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Matthews ML, Covey HO, Drolet BS, Brelsfoard CL. Wolbachia wAlbB inhibits bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic fever viruses in Culicoides midge cells. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:320-328. [PMID: 35266572 PMCID: PMC9540819 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides midges are hematophagous insects that transmit arboviruses of veterinary importance. These viruses include bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic fever virus (EHDV). The endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis Hertig spreads rapidly through insect host populations and has been demonstrated to inhibit viral pathogen transmission in multiple mosquito vectors. Here, we have demonstrated a replication inhibitory effect on BTV and EHDV in a Wolbachia (wAlbB strain)-infected Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones W8 cell line. Viral replication was significantly reduced by day 5 for BTV and by day 2 for EHDV as detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) of the non-structural NS3 gene of both viruses. Evaluation of innate cellular immune responses as a cause of the inhibitory effect showed responses associated with BTV but not with EHDV infection. Wolbachia density also did not play a role in the observed pathogen inhibitory effects, and an alternative hypothesis is suggested. Applications of Wolbachia-mediated pathogen interference to impact disease transmission by Culicoides midges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Matthews
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Hunter O. Covey
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Barbara S. Drolet
- Arthropod‐Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA‐ARSManhattanKansasUSA
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Martinelle L, Haegeman A, Lignereux L, Chaber AL, Dal Pozzo F, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Saegerman C. Orbivirus Screening from Imported Captive Oryx in the United Arab Emirates Stresses the Importance of Pre-Import and Transit Measures. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060697. [PMID: 35745551 PMCID: PMC9229846 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
From 1975 to 2021, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) imported more than 1300 live Arabian oryxes (AOs) and scimitar-horned oryxes (SHOs) for conservation programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of orbiviruses Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in AOs and SHOs from captive herds in the UAE. Between October 2014 and April 2015, 16 AOs and 13 SHOs originating from Texas (USA) and 195 out of about 4000 SHOs from two locations in the UAE were blood sampled to be tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. Eight imported AOs (50% CI [24.7–75.4%]) and eight imported SHOs (61.5% CI [31.6–86.1%]) were found BTV seropositive, in contrast with three out of 195 SHOs (1.5% CI [0.3–4.4%]) from the Emirates. BTV-2 genome was detected in 6/16 of the Arabian Oryx, and amongst those, one out of six was seronegative. None of the tested samples was found positive for EHDV. Our results illustrate the wide local variation regarding BTV seroprevalence in domestic and wild ruminants in the Arabian Peninsula. These results stress the need for pre-import risk assessment when considering translocation of wild ruminant species susceptible to orbiviruses not only in the country of destination but also where transit happens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinelle
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-40-39
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Louis Lignereux
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Claude Saegerman
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
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Shults P, Cohnstaedt LW, Adelman ZN, Brelsfoard C. Next-generation tools to control biting midge populations and reduce pathogen transmission. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:31. [PMID: 33413518 PMCID: PMC7788963 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides transmit disease-causing agents resulting in a significant economic impact on livestock industries in many parts of the world. Localized control efforts, such as removal of larval habitat or pesticide application, can be logistically difficult, expensive and ineffective if not instituted and maintained properly. With these limitations, a population-level approach to the management of Culicoides midges should be investigated as a means to replace or supplement existing control strategies. Next-generation control methods such as Wolbachia- and genetic-based population suppression and replacement are being investigated in several vector species. Here we assess the feasibility and applicability of these approaches for use against biting midges. We also discuss the technical and logistical hurdles needing to be addressed for each method to be successful, as well as emphasize the importance of addressing community engagement and involving stakeholders in the investigation and development of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Shults
- Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- USDA-ARS Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Zach N Adelman
- Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Ries C, Beer M, Hoffmann B. BlueTYPE - A low density TaqMan-RT-qPCR array for the identification of all 24 classical Bluetongue virus serotypes. J Virol Methods 2020; 282:113881. [PMID: 32413478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus is a double-stranded RNA virus with 10 genome segments. VP2 is the primary target for neutralising antibodies and defines the serotype. Today, more than 27 serotypes are known, 24 are defined as "classical", and new serotypes are under investigation. Beside group-specific BTV-genome detection, additional serotype characterisation is important for disease control and epidemiological investigations. Therefore, a low-density RT-qPCR array representing a panel of group- and serotype-specific assays, was combined with an internal control system. For BTV serotype detection, both published and the newly developed in-house PCR systems were combined. The different primer-probe-mixes were placed in advance into a 96-well plate stored at -20 °C until use. At the time of analysis, the only template RNA was added to the prepared primer-probe-mixes and heat denatured at 95 °C for 3 min. After cooling, the master mix was added to each well and the PCR could run for around 90 min. The presented low-density TaqMan-RT-qPCR array enables fast and precise characterisation of the BTV serotype in clinical cases. Furthermore, mixed infections can be easily identified. In addition, the newly developed low-density RT-qPCR-array can easily be adapted to novel BTV strain variants or extended for relevant differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ries
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17943 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17943 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17943 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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Ghosh A, Jasperson D, Cohnstaedt LW, Brelsfoard CL. Transfection of Culicoides sonorensis biting midge cell lines with Wolbachia pipientis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:483. [PMID: 31615544 PMCID: PMC6792224 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biting midges of the genus Culicoides vector multiple veterinary pathogens and are difficult to control. Endosymbionts particularly Wolbachia pipientis may offer an alternative to control populations of Culicoides and/or impact disease transmission in the form of population suppression or replacement strategies. Methods Culicoides sonorensis cell lines were transfected with a Wolbachia infection using a modified shell vial technique. Infections were confirmed using PCR and cell localization using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The stability of Wolbachia infections and density was determined by qPCR. qPCR was also used to examine immune genes in the IMD, Toll and JACK/STAT pathways to determine if Wolbachia were associated with an immune response in infected cells. Results Here we have transfected two Culicoides sonorensis cell lines (W3 and W8) with a Wolbachia infection (walbB) from donor Aedes albopictus Aa23 cells. PCR and FISH showed the presence of Wolbachia infections in both C. sonorensis cell lines. Infection densities were higher in the W8 cell lines when compared to W3. In stably infected cells, genes in the immune Toll, IMD and JAK/STAT pathways were upregulated, along with Attacin and an Attacin-like anti-microbial peptides. Conclusions The successful introduction of Wolbachia infections in C. sonorensis cell lines and the upregulation of immune genes, suggest the utility of using Wolbachia for a population replacement and/or population suppression approach to limit the transmission of C. sonorensis vectored diseases. Results support the further investigation of Wolbachia induced pathogen inhibitory effects in Wolbachia-infected C. sonorensis cell lines and the introduction of Wolbachia into C. sonorensis adults via embryonic microinjection to examine for reproductive phenotypes and host fitness effects of a novel Wolbachia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Dane Jasperson
- USDA-ARS Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- USDA-ARS Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Corey L Brelsfoard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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Martinelle L, Dal Pozzo F, Sarradin P, Van Campe W, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Thys C, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Experimental bluetongue virus superinfection in calves previously immunized with bluetongue virus serotype 8. Vet Res 2016; 47:73. [PMID: 27465686 PMCID: PMC4964278 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a superinfection with bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV1) was evaluated on two groups of four calves. One group received a commercial inactivated BTV serotype 8 (BTV8) vaccine. This group and the non-vaccinated group of calves were challenged twice (4 months apart) with the European BTV8 strain isolated during the 2006–2007 epidemics. Calves were then infected with a BTV1 inoculum which was found to be unexpectedly contaminated by BTV serotype 15 (BTV15). BTV1 and BTV15 single infections