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Bernasconi A, Lorrain C, Flury P, Alassimone J, McDonald BA, Sánchez-Vallet A. Virulent strains of Zymoseptoria tritici suppress the host immune response and facilitate the success of avirulent strains in mixed infections. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011767. [PMID: 37972205 PMCID: PMC10721197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms in nature. Pathogen-plant interaction experiments focus mainly on single-strain infections, typically ignoring the complexity of multi-strain infections even though mixed infections are common and critical for the infection outcome. The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici forms highly diverse fungal populations in which several pathogen strains often colonize the same leaf. Despite the importance of mixed infections, the mechanisms governing interactions between a mixture of pathogen strains within a plant host remain largely unexplored. Here we demonstrate that avirulent pathogen strains benefit from being in mixed infections with virulent strains. We show that virulent strains suppress the wheat immune response, allowing avirulent strains to colonize the apoplast and to reproduce. Our experiments indicate that virulent strains in mixed infections can suppress the plant immune system, probably facilitating the persistence of avirulent pathogen strains in fields planted with resistant host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bernasconi
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Lorrain
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Priska Flury
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Alassimone
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A. McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP/Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria/Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid) Spain
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2
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Garbelotto M, Lione G, Martiniuc AV, Gonthier P. The alien invasive forest pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare is replacing the native Heterobasidion annosum. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInvasions by alien pathogens are a major threat to forest conservation. The North American fungal pathogen of conifers Heterobasidion irregulare, inadvertently introduced in Central Italy in the 1940s, has been spreading causing high mortality of Italian stone pine (Pinus pinea). While invading newfound niches, H. irregulare has established itself in the current range of the native congener H. annosum. The aims of this study were to determine whether in time: (I) H. irregulare populations may be increasing in size; (II) H. irregulare may be replacing H. annosum, rather than simply coexisting with it; and, (III) H. annosum may disappear in forests infested by H. irregulare. The presence, abundance and distribution of H. annosum and H. irregulare were assessed through an aerobiological assay replicated ten years apart in a forest in which both species have been coexisting. Replacement index (RI), Markov chains and geometric progressions were used to model the interspecific interaction between the two species and to assess the invasiveness of H. irregulare. Results showed that, in 10 years, the incidence of H. annosum dropped from 39.4 to 6.1%, while that of H. irregulare increased from 57.6 to 81.8%, with the alien pathogen replacing the native species (RI = 84.6%) and spreading at a maximum rate of 139 ha/year. Although our models show that the extinction of H. annosum may be unlikely, the ability of H. irregulare to replace it suggests the alien pathogen may also readily colonize those parts of Europe where H. annosum is more abundant than in Central Italy.
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3
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Fang K, Chen L, Zhang H. Evaluation of foliar fungus-mediated interactions with below and aboveground enemies of the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:526-535. [PMID: 33437448 PMCID: PMC7790651 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-fungal associations are frequently key drivers of plant invasion success. Foliar fungi can benefit their invasive hosts by enhancing growth promotion, disease resistance and environmental stress tolerance. However, the roles of foliar fungi may vary when a given invasive plant faces different stresses. In this study, we designed three independent experiments to evaluate the effects of a foliar fungus, Colletotrichum sp., on the growth performance of the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora under different soil conditions, as well as the responses of A. adenophora to the foliar fungal pathogen Diaporthe helianthi and to herbivory. We found that the soil type was the most influential factor for the growth of A. adenophora. The role of the foliar fungus Colletotrichum sp. varied in the different soil types but generally adversely affected leaf development in A. adenophora. Colletotrichum sp. may be a weak latent foliar pathogen that can enhance the pathogenicity of D. helianthi on leaves of A. adenophora and marginally reduce signs of herbivory by natural insects in the wild on A. adenophora seedlings. In general, the benefits of the foliar fungus Colletotrichum to the fitness of A. adenophora are not significant in the context of this experimental design. However, our data highlight the need to consider both aboveground and belowground biota in different soil habitats when evaluating the effects of foliar fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fang
- School of Ecology and Environmental ScienceYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in YunnanYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Li‐Min Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland SciencesChengduChina
| | - Han‐Bo Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environmental ScienceYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in YunnanYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
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4
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Sallinen S, Norberg A, Susi H, Laine AL. Intraspecific host variation plays a key role in virus community assembly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5610. [PMID: 33154373 PMCID: PMC7644774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by multiple pathogens of the same host is ubiquitous in both natural and managed habitats. While intraspecific variation in disease resistance is known to affect pathogen occurrence, how differences among host genotypes affect the assembly of pathogen communities remains untested. In our experiment using cloned replicates of naive Plantago lanceolata plants as sentinels during a seasonal virus epidemic, we find non-random co-occurrence patterns of five focal viruses. Using joint species distribution modelling, we attribute the non-random virus occurrence patterns primarily to differences among host genotypes and local population context. Our results show that intraspecific variation among host genotypes may play a large, previously unquantified role in pathogen community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna Norberg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8067, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikinkaari 1 (PO box 65), FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, CH-8067, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Zilio G, Koella JC. Sequential co-infections drive parasite competition and the outcome of infection. