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Flieger J, Forma A, Flieger W, Flieger M, Gawlik PJ, Dzierżyński E, Maciejewski R, Teresiński G, Baj J. Carotenoid Supplementation for Alleviating the Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8982. [PMID: 39201668 PMCID: PMC11354426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by, among other things, dementia and a decline in cognitive performance. In AD, dementia has neurodegenerative features and starts with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Research indicates that apoptosis and neuronal loss occur in AD, in which oxidative stress plays an important role. Therefore, reducing oxidative stress with antioxidants is a natural strategy to prevent and slow down the progression of AD. Carotenoids are natural pigments commonly found in fruits and vegetables. They include lipophilic carotenes, such as lycopene, α- and β-carotenes, and more polar xanthophylls, for example, lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin. Carotenoids can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and scavenge free radicals, especially singlet oxygen, which helps prevent the peroxidation of lipids abundant in the brain. As a result, carotenoids have neuroprotective potential. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies, as well as randomized controlled trials, have mostly confirmed that carotenoids can help prevent neurodegeneration and alleviate cognitive impairment in AD. While carotenoids have not been officially approved as an AD therapy, they are indicated in the diet recommended for AD, including the consumption of products rich in carotenoids. This review summarizes the latest research findings supporting the potential use of carotenoids in preventing and alleviating AD symptoms. A literature review suggests that a diet rich in carotenoids should be promoted to avoid cognitive decline in AD. One of the goals of the food industry should be to encourage the enrichment of food products with functional substances, such as carotenoids, which may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Forma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (M.F.); (G.T.)
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. John’s Cancer Center, ul. Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.)
| | - Michał Flieger
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (M.F.); (G.T.)
| | - Piotr J. Gawlik
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. John’s Cancer Center, ul. Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.)
| | - Eliasz Dzierżyński
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. John’s Cancer Center, ul. Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.)
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Institute of Health Sciences, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1 H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Teresiński
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (M.F.); (G.T.)
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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Vujosevic S, Alovisi C, Chakravarthy U. Epidemiology of geographic atrophy and its precursor features of intermediate age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2023; 101:839-856. [PMID: 37933608 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Globally age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness with a significant impact on quality of life. Geographic atrophy (GA) is the atrophic late form of AMD and its prevalence increases markedly with age with around 1 in 5 persons aged 85 and above having GA in at least one eye. Bilateral GA leads to severe visual impairment thus posing a significant burden on patients, careers and health providers. The incidence and prevalence of GA varies across different geographic regions, with the highest rates in those of European ancestry. Although heterogeneity in definitions of GA and reporting strategy can explain some of the discrepancies, the data overall are consistent in showing a lower prevalence in other ethnicities such as those of Asian heritage. This is at present unexplained but thought to be due to the existence of protective factors such as differences in eye pigmentation, diet, environmental exposures and genetic variability. This review covers key aspects of the prevalence and incidence of the ocular precursor features of GA (large drusen, pigmentary abnormalities and reticular pseudo-drusen), the late stage of GA and factors that have been known to be associated with modifying risk including systemic, demographic, environment, genetic and ocular. Understanding the global epidemiology scenario is crucial for the prevention of and management of patients with GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Vujosevic
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Eye Clinic, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Center for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Alsaqr A, Alharbi M, Aldossary N, Alruwished A, Alharbi M, Alghaib K, Alabdulkarim A, Alhamdan S, Almutleb E, Abusharha A. Assessment of macular pigment optical density in Arab population and its relationship to people's anthropometric data: a cross-sectional study. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2023; 15:25158414231189099. [PMID: 37599800 PMCID: PMC10436989 DOI: 10.1177/25158414231189099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anthropometry facilitates the evaluation of risks associated with reduced macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Objectives To investigate the predictors and anthropometric indices associated with MPOD in healthy adult in Arab population. Design This is a cross-sectional study. Methods The MPOD was measured at 0.5° from fovea using a heterochromatic flicker photometer. Healthy participants aged between 20 and 40 years were recruited. The study evaluated the following data of the participants: height, weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, basal metabolic rate, visceral fat level, muscle mass, bone mineral content, and percentage of protein and body water. The correlation between MPOD with anthropometrics and demographic data was evaluated using Spearman's correlation test. The differences among genders were investigated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The smoking effect on MPOD was analyzed using the Friedman test. Results In all, 143 participants were recruited. The median ± interquartile range was calculated for age (23 ± 4 years), visual acuity (0.00 ± 0.00 logMAR), and MPOD (0.41 ± 0.18). The average MPOD was higher in males than in females but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05); on the other hand, they were statistically significantly different in most of the anthropometric data. A significant relationship was found between MPOD and percentage of body fat, protein, and body water (r = 0.30, p < 0.05). The observed median MPOD value was higher in this study than that found in previous studies in white populations, but lower than that found in studies investigating Asian populations. Conclusion One of the most important risk factors of age-related macular degeneration is associated with a relative absence of macular pigment. This study brought into focus percentage of protein and body water for further studies as well as the well-established links with body fat and obesity. Unknown predictors of MPOD remain uncovered. The study also provided first report on normative values of MPOD for Arab population and confirmed the differences from other ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alsaqr
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Alharbi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Aldossary
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alruwished
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alharbi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alghaib
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Alabdulkarim
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha Alhamdan
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Almutleb
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abusharha
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Investigation of the protective effects of lutein on memory and learning using behavioral methods in a male rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Shamarao N, Chethankumar M. Antiobesity drug-likeness properties and pancreatic lipase inhibition of a novel low molecular weight lutein oxidized product, LOP6. Food Funct 2022; 13:6036-6055. [PMID: 35615990 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), a key regulator of adipogenesis, leads to lipid accumulation and obesity. Although orlistat is effective for obesity, flatus with discharge, faecal urgency, oily evacuation and other allied side effects limit its usage. Thus, natural product-based drug intervention is the future of research and development of novel treatment. We synthesized and characterized total lutein oxidized products (LOPs) by exposing lutein to direct sunlight with a solar intensity of 5.89 kW h m-2 day-1 and at 31 ± 2 °C for 1-10 days. Total LOPs were analyzed on C18 and structural elucidation was carried on LCMS/MS-TOF. The pancreatic lipase inhibition kinetics was estimated. The binding effects of LOP6 (fragmented peak 6) on PPAR-γ, pancreatic lipase, pharmacokinetic properties and inhibition studies were analysed. Histological evaluation of liver and adipose tissues was performed to confirm the antiobesity effect of total LOPs. The yield of extracted lutein purified from shade-dried marigold flower petals was 6%. Total LOPs were formed on the 10th day upon exposure of lutein to direct sunlight. Total LOPs on the C18 column fragmented into eight oxidized products (LOP1 to LOP8). The total LOPs showed significant inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity with an IC50 of 1.6953 μg ml-1, and Km and Vmax of 3.05 μg and 1.19 μg s-1 respectively following mixed type of inhibition. The LOP6 [4-((1E,3E,5E)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,3,5,7-tetraen-1-yl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-enol] with an approximate molecular mass of 274.25 showed a binding energy of -5.40 kcal mol-1 with a Ki of 109.43 μM for PPAR-γ and a docking score of -5.35 kcal mol-1 with a Ki of 119.4 μM for pancreatic lipase. The IC50 of LOP6 was 11.8420 μg ml-1, and Km and Vmax were 2.519 μg and 1.294 μg s-1. The pharmacokinetic properties such as solubility, permeability, bioavailability, and topological polar surface area when tested with LOP6 were significantly better than those of lutein alone. The histological examination of the liver and adipose tissue revealed that all three doses of total LOPs were effective in alleviating the ballooning and vesicular degeneration of hepatocytes and invasion of inflammatory cells in the adipose tissue. Total LOPs and LOP6 inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in vitro. LOP6 showed a better docking score for PPAR-γ and pancreatic lipase in comparison to orlistat. Histological data showed that the total LOPs exerted antiobesity activity. Thus, LOPs might provide a novel treatment approach for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagashree Shamarao
- Research Scholar, JSS Research Foundation, SJCE Technical Institutions Campus, Mysuru-570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukunda Chethankumar
- Postgraduate Department of Biochemistry, JSS College of Arts Commerce and Science (Autonomous), Ooty Road, Mysuru-570025, Karnataka, India.
