such bacterial proteins which exhibit adjuvant properties, including the activation of TLR signaling, antigen presenting cell maturation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and adaptive immune response. The protein nature of these TLR agonists presents several unique features not shared by non-protein TLR agonists. These properties include the amenability for modifying the structure and function as necessary for optimal immunogenicity and minimal toxicity. Protein adjuvants can be genetically fused to protein antigens which ensure the co-delivery of adjuvant-antigen not only into the same cell but also in the same endocytic cargo, leading to more effective activation of innate and adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Raju Sunagar
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, India
| | - Edmund Gosselin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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22
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Przemska-Kosicka A, Childs CE, Maidens C, Dong H, Todd S, Gosney MA, Tuohy KM, Yaqoob P. Age-Related Changes in the Natural Killer Cell Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Are Not Influenced by a Synbiotic: a Randomised Controlled Trial. Front Immunol 2018; 9:591. [PMID: 29662493 PMCID: PMC5890114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the immune response to influenza infection, but are subject to alteration during aging, which may play a role in impaired response to infection and vaccination in older people. Enhancement of NK cell activity could, therefore, present a means to improve the immune response to vaccination in older subjects, and pre- and probiotics offer an opportunity to modulate antiviral defenses via alteration of the gut microbiota. This study investigated the effect of a novel probiotic, Bifidobacterium longum bv. infantis CCUG 52486, combined with a prebiotic, gluco-oligosaccharide (B. longum + Gl-OS), on the NK cell response to seasonal influenza vaccination in young and older subjects in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. There were significant effects of aging on NK cell phenotype, the most notable of which were an increase in CD56dim cells, mainly reflected in the CD16+ subset, a decrease in CD56bright cells, mainly reflected in the CD16- subset, and greater expression of the immunosenescence marker, CD57, on NK cell subsets. However, these changes only partially translated to differences in NK cell activity, observed as trends toward reduced NK cell activity in older subjects when analyzed on a per cell basis. Influenza vaccination increased the proportion of CD56bright cells and decreased the proportion of CD56dim cells, in young, but not older subjects. Although NK cell activity in response to vaccination was not significantly different between the young and older subjects, low post-vaccination NK cell activity was associated with poor seroconversion in only the older subjects. There was no influence of the synbiotic on NK cell phenotype or activity, either before or after influenza vaccination. In conclusion, aging is associated with marked alteration of the phenotype of the NK cell population and there was evidence of an impaired NK cell response to influenza vaccination in older subjects. The effects of aging on NK cell phenotype and activity could not be offset by B. longum + Gl-OS. Clinical Trial Registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01066377.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline E Childs
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Maidens
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Honglin Dong
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Todd
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Margot A Gosney
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences (MAG), University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Parveen Yaqoob
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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23
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Abstract
Immunosenescence during ageing is a major challenge which weakens the ability of older individuals to respond to infection or vaccination. There has been much interest in dietary strategies to improve immunity in older people, but there is an assumption that modulation of the immune response in older people will be based on the same principles as for younger adults. Recent evidence suggests that ageing fundamentally alters the impact of nutrition on immune function. As a result, interpretation of data from studies investigating the impact of diet on immune function is highly dependent on subject age. Study design is critically important when investigating the efficacy of dietary components, and most studies involving older people include rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria based on medical history, laboratory tests, general health status and often nutritional status. However, immunological status is rarely accounted for, but can vary significantly, even amongst healthy older people. There are several clear examples of age-related changes in immune cell composition, phenotype and/or function, which can directly alter the outcome of an intervention. This review uses two case studies to illustrate how the effects of n-3 PUFA and probiotics differ markedly in young v. older subjects. Evidence from both suggests that baseline differences in immunosenescence influence the outcome of an intervention, highlighting the need for detailed immunological characterisation of subjects prior to interventions. Finally, future work elucidating alterations in metabolic regulation within cells of the immune system as a result of ageing may be important in understanding the impact of diet on immune function in older people.
