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Tam PKH, Wells RG, Tang CSM, Lui VCH, Hukkinen M, Luque CD, De Coppi P, Mack CL, Pakarinen M, Davenport M. Biliary atresia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:47. [PMID: 38992031 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive inflammatory fibrosclerosing disease of the biliary system and a major cause of neonatal cholestasis. It affects 1:5,000-20,000 live births, with the highest incidence in Asia. The pathogenesis is still unknown, but emerging research suggests a role for ciliary dysfunction, redox stress and hypoxia. The study of the underlying mechanisms can be conceptualized along the likely prenatal timing of an initial insult and the distinction between the injury and prenatal and postnatal responses to injury. Although still speculative, these emerging concepts, new diagnostic tools and early diagnosis might enable neoadjuvant therapy (possibly aimed at oxidative stress) before a Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE). This is particularly important, as timely KPE restores bile flow in only 50-75% of patients of whom many subsequently develop cholangitis, portal hypertension and progressive fibrosis; 60-75% of patients require liver transplantation by the age of 18 years. Early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, centralization of surgery and optimized interventions for complications after KPE lead to better survival. Postoperative corticosteroid use has shown benefits, whereas the role of other adjuvant therapies remains to be evaluated. Continued research to better understand disease mechanisms is necessary to develop innovative treatments, including adjuvant therapies targeting the immune response, regenerative medicine approaches and new clinical tests to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K H Tam
- Medical Sciences Division, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clara S M Tang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincent C H Lui
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maria Hukkinen
- Section of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos D Luque
- Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cara L Mack
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mikko Pakarinen
- Section of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Davenport
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Honsawek S, Bovornsethanant N, Woraruthai T, Vejchapipat P, Udomsinprasert W, Poovorawan Y. Elevated serum IL-34 is correlated with disease severity in patients with biliary atresia following Kasai portoenterostomy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111356. [PMID: 38103407 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary atresia (BA) is a severe congenital disorder with progressive obstructive cholangiopathy in young children. The inflammatory process has been recognized as one of the pathological mechanisms driving bile duct injury. Since interleukin-34 (IL-34) has been reportedly linked to several pathological liver disorders, including inflammation, the current study aimed to analyze circulating IL-34 and the association of circulating IL-34 with hepatic deterioration and clinical outcomes in post-Kasai BA children. METHODS Circulating IL-34 levels were analyzed in 89 post-Kasai BA subjects and 45 healthy individuals using an ELISA. Liver stiffness (hardness) was measured by ultrasound elastography. RESULTS Circulating IL-34 was substantially higher in BA children than in control individuals, particularly those with unfavorable outcomes including hepatic dysfunction, jaundice, and portal hypertension. In BA group, circulating IL-34 was positively correlated with liver stiffness (r = 0.515, p < 0.001), AST (r = 0.403, p < 0.001), ALT (r = 0.279, p = 0.008), total bilirubin (r = 0.224, p = 0.03), ALP (r = 0.255, p = 0.016), and serum IL-6 (r = 0.590, p < 0.001) but inversely correlated with albumin (r = -0.417, p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that higher circulating IL-34 levels were significantly associated with reduced survival rates in BA subjects (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Higher circulating IL-34 values were directly associated with hepatic impairment and the BA severity, implicating thatserum IL-34 could be applied as a noninvasive marker for the monitoring of the severity in BA subjects following Kasai portoenterostomy and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sittisak Honsawek
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nichaphat Bovornsethanant
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thamonwan Woraruthai
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Paisarn Vejchapipat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Wanvisa Udomsinprasert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Glessner JT, Ningappa MB, Ngo KA, Zahid M, So J, Higgs BW, Sleiman PMA, Narayanan T, Ranganathan S, March M, Prasadan K, Vaccaro C, Reyes-Mugica M, Velazquez J, Salgado CM, Ebrahimkhani MR, Schmitt L, Rajasundaram D, Paul M, Pellegrino R, Gittes GK, Li D, Wang X, Billings J, Squires R, Ashokkumar C, Sharif K, Kelly D, Dhawan A, Horslen S, Lo CW, Shin D, Subramaniam S, Hakonarson H, Sindhi R. Biliary atresia is associated with polygenic susceptibility in ciliogenesis and planar polarity effector genes. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1385-1395. [PMID: 37572794 PMCID: PMC10729795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary atresia (BA) is poorly understood and leads to liver transplantation (LT), with the requirement for and associated risks of lifelong immunosuppression, in most children. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to determine the genetic basis of BA. METHODS We performed a GWAS in 811 European BA cases treated with LT in US, Canadian and UK centers, and 4,654 genetically matched controls. Whole-genome sequencing of 100 cases evaluated synthetic association with rare variants. Functional studies included whole liver transcriptome analysis of 64 BA cases and perturbations in experimental models. RESULTS A GWAS of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), i.e. allele frequencies >1%, identified intronic SNPs rs6446628 in AFAP1 with genome-wide significance (p = 3.93E-8) and rs34599046 in TUSC3 at sub-threshold genome-wide significance (p = 1.34E-7), both supported by credible peaks of neighboring SNPs. Like other previously reported BA-associated genes, AFAP1 and TUSC3 are ciliogenesis and planar polarity effectors (CPLANE). In gene-set-based GWAS, BA was associated with 6,005 SNPs in 102 CPLANE genes (p = 5.84E-15). Compared with non-CPLANE genes, more CPLANE genes harbored rare variants (allele frequency <1%) that were assigned Human Phenotype Ontology terms related to hepatobiliary anomalies by predictive algorithms, 87% vs. 40%, p <0.0001. Rare variants were present in multiple genes distinct from those with BA-associated common variants in most BA cases. AFAP1 and TUSC3 knockdown blocked ciliogenesis in mouse tracheal cells. Inhibition of ciliogenesis caused biliary dysgenesis in zebrafish. AFAP1 and TUSC3 were expressed in fetal liver organoids, as well as fetal and BA livers, but not in normal or disease-control livers. Integrative analysis of BA-associated variants and liver transcripts revealed abnormal vasculogenesis and epithelial tube formation, explaining portal vein anomalies that co-exist with BA. CONCLUSIONS BA is associated with polygenic susceptibility in CPLANE genes. Rare variants contribute to polygenic risk in vulnerable pathways via unique genes. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Liver transplantation is needed to cure most children born with biliary atresia, a poorly understood rare disease. Transplant immunosuppression increases the likelihood of life-threatening infections and cancers. To improve care by preventing this disease and its progression to transplantation, we examined its genetic basis. We find that this disease is associated with both common and rare mutations in highly specialized genes which maintain normal communication and movement of cells, and their organization into bile ducts and blood vessels during early development of the human embryo. Because defects in these genes also cause other birth defects, our findings could lead to preventive strategies to lower the incidence of biliary atresia and potentially other birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mylarappa B Ningappa
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, UPMC-Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kim A Ngo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juhoon So
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brandon W Higgs
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, UPMC-Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M A Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tejaswini Narayanan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael March
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Courtney Vaccaro
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Miguel Reyes-Mugica
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Claudia M Salgado
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lori Schmitt
- Histology Core Laboratory Manager, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Morgan Paul
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, UPMC-Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Renata Pellegrino
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Surgeon-in-Chief Emeritus, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Billings
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Squires
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chethan Ashokkumar
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, UPMC-Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Khalid Sharif
- Paediatric Liver Unit Including Intestinal Transplantation, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deirdre Kelly
- Paediatric Liver Unit Including Intestinal Transplantation, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Paediatric Liver GI and Nutrition Center and MowatLabs, NHS Foundation Trust, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simon Horslen
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Rakesh Sindhi
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, UPMC-Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Cui MM, Gong YM, Pan WH, Pei HY, Bai MR, Song HL, Han XR, Wu WJ, Yu WW, Gu BL, Cai W, Zhou Y, Chu X. Contribution of ADD3 and the HLA Genes to Biliary Atresia Risk in Chinese. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14719. [PMID: 37834180 PMCID: PMC10572496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic biliary atresia (BA) is a rare polygenic disease, with autoimmunity, virus infection and inflammation thought to play roles in its pathogenesis. We conducted a genome-wide association study in 336 nonsyndromic BA infants and 8900 controls. Our results validated the association of rs17095355 in ADD3 with BA risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.49-1.99; p = 4.07 × 10-11). An eQTL analysis revealed that the risk allele of rs17095355 was associated with increased expression of ADD3. Single-cell RNA-sequencing data and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that ADD3 was moderately expressed in cholangiocytes and weakly expressed in hepatocytes. Immuno-fluorescent staining showed abnormal deposition of ADD3 in the cytoplasm of BA hepatocytes. No ADD3 auto-antibody was observed in the plasma of BA infants. In the HLA gene region, no variants achieved genome-wide significance. HLA-DQB1 residue Ala57 is the most significant residue in the MHC region (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.20-1.74; p = 1.23 × 10-4), and HLA-DQB1 was aberrantly expressed in the bile duct cells. GWAS stratified by cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgM status in 87 CMV IgM (+) BA cases versus 141 CMV IgM (-) BA cases did not yield genome-wide significant associations. These findings support the notion that common variants of ADD3 account for BA risk. The HLA genes might have a minimal role in the genetic predisposition of BA due to the weak association signal. CMV IgM (+) BA patients might not have different genetic risk factor profiles compared to CMV IgM (-) subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Cui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-M.G.); (W.-H.P.); (W.-J.W.); (W.C.)