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Zou S, Jiao X, Liu J, Qi D, Pei X, Lu D, Huang S, Li Z. High-Fat Nutritional Challenge Reshapes Circadian Signatures in Murine Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:23. [PMID: 35588356 PMCID: PMC9123521 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A high-fat diet (HFD) increases the risk of developing many systemic diseases; however, the effects of high fat intake on lacrimal gland functions and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. We explored the effects of an HFD on the circadian rhythms of the extraorbital lacrimal glands (ELGs). Methods Male C57BL/6J mice maintained on a 12/12-hour light/dark cycle were fed an ad libitum HFD or normal chow (NC) for 2 weeks. The ELGs were collected from euthanized animals every 3 hours throughout the circadian cycle (24 hours). Using high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), we studied the circadian transcriptomic profile of the ELGs. Circadian oscillations in cell size, secretion response, lipid deposition, and immune cell trafficking of the ELGs were also analyzed. Results An HFD modulated the circadian transcriptomic profile of the ELGs, including the composition, phase, and amplitude of cyclical transcript oscillations, and affected the associated signaling pathways at spatiotemporal levels. HFD feeding significantly altered the normal rhythmic oscillations of ELG cell size, immune cell trafficking, secretion response, and lipid deposition. After dietary reversal in HFD-fed animals, the activity, core temperature, and lipid accumulation in lacrimal glands recovered partially to the level of NC-fed animals. However, the average cell size of the ELGs, the recruitment of immune cells, and the rhythm of lacrimal secretion did not return to the levels of the NC-fed group. Conclusions HFD perturbation interferes with the cyclical transcriptomic profile, cell size, immune cell trafficking, and secretion function of the ELGs with a strikingly high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zou
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Xinwei Jiao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Jiangman Liu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Di Qi
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Xiaoting Pei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Dingli Lu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Shenzhen Huang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou City, China
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Xie J, Liu M, Liu H, Jin Z, Guan F, Ge S, Yan J, Zheng M, Cai D, Liu J. Zeaxanthin ameliorates obesity by activating the β3-adrenergic receptor to stimulate inguinal fat thermogenesis and modulating the gut microbiota. Food Funct 2021; 12:12734-12750. [PMID: 34846398 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02863d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of fat thermogenesis and modulation of the gut microbiota are promising therapeutic strategies against obesity. Zeaxanthin (ZEA), a carotenoid plant pigment, has been shown to prevent various diseases; however, the therapeutic mechanism for obesity remains unclear. Herein, whether ZEA improves obesity by activating the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) to stimulate white adipose tissue (WAT) thermogenesis and modulating the gut microbiota was investigated. C57BL6/N mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with ZEA for 22 weeks. ZEA treatment reduced body weight, fat weight, adipocyte hypertrophy, liver weight, and lipid deposition, and improved dyslipidaemia, serum GPT, GOT, leptin, and irisin levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Mechanistically, ZEA treatment induced the expression of β3-AR and thermogenic factors, such as PRDM16, PGC-1α, and UCP1, in inguinal WAT (iWAT) and brown adipose tissue. ZEA treatment stimulated iWAT thermogenesis through the synergistic cooperation of key organelles, which manifested as an increased expression of lipid droplet degradation factors (ATGL, CGI-58 and pHSL), mitochondrial biogenesis factors (Sirt1, Nrf2, Tfam, Nampt and Cyt-C), peroxisomal biogenesis factors (Pex16, Pex19 and Pmp70), and β-oxidation factors (Cpt1, Cpt2, Acadm and Acox1). The thermogenic effect of ZEA was abolished by β3-AR antagonist (SR59230A) treatment. Additionally, dietary supplementation with ZEA reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis by regulating the abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridia, Proteobacteria, and Desulfovibrio, which were associated with the thermogenesis- and obesity-associated indices by Spearman's correlation analysis. Functional analysis of the gut microbiota indicated that ZEA treatment significantly enriched the lipid metabolism pathways. These results demonstrate that ZEA is a promising multi-target functional food for the treatment of obesity by activating β3-AR to stimulate iWAT thermogenesis, and modulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahan Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Meihong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Zhibo Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Fengtao Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Sitong Ge
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Jie Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Dan Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
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Ahn YJ, Kim H. Lutein as a Modulator of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091448. [PMID: 34573081 PMCID: PMC8470349 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a xanthophyll carotenoid obtained from various foods, such as dark green leafy vegetables and egg yolk. Lutein has antioxidant activity and scavenges reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen and lipid peroxy radicals. Oxidative stress activates inflammatory mediators, leading to the development of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Thus, recent basic and clinical studies have investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of lutein based on its antioxidant activity and modulation of oxidant-sensitive inflammatory signaling pathways. Lutein suppresses activation of nuclear factor-kB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and induction of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattratant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α) and inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase). It also maintains the content of endogenous antioxidant (glutathione) and activates nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Nrf2 signaling-related antioxidant enzymes (hemeoxygenase-1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase). In this review, we have discussed the current knowledge regarding the anti-inflammatory function of lutein against inflammatory diseases in various organs, including neurodegenerative disorders, eye diseases, diabetic retinopathy, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases, liver injury, obesity, and colon diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-3125; Fax: +82-2-364-5781
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Protective Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Isomers in Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1543-1550. [PMID: 34129176 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that oxidative stress and inflammation are the main contributors to secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In an earlier study, we reported that lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects by activating the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. However, its precise role and underlying mechanisms were largely unknown after TBI. This study was conducted to investigate the potential mechanism of L/Zi isomers in a TBI model induced by a cold injury model in mice. To investigate the effects of L/Zi, male C57BL/6j mice-induced brain injury using the cold trauma model was allocated into two groups (n = 7): (i) TBI + vehicle group and (ii) TBI + L/Zi group (20 mg/kg BW). Brain samples were collected 24 h later for analyses. L/Zi given immediately after the injury decreased infarct volume and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability; L/Zi treatment also significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and NF-κB levels and increased growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Nrf2 levels compared with vehicle control. These data suggest that L/Zi improves mitochondrial function in TBI models, possibly decreasing inflammation and activating the Nrf2 pathway.