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2367-2377. [PMID: 32688437 PMCID: PMC7589385 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Co-infections by multiple parasites are common in natural populations. Some of these are likely to be the result of sequential rather than simultaneous infections. The timing of the co-infections may affect their competitive interactions, thereby influencing the success of the parasites and their impact on the host. This may have important consequence for epidemiological and eco-evolutionary dynamics. We examined in two ecological conditions the effect of sequential co-infection on the outcome of infection by two microsporidians, Vavraia culicis and Edhazardia aedis, that infect the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The two parasites have different transmission strategies: V. culicis is transmitted horizontally either among larvae or from adults to larvae, while E. aedis can be transmitted horizontally among larvae or vertically from females to their eggs. We investigated how the timing and order of the co-infection and how the host's food availability affected the parasite's transmission potential (the percentage of individuals that harboured transmissible spores) and the host's juvenile survival, its age at emergence and its longevity. The outcome of co-infection was strongly affected by the order at which the parasites arrived. In co-infections, V. culicis had greater horizontal transmission if it arrived early, whereas the transmission potential of E. aedis, either vertical or horizontal, was not affected by the competitor V. culicis. The availability of food determined the duration of infection leading to variation in mortality and in the transmission potential. For both parasites low food decreased juvenile survival, delayed emergence to adulthood and increased horizontal transmission potential. High food increased juvenile survival and the probability of emergence with higher vertical transmission for E. aedis. Overall, our results suggest that early infection favours transmission and that (a) V. culicis plastically responded to co-infection, (b) E. aedis was not affected by co-infection but it was more susceptible to factors extending or decreasing the time it spent in the host (time of infection and food). Our results emphasize the complexity of the impact of co-infection on host-parasite interactions. In particular, the timing and order of sequential co-infections can result in different within-host dynamics and modify infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zilio
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
- Present address:
Institute of Evolutionary SciencesUMR5554University of MontpellierMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Jacob C. Koella
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
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6
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Opedal ØH, Ovaskainen O, Saastamoinen M, Laine AL, van Nouhuys S. Host-plant availability drives the spatiotemporal dynamics of interacting metapopulations across a fragmented landscape. Ecology 2020; 101:e03186. [PMID: 32892363 PMCID: PMC7757193 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of ecological communities depend partly on species interactions within and among trophic levels. Experimental work has demonstrated the impact of species interactions on the species involved, but it remains unclear whether these effects can also be detected in long‐term time series across heterogeneous landscapes. We analyzed a 19‐yr time series of patch occupancy by the Glanville fritillary butterfly Melitaea cinxia, its specialist parasitoid wasp Cotesia melitaearum, and the specialist fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis infecting Plantago lanceolata, a host plant of the Glanville fritillary. These species share a network of more than 4,000 habitat patches in the Åland islands, providing a metacommunity data set of unique spatial and temporal resolution. To assess the influence of interactions among the butterfly, parasitoid, and mildew on metacommunity dynamics, we modeled local colonization and extinction rates of each species while including or excluding the presence of potentially interacting species in the previous year as predictors. The metapopulation dynamics of all focal species varied both along a gradient in host plant abundance, and spatially as indicated by strong effects of local connectivity. Colonization and to a lesser extent extinction rates depended also on the presence of interacting species within patches. However, the directions of most effects differed from expectations based on previous experimental and modeling work, and the inferred influence of species interactions on observed metacommunity dynamics was limited. These results suggest that although local interactions among the butterfly, parasitoid, and mildew occur, their roles in metacommunity spatiotemporal dynamics are relatively weak. Instead, all species respond to variation in plant abundance, which may in turn fluctuate in response to variation in climate, land use, or other environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein H Opedal
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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7
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Facilitative priority effects drive parasite assembly under coinfection. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1510-1521. [PMID: 32868915 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Host individuals are often coinfected with diverse parasite assemblages, resulting in complex interactions among parasites within hosts. Within hosts, priority effects occur when the infection sequence alters the outcome of interactions among parasites. Yet, the role of host immunity in this process remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that the host response to the first infection could generate priority effects among parasites, altering the assembly of later-arriving strains during epidemics. We tested this by infecting sentinel host genotypes of Plantago lanceolata with strains of the fungal parasite Podosphaera plantaginis and measuring susceptibility to subsequent infection during experimental and natural epidemics. In these experiments, prior infection by one strain often increased susceptibility to other strains, and these facilitative priority effects altered the structure of parasite assemblages, but this effect depended on host genotype, host population and parasite genotype. Thus, host genotype, spatial structure and priority effects among strains all independently altered parasite assembly. Using a fine-scale survey and sampling of infections on wild hosts in several populations, we then identified a signal of facilitative priority effects, which altered parasite assembly during natural epidemics. Together, these results provide evidence that within-host priority effects of early-arriving strains can drive parasite assembly, with implications for how strain diversity is spatially and temporally distributed during epidemics.