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; (H.-Y.P.); (M.-R.B.); (H.-L.S.); (X.-R.H.); (W.-W.Y.); (B.-L.G.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Ming Gong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-M.G.); (W.-H.P.); (W.-J.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Wei-Hua Pan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-M.G.); (W.-H.P.); (W.-J.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Hao-Yue Pei
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; (H.-Y.P.); (M.-R.B.); (H.-L.S.); (X.-R.H.); (W.-W.Y.); (B.-L.G.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mei-Rong Bai
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; (H.-Y.P.); (M.-R.B.); (H.-L.S.); (X.-R.H.); (W.-W.Y.); (B.-L.G.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huan-Lei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; (H.-Y.P.); (M.-R.B.); (H.-L.S.); (X.-R.H.); (W.-W.Y.); (B.-L.G.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin-Ru Han
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; (H.-Y.P.); (M.-R.B.); (H.-L.S.); (X.-R.H.); (W.-W.Y.); (B.-L.G.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen-Jie Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-M.G.); (W.-H.P.); (W.-J.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Wen-Wen Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; (H.-Y.P.); (M.-R.B.); (H.-L.S.); (X.-R.H.); (W.-W.Y.); (B.-L.G.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bei-Lin Gu
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; (H.-Y.P.); (M.-R.B.); (H.-L.S.); (X.-R.H.); (W.-W.Y.); (B.-L.G.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-M.G.); (W.-H.P.); (W.-J.W.); (W.C.)
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; (H.-Y.P.); (M.-R.B.); (H.-L.S.); (X.-R.H.); (W.-W.Y.); (B.-L.G.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-M.G.); (W.-H.P.); (W.-J.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Xun Chu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (M.-M.C.); (Y.-M.G.); (W.-H.P.); (W.-J.W.); (W.C.)
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; (H.-Y.P.); (M.-R.B.); (H.-L.S.); (X.-R.H.); (W.-W.Y.); (B.-L.G.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
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A novel pathogenesis concept of biliary atresia approached by combined molecular strategies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277334. [PMID: 36350824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic jaundice is one of the most common neonatal conditions. BA, a correctable cholangiopathy, presents with cholestatic jaundice within the first weeks of life. The inflammation of bile ducts leads to progressive fibrosclerosis involving biliary trees, followed by cirrhosis and liver failure. With the use of modern molecular studies, this research aimed to define a novel pathogenesis by exploring variations. We performed genetic discovery by using supervised and unsupervised approaches. Ultimately, a combination of genetic variations and survival data was analyzed to strengthen the novel concept in this study. In this study, coding regions were explored to identify rare deleterious variants within genes from the first analysis together with gene sets reported in PFIC, and diseases with hyperbilirubinemia. Our unsupervised prioritization was primarily designed to identify novel causal genes from nonsynonymous variants derived by three biostatistical algorithms: enrichment analysis, burden test, and trio study. Survival analysis was integratively evaluated with a combination of identified causal genes. The individuals with identified variants from the supervised approach were frequently related to the severity of cirrhosis and poor postoperative outcome. In the unsupervised approach, nonsynonymous variants were enriched. Cilium and muscle related pathways had a significant correlation. CCDC8 was statistically significant gene in which six cases carried mutations identified through burden analysis. Individuals who carried variants in corresponding genes and significant pathways had significantly lower native-liver survival than individuals in whom none of these variants were identified (log-rank p value 0.016). This study explored genetic variations by multiple strategies. Different pathways of cholestatic diseases have been found to be associated with BA. Therefore, BA may be characterized as a shared sequela of many cholestatic disorders. Susceptibility in those pathways suggested an association with BA and strengthened this proposed novel hypothesis. The results emphasized the consequences of many disruptive pathophysiologies.