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Sohn EH, Han IC, Roos BR, Faga B, Luse MA, Binkley EM, Boldt HC, Folk JC, Russell SR, Mullins RF, Fingert JH, Stone EM, Scheetz TE. Genetic Association between MMP9 and Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1:100002. [PMID: 37672224 PMCID: PMC9560657 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2020.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the first association specific to exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) located near the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) gene. Design Genetic association study. Participants One thousand seven hundred twelve patients with AMD (672 nonexudative, 1040 exudative) of predominantly northern European descent seeking treatment at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Methods We reanalyzed the International AMD Genetics Consortium (IAMDGC) data to validate the association of polymorphisms near MMP9 with exudative AMD and to identify additional associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), especially MMP9 coding sequence SNPs. We genotyped a cohort of 1712 AMD patients from Iowa with 3 SNPs identified with our analysis of the IAMDGC cohort using commercially available real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Firth regression was used to measure the association between MMP9 SNP genotypes and exudative AMD in our cohort of patients from Iowa. In addition, we developed a PCR-based assay to genotype the Iowa cohort at a short tandem repeat polymorphism (STRP) at the MMP9 locus. Main Outcome Measures Odds ratios and P values for exudative compared with nonexudative AMD patients in the Iowa cohort for MMP9 SNPs (rs4810482, rs17576, and rs17577) and STRP. Results We identified 3 SNPs in the MMP9 locus (rs4810482, rs17576, and rs17577) that are highly associated with exudative AMD in patient cohorts of the IAMDGC. These MMP9 SNPs also are associated with exudative AMD in the cohort of 1712 AMD patients from Iowa (rs4810482: odds ratio [OR], 0.82; P = 0.010; rs17576: OR, 0.86; P = 0.046; and rs17577: OR, 0.80; P = 0.041). We also genotyped the cohort of AMD patients from Iowa at rs142450006, another MMP9 polymorphism that previously was associated with exudative AMD. We detected a 4bp STRP, (TTTC)n, at the rs142450006 locus that is highly polymorphic and associated significantly with exudative AMD (OR, 0.78; P = 0.016). Conclusions This study independently confirms and expands an association between the MMP9 locus and exudative AMD, further implicating a role for extracellular matrix abnormalities in choroidal neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott H. Sohn
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ian C. Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Benjamin R. Roos
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Benjamin Faga
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Meagan A. Luse
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Elaine M. Binkley
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - H. Culver Boldt
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James C. Folk
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Stephen R. Russell
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert F. Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - John H. Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Edwin M. Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Todd E. Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Kan E, Kan EK, Yücel ÖE. The Possible Link Between Vitamin D Levels and Exudative Age-related Macular Degeneration. Oman Med J 2020; 35:e83. [PMID: 31993223 PMCID: PMC6975258 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2020.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We sought to evaluate the possible correlation between serum vitamin D levels and exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study including 95 patients with exudative AMD and 95 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. The participants’ serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels were measured, and the results were classified into three categories: deficient (< 20.0 ng/mL), insufficient (20.1–29.9 ng/mL), and sufficient (>30.0 ng/mL). We compared serum 25(OH)D3 levels between the two study groups and the AMD ratio between the patients with deficient serum 25(OH)D3 levels and those with levels in the sufficient and insufficient ranges. Results The median 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly lower in patients with AMD compared to the control subjects (p = 0.042). The frequencies of patients with AMD among the vitamin D categories were statistically significant (p = 0.043). Subgroup analysis showed that the frequency of patients with AMD and deficient vitamin D levels was significantly higher than that found in the patients who had sufficient and/or insufficient ranges of vitamin D levels (55.0% vs. 36.0%, p = 0.043, respectively). Conclusions Serum 25(OH)D3 levels may have an impact on the neovascular type of AMD. As 25(OH)D3 levels decrease, the frequency of AMD increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Kan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Elif Kılıç Kan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Özlem Ekşi Yücel
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Chacón-Ordóñez T, Carle R, Schweiggert R. Bioaccessibility of carotenoids from plant and animal foods. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3220-3239. [PMID: 30536912 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The frequent consumption of carotenoid-rich foods has been associated with numerous health benefits, such as the supply of provitamin A. To exert these health benefits, carotenoids need to be efficiently liberated from the food matrix, micellized in the small intestine, taken up by the enterocytes and absorbed into the human blood stream. Enormous efforts have been made to better understand these processes. Because human studies are costly, labor-intense and time-consuming, the evaluation of carotenoid liberation and micellization at the laboratory scale using simulated in vitro digestion models has proven to be an important tool for obtaining preliminary results prior to conducting human studies. In particular, the liberation from the food matrix and the intestinal micellization can be mimicked by simulated digestion, yielding an estimate of the so-called bioaccessibility of a carotenoid. In the present review, we provide an overview of the carotenoid digestion process in vivo, the currently used in vitro digestion models and the outcomes of previous bioaccessibility studies, with a special focus on correlations with concomitantly conducted human studies. Furthermore, we advocate for the on-going requirement of better standardized digestion protocols and, in addition, we provide suggestions for the complementation of the acquired knowledge and current nutritional recommendations. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Chacón-Ordóñez
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Biological Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Analysis and Technology of Plant-based Foods, Department of Beverage Research, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
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13
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Loskutova E, Shah K, Flitcroft ID, Setti A, Butler JS, Nolan Y, Paudel N, Loughman J. Lutein and zeaxanthin: The possible contribution, mechanisms of action and implications of modern dietary intake for cognitive development in children. HRB Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12903.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Studies suggest that lutein and zeaxanthin may be important for cognitive development in children, but a comprehensive evidence synthesis is lacking. The purpose of this evidence synthesis was to analyse the available data regarding the role of lutein and zeaxanthin for cognition in children and propose a theoretical basis for future studies.Methods:The PubMed, Scopus, the ISRCTN registry and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies that evaluated the relationship between lutein and zeaxanthin and cognitive function in children. Reference list and ancestry searches were performed on relevant articles. A total of 543 articles were identified, of which six cross-sectional studies were included.Results:The literature search revealed that the evidence concerning the effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on cognition in children is sparse. However, there is some preliminary evidence indicating a positive association between lutein and zeaxanthin and cognition in childhood.Conclusions:The cross-sectional nature of the few studies available and the lack of RCT data indicates a need for further investigation before any firm conclusions can be drawn.