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8
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Clay PA, Duffy MA, Rudolf VHW. Within-host priority effects and epidemic timing determine outbreak severity in co-infected populations. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200046. [PMID: 32126961 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infections of hosts by multiple pathogen species are ubiquitous, but predicting their impact on disease remains challenging. Interactions between co-infecting pathogens within hosts can alter pathogen transmission, with the impact on transmission typically dependent on the relative arrival order of pathogens within hosts (within-host priority effects). However, it is unclear how these within-host priority effects influence multi-pathogen epidemics, particularly when the arrival order of pathogens at the host-population scale varies. Here, we combined models and experiments with zooplankton and their naturally co-occurring fungal and bacterial pathogens to examine how within-host priority effects influence multi-pathogen epidemics. Epidemiological models parametrized with within-host priority effects measured at the single-host scale predicted that advancing the start date of bacterial epidemics relative to fungal epidemics would decrease the mean bacterial prevalence in a multi-pathogen setting, while models without within-host priority effects predicted the opposite effect. We tested these predictions with experimental multi-pathogen epidemics. Empirical dynamics matched predictions from the model including within-host priority effects, providing evidence that within-host priority effects influenced epidemic dynamics. Overall, within-host priority effects may be a key element of predicting multi-pathogen epidemic dynamics in the future, particularly as shifting disease phenology alters the order of infection within hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Meghan A Duffy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Volker H W Rudolf
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
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9
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Humphrey PT, Whiteman NK. Insect herbivory reshapes a native leaf microbiome. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:221-229. [PMID: 31988447 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insect herbivory is pervasive in plant communities, but its impact on microbial plant colonizers is not well-studied in natural systems. By calibrating sequencing-based bacterial detection to absolute bacterial load, we find that the within-host abundance of most leaf microbiome (phyllosphere) taxa colonizing a native forb is amplified within leaves affected by insect herbivory. Herbivore-associated bacterial amplification reflects community-wide compositional shifts towards lower ecological diversity, but the extent and direction of such compositional shifts can be interpreted only by quantifying absolute abundance. Experimentally eliciting anti-herbivore defences reshaped within-host fitness ranks among Pseudomonas spp. field isolates and amplified a subset of putatively phytopathogenic P. syringae in a manner causally consistent with observed field-scale patterns. Herbivore damage was inversely correlated with plant reproductive success and was highly clustered across plants, which predicts tight co-clustering with putative phytopathogens across hosts. Insect herbivory may thus drive the epidemiology of plant-infecting bacteria as well as the structure of a native plant microbiome by generating variation in within-host bacterial fitness at multiple phylogenetic and spatial scales. This study emphasizes that 'non-focal' biotic interactions between hosts and other organisms in their ecological settings can be crucial drivers of the population and community dynamics of host-associated microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parris T Humphrey
- Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA. .,Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA.,Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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10
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Faticov M, Ekholm A, Roslin T, Tack AJM. Climate and host genotype jointly shape tree phenology, disease levels and insect attacks. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Faticov
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
| | - Adam Ekholm
- Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Dept of Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
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11
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Karvonen A, Fenton A, Sundberg L. Sequential infection can decrease virulence in a fish-bacterium-fluke interaction: Implications for aquaculture disease management. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1900-1911. [PMID: 31700534 PMCID: PMC6824072 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts are typically infected with multiple strains or genotypes of one or several parasite species. These infections can take place simultaneously, but also at different times, i.e. sequentially, when one of the parasites establishes first. Sequential parasite dynamics are common in nature, but also in intensive farming units such as aquaculture. However, knowledge of effects of previous exposures on virulence of current infections in intensive farming is very limited. This is critical as consecutive epidemics and infection history of a host could underlie failures in management practices and medical intervention of diseases. Here, we explored effects of timing of multiple infections on virulence in two common aquaculture parasites, the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare and the fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. We exposed fish hosts first to flukes and then to bacteria in two separate experiments, altering timing between the infections from few hours to several weeks. We found that both short-term and long-term differences in timing of the two infections resulted in significant, genotype-specific decrease in bacterial virulence. Second, we developed a mathematical model, parameterized from our experimental results, to predict the implications of sequential infections for epidemiological progression of the disease, and levels of fish population suppression, in an aquaculture setting. Predictions of the model showed that sequential exposure of hosts can decrease the population-level impact of the bacterial epidemic, primarily through the increased recovery rate of sequentially infected hosts, thereby substantially protecting the population from the detrimental impact of infection. However, these effects depended on bacterial strain-fluke genotype combinations, suggesting the genetic composition of the parasite populations can greatly influence the degree of host suppression. Overall, these results suggest that host infection history can have significant consequences for the impact of infection at host population level, potentially shaping parasite epidemiology, disease dynamics and evolution of virulence in farming environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
