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Mhatre S, Srichand R, Sethumadhavan J, Mishra PB, Patil SD, Chavan RS, Joshi M, Shetty U. Dry Mouth Dilemma: A Comprehensive Review of Xerostomia in Complete Denture Wearers. Cureus 2024; 16:e58564. [PMID: 38770459 PMCID: PMC11102879 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia, commonly known as dry mouth, presents a significant challenge for individuals wearing complete dentures, affecting their oral health and quality of life. This review explores the relationship between saliva and complete dentures, highlighting the varied management strategies for xerostomia. Saliva plays a critical role in denture retention, lubrication, and oral environment buffering. Complete denture wearers often experience reduced salivary flow, aggravating symptoms of xerostomia. Various management approaches are discussed, including general measures such as hydration and salivary stimulation techniques which aim to boost saliva production naturally. The use of salivary substitutes provides artificial lubrication and moisture to alleviate dry mouth discomfort. Oral lubricating devices, such as sprays, gels, and lozenges, offer relief by mimicking saliva's lubricating properties, thereby improving denture stability and comfort. This review addresses the etiology of xerostomia in complete denture wearers and explores preventive measures to reduce its impact. A comprehensive approach has been discussed for the management of xerostomia which will help to improve the oral health and well-being of complete denture wearers experiencing dry mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali Mhatre
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai, IND
| | - Reema Srichand
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai, IND
| | - Jyotsna Sethumadhavan
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai, IND
| | - Pallavi B Mishra
- Medical School, Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai, IND
| | - Srushti D Patil
- Medical School, Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai, IND
| | - Riddhi S Chavan
- Medical School, Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai, IND
| | - Mridula Joshi
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai, IND
| | - Uttam Shetty
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai, IND
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Cebrián-Ponce Á, Marini E, Stagi S, Castizo-Olier J, Carrasco-Marginet M, Garnacho-Castaño MV, Noriega Z, Espasa-Labrador J, Irurtia A. Body fluids and muscle changes in trail runners of various distances. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16563. [PMID: 38054016 PMCID: PMC10695110 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate body fluids and muscle changes evoked by different trail races using anthropometric, bioelectrical, and creatine kinase (CK) measurements. Methods A total of 92 subjects (55 men, 37 women) participating in three different races of 14, 35, and 52 km were evaluated before (PRE) and after (POST) the races. Classic bioelectrical impedance vector analysis was applied at the whole-body level (WB-BIVA). Additionally, muscle-localized bioelectrical assessments (ML-BIVA) were performed in a subgroup of 11 men (in the quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves). PRE-POST differences and correlations between bioelectrical values and CK, running time and race distance were tested. Results Changes in whole-body vectors and phase angles disclosed an inclination towards dehydration among men in the 14, 35, and 52 km groups (p < 0.001), as well as among women in the 35 and 52 km groups (p < 0.001). PRE Z/H was negatively correlated with running time in the 35 km men group and 14 km women group (r = -0.377, p = 0.048; r = -0.751, p = 0.001; respectively). POST Z/H was negatively correlated with running time in the 14 km women group (r = -0.593, p = 0.02). CK was positively correlated with distance in men and women (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with reactance and vector length in the 14 km men group (p < 0.05). ML-BIVA echoed the same tendency as the WB-BIVA in the 35 and 52 km runners, with the most notable changes occurring in the calves (p < 0.001). Conclusions WB-BIVA and CK measurements underscored a conspicuous trend towards post-race dehydration and muscle damage, displaying a weak association with performance. Notably, ML-BIVA detected substantial alterations primarily in the calves. The study underscores the utility of BIVA as a technique to assess athlete's body composition changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álex Cebrián-Ponce
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC). University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences. Neuroscience and Anthropology Section, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Stagi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences. Neuroscience and Anthropology Section, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jorge Castizo-Olier
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC). University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- DAFNiS Research Group (Pain, Physical Activity, Nutrition and Health), Campus Docent Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Carrasco-Marginet
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC). University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño
- DAFNiS Research Group (Pain, Physical Activity, Nutrition and Health), Campus Docent Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University (VIU), Valencia, Spain
| | - Zeasseska Noriega
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC). University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Espasa-Labrador
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC). University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Irurtia
- INEFC-Barcelona Sports Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC). University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Muñoz-Urtubia N, Vega-Muñoz A, Estrada-Muñoz C, Salazar-Sepúlveda G, Contreras-Barraza N, Castillo D. Healthy Behavior and Sports Drinks: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2915. [PMID: 37447239 PMCID: PMC10346316 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article aims to systematically identify the relationship between sports drinks and healthy behavior. This systematic literature review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline criteria, and eligibility criteria were established using the PICOS tool (population, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study) from about 1000 records of sports drinks articles identified in the various Web of Science Core Collection databases. The literature review stages determined a reduced set of 15 articles relating these drinkable supplements to healthy behavior. This study concludes that water consumption should be emphasized for non-athletes, sports drinks should be labeled to indicate water consumption and carry a warning label, and more randomized clinical trials should be considered to ensure conclusive results for health decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Vega-Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
- Public Policy Observatory, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Carla Estrada-Muñoz
- Departamento de Ergonomía, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Guido Salazar-Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de Las Américas, Concepción 4090940, Chile
| | | | - Dante Castillo
- Centro de Estudios e Investigación Enzo Faletto, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile;
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Johnston CL, Negus MF, Rossiter MA, Phillips CG. A national survey of urinary incontinence in professional Team England female athletes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 282:12-16. [PMID: 36608453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence in Team England female athletes participating in the 2018 Commonwealth Games, the self-imposed lifestyle modifications used to manage symptoms in training and competition and the impact on performance. STUDY DESIGN This was a Cross-Sectional Survey. All Team England female athletes participating in 2018 Commonwealth Games were asked to complete a structured questionnaire regarding symptoms and management of urinary incontinence. Chi-squared statistical analysis was applied to relevant data. RESULTS 103 athletes were included. 52 % reported experiencing urinary incontinence (38 % in training vs 27 % in competition X2 = 2.68, p0.13). Highest rates of incontinence were seen in cycling and gymnastics, with lowest rates of incontinence in swimming and rugby. In sports requiring form fitting garments, 64 % did not feel they could wear a pad in training, compared with 19 % in sports with less form-fitting clothing. In competition, 75 % of athletes wearing form-fitting clothing did not feel they could wear a pad, compared with 24 % of those with less form-fitting attire (X2 = 16.9, p < 0.001 in training; X2 = 24.04, p = <0.001 in competition). 11 % of athletes reported reducing fluid intake to reduce urinary incontinence in training and 8 % reported doing this in competition. Only 3 % of athletes reported that their performance is affected by urinary incontinence. CONCLUSION Prevalence of urinary incontinence is higher in athletes than in the general population. Tight-fitting sportswear is a barrier to athletes using pads to manage urinary incontinence. Athletes may reduce fluid intake to reduce urinary leakage in training and competition, which may affect performance. However, few athletes report that urinary incontinence has an impact overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Johnston
- Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gynaecology, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke, UK.
| | | | - Michael A Rossiter
- North Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Sport & Exercise Medicine, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK; Commonwealth Games England, London, UK.
| | - Christian G Phillips
- Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Urogynaecology, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK.
