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Pothana S, Nappanveettil G, Venkata Mullapudi S, Nemani HS, Sengmalai SM, Geddam JB, Parasannavar DJ. Effect of Garcinia indica Powder on Metabolic Parameters and Body Composition in Genetically Mutant WNIN/GR-Ob Rats. J Med Food 2021; 24:1153-1160. [PMID: 34792395 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Antiobesity drugs are available but have side effects. Hydroxy citric acid (HCA) with ATP-citrate lyase enzyme-inhibiting activity has been identified as a safe potential supplement for weight management and as an antiobesity agent. In the present study, we aim to test the antiobesity potential of the fruit rind powder of G. indica (a plant rich in HCA) in genetically obese rats. Forty-five-day-old Male WNIN/GR-Ob rats were divided equally into four groups with each group having six rats. Group 1 was fed with a standard powder diet (SPD), whereas Groups 2, 3, and 4 were fed with SPD containing 1%, 3%, and 5%, respectively, of G. indica powder for 12 weeks. Food intake, body composition, oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipid profile, hepatic glycogen, ATP-citrate lyase, and Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were measured. Histological analysis of vital organs and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was carried out in liver sections for citrate lyase score. G. indica significantly decreased food intake, body weight, body fat %, hepatic and circulating triglycerides, cholesterol, and liver steatosis. In addition, G6PDH and ATP-citrate lyase enzyme activities were decreased along with an increase in liver glycogen. The IHC scores of citrate lyase were lower in treated groups. The results indicate that G. indica exerts favorable effects on obesity with a possible mechanism of anorectic effects, suppressed citrate lyase enzyme activity, and improved insulin sensitivity due to the modulation of carbohydrate metabolism by the phytochemicals and secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja Pothana
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Harishanker S Nemani
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Jagjeevan Babu Geddam
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Devraj J Parasannavar
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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Nemani S, Putchha UK, Periketi M, Pothana S, Nappanveettil G, Nemani H. Botulinum neurotoxin effects on masseter muscle fibre in WNIN obese rats-Scanning electron microscope analysis. Scanning 2016; 38:396-402. [PMID: 26536847 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
WNIN/Ob obese mutant rats are unique in comparison to similar rodent models of obesity established in the West. The present study is aimed to evaluate the masticatory function and histological changes in masseter muscle fibres treated with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in WNIN/Ob rats. Twelve WNIN/Ob obese rats and 12 lean rats at 35 days of age were taken and divided into four groups (6 rats in each group): Group-I (WNIN/Ob) and Group-II (lean) rats were injected with BoNT/A (1 unit) into right side of masseter muscle. For control left masseter of both phenotypes was injected with saline. Group-III (WNIN/Ob) and Group-IV (lean) rats were without any treatment. Growth and food intake was monitored daily for 45 days. Rats were euthanized and gross necropsy was carried out to check any abnormalities. Masseter muscles were dissected and mean muscle mass was recorded. Small portion of muscle was stored in 10% formalin for hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and remaining tissue stored in gluteraldehyde for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There is a significant decrease in the body weights and food intake of BoNT/A treated obese rats. The H&E staining of the masseter muscle in both groups showed normal morphology and orientation. The SEM analysis showed that, fibre size in BoNT/A treated masseter muscle of obese rats increased more than the saline treated side and in control rats. The increase in the muscle fibre size and transition of muscle fibre subtypes may be due to the reduced masticatory function of the masseter muscle. SCANNING 38:396-402, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaram Nemani
- Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institution of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Uday K Putchha
- Department of Pathology, Scanning Electron Microscopy Division, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, India
| | - Madhusudhanachary Periketi
- Department of Pathology, Scanning Electron Microscopy Division, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sailaja Pothana
- National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Harishankar Nemani
- National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
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Singh VP, Aggarwal R, Singh S, Banik A, Ahmad T, Patnaik BR, Nappanveettil G, Singh KP, Aggarwal ML, Ghosh B, Agrawal A. Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Increased Oxo-Nitrative Stress and Asthma-Like Changes in Lungs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129850. [PMID: 26098111 PMCID: PMC4476757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an increased obesity-related risk of asthma. In support, obese mice develop airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). However, it remains unclear whether the increased risk is a consequence of obesity, adipogenic diet, or the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Altered L-arginine and nitric oxide (NO) metabolism is a common feature between asthma and metabolic syndrome that appears independent of body mass. Increased asthma risk resulting from such metabolic changes would have important consequences in global health. Since high-sugar diets can induce MetS, without necessarily causing obesity, studies of their effect on arginine/NO metabolism and airway function could clarify this aspect. We investigated whether normal-weight mice with MetS, due to high-fructose diet, had dysfunctional arginine/NO metabolism and features of asthma. Mice were fed chow-diet, high-fat-diet, or high-fructose-diet for 18 weeks. Only the high-fat-diet group developed obesity or adiposity. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycaemia, and hyperlipidaemia were common to both high-fat-diet and high-fructose-diet groups and the high-fructose-diet group additionally developed hypertension. At 18 weeks, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) could be seen in obese high-fat-diet mice as well as non-obese high-fructose-diet mice, when compared to standard chow-diet mice. No inflammatory cell infiltrate or goblet cell metaplasia was seen in either high-fat-diet or high-fructose-diet mice. Exhaled NO was reduced in both these groups. This reduction in exhaled NO correlated with reduced arginine bioavailability in lungs. In summary, mice with normal weight but metabolic obesity show reduced arginine bioavailability, reduced NO production, and asthma-like features. Reduced NO related bronchodilation and increased oxo-nitrosative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pal Singh
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Rangoli Aggarwal
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Suchita Singh
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Arpita Banik
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Bijay Ranjan Patnaik
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Giridharan Nappanveettil
- National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, AP, India
| | - Kunal Pratap Singh
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Balaram Ghosh
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma and Lung Disease, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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Abstract
WNIN/GR-Ob mutant rat is a novel animal model to study metabolic syndrome (obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance and cardiovascular diseases). We have investigated the islet characteristics of obese mutants at different age groups (1, 6 and 12 months) to assess the islet changes in response to early and chronic metabolic stress. Our data demonstrates altered islet cell morphology and function (hypertrophy, fibrotic lesions, vacuolation, decreased stimulation index, increased TNFα, ROS and TBARS levels) in mutants as compared to controls. Furthermore, network analysis (gene-gene interaction) studied in pancreas demonstrated increased inflammation as a key factor underlying obesity/metabolic syndrome in mutants. These observations pave way to explore this model to understand islet adaptation in response to metabolic syndrome.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- BM-MSCs, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindol
- DTZ, Dithizone
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin stain
- HI, hyperinsulinemia
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance
- IGT, impaired glucose tolerance
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IR, insulin resistance
- KRBH, krebs ringer bicarbonate
- MS, metabolic syndrome
- NCLAS, National Center for Laboratory Animal Sciences
- NIN, National Institute of Nutrition
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factors
- WNIN, Wistar rats raised at National Institute of Nutrition
- WNIN/GR-Ob mutant rats
- hyperinsulinemia
- hypertrophy
- insulin resistance
- islets
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Singh
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
| | - Sireesha Ganneru
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
| | - Venkata Malakapalli
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
| | - Maniprabha Chalasani
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
| | - Giridharan Nappanveettil
- National Center for Laboratory Animal
Sciences; National Institute of Nutrition Hyderabad,
India
| | - Ramesh R Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine; Manipal
University; Bangalore, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Venkatesan
- Biochemistry/Stem Cell Research; National
Institute of Nutrition; Indian Council of Medical Research; Hyderabad,
India
- Correspondence to: Vijayalakshmi Venkatesan;
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Kalashikam RR, Battula KK, Kirlampalli V, Friedman JM, Nappanveettil G. Obese locus in WNIN/obese rat maps on chromosome 5 upstream of leptin receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77679. [PMID: 24204914 PMCID: PMC3804619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
WNIN/Obese (WNIN/Ob) rat a new mutant model of metabolic syndrome was identified in 1996 from an inbred Wistar rat strain, WNIN. So far several papers are published on this model highlighting its physical, biochemical and metabolic traits. WNIN/Ob is leptin resistant with unaltered leptin or its receptor coding sequences - the two well-known candidate genes for obesity. Genotyping analysis of F2 progeny (raised from WNIN/Ob × Fisher - 344) in the present study localized the mutation to a recombinant region of 14.15cM on chromosome 5. This was further corroborated by QTL analysis for body weight, which narrowed this region to 4.43 cM with flanking markers D5Rat256 & D5Wox37. Interval mapping of body weight QTL shows that the LOD score peak maps upstream of leptin receptor and shows an additive effect suggesting this as a novel mutation and signifying the model as a valuable resource for studies on obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Rao Kalashikam
- Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science (NCLAS), National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Battula
- Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science (NCLAS), National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, India
| | - Veerababu Kirlampalli
- Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science (NCLAS), National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, India
| | - Jeffrey M. Friedman
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMF); (GN)
| | - Giridharan Nappanveettil
- Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science (NCLAS), National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (JMF); (GN)
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Tiruvalluru M, Ananthathmakula P, Ayyalasomayajula V, Nappanveettil G, Ayyagari R, Reddy GB. Vitamin A supplementation ameliorates obesity-associated retinal degeneration in WNIN/Ob rats. Nutrition 2012; 29:298-304. [PMID: 23036575 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with various health afflictions, including ocular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, high intraocular pressure, cataracts, and macular degeneration. We previously reported progressive retinal degeneration after the onset of obesity in the spontaneously obese rat (WNIN/Ob) model. In the present study, we investigated vitamin A supplementation to ameliorate obesity-associated retinal degeneration in the WNIN/Ob rat. METHODS Five-month-old male WNIN/Ob obese (O) and lean (L) control rats were fed with vitamin A 2.6 mg (L/O-I), 26 mg (L/O-II), 52 mg (L/O-III), and 129 mg (L/O-IV) per kilogram of diet as retinyl palmitate for 4 mo 2 wk. Retinal morphology and retinal gene expression were assessed by histologic, immunohistochemical, and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. RESULTS Supplementation of vitamin A at 26 or 52 mg significantly modulated the expression of retinal genes in the O but not in the L phenotype. Vitamin A supplementation significantly upregulated the expression of genes, such as rhodopsin, rod arrestin, phosphodiesterase, transducins, and fatty acid elongase-4, that were otherwise downregulated in O rat retina. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein was downregulated by vitamin A feeding in O rat retina. The immunohistochemical and histologic findings corroborated the gene expression data. The effects were significant at a 26- or 52-mg dose of vitamin A. CONCLUSION Vitamin A supplementation alleviated obesity-associated retinal degeneration in the WNIN/Ob rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Tiruvalluru
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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Venkatesan V, Chalsani M, Nawaz SS, Bhonde RR, Challa SS, Nappanveettil G. Optimization of condition(s) towards establishment of primary islet cell cultures from WNIN/Ob mutant rat. Cytotechnology 2011; 64:139-44. [PMID: 22109592 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
WNIN/Ob, a mutant rat strain, developed at the National Center for Laboratory Animal Sciences (NCLAS) facility of National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), is a new animal model to study the metabolic syndrome. These animals have 47% fat in their body and isolation of islets from these animals were compounded due to the formation of amorphous viscous and jelly like material which reduced the islet yield. However, islets isolated from WNIN adult (≥12 months) control rats gave a good islet recovery, under standard isolation procedures using collagenase digestion. In the present study we optimized culture conditions in WNIN/Ob rats to isolate islets with higher yield, and also established primary islet cell cultures from these mutant rats, retaining cellular integrity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Venkatesan
- National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, India,
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Bandaru P, Rajkumar H, Nappanveettil G. Altered or Impaired Immune Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine in WNIN/GR-Ob Rat: An Obese Rat Model with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. ISRN Endocrinol 2011; 2011:980105. [PMID: 22363894 PMCID: PMC3262630 DOI: 10.5402/2011/980105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is shown to increase the incidence and severity of infectious diseases and
individuals seem to exhibit poor antibody response to vaccination due to several inherent immune defects. With the increasing prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) seen in obese individuals, the present study was aimed to investigate the basal immune response and immune response upon Hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) in an obese rat model WNIN/GR-Ob with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Decreased proportions of splenic CD4+ T helper cells and CD3+ T cells were observed in obese animals compared to lean animals. Upon HBV, obese animals showed reduced cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity in terms of splenic lymphocyte proliferative response to Concanavalin A (Con A) and Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBsAg-specific IgG response. Innate immunity as assessed in terms of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF α) and Nitric oxide (NO) production by peritoneal macrophages upon HBV was low and unchanged, respectively, in obese animals. Thus long-term immunological memory is impaired or altered upon HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Bandaru
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad 500 604, India
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Reddy GB, Vasireddy V, Mandal MNA, Tiruvalluru M, Wang XF, Jablonski MM, Nappanveettil G, Ayyagari R. A Novel Rat Model with Obesity-Associated Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:3456-63. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geereddy Bhanuprakash Reddy
- From the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India;2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Vidyullatha Vasireddy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and4Present affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Md Nawajes A. Mandal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and5Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Xiaofei F. Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Monica M. Jablonski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | | | - Radha Ayyagari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and4Present affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
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