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Temple SE, Roberts NW, Misson GP. Haidinger's brushes elicited at varying degrees of polarization rapidly and easily assesses total macular pigmentation. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:B123-B131. [PMID: 31044990 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.00b123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Macular pigments (MPs), by absorbing potentially toxic short-wavelength (400-500 nm) visible light, provide protection against photo-chemical damage thought to be relevant in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A method of screening for low levels of MPs could be part of a prevention strategy for helping people to delay the onset of AMD. We introduce a new method for assessing MP density that takes advantage of the polarization-dependent absorption of blue light by MPs, which results in the entoptic phenomenon called Haidinger's brushes (HB). Subjects were asked to identify the direction of rotation of HB when presented with a circular stimulus illuminated with an even intensity of polarized white light in which the electric field vector was rotating either clockwise or anti-clockwise. By reducing the degree of polarization of the stimulus light, a threshold for perceiving HB (degree of polarization threshold) was determined and correlated (r2=0.66) to macular pigment optical density assessed using dual-wavelength fundus autofluoresence. The speed and ease of measurement of degree of polarization threshold makes it well suited for large-scale screening of macular pigmentation.
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Maugeri A, Barchitta M, Mazzone MG, Giuliano F, Agodi A. Complement System and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Implications of Gene-Environment Interaction for Preventive and Personalized Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7532507. [PMID: 30225264 PMCID: PMC6129329 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7532507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual loss in developed countries, with a significant economic and social burden on public health. Although genome-wide and gene-candidate studies have been enabled to identify genetic variants in the complement system associated with AMD pathogenesis, the effect of gene-environment interaction is still under debate. In this review we provide an overview of the role of complement system and its genetic variants in AMD, summarizing the consequences of the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors on AMD onset, progression, and therapeutic response. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of current evidence in the field of genomics driven personalized medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maugeri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Barchitta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Mazzone
- SIFI SpA, Research and Development Department, Via Ercole Patti 36, 95025 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Giuliano
- SIFI SpA, Research and Development Department, Via Ercole Patti 36, 95025 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Agodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Li S, Liu N, Lin L, Sun ED, Li JD, Li PK. Macular pigment and serum zeaxanthin levels with Goji berry supplement in early age-related macular degeneration. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:970-975. [PMID: 29977809 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.06.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the efficacy of Goji berry supplementation on improving macular pigment, serum zeaxanthin levels and visual acuity in patients with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A total of 114 patients (aged from 51 to 92y, mean age 69.53±8.41y) with early AMD were enrolled in our prospective, randomized controlled study. The included patients were assigned randomly to the Goji group (n=57) with 25 g of Goji berries supplementation per day for 90d and the control group (n=57) with their normal diet for 90d. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was measured using heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP). The levels of serum lutein (L)/zeaxanthin (Z) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MPOD, serum L/Z levels and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were recorded at baseline and 90d. RESULTS In the Goji group, there were no statistically significant differences in the serum L levels between the baseline (0.199±0.149 µmol/mL) and 90d (0.203±0.181 µmol/mL) (t=-0.186, P=0.850); however the serum Z levels were increased at 90d (0.101±0.087 µmol/mL) compared with those at the baseline (0.029±0.032 µmol/mL) (t=6.412, P<0.001). Patients treated with Goji berry for 90d showed an elevated MPOD (0.877±0.202 DU) from the baseline (0.731±0.205 DU) (t=-4.741, P=0.000). In contrast to the control group, the serum Z levels and MPOD were higher in the Goji group at 90d (both P<0.05). At 90d, patients with Goji berry supplementation had a relative decrease in BCVA (0.21±0.18 logMAR) compared with the baseline (0.27±0.20) (t=2.397, P=0.020). CONCLUSION Overall, daily supplementation with Goji berry for 90d improves MPOD by increasing serum Z levels rather than serum L levels in early AMD patients. Goji berry may be an effective therapeutic intervention for preventing the progression of early AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, Beijing100069, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Chinese Rehabilitation Science Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Li Lin
- Research Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Er-Dan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Chinese Rehabilitation Science Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Jian-Da Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Chinese Rehabilitation Science Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Peng-Kun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Chinese Rehabilitation Science Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100068, China
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Singh N, Srinivasan S, Muralidharan V, Roy R, V J, Raman R. Prevention of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2017; 6:520-526. [PMID: 29204995 DOI: 10.22608/apo.2017416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) compromises quality of life. However, the available therapeutic options are limited. This has led to the identification of modifiable risk factors to prevent the development or alter the natural course and prognosis of AMD. The identification and modification of risk factors has the potential for greater public health impact on reducing morbidity from AMD. Likewise, identifying the imaging clues and genetic clues could serve as a guide to recognizing the propensity for progression to severe and end stages of the disease. Several attempts, both successful and unsuccessful, have been made for interventions that could delay the progression of AMD. Of these, pharmacological interventions have shown promising results. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 1 and 2 have shown the beneficial role of antioxidants in a selected group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Singh
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sangeetha Srinivasan
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinata Muralidharan
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Jayprakash V
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajiv Raman
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Uzun S, Kim H, Leal C, Padua GW. Ethanol-induced whey protein gels as carriers for lutein droplets. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kaner G, Adiguzel KT, Kurklu NS. Are Obese Women a Risk Group for Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Deficiencies ? ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF DIABETES NUTRITION AND METABOLIC DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/rjdnmd-2016-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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20
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Wickremasinghe SS, Chong EWT, Guymer RH. Lifestyle and age-related macular degeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.4.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zampatti S, Ricci F, Cusumano A, Marsella LT, Novelli G, Giardina E. Review of nutrient actions on age-related macular degeneration. Nutr Res 2013; 34:95-105. [PMID: 24461310 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The actions of nutrients and related compounds on age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are explained in this review. The findings from 80 studies published since 2003 on the association between diet and supplements in AMD were reviewed. Antioxidants and other nutrients with an effect on AMD susceptibility include carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin, β-carotene), vitamins (vitamin A, E, C, D, B), mineral supplements (zinc, copper, selenium), dietary fatty acids [monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA both omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA), saturated fatty acids and cholesterol], and dietary carbohydrates. The literature revealed that many of these antioxidants and nutrients exert a protective role by functioning synergistically. Specifically, the use of dietary supplements with targeted actions can provide minimal benefits on the onset or progression of AMD; however, this does not appear to be particularly beneficial in healthy people. Furthermore, some supplements or nutrients have demonstrated discordant effects on AMD in some studies. Since intake of dietary supplements, as well as exposure to damaging environmental factors, is largely dependent on population habits (including dietary practices) and geographical localization, an overall healthy diet appears to be the best strategy in reducing the risk of developing AMD. As of now, the precise mechanism of action of certain nutrients in AMD prevention remains unclear. Thus, future studies are required to examine the effects that nutrients have on AMD and to determine which factors are most strongly correlated with reducing the risk of AMD or preventing its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zampatti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Ricci
- UOSD Patologia retinica Fondazione PTV "Policlinico Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cusumano
- UOSD Patologia retinica Fondazione PTV "Policlinico Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Tonino Marsella
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; S. Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Giardina
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare UILDM, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Candidate gene study of macular response to supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin. Exp Eye Res 2013; 115:172-7. [PMID: 23891863 PMCID: PMC3819993 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation with carotenoids is proposed to protect against age-related macular degeneration. There is, however, considerable variability in retinal macular pigment response, which may be due to underlying genetic variation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic factors, which have been previously associated with cross-sectional macular pigment levels in the retina or serum lutein, also influence response to supplementation. To this end we conducted an association study in 310 subjects from the TwinsUK cohort between variants in 8 candidate genes and serum lutein and retinal macular pigment optical density (MPOD) levels before and after supplementation. Four variants were associated with MPOD response to supplementation (p < 0.05): rs11057841 (SCARB1), rs4926339 (RPE65), rs1929841 (ABCA1) and rs174534 (FADS1). We also confirmed previous associations between rs6564851 near BMCO1 (p < 0.001) and rs11057841 within SCARB1 (p = 0.01) and baseline measures of serum lutein; while the latter was also associated with MPOD response, none of the BMCO1 variants were. Finally, there was evidence for association between variants near RPE65 and ELOVL2 and changes in lutein concentration after supplementation. This study is the first to show association between genetic variants and response to carotenoids supplementation. Our findings suggest an important link between MP response and the biological processes of carotenoids transport and fatty acid metabolism. Four variants were associated with macular pigment response to supplementation. We replicated associations between BMCO1 variants and lutein at baseline. Carotenoids transport may affect macular response to supplementation. Lipid metabolism may affect macular response to supplementation.