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Tidmas V, Brazier J, Bottoms L, Muniz D, Desai T, Hawkins J, Sridharan S, Farrington K. Ultra-Endurance Participation and Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16887. [PMID: 36554767 PMCID: PMC9779673 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly popular, ultra-endurance participation exposes athletes to extremely high levels of functional and structural damage. Ultra-endurance athletes commonly develop acute kidney injury (AKI) and other pathologies harmful to kidney health. There is strong evidence that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, common amongst ultra-athletes, is linked to increased risk and severity of AKI and potentially ischaemic renal injury, i.e., acute tubular necrosis. Ultra-endurance participation also increases the risk of exertional rhabdomyolysis, exercise-associated hyponatremia, and gastrointestinal symptoms, interlinked pathologies all with potential to increase the risk of AKI. Hydration and fuelling both also play a role with the development of multiple pathologies and ultimately AKI, highlighting the need for individualised nutritional and hydration plans to promote athlete health. Faster athletes, supplementing nitrates, and being female also increase the risk of developing AKI in this setting. Serum creatinine criteria do not provide the best indicator for AKI for ultra-athletes therefore further investigations are needed to assess the practicality and accuracy of new renal biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). The potential of recurring episodes of AKI provide need for further research to assess the longitudinal renal health impact of ultra-participation to provide appropriate advice to athletes, coaches, medical staff, and event organisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tidmas
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Jon Brazier
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Daniel Muniz
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Terun Desai
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Janine Hawkins
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Sivakumar Sridharan
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
- Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts Trust, Stevenage SG1 4AB, UK
| | - Ken Farrington
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
- Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts Trust, Stevenage SG1 4AB, UK
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Takahashi T, Tokunaga M, Okubo T, Ozeki M, Kapoor MP, Yasukawa Z. Lower Rate of Water Absorption of an Oral Rehydration Solution with Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum in Conscious Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204231. [PMID: 36296915 PMCID: PMC9611419 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the rate of water absorption of an oral rehydration solution containing partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) in the small intestine, which is the main site of water absorption when water is drunk. Seven-week-old male SD rats were employed. We prepared four types of an aqueous solution, i.e., containing mineral and sugar, containing PHGG, containing mineral and sugar and PHGG, or containing no additives. After 24 h of food and 4 h of water deprivation, the aqueous solutions were infused into the stomach of conscious rats on their hands using a syringe with a stomach sonde. We sampled the stomach and the small intestine with contents 8 min after the infusions. Causal effects were calculated using a Bayesian network. PHGG increased the residual amount of water in the gastro-intestine, which depends negatively on the absorption of water in the small intestine/the flow rate to the small intestine. The absorption of water in the small intestine depended positively on the flow rate to the small intestine, which depended negatively on the free water in the solutions. PHGG decreased water absorption in the small intestine by decreasing the free water in the aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takahashi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kanazawa Gakuin University, Kanazawa City 920-1392, Ishikawa, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-229-8786
| | - Miki Tokunaga
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kanazawa Gakuin University, Kanazawa City 920-1392, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okubo
- Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Yokkaichi 510-0844, Mie, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozeki
- Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Yokkaichi 510-0844, Mie, Japan
| | - Mahendra P. Kapoor
- Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Yokkaichi 510-0844, Mie, Japan
| | - Zenta Yasukawa
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Kanazawa Gakuin University, Kanazawa City 920-1392, Ishikawa, Japan
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Tanous D, Wagner KH, Leitzmann C, Motevalli M, Wirnitzer G, Rosemann T, Knechtle B, Wirnitzer K. Dietary Intake of Recreational Endurance Runners Associated with Race Distance-Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183698. [PMID: 36145075 PMCID: PMC9503531 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the popularity of distance running is growing worldwide, endurance runners’ dietary challenges associated with their prolonged training and racing activities have not yet been fully understood. The present investigation was conducted with the aim of examining the association between race distance and dietary intake of distance runners. A total of 317 runners initially participated, and after data clearance, 211 endurance runners (57% females) were finally considered the study sample. Runners were assigned to three race distance groups: 10-km (n = 74), half-marathon (n = 83), and marathon/ultra-marathon (n = 54). An online survey was used to collect data; dietary intake was monitored using a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire, including 53 food groups categorized in 14 basic and three umbrella clusters. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between race distance groups in consumption of most food clusters except for “fruits and vegetables” and “total of protein”, with a predominance of 10-km runners compared to half-marathoners and (ultra-)marathoners (p ≤ 0.05). Age was a significant predictor for the consumption of only five (out of 17) food clusters (p ≤ 0.05), including “fruit and vegetables”, “unprocessed meat”, “processed meat”, “eggs”, and “plant protein”. Future investigations with a larger sample size and more differentiated (sub)groups may help provide comparable data to develop a better understanding of the dietary behaviors among shorter versus longer distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Tanous
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Leitzmann
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Mohamad Motevalli
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Wirnitzer
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Dietary Intake of Vegan and Non-Vegan Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153151. [PMID: 35956327 PMCID: PMC9370654 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the growing popularity of distance running has been accompanied by the increasing prevalence of vegan and vegetarian diets, especially among endurance athletes. The present study aimed to examine the association between diet type and dietary intake of distance runners competing at distances longer than 10 km. From a total of 317 participants, 211 endurance runners (57% females) were considered the final sample after applying the exclusion criteria. Runners were assigned to three groups based on the self-reported diet types: 95 omnivores, 40 vegetarians, and 76 vegans. Data collection was conducted using an online survey with questions about sociodemographic information, dietary intake, and dietary-associated motives. A comprehensive food frequency questionnaire with 53 food groups (categorized in 14 basic—plus three umbrella—food clusters) was used to assess dietary intake. Vegan runners had a higher intake of “beans and seeds”, “fruit and vegetables”, and “dairy alternatives”, as well as lower intakes of “oils” than other two groups. Vegetarian runners had a lower intake of “dairy products” and “eggs” than omnivores. A greater intake of “alcohol” and a lower intake of “meat alternatives” was observed in omnivorous runners compared to vegans and vegetarians. Despite the existence of a tendency toward the consumption of health-related food clusters by vegan runners, further investigations are needed to verify the predominance of vegans in health-oriented dietary patterns.