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Laochareonsuk W, Kayasut K, Surachat K, Chiengkriwate P, Sangkhathat S. Impact of EFEMP1 on the survival outcome of biliary atresia in Thai infants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15603. [PMID: 36114336 PMCID: PMC9481615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified a genetic associated between EFEMP1 and biliary atresia (BA). To examine the susceptibility of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EFEMP1 in Thai BA patients, we performed an analysis of the genetic associations and biological interactions with previously reported key SNPs in ADD3, a key gene associated with BA. The study also used high-throughput sequencing to detect novel variants in both genes. In addition, the clinical impact of EFEMP1 SNPs in terms of survival association was also evaluated. The genotypes of 60 BA patients and 179 controls were evaluated using a TaqMan genotyping assay for rs2501577 and rs17095355 in ADD3 and rs6761893 and rs727878 in EFEMP1. The genotype frequencies were analyzed together with the SNP-SNP interactions. Fine mapping by whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify deleterious variants within both genes, and the survival analysis results were analyzed with the EFEMP1 SNPs. The recessive genotypes of rs2501577, rs17095355 and rs6761893 showed significantly higher frequencies in the BA patients than the controls, and a logistic regression showed that minor alleles of those SNPs increased the BA risk by ORs of 1.86, 1.67, and 1.84, respectively. Moreover, the SNP-SNP interference suggested that a combination of recessive alleles from the 2 genes resulted in an additive risk to BA. In addition, rare missense variants in the gene coding sequences were identified in 7 cases. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a pattern of ADD3 downregulation and EFEMP1 overexpression in the bile ducts of BA patients. Patients with the AA genotype of rs6761893 had significantly lower 5-year native liver survival (34.0%) than those with AT/TT (75.0%), with a log-rank p value of 0.041. Variants in EFEMP1 are associated with the occurrence of BA in Thai patients. In addition, these variants have an additive influence on BA risk when combined with ADD3 variants. Moreover, rs6761893 in EFEMP1 was indicative of survival in Thai BA patients.
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He L, Chung PHY, Lui VCH, Tang CSM, Tam PKH. Current Understanding in the Clinical Characteristics and Molecular Mechanisms in Different Subtypes of Biliary Atresia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094841. [PMID: 35563229 PMCID: PMC9103665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia is a severe obliterative cholangiopathy in early infancy that is by far the most common cause of surgical jaundice and the most common indicator for liver transplantation in children. With the advanced knowledge gained from different clinical trials and the development of research models, a more precise clinical classification of BA (i.e., isolated BA (IBA), cystic BA (CBA), syndromic BA (SBA), and cytomegalovirus-associated BA (CMVBA)) is proposed. Different BA subtypes have similar yet distinguishable clinical manifestations. The clinical and etiological heterogeneity leads to dramatically different prognoses; hence, treatment needs to be specific. In this study, we reviewed the clinical characteristics of different BA subtypes and revealed the molecular mechanisms of their developmental contributors. We aimed to highlight the differences among these various subtypes of BA which ultimately contribute to the development of a specific management protocol for each subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China;
| | - Patrick Ho Yu Chung
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (V.C.H.L.); (C.S.M.T.); (P.K.H.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-22554850; Fax: +852-28173155
| | - Vincent Chi Hang Lui
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (V.C.H.L.); (C.S.M.T.); (P.K.H.T.)
| | - Clara Sze Man Tang
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (V.C.H.L.); (C.S.M.T.); (P.K.H.T.)
