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Shingu H, Hayashi H, Touno E, Oshibe A, Kushibiki S, Oda S, Katoh K, Obara Y. Characteristics of developmental changes in the kinetics of glucose and urea in Japanese Black calves: Comparison with Holstein calves1. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2910-5. [PMID: 17686890 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of glucose and urea kinetics in male Japanese Black calves, using a glucose and urea dilution method with stable isotopes, at preweaning (3 wk of age) and postweaning (13 and 26 wk of age) stages, in comparison with the kinetics of glucose and urea in male Holstein calves. Six Japanese Black and 6 Holstein calves were arranged in a 2 (breed) x 3 (stage) factorial block design. These 12 suckling calves were fed only whole milk, offered concentrate and or chardgrass hay after 3 wk of age, and weaned at 6 wk of age. Under steady-state conditions, glucose challenges (1.0 mg/kg of BW; [U-13C]d-glucose) and urea challenges (both 2.2 mg/kg of BW; [13C]urea and [15N2]urea) were performed at the 3 stages examined. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose concentrations between Japanese Black and Holstein calves at any stage, but the glucose concentrations at 3 wk of age were greater (P <0.05) than those at 13 wk of age in both breeds. The glucose pool size in Japanese Black calves was smaller (P <0.05) than that in Holstein calves at all stages. Within each breed, there were no significant differences between the glucose pool sizes at 3 and 13 wk of age, but the glucose pool size was larger (P <0.05) at 26 wk of age. Moreover, Japanese Black calves had greater glucose irreversible loss rates (P <0.01) than Holstein calves at 3 wk of age, and the glucose irreversible loss rates were less (P <0.05) on and after 13 wk of age in both breeds. Japanese Black calves had greater plasma urea N concentrations (P <0.05) than Holstein calves at all stages, and in both breeds, the urea N concentrations increased (P <0.05) with age. The urea pool size was smaller (P <0.01) in Japanese Black calves than in Holstein calves at all stages, and in both breeds, the urea pool size increased (P <0.05) with age. In comparison with Holstein calves, Japanese Black calves had greater urea irreversible loss rates (P <0.05) on and after 13 wk of age and greater urea recycling rates (P <0.05) at 26 wk of age. In addition, in both breeds, urea irreversible loss rates and urea recycling rates increased (P <0.05) with age. We conclude that Japanese Black calves have partially different glucose and urea kinetics from Holstein calves and that the kinetics of these metabolites in both Japanese Black and Holstein calves are strongly influenced by weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shingu
- Department of Animal Production and Grasslands Farming, National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0198, Japan.
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Pinheiro EC, Taddei VA, Migliorini RH, Kettelhut IC. Effect of fasting on carbohydrate metabolism in frugivorous bats (Artibeus lituratus and Artibeus jamaicensis). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 143:279-84. [PMID: 16455278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The compensatory changes of carbohydrate metabolism induced by fasting were investigated in frugivorous bats, Artibeus lituratus and Artibeus jamaicensis. For this purpose, plasma levels of glucose and lactate, liver and muscle glycogen content, rates of liver gluconeogenesis and the activity of related enzymes were determined in male bats. After a decrease during the first 48 h of fasting, plasma glucose levels remained constant until the end of the experimental period. Plasma lactate levels, extremely high in fed bats, decreased after 48 h of fasting. Similarly, liver glycogen content, markedly high in fed animals, was reduced to low levels after 24 h without food. Muscle glycogen was also reduced in fasted bats. The expected increase in liver gluconeogenesis during fasting was observed after 48 h of fasting. The activities of liver glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase were not affected by food withdrawn. On the other hand, fasting for 24 h induced an increase in the activity of liver cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The data indicate that liver gluconeogenesis has an important role in the glucose homeostasis in frugivorous bats during prolonged periods of food deprivation. During short periods of fasting liver glycogenolysis seems to be the main responsible for the maintenance of glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana C Pinheiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia-UnB, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