- Nanoscience CenterUniversity of JyvaskylaJyvaskylaFinland
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12
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Gómez-Gallego M, LeBoldus JM, Bader MKF, Hansen E, Donaldson L, Williams NM. Contrasting the Pathogen Loads in Co-Existing Populations of Phytophthora pluvialis and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii in Douglas Fir Plantations in New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest United States. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1908-1921. [PMID: 31282283 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0479-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Phytophthora pluvialis as a foliar pathogen of Douglas fir in New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest United States has raised questions about its interaction with the widespread Swiss needle cast (SNC) disease. During Spring 2017, we repeatedly sampled 30 trees along an environmental gradient in each region and 292 additional trees in a longitudinal transect to assess the P. pluvialis epidemic and the association between P. pluvialis and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, which are causal agents of SNC. Both pathogens were consistently more abundant in the host's exotic environment in New Zealand. In both areas, the two pathogens co-exist in different spatial scales for regions and needles. The relative abundance of both pathogens was negatively correlated in the Pacific Northwest, where both presumably have co-existed for longer. Our findings confirmed the interaction of P. pluvialis and N. gaeumannii as foliar pathogens of Douglas fir and suggest a within-site spatial variation in the Pacific Northwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gómez-Gallego
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | | | - Everett Hansen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Lloyd Donaldson
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
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13
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Laine AL, Barrès B, Numminen E, Siren JP. Variable opportunities for outcrossing result in hotspots of novel genetic variation in a pathogen metapopulation. eLife 2019; 8:47091. [PMID: 31210640 PMCID: PMC6667214 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens possess the capacity for sex through outcrossing, despite being able to reproduce also asexually and/or via selfing. Given that sex is assumed to come at a cost, these mixed reproductive strategies typical of pathogens have remained puzzling. While the ecological and evolutionary benefits of outcrossing are theoretically well-supported, support for such benefits in pathogen populations are still scarce. Here, we analyze the epidemiology and genetic structure of natural populations of an obligate fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis. We find that the opportunities for outcrossing vary spatially. Populations supporting high levels of coinfection –a prerequisite of sex – result in hotspots of novel genetic diversity. Pathogen populations supporting coinfection also have a higher probability of surviving winter. Jointly our results show that outcrossing has direct epidemiological consequences as well as a major impact on pathogen population genetic diversity, thereby providing evidence of ecological and evolutionary benefits of outcrossing in pathogens. The existence of sex – broadly defined as the coming together of genes from different individuals – is one of the big evolutionary puzzles. Reproduction allows an organism to pass on its genes to future generations. However, while asexual and self-fertilizing individuals transmit all of their genes to their offspring, individuals that reproduce through sex transmit only half of their genome. This is considered the cost of sex. Many pathogens reproduce through sex, despite often also being able to reproduce asexually or by self-fertilization. Typically a pre-requisite of sex in pathogens is for at least two different strains to infect the same host. Aside from this limitation, little is known about when, where and why pathogens have sex. It has been tricky to study due to the microscopic size of pathogens and the difficulties of identifying different sexes. Moreover, sexual reproduction may be triggered by environmental cues that are difficult to mimic under controlled experimental conditions. Are there any benefits associated with pathogen sex? To find out, Laine et al. analyzed data collected over the course of four years from thousands of populations of a powdery mildew fungus that infected plants across the Åland islands. This revealed that the opportunities for pathogen sex vary in different locations. Areas where multiple strains of the fungus commonly infect the same plants result in hotspots of new genetic diversity. These mixed populations are also more likely to survive winter. This demonstrates the potential for pathogen sexual reproduction to provide an ecological benefit. Identifying areas and populations where pathogens have sex can help to identify when and where new strains are most likely to emerge. In the future, studies that use similar methods to Laine et al. could help to predict where infections and diseases are highly likely to arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Laine
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Barrès
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Numminen
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka P Siren
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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14