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24
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Lopez-Sejas N, Campos C, Hassouneh F, Sanchez-Correa B, Tarazona R, Pera A, Solana R. Effect of CMV and Aging on the Differential Expression of CD300a, CD161, T-bet, and Eomes on NK Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2016; 7:476. [PMID: 27872625 PMCID: PMC5097920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells involved in the defense against virus-infected cells and tumor cells. NK cell phenotype and function is affected with age and cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection. Aging affects the frequency and phenotype of NK cells, and CMV infection also contributes to these alterations. Thus, a reduction of CD56bright NK cell subpopulation associated with age and an expansion of memory-like NK cells CD56dimCD57+NKG2C+ probably related to CMV seropositivity have been described. NK cells express T-bet and Eomes transcription factors that are necessary for the development of NK cells. Here, we analyze the effect of age and CMV seropositivity on the expression of CD300a and CD161 inhibitory receptors, and T-bet and Eomes transcription factors in NK cell subsets defined by the expression of CD56 and CD57. CD300a is expressed by the majority of NK cells. CD56bright NK cells express higher levels of CD300a than CD56dim NK cells. An increase in the expression of CD300a was associated with age, whereas a decreased expression of CD161 in CD56dim NK cells was associated with CMV seropositivity. In CD56dim NK cells, an increased percentage of CD57+CD300a+ and a reduction in the percentage of CD161+CD300a+ cells were found to be associated with CMV seropositivity. Regarding T-bet and Eomes transcription factors, CMV seropositivity was associated with a decrease of T-bethi in CD56dimCD57+ NK cells from young individuals, whereas Eomes expression was increased with CMV seropositivity in both CD56bright and CD56dimCD57+/− (from middle age and young individuals, respectively) and was decreased with aging in all NK subsets from the three group of age. In conclusion, CMV infection and age induce significant changes in the expression of CD300a and CD161 in NK cell subsets defined by the expression of CD56 and CD57. T-bet and Eomes are differentially expressed on NK cell subsets, and their expression is affected by CMV latent infection and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Lopez-Sejas
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - Carmen Campos
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - Fakhri Hassouneh
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | | | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Alejandra Pera
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - Rafael Solana
- Maimonides Biomedicine Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
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25
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Przemska-Kosicka A, Childs CE, Enani S, Maidens C, Dong H, Dayel IB, Tuohy K, Todd S, Gosney MA, Yaqoob P. Effect of a synbiotic on the response to seasonal influenza vaccination is strongly influenced by degree of immunosenescence. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:6. [PMID: 26985232 PMCID: PMC4793545 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Ageing increases risk of respiratory infections and impairs the response to influenza vaccination. Pre- and probiotics offer an opportunity to modulate anti-viral defenses and the response to vaccination via alteration of the gut microbiota. This study investigated the effect of a novel probiotic, Bifidobacterium longum bv. infantis CCUG 52,486, combined with a prebiotic, gluco-oligosaccharide (B. longum + Gl-OS), on the response to seasonal influenza vaccination in young and older subjects in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, taking into account the influence of immunosenescence markers at baseline. Results Vaccination resulted in a significant increase in total antibody titres, vaccine-specific IgA, IgM and IgG and seroprotection to all three subunits of the vaccine in both young and older subjects, and in general, the increases in young subjects were greater. There was little effect of the synbiotic, although it tended to reduce seroconversion to the Brisbane subunit of the vaccine and the vaccine-specific IgG response in older subjects. Immunological characterization revealed that older subjects randomized to the synbiotic had a significantly higher number of senescent (CD28−CD57+) helper T cells at baseline compared with those randomized to the placebo, and they also had significantly higher plasma levels of anti-CMV IgG and a greater tendency for CMV seropositivity. Moreover, higher numbers of CD28−CD57+ helper T cells were associated with failure to seroconvert to Brisbane, strongly suggesting that the subjects randomized to the synbiotic were already at a significant disadvantage in terms of likely ability to respond to the vaccine compared with those randomized to the placebo. Conclusions Ageing was associated with marked impairment of the antibody response to influenza vaccination in older subjects and the synbiotic failed to reverse this impairment. However, the older subjects randomized to the synbiotic were at a significant disadvantage due to a greater degree of immunosenscence at baseline compared with those randomized to the placebo. Thus, baseline differences in immunosenescence between the randomized groups are likely to have influenced the outcome of the intervention, highlighting the need for detailed immunological characterization of subjects prior to interventions. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01066377. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12979-016-0061-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Przemska-Kosicka
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
| | - Caroline E Childs
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
| | - Sumia Enani
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
| | - Catherine Maidens
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
| | - Honglin Dong
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
| | - Iman Bin Dayel
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, 38010 Italy
| | - Susan Todd
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - Margot A Gosney
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
| | - Parveen Yaqoob
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
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26
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Infektionsschutz und spezielle Hygienemaßnahmen in klinischen Disziplinen. KRANKENHAUS- UND PRAXISHYGIENE 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152143 DOI: 10.1016/b978-3-437-22312-9.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Causes of upregulation of glycolysis in lymphocytes upon stimulation. A comparison with other cell types. Biochimie 2015; 118:185-94. [PMID: 26382968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we revisit the metabolic shift from respiration to glycolysis in lymphocytes upon activation, which is known as the Warburg effect in tumour cells. We compare the situation in lymphocytes with those in several other cell types, such as muscle cells, Kupffer cells, microglia cells, astrocytes, stem cells, tumour cells and various unicellular organisms (e.g. yeasts). We critically discuss and compare several explanations put forward in the literature for the observation that proliferating cells adopt this apparently less efficient pathway: hypoxia, poisoning of competitors by end products, higher ATP production rate, higher precursor supply, regulatory effects, and avoiding harmful effects (e.g. by reactive oxygen species). We conclude that in the case of lymphocytes, increased ATP production rate and precursor supply are the main advantages of upregulating glycolysis.