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Jeker D, Claveau P, Abed MEF, Deshayes TA, Lajoie C, Gendron P, Hoffman MD, Goulet EDB. Programmed vs. Thirst-Driven Drinking during Prolonged Cycling in a Warm Environment. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010141. [PMID: 35011016 PMCID: PMC8747324 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effect of programmed (PFI) and thirst-driven (TDFI) fluid intake on prolonged cycling performance and exercise associated muscle cramps (EAMC). Eight male endurance athletes (26 ± 6 years) completed two trials consisting of 5 h of cycling at 61% V˙O2peak followed by a 20 km time-trial (TT) in a randomized crossover sequence at 30 °C, 35% relative humidity. EAMC was assessed after the TT with maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the shortened right plantar flexors. Water intake was either programmed to limit body mass loss to 1% (PFI) or consumed based on perceived thirst (TDFI). Body mass loss reached 1.5 ± 1.0% for PFI and 2.5 ± 0.9% for TDFI (p = 0.10). Power output during the 20 km TT was higher (p < 0.05) for PFI (278 ± 41 W) than TDFI (263 ± 39 W), but the total performance time, including the breaks to urinate, was similar (p = 0.48) between conditions. The prevalence of EAMC of the plantar flexors was similar between the drinking conditions. Cyclists competing in the heat for over 5 h may benefit from PFI aiming to limit body mass loss to <2% when a high intensity effort is required in the later phase of the race and when time lost for urination is not a consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jeker
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (D.J.); (P.C.); (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.)
| | - Pascale Claveau
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (D.J.); (P.C.); (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.)
| | - Mohamed El Fethi Abed
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (D.J.); (P.C.); (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.)
| | - Thomas A. Deshayes
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (D.J.); (P.C.); (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.)
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Claude Lajoie
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (C.L.); (P.G.)
| | - Philippe Gendron
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; (C.L.); (P.G.)
| | - Martin D. Hoffman
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- Ultra-Endurance Sports Science & Medicine, Duluth, MN 55811, USA
| | - Eric D. B. Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (D.J.); (P.C.); (M.E.F.A.); (T.A.D.)
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Kamran F, Le VC, Frischknecht A, Wiens J, Sienko KH. Noninvasive Estimation of Hydration Status in Athletes Using Wearable Sensors and a Data-Driven Approach Based on Orthostatic Changes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4469. [PMID: 34210068 PMCID: PMC8271939 DOI: 10.3390/s21134469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dehydration beyond 2% bodyweight loss should be monitored to reduce the risk of heat-related injuries during exercise. However, assessments of hydration in athletic settings can be limited in their accuracy and accessibility. In this study, we sought to develop a data-driven noninvasive approach to measure hydration status, leveraging wearable sensors and normal orthostatic movements. Twenty participants (10 males, 25.0 ± 6.6 years; 10 females, 27.8 ± 4.3 years) completed two exercise sessions in a heated environment: one session was completed without fluid replacement. Before and after exercise, participants performed 12 postural movements that varied in length (up to 2 min). Logistic regression models were trained to estimate dehydration status given their heart rate responses to these postural movements. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was used to parameterize the model's discriminative ability. Models achieved an AUROC of 0.79 (IQR: 0.75, 0.91) when discriminating 2% bodyweight loss. The AUROC for the longer supine-to-stand postural movements and shorter toe-touches were similar (0.89, IQR: 0.89, 1.00). Shorter orthostatic tests achieved similar accuracy to clinical tests. The findings suggest that data from wearable sensors can be used to accurately estimate mild dehydration in athletes. In practice, this method may provide an additional measurement for early intervention of severe dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Kamran
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (F.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Victor C. Le
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | | | - Jenna Wiens
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (F.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Kathleen H. Sienko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
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Surapongchai J, Saengsirisuwan V, Rollo I, Randell RK, Nithitsuttibuta K, Sainiyom P, Leow CHW, Lee JKW. Hydration Status, Fluid Intake, Sweat Rate, and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Recreational Tropical Native Runners. Nutrients 2021; 13:1374. [PMID: 33923890 PMCID: PMC8072971 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate hydration status, fluid intake, sweat rate, and sweat sodium concentration in recreational tropical native runners. METHODS A total of 102 males and 64 females participated in this study. Participants ran at their self-selected pace for 30-100 min. Age, environmental conditions, running profiles, sweat rates, and sweat sodium data were recorded. Differences in age, running duration, distance and pace, and physiological changes between sexes were analysed. A p-value cut-off of 0.05 depicted statistical significance. RESULTS Males had lower relative fluid intake (6 ± 6 vs. 8 ± 7 mL·kg-1·h-1, p < 0.05) and greater relative fluid balance deficit (-13 ± 8 mL·kg-1·h-1 vs. -8 ± 7 mL·kg-1·h-1, p < 0.05) than females. Males had higher whole-body sweat rates (1.3 ± 0.5 L·h-1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 L·h-1, p < 0.05) than females. Mean rates of sweat sodium loss (54 ± 27 vs. 39 ± 22 mmol·h-1) were higher in males than females (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The sweat profile and composition in tropical native runners are similar to reported values in the literature. The current fluid replacement guidelines pertaining to volume and electrolyte replacement are applicable to tropical native runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitoon Saengsirisuwan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (V.S.); (K.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (R.K.R.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Rebecca K. Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (R.K.R.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Kanpiraya Nithitsuttibuta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (V.S.); (K.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Patarawadee Sainiyom
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (V.S.); (K.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Clarence Hong Wei Leow
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119283, Singapore; (C.H.W.L.); (J.K.W.L.)
| | - Jason Kai Wei Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119283, Singapore; (C.H.W.L.); (J.K.W.L.)