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Karvonen A, Jokela J, Laine AL. Importance of Sequence and Timing in Parasite Coinfections. Trends Parasitol 2018; 35:109-118. [PMID: 30578150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coinfections by multiple parasites predominate in the wild. Interactions between parasites can be antagonistic, neutral, or facilitative, and they can have significant implications for epidemiology, disease dynamics, and evolution of virulence. Coinfections commonly result from sequential exposure of hosts to different parasites. We argue that the sequential nature of coinfections is important for the consequences of infection in both natural and man-made environments. Coinfections accumulate during host lifespan, determining the structure of the parasite infracommunity. Interactions within the parasite community and their joint effect on the host individual potentially shape evolution of parasite life-history traits and transmission biology. Overall, sequential coinfections have the potential to change evolutionary and epidemiological outcomes of host-parasite interactions widely across plant and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Karvonen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Laine AL, Mäkinen H. Life-history correlations change under coinfection leading to higher pathogen load. Evol Lett 2018; 2:126-133. [PMID: 30283670 PMCID: PMC6121793 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a parasite strain to establish and grow on its host may be drastically altered by simultaneous infection by other parasite strains. However, we still lack an understanding of how life-history allocations may change under coinfection, although life-history correlations are a critical mechanism restricting the evolutionary potential and epidemiological dynamics of pathogens. Here, we study how life-history stages and their correlations change in the obligate fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis under single infection and coinfection scenarios. We find increased pathogen loads under coinfection, but this is not explained by an enhanced performance at any of the life-history stages that constitute infections. Instead, we show that under coinfection the correlation between timing of sporulation and final pathogen load becomes positive. The changes in pathogen life-history allocations leading to more severe infections under coinfection can have far-reaching epidemiological consequences, as well as implication for our understanding of the evolution of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Laine
- Research Programme in Organismal & Evolutionary Biology University of Helsinki PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) FI-00014 Finland
| | - Hannu Mäkinen
- Research Programme in Organismal & Evolutionary Biology University of Helsinki PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1) FI-00014 Finland
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16
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Abbate JL, Ezenwa VO, Guégan JF, Choisy M, Nacher M, Roche B. Disentangling complex parasite interactions: Protection against cerebral malaria by one helminth species is jeopardized by co-infection with another. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006483. [PMID: 29746467 PMCID: PMC5963812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-species interactions can often have non-intuitive consequences. However, the study of parasite interactions has rarely gone beyond the effects of pairwise combinations of species, and the outcomes of multi-parasite interactions are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of co-infection by four gastrointestinal helminth species on the development of cerebral malaria among Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients. We characterized associations among the helminth parasite infra-community, and then tested for independent (direct) and co-infection dependent (indirect) effects of helminths on cerebral malaria risk. We found that infection by Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were both associated with direct reductions in cerebral malaria risk. However, the benefit of T. trichiura infection was halved in the presence of hookworm, revealing a strong indirect effect. Our study suggests that the outcome of interactions between two parasite species can be significantly modified by a third, emphasizing the critical role that parasite community interactions play in shaping infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Abbate
- UMMISCO, IRD / Sorbonne Université, Bondy, France.,MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Marc Choisy
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana.,EA3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Benjamin Roche
- UMMISCO, IRD / Sorbonne Université, Bondy, France.,MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
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17
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Halliday FW, Umbanhowar J, Mitchell CE. Interactions among symbionts operate across scales to influence parasite epidemics. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1285-1294. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
| | - Charles E. Mitchell
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
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18
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Kozanitas M, Osmundson TW, Linzer R, Garbelotto M. Interspecific interactions between the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum and two sympatric Phytophthora species in varying ecological conditions. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Susi H, Laine AL. Host resistance and pathogen aggressiveness are key determinants of coinfection in the wild. Evolution 2017; 71:2110-2119. [PMID: 28608539 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection, whereby the same host is infected by more than one pathogen strain, may favor faster host exploitation rates as strains compete for the same limited resources. Hence, coinfection is expected to have major consequences for pathogen evolution, virulence, and epidemiology. Theory predicts genetic variation in host resistance and pathogen infectivity to play a key role in how coinfections are formed. The limited number of studies available has demonstrated coinfection to be a common phenomenon, but little is known about how coinfection varies in space, and what its determinants are. Our aim is to understand how variation in host resistance and pathogen infectivity and aggressiveness contribute to how coinfections are formed in the interaction between fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis and Plantago lanceolata. Our phenotyping study reveals that more aggressive strains are more likely to form coinfections than less aggressive strains in the natural populations. In the natural populations most of the variation in coinfection is found at the individual plant level, and results from a common garden study confirm the prevalence of coinfection to vary significantly among host genotypes. These results show that genetic variation in both the host and pathogen populations are key determinants of coinfection in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1),, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1),, FI-00014, Finland