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Blesso CN, Andersen CJ, Bolling BW, Fernandez ML. Egg intake improves carotenoid status by increasing plasma HDL cholesterol in adults with metabolic syndrome. Food Funct 2013; 4:213-21. [PMID: 23128450 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with reductions in plasma lutein and zeaxanthin, along with altered composition of their lipoprotein transporters which may affect disease risk. Egg yolk intake has been demonstrated to increase plasma lutein and zeaxanthin in other populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of whole egg feeding on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids in participants with MetS. Participants consumed 3 whole eggs per day (EGG, n = 20) or the equivalent amount of yolk-free egg substitute (SUB, n = 17), as part of a carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD) for 12 weeks. Post-intervention, the EGG group had significant increases in plasma lutein (+21%), zeaxanthin (+48%), and β-carotene (+24%), while the SUB group had increases in plasma β-carotene (+55%) only. Significant enrichment of isolated HDL and LDL fractions in lutein (+20% HDL, +9% LDL) and zeaxanthin (+57% HDL, +46% LDL) was observed in the EGG group after 12 weeks. Increases in the proportion of plasma carotenoids carried by HDL was seen for lutein (P < 0.01), zeaxanthin (P < 0.01), β-cryptoxanthin (P < 0.05), and lycopene (P < 0.05) for all participants after the 12 week intervention. Daily intake of 3 whole eggs, as part of a CRD, increased both plasma and lipoprotein lutein and zeaxanthin. Egg yolk may represent an important food source to improve plasma carotenoid status in a population at high risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Relationship between Serum and Brain Carotenoids, α-Tocopherol, and Retinol Concentrations and Cognitive Performance in the Oldest Old from the Georgia Centenarian Study. J Aging Res 2013; 2013:951786. [PMID: 23840953 PMCID: PMC3690640 DOI: 10.1155/2013/951786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in age-related cognitive decline. The dietary antioxidants, carotenoids, tocopherols, and vitamin A may play a role in the prevention or delay in cognitive decline. In this study, sera were obtained from 78 octogenarians and 220 centenarians from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Brain tissues were obtained from 47 centenarian decedents. Samples were analyzed for carotenoids, α-tocopherol, and retinol using HPLC. Analyte concentrations were compared with cognitive tests designed to evaluate global cognition, dementia, depression and cognitive domains (memory, processing speed, attention, and executive functioning). Serum lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene concentrations were most consistently related to better cognition (P < 0.05) in the whole population and in the centenarians. Only serum lutein was significantly related to better cognition in the octogenarians. In brain, lutein and β-carotene were related to cognition with lutein being consistently associated with a range of measures. There were fewer significant relationships for α-tocopherol and a negative relationship between brain retinol concentrations and delayed recognition. These findings suggest that the status of certain carotenoids in the old may reflect their cognitive function. The protective effect may not be related to an antioxidant effect given that α-tocopherol was less related to cognition than these carotenoids.
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Abstract
Bariatric surgery, and in particular, gastric bypass, is an increasingly utilized and successful approach for long-term treatment of obesity and amelioration of comorbidities. Nutrient deficiencies after surgery are common and have multiple causes. Preoperative factors include obesity, which appears to be associated with risk for several nutrient deficiencies, and preoperative weight loss. Postoperatively, reduced food intake, suboptimal dietary quality, altered digestion and absorption, and nonadherence with supplementation regimens contribute to risk of deficiency. The most common clinically relevant micronutrient deficiencies after gastric bypass include thiamine, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin D, iron, and copper. Reports of deficiencies of many other nutrients, some with severe clinical manifestations, are relatively sporadic. Diet and multivitamin use are unlikely to consistently prevent deficiency, thus supplementation with additional specific nutrients is often needed. Though optimal supplement regimens are not yet defined, most micronutrient deficiencies after gastric bypass currently can be prevented or treated by appropriate supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Saltzman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Brazilein from Caesalpinia sappan L. Antioxidant Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation and Induces Apoptosis through Caspase-3 Activity and Anthelmintic Activities against Hymenolepis nana and Anisakis simplex. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:864892. [PMID: 23554834 PMCID: PMC3608347 DOI: 10.1155/2013/864892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brazilein, a natural, biologically active compound from Caesalpinia sappan L., has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and to inhibit the growth of several cancer cells. This study verifies the antioxidant and antitumor characteristics of brazilein in skin cancer cells and is the first time to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of adipocyte differentiation, cestocidal activities against Hymenolepis nana, and reduction of spontaneous movement in Anisakis simplex. Brazilein exhibits an antioxidant capacity as well as the ability to scavenge DPPH• and ABTS•+ free radicals and to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Brazilein inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells and suppressed the induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the master regulator of adipogenesis, suggesting that brazilein presents the antiobesity effects. The toxic effects of brazilein were evaluated in terms of cell viability, induction of apoptosis, and the activity of caspase-3 in BCC cells. The inhibition of the growth of skin cancer cells (A431, BCC, and SCC25) by brazilein is greater than that of human skin malignant melanoma (A375) cells, mouse leukemic monocyte macrophage (RAW 264.7 cells), and noncancerous cells (HaCaT and BNLCL2 cells). The anthelmintic activities of brazilein against Hymenolepis nana are better than those of Anisakis simplex.