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Global Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore
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12
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Coelho Rodrigues Jr JF, Prado DM, Sena AF, Veneroso CE, Cabido CE, Sevílio Jr MN. Physiological responses during the long-distance race in the warm environment in runners: a pilot-study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:779-787. [PMID: 33528215 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of warm temperature in the external environment on physiological response in self- pace during the long-distance race in runners and the association between the physiological index of endurance performance (i.e., speeds at ventilatory anaerobic threshold [VVAT], respiratory compensation [VRCP], maximum oxygen uptake [<inf>V</inf>VO2max], and running economy) and average pace for each 3-km during the 21-km race. METHODS Five male recreational runners (mean±SE age 36.6±6.1 years; VO<inf>2</inf> max: 59.2±7.9) were submitted to a 21-kilometers race in the outdoor environment using a portable metabolic analyzer. RESULTS Our results showed a reduction in speed to kilometers 12, 15, 18 and 21 than kilometer 3 (P<0.05). The runners showed a decrease in both VO<inf>2</inf> (mL/kg/min) and RER from kilometer 15 (P=0.001 and P=0.003, respectively). Regarding cardiovascular response, our data demonstrated a steady HR response from kilometer 6 to 21 (P=0.99). Otherwise, the runners showed a decrease in oxygen pulse from kilometer 9 than both kilometers 3 and 6 (P=0.001). During the race, the runners demonstrated a significant increase in body temperature compared to rest (P=0.001). The results of the correlation analysis between physiological index of endurance performance and average pace for each 3-km during the 21-km race showed significant correlation between VVAT and average pace for: 12-km (r=0.95; P=0.01), 15-km (r=0.89; P=0.05) and 21-km (r=0.86; P=0.04); VRCP and average pace for 3-km (r=0.88; P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that the increase in body temperature in a warm environment during the 21-km race is associated with both cardiovascular and metabolic strain in runners. Concerning physiological markers of endurance performance, VVAT appears to be the best predictor of the average pace throughout the 21-km race in a warm environment in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo M Prado
- Ultra Sports Science Lab, São Paulo, Brazil - .,School of Medicine, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alyson F Sena
- Department of Physical Education, Physical Education Federal University of São Luiz, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Christiano E Veneroso
- Department of Physical Education, Physical Education Federal University of São Luiz, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Christian E Cabido
- Department of Physical Education, Physical Education Federal University of São Luiz, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Mario N Sevílio Jr
- Department of Physical Education, Physical Education Federal University of São Luiz, Maranhão, Brazil
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13
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Does Hydration Status Influence Executive Function? A Systematic Review. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 121:1284-1305.e1. [PMID: 33547031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive function, including executive function (EF)-related capacities (eg, working memory, inhibitory and attentional control), has been linked to adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors. Dehydration is associated with impaired cognitive function, whereas improvements in hydration status may improve inhibitory and attentional performance. No systematic reviews have examined the effects of both dehydration and euhydration on EF. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this systematic review are to examine studies that have investigated the spectrum of hydration status and EF in adults, and to identify future research needs. DESIGN The review was conducted according to the 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The database search was initially conducted on May 12, 2019 and then updated on April 26, 2020. Databases searched included PubMed, Medline, Psyc Info, SCOPUS, Proquest, and ISI Web of Science. Data extraction included the following: method used to assess de/hydration status, study design, participant characteristics, EF tasks and domain, and results. Article quality ratings were performed on included studies using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Rating Checklist. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Studies done with healthy or diseased adults, aged older than 18 years, in any setting, were included. Studies of individuals with disease states that impact fluid balance or require fluid restrictions as treatments were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE All EF-related outcomes were included, such as working memory, inhibitory control, task switching, and attention. RESULTS Four thousand eight hundred thirty-three articles were screened using title/abstracts. Seventy-one full-text articles were assessed for eligibility; 33 were included (26 included investigations of dehydration; 27 included investigations of rehydration/euhydration) with 3,636 participants across all studies. Little consistency was found across outcomes. Roughly half of the available studies suggested unclear or neutral EF effects, and half suggested effects on EF domains, particularly working memory, inhibitory control, and attention. Studies including a euhydration condition were slightly more likely to demonstrate improvements to EF capacities. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there is a strong need for consistent methodological approaches and a greater number of long-term (ie, >3 days) studies of dehydration and euhydration and EF.
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Different Waters for Different Performances: Can We Imagine Sport-Related Natural Mineral Spring Waters? WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preserving the hydration status means to balance daily fluids and salt losses with gains, where the losses depend on several physiological and environmental factors. Especially for athletes, these losses could be relevant and negatively influence the performance: therefore, their hydro-saline status must be preserved with personalized pre- and rehydration plans all along the performance period. Scientific literature in this field is mainly dedicated to artificial sport drinks. Different territories in most world areas are rich in drinking natural mineral spring waters with saline compositions that reflect their geological origin and that are used for human health (often under medical prescription). However, scarce scientific attention has been dedicated to the use of these waters for athletes. We therefore reviewed the existing literature from the innovative viewpoint of matching spring water mineral compositions with different athletic performances and their hydro-saline requirements.
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Benardot D. Nutritional Concerns for the Artistic Athlete. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2020; 32:51-64. [PMID: 33198898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Performing artists are similar to sports athletes, with repeated patterns of training and performing. This requires that artistic athletes manage the dynamic interaction between energy/nutrient/fluid utilization and provision to assure long, healthful, and successful careers. Although sports athletes have an abundance of science-based nutritional guidance available, there are few nutrition-focused resources available to artistic athletes, which can result in failure to optimally satisfy the artistic athlete's individual nutritional needs. The purpose of this article is to review common nutritional issues faced by artistic athletes and to present science-based nutrition strategies that can aid in lowering nutrition-associated health and performance risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Benardot
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Candler Library, Emory University, Suite 107, Atlanta, GA 30323, USA; Emeritus, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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16
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Effects of Field Position on Fluid Balance and Electrolyte Losses in Collegiate Women's Soccer Players. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56100502. [PMID: 32987967 PMCID: PMC7601799 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Research investigating hydration strategies specialized for women’s soccer players is limited, despite the growth in the sport. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fluid balance and electrolyte losses in collegiate women’s soccer players. Materials and Methods: Eighteen NCAA Division I women’s soccer players were recruited (age: 19.2 ± 1.0 yr; weight: 68.5 ± 9.0 kg, and height: 168.4 ± 6.7 cm; mean ± SD), including: 3 forwards (FW), 7 mid-fielders (MD), 5 defenders (DF), and 3 goalkeepers (GK). Players practiced outdoor during spring off-season training camp for a total 14 practices (WBGT: 18.3 ± 3.1 °C). The main outcome measures included body mass change (BMC), sweat rate, urine and sweat electrolyte concentrations, and fluid intake. Results: Results were analyzed for comparison between low (LOW; 16.2 ± 2.6° C, n = 7) and moderate risk environments for hyperthermia (MOD; 20.5 ± 1.5 °C, n = 7) as well as by field position. The majority (54%) of players were in a hypohydrated state prior to practice. Overall, 26.7% of players had a %BMC greater than 0%, 71.4% of players had a %BMC less than −2%, and 1.9% of players had a %BMC greater than −2% (all MD position). Mean %BMC and sweat rate in all environmental conditions were −0.4 ± 0.4 kg (−0.5 ± 0.6% body mass) and 1.03 ± 0.21 mg·cm−2·min−1, respectively. In the MOD environment, players exhibited a greater sweat rate (1.07 ± 0.22 mg·cm−2·min−1) compared to LOW (0.99 ± 0.22 mg·cm−2·min−1; p = 0.02). By position, DF had a greater total fluid intake and a lower %BMC compared to FW, MD, and GK (all p < 0.001). FW had a greater sweat sodium (Na+) (51.4 ± 9.8 mmol·L−1), whereas GK had the lowest sweat sodium (Na+) (30.9 ± 3.9 mmol·L−1). Conclusions: Hydration strategies should target pre-practice to ensure players are adequately hydrated. Environments deemed to be of moderate risk of hyperthermia significantly elevated the sweat rate but did not influence fluid intake and hydration status compared to low-risk environments. Given the differences in fluid balance and sweat responses, recommendations should be issued relative to soccer position.