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20
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Parratt SR, Barrès B, Penczykowski RM, Laine AL. Local adaptation at higher trophic levels: contrasting hyperparasite-pathogen infection dynamics in the field and laboratory. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1964-1979. [PMID: 27859910 PMCID: PMC5412677 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Predicting and controlling infectious disease epidemics is a major challenge facing the management of agriculture, human and wildlife health. Co-evolutionarily derived patterns of local adaptation among pathogen populations have the potential to generate variation in disease epidemiology; however, studies of local adaptation in disease systems have mostly focused on interactions between competing pathogens or pathogens and their hosts. In nature, parasites and pathogens are also subject to attack by hyperparasitic natural enemies that can severely impact upon their infection dynamics. However, few studies have investigated whether this interaction varies across combinations of pathogen-hyperparasite strains, and whether this influences hyperparasite incidence in natural pathogen populations. Here, we test whether the association between a hyperparasitic fungus, Ampelomyces, and a single powdery mildew host, Podosphaera plantaginis, varies among genotype combinations, and whether this drives hyperparasite incidence in nature. Laboratory inoculation studies reveal that genotype, genotype × genotype interactions and local adaptation affect hyperparasite infection. However, observations of a natural pathogen metapopulation reveal that spatial rather than genetic factors predict the risk of hyperparasite presence. Our results highlight how sensitive the outcome of biocontrol using hyperparasites is to selection of hyperparasite strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Parratt
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benoit Barrès
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rachel M Penczykowski
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Klemme I, Louhi KR, Karvonen A. Host infection history modifies co-infection success of multiple parasite genotypes. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:591-7. [PMID: 26589834 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Co-infections by multiple parasite genotypes are common and have important implications for host-parasite ecology and evolution through within-host interactions. Typically, these infections take place sequentially, and therefore, the outcome of co-infection may be shaped by host immune responses triggered by previous infections. For example, in vertebrates, specific immune responses play a central role in protection against disease over the course of life, but co-infection research has mostly focused on previously uninfected individuals. Here, we investigated whether sequential exposure and activation of host resistance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss affects infection success and interactions between co-infecting parasite genotypes of the trematode eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. In accordance with earlier results, we show that a simultaneous attack of two parasite genotypes facilitates parasite establishment in previously uninfected hosts. However, we find for the first time that this facilitation in co-infection is lost in hosts with prior infection. We conclude that vertebrate host infection history can affect the direction of within-host-parasite interactions. Our results may have significant implications for the evolution of co-infections and parasite transmission strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Katja-Riikka Louhi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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22
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Tollenaere C, Susi H, Laine AL. Evolutionary and Epidemiological Implications of Multiple Infection in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:80-90. [PMID: 26651920 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent methodological advances have uncovered tremendous microbial diversity cohabiting in the same host plant, and many of these microbes cause disease. In this review we highlight how the presence of other pathogen species, or other pathogen genotypes, within a plant can affect key components of host-pathogen interactions: (i) within-plant virulence and pathogen accumulation, through direct and host-mediated mechanisms; (ii) evolutionary trajectories of pathogen populations, through virulence evolution, generation of novel genetic combinations, and maintenance of genetic diversity; and (iii) disease dynamics, with multiple infection likely to render epidemics more devastating. The major future challenges are to couple a community ecology approach with a molecular investigation of the mechanisms operating under coinfection and to evaluate the evolution and effectiveness of resistance within a coinfection framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Tollenaere
- Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), Institut de Recherches pour le Développement (IRD) - Cirad - Université de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; Laboratoire Mixte International Patho-Bios, IRD-INERA (Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles), BP171, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hanna Susi