were performed on two other groups of three BTV naïve calves. A severe clinical picture was obtained after superinfection with BTV1/BTV15 in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals and after challenge with BTV8 in non-vaccinated animals. BTV1 and BTV15 single infection caused only very slight clinical signs. After superinfection and at the viraemic peak, there were an average of above 1000 times more BTV15 genomic copies than BTV1 ones. BTV1 RNA could be detected only in the spleen of one calf whereas BTV15 RNA was found in 15 organs of seven different animals. BTV8 immunization whether it was acquired through vaccination and challenges or challenges alone did not change BTV1 or BTV15 RNA detection in superinfected animals. However in these animals a partial cross neutralization between BTV8 and BTV1 might be involved in the lower BTV1 replication versus BTV15. Infection with different serotypes can occur also in the field. Interference between virus strains, genetic reassortment and cross-protection were considered as mechanisms to explain the clinical outcomes and the other virological and immunological findings in the course of BTV1/BTV15 superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinelle
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to the Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A, B42, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to the Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A, B42, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sarradin
- INRA, UE 1277, Experimental Infectiology Platform, INRA-Research Centre of Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Willem Van Campe
- Animal Experimental Centre, CODA-CERVA, Kerklaan 68, 1830, Machelen, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, Uccle, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, Uccle, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Thys
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to the Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A, B42, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B43bis, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to the Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A, B42, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Steyn J, Venter EH. Sequence analysis and evaluation of the NS3/A gene region of bluetongue virus isolates from South Africa. Arch Virol 2016; 161:947-57. [PMID: 26780892 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic networks and sequence analysis allow a more accurate understanding of the serotypes, genetic relationships and epidemiology of viruses. Based on gene sequences of the conserved segment 10 (NS3), bluetongue virus (BTV) can be divided into five topotypes. In this molecular epidemiology study, segment 10 sequence data of 11 isolates obtained from the Virology Section of the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, were analyzed and compared to sequence data of worldwide BTV strains available in the GenBank database. The consensus nucleotide sequences of NS3/A showed intermediate levels of variation, with the nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 79.72 % to 100 %. All 11 strains demonstrated conserved amino acid characteristics. Phylogenetic networks were used to identify BTV topotypes. The phylogeny obtained from the nucleotide sequence data of the NS3/A-encoding gene presented three major and two minor topotypes. The clustering of strains from different geographical areas into the same group indicated spatial spread of the segment 10 genes, either through gene reassortment or through the introduction of new strains from other geographical areas via trade. The effect of reassortment and genetic drift on BTV and the importance of correct serotyping to identify viral strains are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumari Steyn
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Estelle Hildegard Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Feng Y, Yang T, Xu Q, Sun E, Li J, Lv S, Wang H, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Wu D. Detection, discrimination and quantitation of 22 bluetongue virus serotypes using real-time RT-PCR with TaqMan MGB probes. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2249-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Breard E, Belbis G, Viarouge C, Nomikou K, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Hudelet P, Hamers C, Moreau F, Lilin T, Durand B, Mertens P, Vitour D, Sailleau C, Zientara S. Evaluation of adaptive immune responses and heterologous protection induced by inactivated bluetongue virus vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 33:512-8. [PMID: 25500308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eradication of bluetongue virus is possible, as has been shown in several European countries. New serotypes have emerged, however, for which there are no specific commercial vaccines. This study addressed whether heterologous vaccines would help protect against 2 serotypes. Thirty-seven sheep were randomly allocated to 7 groups of 5 or 6 animals. Four groups were vaccinated with commercial vaccines against BTV strains 2, 4, and 9. A fifth positive control group was given a vaccine against BTV-8. The other 2 groups were unvaccinated controls. Sheep were then challenged by subcutaneous injection of either BTV-16 (2 groups) or BTV-8 (5 groups). Taken together, 24/25 sheep from the 4 experimental groups developed detectable antibodies against the vaccinated viruses. Furthermore, sheep that received heterologous vaccines showed significantly reduced viraemia and clinical scores for BTV-16 when compared to unvaccinated controls. Reductions in clinical signs and viraemia among heterologously vaccinated sheep were not as common after challenge with BTV-8. This study shows that heterologous protection can occur, but that it is difficult to predict if partial or complete protection will be achieved following inactivated-BTV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Breard