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Das SK, Chatterjee D, Uddin M. Induction of pro-renin converting enzyme mk9 by thyroid hormone in the guinea-pig liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:412-5. [PMID: 12054615 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Kallikreins are a group of specific serine proteases and are an integral part of kallikrein-kinin system. The kallikrein-kinin system is hypotensive in nature and counteracts with the renin-angiotensin system in the maintenance of normal blood pressure. So far, four kallikrein-like enzymes, namely, mK9, mK13, mK22, and mK26, have been known to convert the inactive pro-renin into biologically active renin. Some of these enzymes are induced by the thyroid hormone. In the proposed study, we investigated the effects of thyroid hormone on the expression of genes for mk9, mk13, and mk22 enzymes. We used guinea pigs as models because these animals share many characteristics in common to humans. Male adult guinea pigs were intramuscularly injected with 2 mg/kg body weight of thyronine. Forty-eight hours following the last injection, the liver was processed for Northern blot analysis using labeled mK9, mK13, and mK22 specific RNA probes. Only mK9 was found to be transcriptionally regulated by the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D.B. Todd Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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Hidiroglou N, Madere R. Effect of chronic ethanol consumption upon vitamine E and C tissue status in the guinea pig. Nutr Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(00)00172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Prieto JG, Justel A, del Estal JL, Barrio JP, Alvarez AI. Comparative study on gastric absorption of albendazole and mebendazole in rats. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1991; 100:397-400. [PMID: 1687533 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90014-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. A study was carried out to determine the kinetics of the gastric absorption of two wide spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintics, albendazole and mebendazole. 2. The method used was gastric recirculation of solutions containing the drugs in concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 100 mM. 3. The results obtained showed that absorption corresponds to first order kinetics, with diffusion constants of 0.0087 min-1 for albendazole and 0.0077 min-1 for mebendazole. 4. Blood levels of the drugs for the whole range of concentrations were always higher in the case of albendazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Prieto
- Laboratory Animal Physiology, University of León, Spain
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6
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Carlsen BD, Lambeth DO, Ray PD. Synthesis of malate from phosphoenolpyruvate by rabbit liver mitochondria: implications for lipogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 965:1-8. [PMID: 2831992 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(88)90143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
(1) Rabbit liver mitochondria can convert exogenous phosphoenolpyruvate to malate. (2) Malate production is dependent on phosphoenolpyruvate and HCO3- and is stimulated by CN- or malonate alone and especially in combination. (3) Malate production is inhibited 70% by 3-mercaptopicolinate, a specific inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and 50-60% by 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate, an inhibitor of the tricarboxylate transporter. (4) Rat liver mitochondria incubated with phosphoenolpyruvate under identical conditions do not produce malate. (5) Malate production from phosphoenolpyruvate is stimulated by exogenous GDP or IDP but not by ADP. (6) Data support the conclusion that malate is being produced from oxalacetate generated by reversal of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. A possible role for this enzyme in hepatic lipogenesis is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Carlsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks 58202
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Domènech C, Abante JJ, Bozal FX, Mazo A, Cortés A, Bozal J. An improved purification method for cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from several sources. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 18:17-35. [PMID: 3375202 DOI: 10.1080/00327488808062511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new purification method for cytosolic malate dehydrogenases from several sources has been developed. The procedure, employing chromatographies on 5'AMP-Sepharose, DEAE-Sephacel and Blue-Sepharose, allows for a rapid isolation of the enzyme (approximately 40 hours), in large quantities, with good yields (45-54%). The specific activity of final preparations were around 1300 I.U./mg and were judged homogeneous by polyacrylamide gradient gel and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, high performance size exclusion chromatography and isoelectric focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Domènech