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Penczykowski RM, Walker E, Soubeyrand S, Laine AL. Linking winter conditions to regional disease dynamics in a wild plant-pathogen metapopulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1142-1152. [PMID: 25382661 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens are considered to drive ecological and evolutionary dynamics of plant populations, but we lack data measuring the population-level consequences of infection in wild plant-pathogen interactions. Moreover, while it is often assumed that offseason environmental conditions drive seasonal declines in pathogen population size, little is known about how offseason environmental conditions impact the survival of pathogen resting stages, and how critical the offseason is for the next season's epidemic. The fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis persists as a dynamic metapopulation in the large network of Plantago lanceolata host populations. Here, we analyze long-term data to measure the spatial synchrony of epidemics and consequences of infection for over 4000 host populations. Using a theoretical model, we study whether large-scale environmental change could synchronize disease occurrence across the metapopulation. During 2001-2013 exposure to freezing decreased, while pathogen extinction-colonization-persistence rates became more synchronized. Simulations of a theoretical model suggest that increasingly favorable winter conditions for pathogen survival could drive such synchronization. Our data also show that infection decreases host population growth. These results confirm that mild winter conditions increase pathogen overwintering success and thus increase disease prevalence across the metapopulation. Further, we conclude that the pathogen can drive host population growth in the Plantago-Podosphaera system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Penczykowski
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Emily Walker
- INRA, UR546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Samuel Soubeyrand
- INRA, UR546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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24
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Co-infection alters population dynamics of infectious disease. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5975. [PMID: 25569306 PMCID: PMC4354079 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infections by multiple pathogen strains are common in the wild. Theory predicts co-infections to have major consequences for both within- and between-host disease dynamics, but data are currently scarce. Here, using common garden populations of Plantago lanceolata infected by two strains of the pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis, either singly or under co-infection, we find the highest disease prevalence in co-infected treatments both at the host genotype and population levels. A spore-trapping experiment demonstrates that co-infected hosts shed more transmission propagules than singly infected hosts, thereby explaining the observed change in epidemiological dynamics. Our experimental findings are confirmed in natural pathogen populations-more devastating epidemics were measured in populations with higher levels of co-infection. Jointly, our results confirm the predictions made by theoretical and experimental studies for the potential of co-infection to alter disease dynamics across a large host-pathogen metapopulation.
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25
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Tack AJM, Laine AL. Ecological and evolutionary implications of spatial heterogeneity during the off-season for a wild plant pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:297-308. [PMID: 24372358 PMCID: PMC4285854 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While recent studies have elucidated many of the factors driving parasite dynamics during the growing season, the ecological and evolutionary dynamics during the off-season (i.e. the period between growing seasons) remain largely unexplored. We combined large-scale surveys and detailed experiments to investigate the overwintering success of the specialist plant pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis on its patchily distributed host plant Plantago lanceolata in the Åland Islands. Twelve years of epidemiological data establish the off-season as a crucial stage in pathogen metapopulation dynamics, with c. 40% of the populations going extinct during the off-season. At the end of the growing season, we observed environmentally mediated variation in the production of resting structures, with major consequences for spring infection at spatial scales ranging from single individuals to populations within a metapopulation. Reciprocal transplant experiments further demonstrated that pathogen population of origin and overwintering site jointly shaped infection intensity in spring, with a weak signal of parasite adaptation to the local off-season environment. We conclude that environmentally mediated changes in the distribution and evolution of parasites during the off-season are crucial for our understanding of host-parasite dynamics, with applied implications for combating parasites and diseases in agriculture, wildlife and human disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayco J M Tack
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Hayden KJ, Garbelotto M, Dodd R, Wright JW. Scaling up from greenhouse resistance to fitness in the field for a host of an emerging forest disease. Evol Appl 2013; 6:970-82. [PMID: 24062805 PMCID: PMC3779097 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest systems are increasingly threatened by emergent, exotic diseases, yet management strategies for forest trees may be hindered by long generation times and scant background knowledge. We tested whether nursery disease resistance and growth traits have predictive value for the conservation of Notholithocarpus densiflorus, the host most susceptible to sudden oak death. We established three experimental populations to assess nursery growth and resistance to Phytophthora ramorum, and correlations between nursery-derived breeding values with seedling survival in a field disease trial. Estimates of nursery traits' heritability were low to moderate, with lowest estimates for resistance traits. Within the field trial, survival likelihood was increased in larger seedlings and decreased with the development of disease symptoms. The seed-parent family wide likelihood of survival was likewise correlated with family predictors for size and resistance to disease in 2nd year laboratory assays, though not resistance in 1st year leaf assays. We identified traits and seedling families with increased survivorship in planted tanoaks, and a framework to further identify seed parents favored for restoration. The additive genetic variation and seedling disease dynamics we describe hold promise to refine current disease models and expand the understanding of evolutionary dynamics of emergent infectious diseases in highly susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Hayden