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Guillaume Belbis
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Pathologie du Bétail, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pascal Hudelet
- MERIAL S.A.S., 254 Rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Claude Hamers
- MERIAL S.A.S., P.I. Plaine de l'Ain, Allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint-Vulbas, France
| | - Francis Moreau
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre de recherche biomédicale, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Lilin
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre de recherche biomédicale, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- ANSES, unité Epidémiologie, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peter Mertens
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Vitour
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Environmental drivers of Culicoides phenology: how important is species-specific variation when determining disease policy? PLoS One 2014; 9:e111876. [PMID: 25386940 PMCID: PMC4227682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, arboviruses transmitted by Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) have caused significant disruption to ruminant production in northern Europe. The most serious incursions involved strains of bluetongue virus (BTV), which cause bluetongue (BT) disease. To control spread of BTV, movement of susceptible livestock is restricted with economic and animal welfare impacts. The timing of BTV transmission in temperate regions is partly determined by the seasonal presence of adult Culicoides females. Legislative measures therefore allow for the relaxation of ruminant movement restrictions during winter, when nightly light-suction trap catches of Culicoides fall below a threshold (the ‘seasonally vector free period’: SVFP). We analysed five years of time-series surveillance data from light-suction trapping in the UK to investigate whether significant inter-specific and yearly variation in adult phenology exists, and whether the SVFP is predictable from environmental factors. Because female vector Culicoides are not easily morphologically separated, inter-specific comparisons in phenology were drawn from male populations. We demonstrate significant inter-specific differences in Culicoides adult phenology with the season of Culicoides scoticus approximately eight weeks shorter than Culicoides obsoletus. Species-specific differences in the length of the SVFP were related to host density and local variation in landscape habitat. When the Avaritia Culicoides females were modelled as a group (as utilised in the SFVP), we were unable to detect links between environmental drivers and phenological metrics. We conclude that the current treatment of Avaritia Culicoides as a single group inhibits understanding of environmentally-driven spatial variation in species phenology and hinders the development of models for predicting the SVFP from environmental factors. Culicoides surveillance methods should be adapted to focus on concentrated assessments of species-specific abundance during the start and end of seasonal activity in temperate regions to facilitate refinement of ruminant movement restrictions thereby reducing the impact of Culicoides-borne arboviruses.
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Dal Pozzo F, Martinelle L, Thys C, Sarradin P, De Leeuw I, Van Campe W, De Clercq K, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Experimental co-infections of calves with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Gu L, Musiienko V, Bai Z, Qin A, Schneller SW, Li Q. Novel virostatic agents against bluetongue virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43341. [PMID: 22905259 PMCID: PMC3419696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member in the family Reoviridae, is a re-emerging animal disease infecting cattle and sheep. With its recent outbreaks in Europe, there is a pressing need for efficacious antivirals. We presented here the identification and characterization of a novel virostatic molecule against BTV, an aminothiophenecarboxylic acid derivative named compound 003 (C003). The virostatic efficacy of C003 could be improved via chemical modification, leading to a de novo synthesized compound 052 (C052). The 50% effective concentrations (EC(50)) of C003 and C052 were determined at 1.76 ± 0.73 µM and 0.27 ± 0.12 µM, respectively. The 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC(50)) of C003 was over 100 µM and the CC(50) of C052 was at 82.69 µM. Accordingly, the 50% selective index (SI(50)) of