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Aiello RJ, Armentano LE. Fatty acid effects on gluconeogenesis in goat, calf and guinea pig hepatocytes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 91:339-44. [PMID: 3197402 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1. Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by fatty acid was studied in goat, calf and guinea pig hepatocytes. 2. Fatty acid effects on gluconeogenesis were dependent upon species; fatty acid and gluconeogenic substrate. 3. Oleate and octanoate inhibited gluconeogenesis from propionate in guinea pig hepatocytes and stimulated it in goat hepatocytes. 4. Oleate and octanoate markedly inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate in guinea pig hepatocytes whereas octanoate, but not oleate, decreased glucose production from lactate in goat hepatocytes. 5. Effects of fatty acids on gluconeogenesis in calf hepatocytes were similar to goat hepatocytes suggesting control of gluconeogenesis is similar among ruminant species but differs from guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Aiello
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Aiello RJ, Armentano LE. Effects of volatile fatty acids on propionate metabolism and gluconeogenesis in caprine hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci 1987; 70:2504-10. [PMID: 3448105 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(87)80318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Isolated caprine hepatocytes were incubated with fatty acids of various chain lengths. Short-chain fatty acids effects on rates of gluconeogenesis and oxidation from [2-14C]propionate were determined. Additions of glucose (2.5 mM) had no effect on hepatic [2-14C]propionate metabolism in the presence and absence of amino acids. A complete mixture of amino acids increased label incorporation from [2-14C]propionate into [14C]glucose by 22%. Butyrate inhibited [2-14C]propionate metabolism and increased the apparent Michaelis constant for [2-14C]propionate incorporation into [14C]glucose from 2.4 +/- 1.5 to 5.6 +/- .9 mM. Butyrate's effects on propionate were similar in the presence and absence of L-carnitine (1 mM). Isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, and valerate (1.25 mM) had no effect on [14C]glucose production but decreased 14CO2 production to 57, 61, and 54% of the control [2-14C]propionate (1.25 mM). This inhibition on 14CO2 production was not competitive. Isovalerate had no effect on either [2-14C]propionate incorporation into glucose or CO2. An increase in ratio of [14C]glucose to 14CO2 from [2-14C]propionate demonstrated that short-chain fatty acids other than butyrate do not inhibit gluconeogenesis from propionate. In addition, fatty acids that generate a net synthesis of intracellular oxaloacetate may partition propionate carbons toward gluconeogenic rather than oxidative pathways in goat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Aiello
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Fornós M, Bozal X, Abante J, Cortés A, Bozal J. Comparative analysis of the malate dehydrogenases isolated from the cytosolic fraction of several tissues of guinea-pig Cavia porcellus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 86:89-94. [PMID: 3829636 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The specific activities of the malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase present in the soluble fraction of several guinea-pig tissues are reported. The electrophoretic patterns showed always two forms (A and B) with malate dehydrogenase activity and the five isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase. Chromatography of the different soluble fractions through 5' AMP-Sepharose allowed both molecular forms of malate dehydrogenase to be separated and obtained free from lactate dehydrogenase. Comparative studies of the two forms of malate dehydrogenase evidenced that the A and B forms exhibited cytosolic and mitochondrial characteristics, respectively.
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Nyquist-Battie C, Uphoff C, Cole TB. Maternal ethanol consumption: effect on skeletal muscle development in guinea pig offspring. Alcohol 1987; 4:11-6. [PMID: 3828058 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(87)90053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ethanol on developing skeletal muscle was analyzed by examining the gastrocnemius muscle from newborn guinea pigs, exposed to ethanol during the second half of gestation. Electron microscopy revealed vacuolated sarcoplasmic reticula, enlarged lipid droplets, decreased glycogen and mitochondrial abnormalities in the skeletal muscle samples from the ethanol-exposed newborn guinea pigs. None of these abnormalities were seen in the newborn controls who were born to dams which consumed the same amount of calories as the ethanol-treated dams. The ethanol-associated abnormalities, seen in this study, are similar to those seen in ultrastructural examination of skeletal muscle from chronic alcoholics.