- Environmental Science Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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27
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Susi H, Laine AL. Pathogen life-history trade-offs revealed in allopatry. Evolution 2013; 67:3362-70. [PMID: 24152013 PMCID: PMC4208680 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs in life-history traits is a central tenet in evolutionary biology, yet their ubiquity and relevance to realized fitness in natural populations remains questioned. Trade-offs in pathogens are of particular interest because they may constrain the evolution and epidemiology of diseases. Here, we studied life-history traits determining transmission in the obligate fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, infecting Plantago lanceolata. We find that although traits are positively associated on sympatric host genotypes, on allopatric host genotypes relationships between infectivity and subsequent transmission traits change shape, becoming even negative. The epidemiological prediction of this change in life-history relationships in allopatry is lower disease prevalence in newly established pathogen populations. An analysis of the natural pathogen metapopulation confirms that disease prevalence is lower in newly established pathogen populations and they are more prone to go extinct during winter than older pathogen populations. Hence, life-history trade-offs mediated by pathogen local adaptation may influence epidemiological dynamics at both population and metapopulation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- Metapopulation Research Group, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Department of Biosciences, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Zhan J, McDonald BA. Experimental measures of pathogen competition and relative fitness. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:131-53. [PMID: 23767846 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Competition among pathogen strains for limited host resources can have a profound effect on pathogen evolution. A better understanding of the principles and consequences of competition can be useful in designing more sustainable disease management strategies. The competitive ability and relative fitness of a pathogen strain are determined by its intrinsic biological properties, the resistance and heterogeneity of the corresponding host population, the population density and genetic relatedness of the competing strains, and the physical environment. Competitive ability can be inferred indirectly from fitness components, such as basic reproduction rate or transmission rate. However, pathogen strains that exhibit higher fitness components when they infect a host alone may not exhibit a competitive advantage when they co-infect the same host. The most comprehensive measures of competitive ability and relative fitness come from calculating selection coefficients in a mixed infection in a field setting. Mark-release-recapture experiments can be used to estimate fitness costs associated with unnecessary virulence and fungicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasui Zhan
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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29
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Seppälä O, Karvonen A, Rellstab C, Louhi KR, Jokela J. Reciprocal Interaction Matrix Reveals Complex Genetic and Dose-Dependent Specificity among Coinfecting Parasites. Am Nat 2012; 180:306-15. [DOI: 10.1086/666985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Tack AJM, Thrall PH, Barrett LG, Burdon JJ, Laine AL. Variation in infectivity and aggressiveness in space and time in wild host-pathogen systems: causes and consequences. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1918-1936. [PMID: 22905782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Variation in host resistance and in the ability of pathogens to infect and grow (i.e. pathogenicity) is important as it provides the raw material for antagonistic (co)evolution and therefore underlies risks of disease spread, disease evolution and host shifts. Moreover, the distribution of this variation in space and time may inform us about the mode of coevolutionary selection (arms race vs. fluctuating selection dynamics) and the relative roles of G × G interactions, gene flow, selection and genetic drift in shaping coevolutionary processes. Although variation in host resistance has recently been reviewed, little is known about overall patterns in the frequency and scale of variation in pathogenicity, particularly in natural systems. Using 48 studies from 30 distinct host-pathogen systems, this review demonstrates that variation in pathogenicity is ubiquitous across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Quantitative analysis of a subset of extensively studied plant-pathogen systems shows that the magnitude of within-population variation in pathogenicity is large relative to among-population variation and that the distribution of pathogenicity partly mirrors the distribution of host resistance. At least part of the variation in pathogenicity found at a given spatial scale is adaptive, as evidenced by studies that have examined local adaptation at scales ranging from single hosts through metapopulations to entire continents and - to a lesser extent - by comparisons of pathogenicity with neutral genetic variation. Together, these results support coevolutionary selection through fluctuating selection dynamics. We end by outlining several promising directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Tack
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P H Thrall
- CSIRO-Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - L G Barrett
- CSIRO-Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - J J Burdon
- CSIRO-Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A-L Laine
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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