C003 and C052 against BTV was over 57 and 306, respectively. The inhibitory effect of C003/C052 on BTV-induced apoptosis was also confirmed via the inhibition of caspase-3/-7 activation post BTV infection. C003/C052 could inhibit BTV induced CPE even when added as late as 24 h.p.i., indicating that they might act at late stage of viral life-cycle. C003/C052 could reduce over two-logs of both the progeny virus production and the number of genomic viral RNA copies. Interestingly, both the activation of host autophagy and viral protein expression were inhibited post BTV infection when cells were treated with C003 and C052, suggesting that C003/C052 might act as virostatic agents via inhibiting host autophagy activation. Although further investigations might be needed to pin down the exact mechanism of C003/C052, our finding suggested that these compounds might be potent lead compounds with potential novel mechanism of action against BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Volodymyr Musiienko
- Molette Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Zhijun Bai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Stewart W. Schneller
- Molette Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Qianjun Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Vangeel I, De Leeuw I, Méroc E, Vandenbussche F, Riocreux F, Hooyberghs J, Raemaekers M, Houdart P, Van der Stede Y, De Clercq K. Bluetongue sentinel surveillance program and cross-sectional serological survey in cattle in Belgium in 2010-2011. Prev Vet Med 2012; 106:235-43. [PMID: 22483650 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) emerged in Central Western Europe in 2006 causing a large scale epidemic in 2007 that involved several European Union (EU) countries including Belgium. As in several other EU member states, vaccination against BTV-8 with inactivated vaccines was initiated in Belgium in spring 2008 and appeared to be successful. Since 2009, no clinical cases of Bluetongue (BT) have been reported in Belgium and BTV-8 circulation seemed to have completely disappeared by spring 2010. Therefore, a series of repeated cross-sectional surveys, the BT sentinel surveillance program, based on virus detection in blood samples by means of real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) were carried out in dairy cattle from the end of 2010 onwards with the aim to demonstrate the absence of BTV circulation in Belgium. This paper describes the results of the first two sampling rounds of this BT sentinel surveillance program carried out in October-November 2010 and January-February 2011. In addition, the level of BTV-specific maternal antibodies in young non-vaccinated animals was monitored and the level of herd immunity against BTV-8 after 3 consecutive years of compulsory BTV-8 vaccination was measured by ELISA. During the 1st sampling round of the BT sentinel surveillance program, 15 animals tested positive and 2 animals tested doubtful for BTV RNA by RT-qPCR. During the 2nd round, 17 animals tested positive and 5 animals tested doubtful. The positive/doubtful animals in both rounds were re-sampled 2-4 weeks after the original sampling and then all tested negative by RT-qPCR. These results demonstrate the absence of BTV circulation in Belgium in 2010 at a minimum expected prevalence of 2% and 95% confidence level. The study of the maternal antibodies in non-vaccinated animals showed that by the age of 7 months maternal antibodies against BTV had disappeared in most animals. The BTV seroprevalence at herd level after 3 years of compulsory BTV-8 vaccination was very high (97.4% [95% CI: 96.2-98.2]). The overall true within-herd BTV seroprevalence in 6-24 month old Belgian cattle in early 2011 was estimated at 73.4% (95% CI: 71.3-75.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vangeel
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of Veterinary Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Risk Assessment (CVD-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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14
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Comparison of pre-emptive and reactive strategies to control an incursion of bluetongue virus serotype 1 to Great Britain by vaccination. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:102-14. [PMID: 22475293 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), which is spread between its hosts by Culicoides midges. Vaccination is the most effective way to protect susceptible animals against BTV and was used reactively to control the recent northern European outbreak. To assess the consequences of using vaccination pre-emptively we used a stochastic, spatially explicit model to compare reactive and pre-emptive vaccination strategies against an incursion of BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1) into Great Britain. Both pre-emptive and reactive vaccination significantly reduced the number of affected farms and limited host morbidity and mortality. In addition, vaccinating prior to the introduction of disease reduced the probability of an outbreak occurring. Of the strategies simulated, widespread reactive vaccination resulted in the lowest levels of morbidity. The predicted effects of vaccination were found to be sensitive to vaccine efficacy but not to the choice of transmission kernel.