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12
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Metcalfe HK, Monson JP, Welch SG, Cohen RD. Inhibition of lactate removal by ketone bodies in rat liver. Evidence for a quantitatively important role of the plasma membrane lactate transporter in lactate metabolism. J Clin Invest 1986; 78:743-7. [PMID: 3745435 PMCID: PMC423665 DOI: 10.1172/jci112635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of DL-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate on lactate transport into isolated hepatocytes and on lactate removal in the isolated perfused rat liver. Ketone bodies inhibited lactate transport into isolated hepatocytes (maximum, 35% at concentrations of 10-20 mM). Lactate removal and glucose production by perfused livers were examined before and after the introduction of a constant infusion of hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, or appropriate control into the portal venous limb. Lactate removal was significantly inhibited within 10 s of the appearance of increasing concentrations of ketone bodies in the effluent. Corresponding decreases in glucose production were observed. The dependence of inhibition on D-3-hydroxybutyrate concentration was documented in isolated perfused livers (maximum inhibition of lactate removal, 58% at 14 mM). This phenomenon could be a factor in the development of lactic acidosis accompanying ketoacidosis, and indicates that plasma membrane lactate transport may determine the rate of hepatic lactate removal.
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Sikpi MO, Nair CR, Johns AE, Das SK. Metabolic and ultrastructural characterization of guinea pig alveolar type II cells isolated by centrifugal elutriation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 877:20-30. [PMID: 3718999 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(86)90113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct biochemical studies of the whole lung have been quite misleading because of the heterogeneity of the lung cell types. One of the advantages of studying the isolated cells is to be able to correlate specific metabolic functions with intracellular molecular events and to differentiate factors that affect the type II cell function directly. In the present study we have isolated type II cells from guinea pig lung with elastase and purified them by centrifugal elutriation. These cells fluoresce with phosphine 3R as the dye is specifically taken up by the lamellar bodies. In the electron micrographs, the type II cells display punctate villi, which underwent fragmentation in those cases where metrizamide density gradient was used. Mitochondria are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum is sparse. Type II cells possess large irregularly shaped nuclei with peripheral areas of dense hemochromatin and at least one prominent nucleolus. Ovoid lamellar bodies are the most prominent cellular inclusions. These bodies are present throughout the cytoplasm and contain a substructure of whorling and concentric laminations. Biochemical studies indicate that type II cells prepared by centrifugal elutriation are metabolically well preserved as seen from incorporation of [14C]leucine into cellular proteins, [methyl-14C]choline into cellular disaturated phosphatidylcholine and CDP[methyl-14C]choline into mitochondrial and microsomal phosphatidylcholine. Superiority of centrifugal elutriation over the commonly employed combination of discontinuous metrizamide gradient and cell elutriation is evident from the present study.
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Armstrong MK, Weissberger LE. The effect of ethanol or sorbitol on glucose production from pyruvate in isolated hepatocytes from 48-hour fasted guinea-pigs. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 17:989-93. [PMID: 4065411 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(85)90244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes isolated from 48-hour, fasted guinea-pigs were incubated with glucose precursors to compare relative rates of glucose production. Glucose production from lactate and pyruvate was similar (2.61 vs 3.18 mumol/hr per 100 mg wet weight). Glucose production from fructose was greater than that from sorbitol (4.68 vs 1.63 mumol/hr per 100 mg wet weight). When ethanol was added to pyruvate-containing buffer, the flux of pyruvate to glucose and lactate was synergistically enhanced (5.28 vs 3.76 and 7.51 vs 2.88 mumol/hr per 100 mg wet weight, respectively). When sorbitol was added to buffer containing pyruvate, glucose and lactate production were even greater than that seen with ethanol (8.32 vs 5.38 and 15.99 vs 7.51 mumol/hr per 100 mg wet weight, respectively).