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Bovier ER, Lewis RD, Hammond BR. The relationship between lutein and zeaxanthin status and body fat. Nutrients 2013; 5:750-7. [PMID: 23529076 PMCID: PMC3705317 DOI: 10.3390/nu5030750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this project was to investigate the relationships between total and regional distribution of body fat and tissue lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) status. Healthy men and women (N = 100; average age: 22.5 year, average BMI: 23.4 kg/m2) were evaluated. Total body and regional fat mass were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic Delphi A). Serum LZ was measured using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and retinal LZ (referred to as macular pigment optical density; MPOD) was measured using heterochromatic flicker photometry. Body fat percentage (total and regional) was inversely related to MPOD (p < 0.01) but no significant relationship was found for serum LZ. Higher body fat percentage, even within relatively healthy limits, is associated with lower tissue LZ status. The results indicate that adiposity may affect the nutritional state of the retina. Such links may be one of the reasons that obesity promotes age-related degenerative conditions of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Bovier
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Richard D. Lewis
- Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Billy R. Hammond
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-4812; Fax: +1-706-542-3275
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Wysokinski D, Danisz K, Blasiak J, Dorecka M, Romaniuk D, Szaflik J, Szaflik JP. An association of transferrin gene polymorphism and serum transferrin levels with age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2013; 106:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Johnson EJ. A possible role for lutein and zeaxanthin in cognitive function in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1161S-5S. [PMID: 23053547 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that dietary lutein and zeaxanthin may be of benefit in maintaining cognitive health. Among the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin are the only two that cross the blood-retina barrier to form macular pigment (MP) in the eye. They also preferentially accumulate in the human brain. Lutein and zeaxanthin in macula from nonhuman primates were found to be significantly correlated with their concentrations in matched brain tissue. Therefore, MP can be used as a biomarker of lutein and zeaxanthin in primate brain tissue. This is of interest given that a significant correlation was found between MP density and global cognitive function in healthy older adults. An examination of a relation between cognition and lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in the brain tissue of decedents from a population-based study in centenarians found that zeaxanthin concentrations in brain tissue were significantly related to antemortem measures of global cognitive function, memory retention, verbal fluency, and dementia severity after adjustment for age, sex, education, hypertension, and diabetes. In univariate analyses, lutein was related to recall and verbal fluency, but the strength of the associations was attenuated with adjustment for covariates. However, lutein concentrations in the brain were significantly lower in individuals with mild cognitive impairment than in those with normal cognitive function. Last, in a 4-mo, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in older women that involved lutein supplementation (12 mg/d), alone or in combination with DHA (800 mg/d), verbal fluency scores improved significantly in the DHA, lutein, and combined-treatment groups. Memory scores and rate of learning improved significantly in the combined-treatment group, who also showed a trend toward more efficient learning. When all of these observations are taken into consideration, the idea that lutein and zeaxanthin can influence cognitive function in older adults warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Johnson
- Carotenoids and Health Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Tiruvalluru M, Ananthathmakula P, Ayyalasomayajula V, Nappanveettil G, Ayyagari R, Reddy GB. Vitamin A supplementation ameliorates obesity-associated retinal degeneration in WNIN/Ob rats. Nutrition 2012; 29:298-304. [PMID: 23036575 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with various health afflictions, including ocular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, high intraocular pressure, cataracts, and macular degeneration. We previously reported progressive retinal degeneration after the onset of obesity in the spontaneously obese rat (WNIN/Ob) model. In the present study, we investigated vitamin A supplementation to ameliorate obesity-associated retinal degeneration in the WNIN/Ob rat. METHODS Five-month-old male WNIN/Ob obese (O) and lean (L) control rats were fed with vitamin A 2.6 mg (L/O-I), 26 mg (L/O-II), 52 mg (L/O-III), and 129 mg (L/O-IV) per kilogram of diet as retinyl palmitate for 4 mo 2 wk. Retinal morphology and retinal gene expression were assessed by histologic, immunohistochemical, and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. RESULTS Supplementation of vitamin A at 26 or 52 mg significantly modulated the expression of retinal genes in the O but not in the L phenotype. Vitamin A supplementation significantly upregulated the expression of genes, such as rhodopsin, rod arrestin, phosphodiesterase, transducins, and fatty acid elongase-4, that were otherwise downregulated in O rat retina. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein was downregulated by vitamin A feeding in O rat retina. The immunohistochemical and histologic findings corroborated the gene expression data. The effects were significant at a 26- or 52-mg dose of vitamin A. CONCLUSION Vitamin A supplementation alleviated obesity-associated retinal degeneration in the WNIN/Ob rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Tiruvalluru
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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Kowluru RA, Zhong Q. Beyond AREDS: is there a place for antioxidant therapy in the prevention/treatment of eye disease? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8665-71. [PMID: 22065212 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major cause of blindness in adults (65 years of age and older), and diabetic retinopathy, the major cause of blindness in working adults, are chronic, progressive diseases with multifaceted etiologies that are not fully understood. Progression and lack of treatment of both diseases may lead to the advanced stage with neovascularization. Although the detailed cellular mechanisms leading to the development of AMD and diabetic retinopathy remain elusive, oxidative damage to the retina and its pigment epithelium are considered to be involved. Clinical studies have shown that the progression of AMD can be slowed down by nutritional antioxidants, but trials with antioxidants for diabetic retinopathy (very limited in number) have been inconclusive. Long-term administration of the AREDS antioxidants, the same nutritional antioxidants that have been demonstrated to slow the progression of AMD, have yielded exciting results in preventing the pathogenesis of retinopathy in diabetic rodents. These results suggest the merit of testing the AREDS antioxidants in a clinical trial to prevent the development and/or progression of diabetic retinopathy, with the possibility of reducing the impact of this common vision-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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DeAngelis MM, Silveira AC, Carr EA, Kim IK. Genetics of age-related macular degeneration: current concepts, future directions. Semin Ophthalmol 2011; 26:77-93. [PMID: 21609220 PMCID: PMC4242505 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2011.577129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive degenerative disease which leads to blindness, affecting the quality of life of millions of Americans. More than 1.75 million individuals in the United States are affected by the advanced form of AMD. The etiological pathway of AMD is not yet fully understood, but there is a clear genetic influence on disease risk. To date, the 1q32 (CFH) and 10q26 (PLEKHA1/ARMS2/HTRA1) loci are the most strongly associated with disease; however, the variation in these genomic regions alone is unable to predict disease development with high accuracy. Therefore, current genetic studies are aimed at identifying new genes associated with AMD and their modifiers, with the goal of discovering diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Moreover, these studies provide the foundation for further investigation into the pathophysiology of AMD by utilizing a systems-biology-based approach to elucidate underlying mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexandra C. Silveira
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Carr
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ivana K. Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Depletion of Serum Carotenoid and Other Fat-Soluble Vitamin Concentrations following Obesity Surgery. Obes Surg 2011; 21:1605-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-011-0413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Changes in macular pigment optical density and serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in response to weight loss. Br J Nutr 2010; 105:1036-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510004721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate whether weight loss is associated with changes in serum concentrations of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), and/or macular pigment optical density (MPOD). We recruited 104 overweight subjects into this randomised controlled weight loss study. For the intervention group (I group), weight was assessed weekly and body composition, including BMI (kg/m2) and body fat (kg and percentage), was assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Weight loss was encouraged using dietary and exercise programmes. MPOD was measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry and serum concentrations of L and Z by HPLC (at baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months). The control (C) group was assessed at baseline and 12 months. Repeated-measures ANOVA (RMA) demonstrated significant weight loss in the I group over the study period (P = 0·000). There was no significant weight change in the C group (P = 0·993). RMA of dietary L and Z, serum L and Z, and MPOD demonstrated no significant time or time × group interaction effect in any of these parameters (P>0·05 for all), with the exception of a significant decrease in the dietary intake of Z seen in both groups, over the study period (P < 0·05). There was a positive and significant relationship between body fat loss (kg) and increase in serum concentrations of L in the I group (r 0·521; P = 0·006). Our finding that a reduction in body composition (e.g. fat mass) is related to increases in serum concentrations of L is consistent with the hypothesis that body fat acts as a reservoir for this carotenoid, and that weight loss can positively influence circulating carotenoid levels.