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15
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Brito BP, Gardner IA, Hietala SK, Crossley BM. Variation in Bluetongue virus real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay results in blood samples of sheep, cattle, and alpaca. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:753-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is a vector-borne viral disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. The epidemiology of this disease has recently changed, with occurrence in new geographic areas. Various real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time qRT-PCR) assays are used to detect Bluetongue virus (BTV); however, the impact of biologic differences between New World camelids and domestic ruminant samples on PCR efficiency, for which the BTV real-time qRT-PCR was initially validated are unknown. New world camelids are known to have important biologic differences in whole blood composition, including hemoglobin concentration, which can alter PCR performance. In the present study, sheep, cattle, and alpaca blood were spiked with BTV serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 and analyzed in 10-fold dilutions by real-time qRT-PCR to determine if species affected nucleic acid recovery and assay performance. A separate experiment was performed using spiked alpaca blood subsequently diluted in 10-fold series in sheep blood to assess the influence of alpaca blood on performance efficiency of the BTV real-time qRT-PCR assay. Results showed that BTV-specific nucleic acid detection from alpaca blood was consistently 1–2 logs lower than from sheep and cattle blood, and results were similar for each of the 4 BTV serotypes analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara P. Brito
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis (Brito, Gardner)
- Department of California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Hietala), Davis, CA
| | - Ian A. Gardner
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis (Brito, Gardner)
- Department of California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Hietala), Davis, CA
| | - Sharon K. Hietala
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis (Brito, Gardner)
- Department of California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Hietala), Davis, CA
| | - Beate M. Crossley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis (Brito, Gardner)
- Department of California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Hietala), Davis, CA
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16
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Garigliany M, De Leeuw I, Kleijnen D, Vandenbussche F, Callens J, Van Loo H, Lebrun M, Saulmont M, Desmecht D, De Clercq K. The presence of bluetongue virus serotype 8 RNA in Belgian cattle since 2008. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:503-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Chatzinasiou E, Dovas C, Papanastassopoulou M, Georgiadis M, Psychas V, Bouzalas I, Koumbati M, Koptopoulos G, Papadopoulos O. Assessment of bluetongue viraemia in sheep by real-time PCR and correlation with viral infectivity. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:305-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Pardon B, Vandenberge V, Maes S, De Clercq K, Ducatelle R, Deprez P. Oesophageal paresis associated with bluetongue virus serotype 8 in cattle. Vet Rec 2010; 167:579-81. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine
| | - V. Vandenberge
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Maes
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. De Clercq
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA/CERVA); Department of Virology; Groeselenberg 99 1180 Brussels Belgium
| | - R. Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - P. Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine
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Vanbinst T, Vandenbussche F, Dernelle E, De Clercq K. A duplex real-time RT-PCR for the detection of bluetongue virus in bovine semen. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Steinrigl A, Revilla-Fernández S, Eichinger M, Koefer J, Winter P. Bluetongue virus RNA detection by RT-qPCR in blood samples of sheep vaccinated with a commercially available inactivated BTV-8 vaccine. Vaccine 2010; 28:5573-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Linden A, Gregoire F, Nahayo A, Hanrez D, Mousset B, Massart AL, De Leeuw I, Vandemeulebroucke E, Vandenbussche F, De Clercq K. Bluetongue virus in wild deer, Belgium, 2005-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:833-6. [PMID: 20409376 PMCID: PMC2953989 DOI: 10.3201/eid1605.091217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in Belgium, we conducted a virologic and serologic survey on 2,416 free-ranging cervids during 2005–2008. Infection emerged in 2006 and spread over the study area in red deer, but not in roe deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Linden