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Abstract
The perfused rat liver model has been used widely for the past 30 years to investigate various aspects of hepatic metabolism. Certain aspects of the regulation of glucose production, however, are different in rats and in higher mammals. A method for perfusing dog livers in situ has been developed. It is easier to perform and to standardize than previously described techniques, and enables the direct effect of various substances on glucose production to be tested. This new approach has been used to assess the influence of ketones and albumin-bound free fatty acids (FFA) on total hepatic glucose output. In contrast to the response generally observed in the rat, it was found that an increased availability of FFA or ketones caused a net decrease in glucose output from the dog liver. Thus, perfusion of the dog liver is a feasible technique that is particularly useful because the responses in rats and dogs are not always the same.
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Hamada T, Matsumoto M. Effects of nutrition and ontogeny on liver cytosolic and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity of the rat, hamster, guinea-pig, pig, kid, calf and chick. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 77:547-50. [PMID: 6713828 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In rat, hamster, guinea-pig, pig, kid, and calf liver, starvation or carbohydrate starvation increased cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity without changing the mitochondrial activity whereas in chick liver, starvation did not alter the activity in both fractions. Liver glycogen content changed in a reciprocal way to the cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity. In prenatal kid and chick liver, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity appeared in both cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions, and in chick liver, considerable increase of the cytosolic activity was observed from a few days before hatching to 4 days after hatching.
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Fréminet A, Dallevet G, Guillet-Deniau I, Minaire Y. Comparison of glycogen store in two strains of rat and guinea-pig under fed and fasted conditions. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1984; 79:53-9. [PMID: 6148184 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(84)90707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen content in the liver, skeletal muscle and heart has been determined in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar (W) rats and in tricoloured (T) and albino Dunkin Hartley (DH) guinea-pigs. The 12-week-old animals were studied under non-fasted or control conditions (N) and after 48 hr of fast (F48). Hepatic glycogen was higher in DH guinea-pigs (95.6 +/- 3.8 mg g-1) than in W (77.2 +/- 5.3 mg g-1) and SD (80.2 +/- 2.3 mg g-1) rats under N conditions. Mean values for the two strains were slightly higher in guinea-pigs than in rats. After fasting, hepatic glycogen was almost exhausted in the two species but was higher in W (1.5 +/- 0.08 mg g-1) and T (1.5 +/- 0.2 mg g-1) than in SD and DH (0.6 +/- 0.1 mg g-1). The content of glycogen in the anterior muscles of the thigh was comparable in the two strains of rat and guinea-pig, but was twice as high in the guinea-pigs (DH:15.1 +/- 0.6; T: 16.4 +/- 0.7 mg g-1) as in the rats (SD: 8.1 +/- 0.2; W: 7.1 +/- 0.5 mg g-1) under N conditions. In F48 animals, muscular glycogen decreased by 41-46% (rats) and 38-39% (guinea-pigs). Hepatic and extra-liver glycogen stores were calculated and found higher in the guinea-pigs than in the rats. The total utilization during fasting was larger in the guinea-pigs (6140 mg/kg body wt) than in the rats (4500 mg/kg body wt).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Wriston JC. Comparative biochemistry of the guinea-pig: a partial checklist. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 77:253-78. [PMID: 6365427 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A great deal is known about guinea-pig biochemistry, but the information is scattered and difficult to assemble. The guinea-pig also possesses a number of unusual biochemical features which add to its interest. For these reasons we have compiled a list of biochemical characteristics of the guinea-pig, organized in a series of tables, with brief discussions of some of the entries.
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Drahota Z, Rauchová H, Miková M, Kaul P, Bass A. Phosphoenolpyruvate shuttle--transport of energy from mitochondria to cytosol. FEBS Lett 1983; 157:347-9. [PMID: 6862029 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Brown-adipose tissue mitochondria of hamster and rat contain phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32). In the presence of ketoglutarate and malate, phosphoenolpyruvate is formed and exported from mitochondria. Phosphoenolpyruvate formation is inhibited by 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate. It is proposed that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase together with pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate kinase forms a phosphoenolpyruvate shuttle through which energy produced by the Krebs cycle in mitochondria may be exported to cytosol.