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Nutrition et dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge. J Fr Ophtalmol 2010; 33:749-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disorder of the eye and the third leading cause of blindness worldwide. With a multifactorial etiology, AMD results in progressive loss of central vision affecting the macular region of the eye in elderly. While the prevalence is relatively higher in the Caucasian populations, it has gradually become a major public health issue among the non-Caucasian populations (including Indians) as well due to senescence, rapidly changing demographics and life-style factors. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on large case-control cohorts have helped in mapping genes in the complement cascade that are involved in the regulation of innate immunity with AMD susceptibility. Genes involved with mitochondrial oxidative stress and extracellular matrix regulation also play a role in AMD pathogenesis. Majority of the associations observed in complement (CFH, CFB, C2 and C3) and other (ARMS2 and HTRA1) genes have been replicated in diverse populations worldwide. Gene-gene (CFH with ARMS2 and HTRA1) interactions and correlations with environmental traits (smoking and body mass index) have been established as significant covariates in AMD pathology. In this review, we have provided an overview on the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms in AMD worldwide and highlight the AMD-associated-candidate genes and their potential role in disease pathogenesis.
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37
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Silveira AC, Morrison MA, Ji F, Xu H, Reinecke JB, Adams SM, Arneberg TM, Janssian M, Lee JE, Yuan Y, Schaumberg DA, Kotoula MG, Tsironi EE, Tsiloulis AN, Chatzoulis DZ, Miller JW, Kim IK, Hageman GS, Farrer LA, Haider NB, DeAngelis MM. Convergence of linkage, gene expression and association data demonstrates the influence of the RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) gene on neovascular AMD: a systems biology based approach. Vision Res 2009; 50:698-715. [PMID: 19786043 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel genes and pathways associated with AMD, we performed microarray gene expression and linkage analysis which implicated the candidate gene, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA, 15q). Subsequent genotyping of 159 RORA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a family-based cohort, followed by replication in an unrelated case-control cohort, demonstrated that SNPs and haplotypes located in intron 1 were significantly associated with neovascular AMD risk in both cohorts. This is the first report demonstrating a possible role for RORA, a receptor for cholesterol, in the pathophysiology of AMD. Moreover, we found a significant interaction between RORA and the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus suggesting a novel pathway underlying AMD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Silveira
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Supercritical CO2 extraction of lutein esters from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) enhanced by ultrasound. J Supercrit Fluids 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Less than 20 of the hundreds of carotenoids found in nature are found in the human body. These carotenoids are present in the body from the foods or dietary supplements that humans consume. The body does not synthesize them. Among the carotenoids present in the body, only lutein and its coexistent isomer, zeaxanthin, are found in that portion of the eye where light is focused by the lens, namely, the macula lutea. Numerous studies have shown that lutein and zeaxanthin may provide significant protection against the potential damage caused by light striking this portion of the retina. In the eye, lutein and zeaxanthin have been shown to filter high-energy wavelengths of visible light and act as antioxidants to protect against the formation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent free radicals. Human studies have demonstrated that lutein and zeaxanthin are present in the skin, and animal studies have provided evidence of significant efficacy against light-induced skin damage, especially the ultraviolet wavelengths. Little was known about the protective effects of these carotenoids in human skin until recently. This article reviews the scientific literature pertaining to the effects that lutein and zeaxanthin exhibit in the human eye and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Roberts
- Kemin Health, LC, 600 E Court Avenue, Suite A, Des Moines, IA 50309-2058, USA.