| | - Paul Kwong Hang Tam
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (V.C.H.L.); (C.S.M.T.); (P.K.H.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
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Ye Y, Wu W, Zheng J, Zhang L, Wang B. Role of long non-coding RNA-adducin 3 antisense RNA1 in liver fibrosis of biliary atresia. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6222-6230. [PMID: 35246014 PMCID: PMC8974046 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2041321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating liver disease in neonates. Liver fibrosis is regarded as a universal and prominent feature of BA. Studies have revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate cellular processes during the development of liver fibrosis in BA. Long non-coding RNA-adducin 3 antisense RNA1 (lnc-ADD3-AS1) has been shown to increase susceptibility to BA. However, the role of lnc-ADD3-AS1 in liver fibrosis in BA remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of lnc-ADD3-AS1 in the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of the immortalized human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line, LX-2. We successfully overexpressed and silenced lnc-ADD3-AS1 in LX-2 cells using adenovirus vectors and evaluated the proliferation of transfected cells using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay. Cell apoptosis was detected using annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) double staining and flow cytometry. We then analyzed cell migration by performing wound-scratch and transwell migration assays. Our results show that lnc-ADD3-AS1 significantly promoted LX-2 cell proliferation and attenuated apoptosis. More importantly, lncRNA-ADD3-AS1 significantly accelerated the migration of LX-2 cells. Our data indicated that lncRNA-ADD3-AS1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in patients with BA and may serve as a potential diagnostic marker for monitoring liver fibrosis in BA or as a therapeutic target for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weifang Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiachen Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- CONTACT Lihui Zhang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Bin Wang Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Isaeva MK, Belova VA, Korostin DO, Degtyareva AV. Genetic aspects of biliary atresia etiology. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a cholestatic disorder of infancy that is fatal if untreated. Despite years of study the etiology of BA remains unknown. Three etiopathogenic mechanisms may be involved, such as immune dysregulation, environmental factors and genetic susceptibility. Genetic predisposition is being actively studied. Candidate genes associated with BA in certain populations, genes affecting the cholangiocyte cilia function, as well as genes involved in stress responses have been identified. However, the long-term follow-up of twins with BA suggests that genotype is not of paramount importance for the disease development. Both epigenetic patterns and postzygotic somatic mutations may contribute to etiology of the disease. Recently, some evidence is being accumulated on the possible genetic predisposition to certain outcome of Kasai portoenterostomy performed in patients with BA. However, the presence of a number of factors contributing to the development of the disease makes it difficult to identify the genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- MKh Isaeva
- Academician V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - VA Belova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - DO Korostin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - AV Degtyareva
- Academician V. I. Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Association of common variation in ADD3 and GPC1 with biliary atresia susceptibility. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7163-7182. [PMID: 32315284 PMCID: PMC7202506 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is an idiopathic neonatal cholestatic disease. Recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed that common variation of ADD3, GPC1, ARF6, and EFEMP1 gene was associated with BA susceptibility. We aimed to evaluate the association of these genes with BA in Chinese population. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these four genes were genotyped in 340 BA patients and 1,665 controls. Three SNPs in ADD3 were significantly associated with BA, and rs17095355 was the top SNP (PAllele = 3.23×10-6). Meta-analysis of published data and current data indicated that rs17095355 was associated with BA susceptibility in Asians and Caucasians. Three associated SNPs were expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for ADD3. Two GPC1 SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) showed nominal association with BA susceptibility (PAllele = 0.03 for rs6707262 and PAllele = 0.04 for rs6750380), and were eQTL of GPC1. Haplotype harboring these two SNPs almost reached the study-wide significance (P = 0.0035). No association for ARF6 and EFEMP1 was found with BA risk in the current population. Our study validated associations of ADD3 and GPC1 SNPs with BA risk in Chinese population and provided evidence of epistatic contributions of genetic factors to BA susceptibility.