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17
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Templeman JR, McCarthy N, Lindinger MI, Shoveller AK. Changes in salivary electrolyte concentrations in mid-distance trained sled dogs during 12 weeks of incremental conditioning. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14493. [PMID: 32596999 PMCID: PMC7322267 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise improves the health status of dogs; however, extreme exertion in the absence of adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement may negatively impact health and performance due to dehydration and cardiovascular stress. Unlike humans and horses, dogs thermoregulate predominantly through respiration and salivation, yet there is a dearth of literature defining exercise-induced changes to canine salivary electrolytes. The study objective was to investigate the effects of exercise on salivary electrolyte concentrations, and to determine if adaptations may occur in response to incremental conditioning in client-owned Siberian Huskies. Sixteen dogs were used, with an average age of 4.8 ± 2.5 years and body weight of 24.3 ± 4.3 kg. A 12-week exercise regimen was designed to increase in distance each week, but weather played a role in setting the daily distance. Saliva samples were collected at weeks 0 (pre-run, 5.7 km), 5 (pre-run, 5.7, 39.0 km), and 11 (pre-run, 5.7, 39.0 km). Samples were analyzed for sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous using photometric and indirect ion-selective electrode analysis. When compared across weeks, sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations did not differ at any sampling time point; however, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations increased from baseline. Data were then pooled across weeks to evaluate changes due to distance and level of conditioning. Sodium, chloride, and magnesium concentrations increased progressively with distance ran, suggesting that these electrolytes are primarily being lost as exercising dogs salivate. Repletion of these minerals may assist in preventing exercise-induced electrolyte imbalance in physically active dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelle McCarthy
- Department of Animal BiosciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
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18
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Huang WC, Tung YT, Wu MS, Liu MC, Lin TJ, Yang MT. Low-Osmolality Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution Ingestion Avoid Fluid Loss and Oxidative Stress After Exhaustive Endurance Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040336. [PMID: 32326004 PMCID: PMC7222420 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-osmolality carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (LCS) ingestion can replace losses from exercise-induced dehydration, but the benefits of LCS ingestion strategy after exhaustive endurance exercise (EEE) remain unknown. The present study evaluated the effects of LCS ingestion on dehydration, oxidative stress, renal function, and aerobic capacity after EEE. In our study with its double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced design, 12 healthy male participants were asked to consume LCS (150 mL four times per hour) or placebo (water) 1 h before and 1 h after EEE. All participants completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill for the determination of maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max), applied to further intensity calibration, and then completed the EEE test. The average heart rate, maximal heart rate, running time to exhaustion, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were recorded during the exercise period. The participants’ body weight was recorded at different time points before and after the EEE to calculate the dehydration rate. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 2 h after EEE to determine indicators of oxidative stress and renal function. The results indicated that the dehydration rates in participants with LCS ingestion at 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min after EEE were significantly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (−1.86 ± 0.47% vs. −2.24 ± 0.72%; −1.78 ± 0.50% vs. −2.13 ± 0.74%; −1.54 ± 0.51% vs. −1.94 ± 0.72%, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of catalase in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was significantly higher than in participants with placebo ingestion (2046.21 ± 381.98 nmol/min/mL vs. 1820.37 ± 417.35 nmol/min/mL; p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of protein carbonyl in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was slightly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (2.72 ± 0.31 nmol carbonyl/mg protein vs. 2.89 ± 0.43 nmol carbonyl/mg protein; p = 0.06). No differences were noted for other variables. Our findings conclude that LCS ingestion can effectively avoid fluid loss and oxidative stress after EEE. However, LCS ingestion had no benefits for renal function or aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11301, Taiwan;
| | - Mai-Szu Wu
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medicine University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110301, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- School of Dental Technology, College of oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Jung Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Ta Yang
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-27361661 (ext. 2275)
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Kenefick RW. Author's Reply to Goulet: Comment on: "Drinking Strategies: Planned Drinking Versus Drinking to Thirst''. Sports Med 2020; 49:635-636. [PMID: 30094800 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Kenefick
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute, Natick, MA, USA.
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20
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Faber SJ, Scherpbier ND, Peters HJG, Uijen AA. Preventing acute kidney injury in high-risk patients by temporarily discontinuing medication - an observational study in general practice. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:449. [PMID: 31801476 PMCID: PMC6894347 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elderly, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and patients with heart failure who continue using renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) inhibitors, diuretics, or non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during times of fluid loss have a high risk of developing complications like acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of this study was to assess how often advice to discontinue high-risk medication was offered to high-risk patients consulting the general practitioner (GP) with increased fluid loss. Furthermore, we assessed the number and nature of the complications that occurred after GP consultation. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study with patients from seven Dutch general practices participating in the Family Medicine Network between 1 and 6-2013 and 1-7-2018. We included patients who used RAAS-inhibitors, diuretics, or NSAIDs, and had at least one of the following risk factors: age ≥ 70 years, CKD, or heart failure. From this population, we selected patients with a ‘dehydration-risk’ episode (vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, chills, or gastrointestinal infection). We manually checked their electronic patient files and assessed the percentage of episodes in which advice to discontinue the high-risk medication was offered and whether a complication occurred in 3 months after the ‘dehydration-risk’ episode. Results We included 3607 high-risk patients from a total of 44.675 patients (8.1%). We found that patients were advised to discontinue the high-risk medication in 38 (4.6%) of 816 ‘dehydration-risk’ episodes. In 59 of 816 episodes (7.1%) complications (mainly AKI) occurred. Conclusions Dutch GPs do not frequently advise high-risk patients to discontinue high-risk medication during ‘dehydration-risk’ episodes. Complications occur frequently. Timely discontinuation of high-risk medication needs attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Faber
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke D Scherpbier
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J G Peters
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A Uijen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The Ironman is one of the most popular triathlon events in the world. Such a race involves a great number of tactical decisions for a healthy finish and best performance. Dehydration is widely postulated to decrease performance and is known as a cause of dropouts in Ironman. Despite the importance of hydration status after an Ironman triathlon, there is a clear lack of review and especially meta-analysis studies on this topic. Therefore, the objective was to systematically review the literature and carry out a meta-analysis investigating the hydration status after an Ironman triathlon. We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to June 2016 that included the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct and Web of Science. From the initial 995 references, we included 6 studies in the qualitative analysis and in the meta-analysis. All trials had two measures of hydration status after a full Ironman race. Total body water, blood and urine osmolality, urine specific gravity and sodium plasma concentration were considered as hydration markers. Three investigators independently abstracted data on the study design, sample size, participants’ and race characteristics, outcomes, and quantitative data for the meta-analysis. In the pooled analysis, it seems that the Ironman event led to a moderate state of dehydration in comparison to baseline values (SMD 0.494; 95% CI 0.220 to 0.767; p = 0.001). Some evidence of heterogeneity and consistency was also observed: Q = 19.6; I2 = 28.5%; τ2 = 2.39. The results suggest that after the race athletes seem to be hypo-hydrated in comparison to baseline values.