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Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M. Associations between lutein, zeaxanthin, and age-related macular degeneration: an overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:313-26. [PMID: 19234943 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802066979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, is a degenerative condition of the macula characterized by death or dysfunction of the photoreceptors. With the aging population growing, the incidence of age-related macular degeneration is expected to increase. This raises concern about the future of visual dysfunction related falls and the resulting injuries in the elderly population. Lutein and zeaxanthin are macular pigments that may play a role in reducing the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration. Evidence is accumulating on the consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin (in whole food or supplemental form), the resulting concentrations in the serum, and tissue distribution throughout the body, particularly in the retina. Lutein and zeaxanthin intake increases serum concentrations which in turn increases macular pigment density. Existing literature focuses on factors affecting macular pigment density, functions of lutein and zeaxanthin as blue-light filters and antioxidants, and risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. Few studies have focused on the impact of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on retinal function and the potential to preserve vision and prevent further degeneration. This presents an opportunity for further research to determine an effective dose that delays the progression of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Carpentier
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Cho E, Hankinson SE, Rosner B, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Prospective study of lutein/zeaxanthin intake and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:1837-43. [PMID: 18541575 PMCID: PMC2504741 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk may differ by smoking status, vitamin C and E intakes, and body fatness. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the association between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and AMD risk by smoking status, intake of antioxidant vitamins, and body fatness. DESIGN We conducted a prospective follow-up study of 71 494 women and 41 564 men aged >or=50 y and had no diagnosis of AMD or cancer. Diet was assessed with a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS During up to 18 y of follow-up, we documented 673 incident cases of early AMD and 442 incident cases of neovascular AMD with a visual loss of 20/30 or worse due primarily to AMD. Lutein/zeaxanthin intake was not associated with the risk of self-reported early AMD. There was a statistically nonsignificant and nonlinear inverse association between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and neovascular AMD risk; the pooled multivariate relative risks for increasing quintiles of intake were 1.00 (referent), 0.80, 0.84, 0.97, and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.99) (P for trend = 0.14). For early AMD, the association with lutein/zeaxanthin intake did not vary by smoking status, intakes of vitamins C and E, or body mass index. For neovascular AMD, a nonlinear inverse association was found among never smokers. CONCLUSIONS These data do not support a protective role of lutein/zeaxanthin intake on risk of self-reported early AMD. The suggestion of inverse associations related to the risk of neovascular AMD needs to be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Rehak M, Fric E, Wiedemann P. [Lutein and antioxidants in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration]. Ophthalmologe 2008; 105:37-8, 40-5. [PMID: 18075744 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-007-1602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Demographic developments in Europe and North America are causing an increase of age-related diseases. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of severe central visual acuity loss in elderly people and seems to be an economic problem, too. There is evidence that oxidative damage is an important factor for exacerbation of AMD. Macular pigment with its antioxidative effect may serve as"natural sunglasses" filtering the blue light acting as a possible source of photooxidative damage to the neurosensory retina. The macular pigment consists mostly of lutein and zeaxanthin. These micronutrients from the group of carotenoids, as is the case for vitamins (vitamins C, E, and beta-carotene), cannot be synthesized in mammals and that is the reason why the role of micronutrition or its supplementation and its correlation to AMD progression has been discussed for years. The results of currently published studies are often contradictory. At present there are no results from randomized controlled studies confirming that supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin can reduce the risk for AMD. Several epidemiological studies investigating the impact of antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids on the incidence of AMD provided conflicting results.Up to now, AREDS is the largest randomized controlled study investigating the effect of supplementation of antioxidants, zinc, and copper on the progression of AMD. AREDS showed a significant effect of this supplementation in some particular groups of patients with AMD. The supplementation of lutein and omega-3 fatty acids is not toxic but a positive effect has not been proven by randomized studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rehak
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
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Hypocarotenemia after bariatric surgery: a preliminary study. Obes Surg 2008; 19:879-82. [PMID: 18369683 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary carotenoids have attracted a great deal of attention due to their potential clinical relevance in conditions such as age-related maculopathy, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Surgical procedures have become the primary treatment of severe obesity, although nutrient deficiencies are common and long-term metabolic sequelae remain unknown. Thus, our aim was to assess the carotenoid status in serum of subjects after obesity surgery. METHODS We evaluated the status of lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha- and beta-carotene, and fat-soluble vitamins by a quality-controlled high-performance liquid chromatography method in serum of 53 patients. Subjects were consecutively included as they were monitored for nutritional status after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) or biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). Average follow-up time was 18 and 14 months for each protocol, respectively. RESULTS After obesity surgery, a consistent and continuous decline in all carotenoids to almost undetectable levels occurs, especially in those who underwent BPD diversion who, on average, displayed serum levels about one half to one third of those found in RYGBP patients. CONCLUSION The hypocarotenemia observed after bariatric surgery may compromise the availability of carotenoids to tissues and the vitamin A status, reducing the fat-soluble antioxidant capacity and constituting an additional risk factor for several clinical conditions. Given the emerging role of carotenoids in disease prevention, dietary advice on carotenoid-rich and fortified foods or the use of supplements in these patients should be considered.
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Macular Degeneration: Types, Causes, and Possible Interventions. Geriatr Nurs 2007; 28:387-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dietary intake and serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin, but not macular pigment optical density, are related in spouses. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wenzel AJ, Gerweck C, Barbato D, Nicolosi RJ, Handelman GJ, Curran-Celentano J. A 12-wk egg intervention increases serum zeaxanthin and macular pigment optical density in women. J Nutr 2006; 136:2568-73. [PMID: 16988128 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.10.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two carotenoids found in egg yolk, lutein and zeaxanthin, accumulate in the macular retina where they may reduce photostress. Increases in serum lutein and zeaxanthin were observed in previous egg interventions, but no study measured macular carotenoids. The objective of this project was to determine whether increased consumption of eggs would increase retinal lutein and zeaxanthin, or macular pigment. Twenty-four females, between 24 and 59 y, were assigned to a pill treatment (PILL) or 1 of 2 egg treatments for 12 wk. Individuals in the PILL treatment consumed 1 sugar-filled capsule/d. Individuals in the egg treatments consumed 6 eggs/wk, containing either 331 microg (EGG 1) or 964 microg (EGG 2) of lutein and zeaxanthin/yolk. Serum cholesterol, serum carotenoids, and macular pigment OD (MPOD) were measured at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 wk of intervention. Serum cholesterol concentrations did not change in either egg treatment group, but total cholesterol (P = 0.04) and triglycerides (P = 0.02) increased in the PILL group. Serum zeaxanthin, but not serum lutein, increased in both the EGG 1 (P = 0.04) and EGG 2 (P = 0.01) groups. Likewise, MPOD increased in both the EGG 1 (P = 0.001) and EGG 2 (P = 0.049) groups. Although the aggregate concentration of carotenoid in 1 egg yolk may be modest relative to other sources, such as spinach, their bioavailability to the retina appears to be high. Increasing egg consumption to 6 eggs/wk may be an effective method to increase MPOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wenzel
- Psychology Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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Everitt AV, Hilmer SN, Brand-Miller JC, Jamieson HA, Truswell AS, Sharma AP, Mason RS, Morris BJ, Le Couteur DG. Dietary approaches that delay age-related diseases. Clin Interv Aging 2006; 1:11-31. [PMID: 18047254 PMCID: PMC2682451 DOI: 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing food intake in lower animals such as the rat decreases body weight, retards many aging processes, delays the onset of most diseases of old age, and prolongs life. A number of clinical trials of food restriction in healthy adult human subjects running over 2-15 years show significant reductions in body weight, blood cholesterol, blood glucose, and blood pressure, which are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Lifestyle interventions that lower energy balance by reducing body weight such as physical exercise can also delay the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In general, clinical trials are suggesting that diets high in calories or fat along with overweight are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, and dementia. There is a growing literature indicating that specific dietary constituents are able to influence the development of age-related diseases, including certain fats (trans fatty acids, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats) and cholesterol for cardiovascular disease, glycemic index and fiber for diabetes, fruits and vegetables for cardiovascular disease, and calcium and vitamin D for osteoporosis and bone fracture. In addition, there are dietary compounds from different functional foods, herbs, and neutraceuticals such as ginseng, nuts, grains, and polyphenols that may affect the development of age-related diseases. Long-term prospective clinical trials will be needed to confirm these diet-disease relationships. On the basis of current research, the best diet to delay age-related disease onset is one low in calories and saturated fat and high in wholegrain cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables, and which maintains a lean body weight. Such a diet should become a key component of healthy aging, delaying age-related diseases and perhaps intervening in the aging process itself. Furthermore, there are studies suggesting that nutrition in childhood and even in the fetus may influence the later development of aging diseases and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur V Everitt
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and Anzac Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.
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