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Veiga JA, Saggerson ED. Gluconeogenesis in guinea pig renal tubule fragments--effects of noradrenaline, 3':5' cyclic AMP and angiotensin II. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1983; 74:409-12. [PMID: 6133691 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(83)90123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Tubule fragments were isolated by collagenase treatment of guinea pig kidney cortex. 2. 3':5'-Cyclic AMP increased gluconeogenesis from lactate, pyruvate, malate and fructose. 3. Noradrenaline decreased gluconeogenesis from lactate, pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate and fructose. 4. Angiotensin II slightly, but significantly, increased gluconeogenesis from lactate. 5. Gluconeogenesis from glycerol as sole substrate was negligible. Gluconeogenesis from combinations of glycerol together with either lactate, pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate or malate was appreciably greater than the sum of the glucose output observed when these substrates were added singly.
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de Bruijne JJ, Lopes-Cardozo M. Ketogenesis in mitochondria isolated from liver biopsies of normal and starved dogs: comparison with rat-liver mitochondria. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 75:557-62. [PMID: 6617155 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis were studied in isolated dog-liver mitochondria in order to investigate whether the absence of hyperketonemia in fasting dogs results from a low capacity of hepatic ketogenesis. Isolated rat-liver mitochondria were used as reference. The results indicate that: (a) Dog-liver mitochondria oxidize long-chain fatty acids and produce ketone bodies at about equal rates as rat-liver mitochondria. No differences were detected in the regulation of ketogenesis. (b) Rates of oxidation of medium-chain fatty acids are significantly lower in dog-liver mitochondria than in rat-liver mitochondria. (c) Fasting does not influence the capacity of liver mitochondria for fatty acid oxidation but their ketogenic capacity is slightly enhanced in both species. The regulation of the energy metabolism in the fasting dog is discussed and compared with that in other mammalian species.
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de Bruijne JJ, de Koster P. Glycogenolysis in the fasting dog. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 75:553-5. [PMID: 6617154 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen concentrations were determined in liver-biopsy specimens which were taken from four dogs during five consecutive days of fasting. It was found that maximal depletion of liver glycogen occurred between the second and the third day. Starvation-induced glycogenolysis was much slower in the dog than in men and rats. Fuel fluxes are discussed and it is tentatively concluded that in the fasting dog larger amounts of glycerol are available for gluconeogenesis than in other species.
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23
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Stith IE, Das SK. Development of cholinephosphotransferase in guinea pig lung mitochondria and microsomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 714:250-6. [PMID: 6275908 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Development of mitochondrial and microsomal choline phosphotransferase in the fetal guinea pig lung was investigated. The activity in fetal mitochondria was more than twice of that in fetal microsomes. However, in adult lung, the enzyme was distributed mostly in microsomes. In fetal lung, both the mitochondrial and microsomal enzyme activity was greatest at approx. 81% of the total gestation period (55 days). The specific activity in the microsomal fraction than declined until term, but increased again in the 24-h newborn from 1.0 to 2.3 nmol/min per mg protein. The activity in the mitochondrial fraction declined after 61 days (2.8 nmol/min per mg) to a minimal level at term (0.6 nmol/min per mg). Although the enzyme activity decreased from day 55 (1.2 nmol/min per mg), the amount of phosphatidylcholine gradually increased between day 55 and term.