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Swanson ZS, Pontzer H. Water turnover among human populations: Effects of environment and lifestyle. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23365. [PMID: 31782865 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To discuss the environmental and lifestyle determinants of water balance in humans and identify the gaps in current research regarding water use across populations. METHODS We investigated intraspecific variation in water turnover by comparing data derived from a large number of human populations measured using either dietary survey or isotope tracking. We also used published data from a broad sample of mammalian species to identify the interspecific relationship between body mass and water turnover. RESULTS Water facilitates nearly all physiological tasks and water turnover is strongly related to body size among mammals (r2=0.90). Within humans, however, the effect of body size is small. Instead, water intake and turnover vary with lifestyle and environmental conditions. Notably, despite living physically active lives in conditions that should increase water demands, the available measures of water intake and turnover among small-scale farming and pastoralist communities are broadly similar to those in less active, industrialized populations. CONCLUSIONS More work is required to better understand the environmental, behavioral, and cultural determinants of water turnover in humans living across a variety of ecosystems and lifestyles. The results of such work are made more vital by the climate crisis, which threatens the water security of millions around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane S Swanson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Impact of Ad Libitum Versus Programmed Drinking on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2019; 49:221-232. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-01051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shaheen NA, Alqahtani AA, Assiri H, Alkhodair R, Hussein MA. Public knowledge of dehydration and fluid intake practices: variation by participants' characteristics. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1346. [PMID: 30518346 PMCID: PMC6282244 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dehydration results from a decrease in total body water content either due to less intake or more fluid loss. Common symptoms of dehydration are dry mouth/tongue, thirst, headache, and lethargy. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge of dehydration definition, symptoms, causes, prevention, water intake recommendations and water intake practices among people living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study using self-reported questionnaire was employed. Participants were invited during their visit to shopping malls. The shopping malls were selected based on geographical location covering east, west, north and southern part of the city. Self-filled questionnaires were distributed to 393 participants, using systematic sampling technique. Variables recorded included demographics, past medical history, knowledge of dehydration definition, symptoms, causes, prevention and daily water intake practices. Descriptive statistics were summarised as mean, standard deviation and proportions. Negative binomial model was used to identify the predictors of water intake. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Results Out of 393 participants, 273(70%) were Saudi, 209(53%) were female, average age was 32.32 ± 8.78 years. Majority 366(93%) had good knowledge of dehydration definition, 332(84%) for dehydration prevention, and 293(74%) of water intake recommendation. Top three recognized dehydration symptoms were: dry lips (87%), thirst (84%), dry tongue (76%) and recognized dehydration causes were: diarrhoea (81%), sweating (68%) and vomiting (62%). The less recognized symptoms were fatigue 176(44.78%), lack of focus 171(43.5%), headache/dizziness 160(40.71%), light headedness 117(29.7%), muscle weakness 98(24.94%), rapid breathing 90(22.9%), and muscle cramps 64(16.28%).The participants had reported an average of 5.39 ± 3.32 water glasses intake per day. The total volume of water intake was significantly different between males n = 184 (3.935 ± 2.10 l) and females n = 209 (3.461 ± 2.59 l) (p = 0.046). The participants’ weight status, intake of juice or tea were the significant predictors of more water intake. Conclusion The participants displayed good knowledge of dehydration definition, prevention, and water intake recommendation. The participants also displayed good knowledge of the common symptoms, however knowledge was lacking for uncommon symptoms. Moreover, participants had reported adequate water intake, meeting the daily water intake recommendation of ≥3.7 l for men and ≥ 2.7 l for women. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6252-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila A Shaheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Hussam Assiri
- King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alkhodair
- Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Hussein
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Martínez-Navarro I, Chiva-Bartoll O, Hernando B, Collado E, Porcar V, Hernando C. Hydration Status, Executive Function, and Response to Orthostatism After a 118-km Mountain Race: Are They Interrelated? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:441-449. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Context: Proper nutrition is crucial for an athlete to optimize his or her performance for training and competition. Athletes should be able to meet their dietary needs through eating a wide variety of whole food sources. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed was searched for relevant articles published from 1980 to 2016. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: An athlete should have both daily and activity-specific goals for obtaining the fuel necessary for successful training. Depending on the timing of their season, athletes may be either trying to gain lean muscle mass, lose fat, or maintain their current weight. Conclusion: An athlete will have different macronutrient goals depending on sport, timing of exercise, and season status. There are no specific athletic micronutrient guidelines, but testing should be considered for athletes with deficiency or injury. Also, some athletes who eliminate certain whole food groups (eg, vegetarian) may need to supplement their diet to avoid deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Bytomski
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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McDermott BP, Anderson SA, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Cheuvront SN, Cooper L, Kenney WL, O'Connor FG, Roberts WO. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for the Physically Active. J Athl Train 2017; 52:877-895. [PMID: 28985128 PMCID: PMC5634236 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present evidence-based recommendations that promote optimized fluid-maintenance practices for physically active individuals. BACKGROUND Both a lack of adequate fluid replacement (hypohydration) and excessive intake (hyperhydration) can compromise athletic performance and increase health risks. Athletes need access to water to prevent hypohydration during physical activity but must be aware of the risks of overdrinking and hyponatremia. Drinking behavior can be modified by education, accessibility, experience, and palatability. This statement updates practical recommendations regarding fluid-replacement strategies for physically active individuals. RECOMMENDATIONS Educate physically active people regarding the benefits of fluid replacement to promote performance and safety and the potential risks of both hypohydration and hyperhydration on health and physical performance. Quantify sweat rates for physically active individuals during exercise in various environments. Work with individuals to develop fluid-replacement practices that promote sufficient but not excessive hydration before, during, and after physical activity.