- Surveillance Network of Wildlife Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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Hofmann MA, Renzullo S, Planzer J, Mader M, Chaignat V, Thuer B. Detection of Toggenburg Orbivirus by a segment 2-specific quantitative RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:325-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Savini G, Cannas A, Casaccia C, Di Gialleonardo L, Leone A, Patta C, Nicolussi P. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of undesired effects in sheep and goats after field vaccination with modified-live vaccine against bluetongue virus serotypes 2, 4 and 16. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:44-50. [PMID: 20537822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the 2004, the Sardinian bluetongue (BT) vaccination campaign used the combination of monovalent BTV-2, BTV-4 and BTV-16 modified-live vaccines manufactured by the Onderstepoort Biological Products in South Africa. Following vaccination, some herds showed temperature, oedema, lameness, hyperaemia and decrease in milk production, and some others remained perfectly healthy. This study aimed to evaluate whether important factors present in the herd at the time of vaccination could be associated to the occurrence of undesired effects observed after immunisation with BTV modified-live vaccines. A sample of 17 sheep and 4 goat flocks, for a total of 670 animals, were included in the study and risk factors such as presence of most important parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases as well as anomalies of biochemical and haematological parameters were associated to the presence or absence of side effects. For each factor the relative risk and 95% confidence interval were calculated. Following vaccination, bluetongue-like symptoms were observed in 13 flocks. In these flocks, a higher (P<0.05) proportion of animals had viraemia and showed higher titers to BTV-16 after immunisation. Positive association (RR=2.50, 1.17-5.04) was also found between flocks in which undesired effect were observed and positive serology against Maedi-Visna virus. On the contrary, presence of BTV genome fractions in the blood of animals at the time of vaccination was found to be protective (RR=0.7, 0.58-0.84) to the occurrence of undesired effect subsequent to BTV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy.
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Maan S, Maan NS, van Rijn PA, van Gennip RGP, Sanders A, Wright IM, Batten C, Hoffmann B, Eschbaumer M, Oura CAL, Potgieter AC, Nomikou K, Mertens PP. Full genome characterisation of bluetongue virus serotype 6 from the Netherlands 2008 and comparison to other field and vaccine strains. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10323. [PMID: 20428242 PMCID: PMC2859060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In mid September 2008, clinical signs of bluetongue (particularly coronitis) were observed in cows on three different farms in eastern Netherlands (Luttenberg, Heeten, and Barchem), two of which had been vaccinated with an inactivated BTV-8 vaccine (during May-June 2008). Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection was also detected on a fourth farm (Oldenzaal) in the same area while testing for export. BTV RNA was subsequently identified by real time RT-PCR targeting genome-segment (Seg-) 10, in blood samples from each farm. The virus was isolated from the Heeten sample (IAH "dsRNA virus reference collection" [dsRNA-VRC] isolate number NET2008/05) and typed as BTV-6 by RT-PCR targeting Seg-2. Sequencing confirmed the virus type, showing an identical Seg-2 sequence to that of the South African BTV-6 live-vaccine-strain. Although most of the other genome segments also showed very high levels of identity to the BTV-6 vaccine (99.7 to 100%), Seg-10 showed greatest identity (98.4%) to the BTV-2 vaccine (RSAvvv2/02), indicating that NET2008/05 had acquired a different Seg-10 by reassortment. Although Seg-7 from NET2008/05 was also most closely related to the BTV-6 vaccine (99.7/100% nt/aa identity), the Seg-7 sequence derived from the blood sample of the same animal (NET2008/06) was identical to that of the Netherlands BTV-8 (NET2006/04 and NET2007/01). This indicates that the blood contained two different Seg-7 sequences, one of which (from the BTV-6 vaccine) was selected during virus isolation in cell-culture. The predominance of the BTV-8 Seg-7 in the blood sample suggests that the virus was in the process of reassorting with the northern field strain of BTV-8. Two genome segments of the virus showed significant differences from the BTV-6 vaccine, indicating that they had been acquired by reassortment event with BTV-8, and another unknown parental-strain. However, the route by which BTV-6 and BTV-8 entered northern Europe was not established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maan
- Vector Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Piet A. van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - René G. P. van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Sanders
- Vector Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel M. Wright
- Virology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Carrie Batten
- Vector Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Chris A. L. Oura
- Vector Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Abraham C. Potgieter
- Virology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P.C. Mertens
- Vector Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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A proposed validation method for automated nucleic acid extraction and RT-qPCR analysis: An example using Bluetongue virus. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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