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Zahlten RN, Nejtek ME, Jacobsen JC. Ethanol metabolism in guinea pig: ethanol oxidation and its effect on NAD/NADH ratios, oxygen consumption, and ketogenesis in isolated hepatocytes of fed and fasted animals. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 213:200-31. [PMID: 7036906 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Viogt MN, Clarke JD, Jain AV, Ayres JC, Koehler PE, Hatch RC. Abnormal concentrations of B vitamins and amino acids in plasma and B vitamins in bile of rabbits with aflatoxicosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 41:919-23. [PMID: 6786221 PMCID: PMC243834 DOI: 10.1128/aem.41.4.919-923.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The dosages of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) required to produce significant changes in concentrations of B vitamins in plasma and bile and of amino acids in plasma of rabbits were determined. Folate increased by 98% in plasma, whereas concentration of thiamine, vitamin B6, and biotin decreased by more than 50%. In bile, choline and biotin increased 14- and 18-fold, respectively, whereas folate and niacin decreased by more than 50%. All amino acids in plasma increased between 76 and 155%. The dosages of AFB1 required to induce these changes were usually between 12.5 and 37.5 microgram/kg of body weight per day. Except for changes in biliary concentrations of pantothenic acid, folic acid, and biotin, lower threshold dosages of aflatoxin were required to produce weight loss and anorexia (5.0 and 8.5 microgram of AFB1/kg per day, respectively) than for changes in vitamins and amino acids (approximately 25 to 50 microgram of AFB1/kg per day). The data indicated that AFB1 interfered with the metabolism of B vitamins and amino acids in rabbits.
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Zahlten RN, Nejtek ME, Jacobson JC. Ethanol metabolism in guinea pig: in vivo ethanol elimination, alcohol dehydrogenase distribution, and subcellular localization of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 207:371-9. [PMID: 7018402 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Fréminet A. Comparison of glycogen store in rats and guinea-pigs: Effects of anaesthesia, fasting and re-feeding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(81)90367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Adekunle AA. A comparative study on the biliary excretion of aflatoxin B1 in the albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1980; 66C:105-9. [PMID: 6104558 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(80)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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29
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Brady LJ, Romsos DR, Leveille GA. Gluconeogenesis in isolated chicken (Gallus domesticus) liver cells. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 63:193-8. [PMID: 318406 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Gluconeogenesis was studied in isolated avian hepatocytes. The highest rate of glucose production obtained was from lactate, followed by dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, and fructose. Alanine was converted to glucose at only about 4% the rate of lactate. 2. Addition of 10 mM sorbitol, xylitol, or ethanol to the hepatocytes increased glucose production from pyruvate 25-40%, while glycerol addition increased it only 9%. 3. Addition of beta-hydroxybutyrate had no effect on glucose production from lactate or pyruvate. 4. Addition of octanoate had no effect on glucose production from pyruvate, but depressed it from lactate at 5 mM. 5. Differences in the formation of glucose from various substrates suggest some basic differences in the mode of glucose production between the chick and the rat and guinea-pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Brady
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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30
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Smith SA, Elliott KR, Pogson CI. Differential effects of tryptophan on glucose synthesis in rats and guinea pigs. Biochem J 1978; 176:817-25. [PMID: 747654 PMCID: PMC1186305 DOI: 10.1042/bj1760817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Tryptophan inhibition of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat liver cells is characterized by a 20 min lag period before linear rates of glucose output are attained. 2. Half-maximal inhibition of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes is produced by approx. 0.1 mM-tryptophan. 3. Tryptophan inhibits gluconeogenesis from all substrates giving rise to oxaloacetate, but stimulates glycerol-fuelled glucose production. 4. Gluconeogenesis in guinea-pig hepatocytes is insensitive to tryptophan. 5. Changes in metabolite concentrations in rat liver cells are consistent with a locus of inhibition at the step catalysed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 6. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis persists in cells from rats pretreated with tryptophan in vivo. 7. Tryptophan has no effect on urea production from alanine, but decreases [1-14C]palmitate oxidation to 14CO2 and is associated with an increased [hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio. 8. These results are discussed with reference to the control of gluconeogenesis in various species.
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31
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Hammond KD, Balinsky D. Kinetic studies on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase purified from the mitochondrial and cytosol fractions of monkey liver. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:199-211. [PMID: 417952 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(78)90150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Cook DE. Gluconeogenesis in the guinea pig. Effect of glucagon on gluconeogenesis from lactate by isolated perfused guinea-pig liver. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 76:567-71. [PMID: 891528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis was stimulated by glucagon in fed but not fasted isolated perfused guinea pig livers. Both the amount and the rate of incorporation of radioactivity into glucose from L-[U-14C]lactate were increased in fed livers by the addition of glucagon to the perfusate. The glucagon-stimulated increase in gluconeogenesis was accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in the amount of lactate carbon converted to glucose and a decrease in the amount of lactate carbon converted to CO2. The results are interpreted to indicate that glucagon affects gluconeogenesis from lactate in fed livers by redirecting the fate of substrate from other products toward glucose.