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28
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Tye GJ, Ioannou K, Amofah E, Quartey-Papafio R, Westrop SJ, Krishnamurthy P, Noble A, Harrison PM, Gaensler KML, Barber LD, Farzaneh F. The combined molecular adjuvant CASAC enhances the CD8+ T cell response to a tumor-associated self-antigen in aged, immunosenescent mice. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:6. [PMID: 26157468 PMCID: PMC4495856 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Ineffective induction of T cell mediated immunity in older individuals remains a persistent challenge for vaccine development. Thus, there is a need for more efficient and sophisticated adjuvants that will complement novel vaccine strategies for the elderly. To this end, we have investigated a previously optimized, combined molecular adjuvant, CASAC (Combined Adjuvant for Synergistic Activation of Cellular immunity), incorporating two complementary Toll-like receptor agonists, CpG and polyI:C, a class-II epitope, and interferon (IFN)-γ in aged mice. Findings In aged mice with typical features of immunosenescence, antigen specific CD8+ T cell responses were stimulated after serial vaccinations with CASAC or Complete/Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA/IFA) and a class I epitope, deriving either from ovalbumin (SIINFEKL, SIL) or the melanoma-associated self-antigen, tyrosinase-related protein-2 (SVYDFFVWL, SVL). Pentamer analysis revealed that aged, CASAC/SIL-vaccinated animals had substantially higher frequencies of H-2Kb/SIL-specific CD8+ T cells compared to the CFA/IFA-vaccinated groups. Similarly, higher frequencies of H-2Kb/SVL-pentamer+ and IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells were detected in the aged, CASAC + SVL-vaccinated mice than in their CFA/IFA-vaccinated counterparts. In both antigen settings, CASAC promoted significantly better functional CD8+ T cell activity. Conclusion These studies demonstrate that functional CD8+ T cells, specific for both foreign and tumour-associated self-antigens, can be effectively induced in aged immunosenescent mice using the novel multi-factorial adjuvant CASAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee Jun Tye
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK.,Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George town, Malaysia
| | - Kyriaki Ioannou
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Eunice Amofah
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Ruby Quartey-Papafio
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Samantha J Westrop
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Pramila Krishnamurthy
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Alistair Noble
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Phillip M Harrison
- Division of Transplant and Mucosal Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karin M L Gaensler
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA
| | - Linda D Barber
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
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29
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Di Benedetto S, Derhovanessian E, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Goldeck D, Müller L, Pawelec G. Impact of age, sex and CMV-infection on peripheral T cell phenotypes: results from the Berlin BASE-II Study. Biogerontology 2015; 16:631-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Derhovanessian E, Maier AB, Hähnel K, McElhaney JE, Slagboom EP, Pawelec G. Latent infection with cytomegalovirus is associated with poor memory CD4 responses to influenza A core proteins in the elderly. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3624-31. [PMID: 25187662 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza remains a major pathogen in older people. Infection with CMV and the accumulation of late-differentiated T cells associated with it have been implicated in poor Ab responsiveness to influenza vaccination in the elderly, most of whom are CMV positive. However, whether CMV infection also affects memory T cell responses to influenza remains unknown. To investigate this, we assessed T cell responses to influenza A matrix protein and nucleoprotein ex vivo in 166 Dutch individuals (mean age 62.2 y, range 42-82) and validated the results in a second cohort from North America (mean age 73.1 y, range 65-81, n = 28). We found that less than half of the CMV-infected older subjects mounted a CD4 T cell response to influenza Ags, whereas ∼80% of uninfected elderly did so. A similar proportion of younger subjects possessed influenza A virus-responsive CD4 T cells, and, interestingly, this was the case whether they were CMV-infected. Thus, the effect of CMV was only seen in the older donors, who may have been exposed to the virus for decades. The percentage of donors with CD8 responses to influenza A virus was lower than those with CD4; this was not influenced by whether the subjects were CMV seropositive or seronegative. CMV-seropositive responders had significantly higher frequencies of late-differentiated CD4 T-cells (CD45RA(+/-)CCR7(-)CD27(-)CD28(-)) compared with CMV-infected nonresponders. These data add to the accumulating evidence that infection with CMV has profound but heterogeneous effects on responses to the products of other viruses and have implications for the design of influenza vaccines, especially in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyna Derhovanessian