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Charlot K, Faure C, Antoine-Jonville S. Influence of Hot and Cold Environments on the Regulation of Energy Balance Following a Single Exercise Session: A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060592. [PMID: 28604591 PMCID: PMC5490571 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of human food intake in response to an acute exercise session is of importance for interventions with athletes and soldiers, as well as overweight individuals. However, the influence of hot and cold environments on this crucial function for the regulation of body mass and motor performance has not been summarized. The purpose of this review was to exhaustively search the literature on the effect of ambient temperature during an exercise session on the subsequent subjective feeling of appetite, energy intake (EI) and its regulation. In the absence of stress due to environmental temperature, exercise-induced energy expenditure is not compensated by EI during an ad libitum meal following the session, probably due to decreased acylated ghrelin and increased peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. No systematic analysis has been yet made for major alterations of relative EI in cold and hot environments. However, observed eating behaviors are altered (proportion of solid/liquid food, carbohydrate/fat) and physiological regulation appears also to be altered. Anorexigenic signals, particularly PYY, appear to further increase in hot environments than in those that are thermoneutral. Ghrelin and leptin may be involved in the observed increase in EI after exercise in the cold, in parallel with increased energy expenditure. The potential influence of ambient thermal environment on eating behaviors after an exercise session should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place Général Valérie André, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Cécile Faure
- Laboratoire des Adaptations au Climat Tropical, Exercice et Santé, EA3596, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, BP 250, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre CEDEX, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Sophie Antoine-Jonville
- Laboratoire des Adaptations au Climat Tropical, Exercice et Santé, EA3596, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, BP 250, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre CEDEX, Guadeloupe, France.
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The Influence of Drinking Fluid on Endurance Cycling Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2017; 47:2269-2284. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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McCartney D, Desbrow B, Irwin C. The Effect of Fluid Intake Following Dehydration on Subsequent Athletic and Cognitive Performance: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:13. [PMID: 28316054 PMCID: PMC5357466 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The deleterious effects of dehydration on athletic and cognitive performance have been well documented. As such, dehydrated individuals are advised to consume fluid in volumes equivalent to 1.25 to 1.5 L kg−1 body mass (BM) lost to restore body water content. However, individuals undertaking subsequent activity may have limited time to consume fluid. Within this context, the impact of fluid intake practices is unclear. This systematic review investigated the effect of fluid consumption following a period of dehydration on subsequent athletic and cognitive performance. Methods PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science (via Thomas Reuters) and Scopus databases were searched for articles reporting on athletic (categorized as: continuous, intermittent, resistance, sport-specific and balance exercise) or cognitive performance following dehydration of participants under control (no fluid) and intervention (fluid intake) conditions. Meta-analytic procedures determined intervention efficacy for continuous exercise performance. Results Sixty-four trials (n = 643 participants) derived from 42 publications were reviewed. Dehydration decreased BM by 1.3–4.2%, and fluid intake was equivalent to 0.4–1.55 L kg−1 BM lost. Fluid intake significantly improved continuous exercise performance (22 trials), Hedges’ g = 0.46, 95% CI 0.32, 0.61. Improvement was greatest when exercise was performed in hotter environments and over longer durations. The volume or timing of fluid consumption did not influence the magnitude of this effect. Evidence indicating a benefit of fluid intake on intermittent (10 trials), resistance (9 trials), sport-specific (6 trials) and balance (2 trials) exercise and on cognitive performance (15 trials) was less apparent and requires further elucidation. Conclusions Fluid consumption following dehydration may improve continuous exercise performance under heat stress conditions, even when the body water deficit is modest and fluid intake is inadequate for complete rehydration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0079-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCartney
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:543-68. [PMID: 26891166 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that the performance of, and recovery from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen nutrition strategies. These organizations provide guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competitive sport. This position paper was prepared for members of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada (DC), and American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), other professional associations, government agencies, industry, and the public. It outlines the Academy's, DC's and ACSM's stance on nutrition factors that have been determined to influence athletic performance and emerging trends in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be referred to a registered dietitian/nutritionist for a personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics (CSSD) is a registered dietitian/nutritionist and a credentialed sports nutrition expert.
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33
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Kenny GP, McGinn R. Restoration of thermoregulation after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:933-944. [PMID: 27881668 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00517.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing exercise, especially in hot conditions, can heat the body, causing significant increases in internal body temperature. To offset this increase, powerful and highly developed autonomic thermoregulatory responses (i.e., skin blood flow and sweating) are activated to enhance whole body heat loss; a response mediated by temperature-sensitive receptors in both the skin and the internal core regions of the body. Independent of thermal control of heat loss, nonthermal factors can have profound consequences on the body's ability to dissipate heat during exercise. These include the activation of the body's sensory receptors (i.e., baroreceptors, metaboreceptors, mechanoreceptors, etc.) as well as phenotypic factors such as age, sex, acclimation, fitness, and chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes). The influence of these factors extends into recovery such that marked impairments in thermoregulatory function occur, leading to prolonged and sustained elevations in body core temperature. Irrespective of the level of hyperthermia, there is a time-dependent suppression of the body's physiological ability to dissipate heat. This delay in the restoration of postexercise thermoregulation has been associated with disturbances in cardiovascular function which manifest most commonly as postexercise hypotension. This review examines the current knowledge regarding the restoration of thermoregulation postexercise. In addition, the factors that are thought to accelerate or delay the return of body core temperature to resting levels are highlighted with a particular emphasis on strategies to manage heat stress in athletic and/or occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ryan McGinn
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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34
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Zdolsek J, Metander A, Hahn R. Volume kinetic evaluation of fluid turnover after oral intake of tap water, lemonade and saline in volunteers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2016; 8:22. [PMID: 27471593 PMCID: PMC4964063 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-016-0045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Volume kinetic fluid turnover of three beverages was investigated for the purpose of estimating their rates of absorption and elimination as well as their maximum effect on the blood volume. The results were then used to simulate the effects of ingesting different combinations of these fluids. Method Ten healthy volunteers ingested 0.5 L of tap water, lemonade (90 g/L carbohydrates) and isotonic saline (9 g/L) on different occasions. Venous blood samples for measurement of the blood haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit and glucose concentrations were collected on 10 occasions over 2 h. A kinetic model based on haemoglobin dilution and urinary excretion was used to estimate the rate of absorption, the blood volume expansion over time, and the rate of elimination. Obtained kinetic data was used to simulate combinations of the three beverages in order to reach a predetermined goal of a 1:1 hydration of the blood volume and peripheral tissues over 6 h. Results Tap water had the fastest absorption but primarily hydrated peripheral tissues. Maximum hydration was reached after 17 min. Lemonade effectively expanded the blood volume and was absorbed and excreted at a high rate. The maximum hydration from isotonic saline occurred 60 min after ingestion. Slow excretion could make it possible to use saline to prolong the effects of the other two beverages. Conclusions It is possible to use the kinetic model to evaluate fluid turnover and compartmental distribution. Composition and timing of fluid intake can be calculated mathematically to meet predetermined goals of hydration and distribution. Trial registration NCT01360333 Date of registration: 05/23/2011. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13102-016-0045-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Zdolsek