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34
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Elliott KR, Pogson CI. Preparation and characterization of isolated parenchymal cells from guinea pig liver. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 16:23-9. [PMID: 196181 DOI: 10.1007/bf01769835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. A method is described for the preparation of isolated cells from guinea pig liver. This involved perfusion in situ, in the non-physiological direction, with collagenase. 2. The cell yield was 20--30%, comparable with those from the livers of other species. 3. The ratio of lactate dehydrogenase to glutamate dehydrogenase in the cells was similar to that in vivo, indicating that there was negligible leakage of cytoplasmic enzymes. 4. The concentrations of K+ and adenine nucleotides were initially lower than in the perfused liver; normal values were obtained on incubation, particularly in the presence of substrate. 5. The L-lactate: pyruvate ratio is 16:1, close to established values. The total beta-hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate ratio indicates that the mitochondrial redox state is more oxidised than in the perfused liver, but the intracellular ratio is similar to that of the intact liver. 6. Rates of gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis, are within the physiological range. Maximal gluconeogeneis from L-lactate was preceded by a lag period. L-lysine stimulated glucose production from L-lactate but did not abolish the lag phase. 7. The effects of aminooxyacetate and octanoate on L-lactate gluconeogenesis were similar to those in the perfused liver.
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Arinze IJ. Glucose synthesis by isolated guinea-pig hepatocytes. Effect of cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 74:1656-9. [PMID: 191032 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)90634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Neonatal hypoglycemia and the development of gluconeogenetic enzymes. Nutr Rev 1977; 35:54-6. [PMID: 190565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1977.tb06523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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37
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Brady LJ, Romsos DR, Leveille GA. Glucose turnover in the young chicken (Gallus domesticus) using variously labeled (3H, U-14C) glucose tracers. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 56:421-5. [PMID: 318253 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Various parameters of glucose metabolism--glucose replacement rate, percent recycling, mean transit time, and glucose mass were examined using various double labeled glucose tracers--2T-, U-14C; 3T-, U-14C; 4T-, U-14C; 5T-, U14C; and 6T-, U-14C. 2. Estimates of replacement rate were greatest for 2T-glucose (21.4 mg/min/kg), with 3T-, 4T-, 5T-, and 6T-glucose all having similar values (15.8, 15.6, 17.0, 16.0 mg/min/kg, respectively). 3. Calculated glucose mass based on all tritiated tracers (734-1086 mg/kg body weight) agreed closely with a direct determination of body glucose (969 mg/kg). 4. Reincorporation of tritium from 3H2O into glucose did not occur to any significant degree. 5. The young chick was found to have a very rapid rate of glucose turnover and high percent recycling compared to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Brady
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Vidnes J, Sovik O. Gluconeogenesis in infancy and childhood. III. Deficiency of the extramitochondrial form of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in a case of persistent neonatal hypoglycaemia. Acta Paediatr 1976; 65:307-12. [PMID: 179269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1976.tb04890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A deficiency of extramitochondrial form of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase has been demonstrated in a boy with severe, persistent neonatal hypoglycaemia. Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1.6-diphosphatase and pyruvate carboxylase were normal. The total activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was also normal, but the enzyme showed an abnormal subcellular distribution, virtually no activity being detected in the extramitochondrial fraction of a liver homogenate. The boy died at the age of 2 years 10 months. Autopsy revealed severe cerebral atrophy, atrophy of the optic nerve, and fatty infiltration of liver and kidney.
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Jomain-Baum M, Hanson RW. Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the guinea pig by fatty acids and ammonia. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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