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tubingen, 72072 Tubingen, Germany;
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Health Aging, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Hähnel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tubingen, 72072 Tubingen, Germany
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 5J1; and
| | - Eline P Slagboom
- Netherlands Consortium for Health Aging, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands; Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tubingen, 72072 Tubingen, Germany
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Immunisations in Crohn's disease: who? why? what? when? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 28:485-96. [PMID: 24913387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppression induced by drugs increase the risk of infections in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. The vaccination rate in CD patients is usually low due to inaccurate information concerning the safety and efficacy of vaccines. Vaccines and immunoglobulins, are artificial ways of protection from common infectious diseases and they have had a major effect on mortality. Herein we detail the need of protection induced by vaccines of measles, varicella, Zoster, papillomavirus, shingles, pneumococcal invasive disease, influenza, hepatitis A and B in CD at diagnosis and during the course of the disease even during immunosuppression periods but with different singularities. Vaccination in CD travellers and the matters related to immunization of household healthy members of immunosuppressed patients are also discussed.
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Khan T, Heffron CL, High KP, Roberts PC. Tailored vaccines targeting the elderly using whole inactivated influenza vaccines bearing cytokine immunomodulators. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:129-39. [PMID: 24102577 PMCID: PMC3924801 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza and its complications disproportionately affect the elderly, leading to high morbidity and mortality in this ever-increasing population. Despite widespread vaccination efforts, the current influenza vaccines are less effective in the elderly; hence newer vaccine strategies are needed to improve their efficacy in this age group. We have previously shown that co-presentation of cytokines on the surface of inactivated influenza virus particles affords better protection from lethal homotypic viral challenge in young adult mice than conventional non-adjuvanted whole inactivated vaccine. Here, we determined the efficacy of these vaccine formulations in Balb/c mice "aged" to 17 months ("aged mice") along with the addition of a membrane-bound interleukin-12 (IL-12) vaccine formulation. Our investigations found that a single low-dose intramuscular vaccination with inactivated whole influenza vaccine co-presenting IL-12 was sufficient to provide enhanced protection from subsequent influenza challenge as compared with non-adjuvanted whole inactivated vaccine. Our results indicate that incorporation of cytokines such as IL-12 in a membrane-bound formulation in whole inactivated vaccine may provide a means to lower the vaccine dose while eliciting enhanced protective responses in the elderly, an age group that responds poorly to current vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tila Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Connie L. Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Kevin P. High
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul C. Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Oviedo-Orta E, Li CKF, Rappuoli R. Perspectives on vaccine development for the elderly. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:529-34. [PMID: 24001371 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modern society is characterized by a steady increase in the aged population. Increasing numbers of elderly people are exposed to infectious diseases in addition to suffering from chronic non-communicable illnesses. Key differences exist between immune responses elicited against infectious agents in the elderly and in the youngest population. Responses in the aged are characterized by a physiological state of impaired immunity. Such state has forced scientist and vaccine manufacturers to re-think the way vaccines are designed and tested in the elderly. Multiple strategies have been used to overcome the consequences of immunosenescence including the use of higher antigen dose, adjuvanted vaccines, and alternative routes of immunization. However, the lack of understanding of the immune regulatory mechanisms underlying immunosenescence in the elderly represents one of the main hurdles in the pathway to produce effective vaccines for seniors. This article reviews in a succinct form the current state of the art on the development of vaccines for the elderly and critically assesses the past and current literature on this topic, while also proposing new avenues for future studies.
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