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden ; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Vrinnevi Hospital, S-603 79 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Annika Metander
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Hahn
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden ; Research Unit, Södertälje Hospital, Södertälje, Sweden
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Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116:501-528. [PMID: 26920240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy), Dietitians of Canada (DC), and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) that the performance of, and recovery from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen nutrition strategies. These organizations provide guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competitive sport. This position paper was prepared for members of the Academy, DC, and ACSM, other professional associations, government agencies, industry, and the public. It outlines the Academy's, DC's, and ACSM's stance on nutrition factors that have been determined to influence athletic performance and emerging trends in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be referred to a registered dietitian nutritionist for a personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics is a registered dietitian nutritionist and a credentialed sports nutrition expert.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Travis Thomas
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Kelly Anne Erdman
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary/University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Louise M Burke
- AIS Sports Nutrition/Australian Institute of Sport Australia and Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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36
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Sarvazyan AP, Tsyuryupa SN, Calhoun M, Utter A. Acoustical Method of Whole-Body Hydration Status Monitoring. ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS 2016; 62:514-522. [PMID: 29353987 PMCID: PMC5773122 DOI: 10.1134/s1063771016040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An acoustical handheld hydration monitor (HM) for assessing the water balance of the human body was developed. Dehydration is a critical public health problem. Many elderly over age of 65 are particularly vulnerable as are infants and young children. Given that dehydration is both preventable and reversible, the need for an easy-to-perform method for the detection of water imbalance is of the utmost clinical importance. The HM is based on an experimental fact that ultrasound velocity in muscle is a linear function of water content and can be referenced to the hydration status of the body. Studies on the validity of HM for the assessment of whole-body hydration status were conducted in the Appalachian State University, USA, on healthy young adults and on elderly subjects residing at an assisted living facility. The HM was able to track changes in total body water during periods of acute dehydration and rehydration in athletes and day-to-day and diurnal variability of hydration in elderly. Results of human studies indicate that HM has a potential to become an efficient tool for detecting abnormal changes in the body hydration status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Calhoun
- Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, 28608-2071, USA
| | - A Utter
- Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, 28608-2071, USA
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Hou SK, Chiu YH, Tsai YF, Tai LC, Hou PC, How CK, Yang CC, Kao WF. Clinical Impact of Speed Variability to Identify Ultramarathon Runners at Risk for Acute Kidney Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133146. [PMID: 26176768 PMCID: PMC4503592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultramarathon is a high endurance exercise associated with a wide range of exercise-related problems, such as acute kidney injury (AKI). Early recognition of individuals at risk of AKI during ultramarathon event is critical for implementing preventative strategies. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of speed variability to identify the exercise-related acute kidney injury anticipatively in ultramarathon event. METHODS This is a prospective, observational study using data from a 100 km ultramarathon in Taipei, Taiwan. The distance of entire ultramarathon race was divided into 10 splits. The mean and variability of speed, which was determined by the coefficient of variation (CV) in each 10 km-split (25 laps of 400 m oval track) were calculated for enrolled runners. Baseline characteristics and biochemical data were collected completely 1 week before, immediately post-race, and one day after race. The main outcome was the development of AKI, defined as Stage II or III according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independent association between variables and AKI development. RESULTS 26 ultramarathon runners were analyzed in the study. The overall incidence of AKI (in all Stages) was 84.6% (22 in 26 runners). Among these 22 runners, 18 runners were determined as Stage I, 4 runners (15.4%) were determined as Stage II, and none was in Stage III. The covariates of BMI (25.22 ± 2.02 vs. 22.55 ± 1.96, p = 0.02), uric acid (6.88 ± 1.47 vs. 5.62 ± 0.86, p = 0.024), and CV of speed in specific 10-km splits (from secondary 10 km-split (10th - 20th km-split) to 60th - 70th km-split) were significantly different between runners with or without AKI (Stage II) in univariate analysis and showed discrimination ability in ROC curve. In the following multivariate analysis, only CV of speed in 40th - 50th km-split continued to show a significant association to the development of AKI (Stage II) (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS The development of exercise-related AKI was not infrequent in the ultramarathon runners. Because not all runners can routinely receive laboratory studies after race, variability of running speed (CV of speed) may offer a timely and efficient tool to identify AKI early during the competition, and used as a surrogate screening tool, at-risk runners can be identified and enrolled into prevention trials, such as adequate fluid management and avoidance of further NSAID use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Kuang Hou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu-Hui Chiu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Department of General Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chen Tai
- Department of General Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peter C. Hou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chorng-Kuang How
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chang Yang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fong Kao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Maia EC, Costa HA, Castro Filha JGLD, Oliveira Junior MNSD. Estado de hidratação de atletas em corrida de rua de 15 km sob elevado estresse térmico. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-86922015210302035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Um adequado estado de hidratação é de suma importância para os participantes de corridas de rua, tanto para um melhor desempenho esportivo, quanto na prevenção dos distúrbios causados pelo calor. OBJETIVO: O estudo visa avaliar o estado de hidratação de indivíduos do sexo masculino em corrida de rua de 15 km. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 15 indivíduos do sexo masculino (37,67±7,22 anos) praticantes habituais de corrida de rua. O estado de hidratação foi avaliado antes e após a corrida através dos seguintes parâmetros: peso corporal, coloração e gravidade específica da urina (GEU), análise da impedância bioelétrica (BIA), níveis de hemoglobina (Hb) e hematócrito (Ht). Na análise dos dados, foi utilizado o teste t de Student pareado ou o teste de Wilcoxon, aceitando-se como estatisticamente significante p < 0,01. RESULTADOS: Houve diminuição do peso corporal dos indivíduos após a corrida (p<0,0001), assim como elevação dos níveis de Hb e Ht. Apesar da diminuição observada na GEU após o exercício, não houve melhora significativa do padrão de coloração da urina ou diferença entre o conteúdo inicial e final de água corporal total. A temperatura ambiente (TA) e umidade relativa do ar (URA) foram de 38,75±1,79°C e 37,37±4,66%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício no ambiente em questão conduziu os indivíduos a um estado de desidratação, apenas detectado pela análise da variação do peso corporal e de parâmetros sanguíneos através dos níveis de Hb e Ht. Parâmetros urinários como a coloração da urina e GEU, assim como aqueles obtidos através da BIA, provavelmente foram confundidos por variáveis não controladas pelo presente estudo.
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Pruna GJ, Hoffman JR, McCormack WP, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Bohner JD, La Monica MB, Wells AJ, Stout JR, Fragala MS, Fukuda DH. Effect of acute L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine and electrolyte ingestion on cognitive function and reaction time following endurance exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 16:72-9. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.969325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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