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11
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Rajagopalan R, Tsai EA, Grochowski CM, Kelly SM, Loomes KM, Spinner NB, Devoto M. Exome Sequencing in Individuals with Isolated Biliary Atresia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2709. [PMID: 32066793 PMCID: PMC7026070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a severe pediatric liver disease resulting in necroinflammatory obliteration of the extrahepatic biliary tree. BA presents within the first few months of life as either an isolated finding or with additional syndromic features. The etiology of isolated BA is unknown, with evidence for infectious, environmental, and genetic risk factors described. However, to date, there are no definitive causal genes identified for isolated BA in humans, and the question of whether single gene defects play a major role remains open. We performed exome-sequencing in 101 North American patients of European descent with isolated BA (including 30 parent-child trios) and considered several experimental designs to identify potentially deleterious protein-altering variants that may be involved in the disease. In a case-only analysis, we did not identify genes with variants shared among more than two probands, and burden tests of rare variants using a case-case control design did not yield significant results. In the trio analysis of 30 simplex families (patient and parent trios), we identified 66 de novo variants in 66 genes including potentially deleterious variants in STIP1 and REV1. STIP1 is a co-chaperone for the heat-shock protein, HSP90, and has been shown to have diverse functions in yeast, flies and mammals, including stress-responses. REV1 is known to be a key player in DNA repair pathway and to interact with HSP90. In conclusion, our results do not support the hypothesis that a simple genetic model is responsible for the majority of cases of isolated BA. Our finding of de novo variants in genes linked to evolutionarily conserved stress responses (STIP1 and REV1) suggests that exploration of how genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure may interact to cause BA is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ellen A Tsai
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Grochowski
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan M Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen M Loomes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy B Spinner
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Biliary atresia is a poorly understood deadly disease. Genetic predisposition factors are suspected albeit not firmly established. This review summarizes recent evidence of genetic alterations in biliary atresia. RECENT FINDINGS Whole-genome association studies in biliary atresia patients identified four distinct predisposition loci with four different genes potentially involved in the disease occurrence. Variations in these genes were searched for, but none were found in patients with biliary atresia suggesting complex mechanisms. SUMMARY Despite decades since its description and decades of intensive researches, cause of biliary atresia disease remains enigmatic. The inheritance of biliary atresia is not Mendelian. Genetic predisposition factor is one of the explored fields to explain biliary atresia pathogenicity. Biliary atresia has been associated with several inborn syndromes, chromosome anomalies, and gene polymorphisms in specific populations. Four predisposition loci encompassing genes relevant to the disease have been identified, but no pathogenic variations were found in biliary atresia patients. Few reported cases of isolated biliary atresia manifestation in the context of known genetic diseases suggest coincidental findings. Alternatives to classic genetic alterations are proposed to explain genetic predisposition in biliary atresia including noncoding and epigenetic factors. Biliary atresia is most likely related to complex traits making its genetic exploration challenging.
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13
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Liang J, Wen Z, Zhao J, Liang Q, Liu T, Xia H, Zhang Y, Zhang R. Association of IL18 genetic polymorphisms with increased risk of Biliary atresia susceptibility in Southern Chinese children. Gene 2018; 677:228-231. [PMID: 30059753 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) has complex genetic etiology, characterized by different levels of hepatic fibrosis after the Kasai procedure and immune responses to the bile duct. As an activator of the two most important inflammatory cells in Biliary atresia (T cells and NK cells), IL-18 is significantly increased in BA patients. This study aims to investigate the association of Interleukin 18(IL-18) with the susceptibility to BA. We examined the association of three polymorphisms (rs549908, rs187238 and rs1946518 in IL-18) and BA susceptibility in a Southern Chinese population composed of 506 cases and 1473 controls. SNP rs187238 and rs1946518 were identified as associated with BA. Interestingly, we also observed that the intragenic synergistic epistasis between SNPs rs187238 and rs1946518 boosting the risk to BA by logistic regression and Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis. This study provides for the first time a direct evidence to support IL-18 as a susceptibility gene for the disease in southern Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Liang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Wen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinglu Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qifeng Liang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - RuiZhong Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Chen Y, Gilbert MA, Grochowski CM, McEldrew D, Llewellyn J, Waisbourd-Zinman O, Hakonarson H, Bailey-Wilson JE, Russo P, Wells RG, Loomes KM, Spinner NB, Devoto M. A genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus for biliary atresia on 2p16.1 within the gene EFEMP1. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007532. [PMID: 30102696 PMCID: PMC6107291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare pediatric cholangiopathy characterized by fibrosclerosing obliteration of the extrahepatic bile ducts, leading to cholestasis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventual liver failure. The etiology of BA remains unknown, although environmental, inflammatory, infectious, and genetic risk factors have been proposed. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a European-American cohort of 343 isolated BA patients and 1716 controls to identify genetic loci associated with BA. A second GWAS was performed in an independent European-American cohort of 156 patients with BA and other extrahepatic anomalies and 212 controls to confirm the identified candidate BA-associated SNPs. Meta-analysis revealed three genome-wide significant BA-associated SNPs on 2p16.1 (rs10865291, rs6761893, and rs727878; P < 5 ×10-8), located within the fifth intron of the EFEMP1 gene, which encodes a secreted extracellular protein implicated in extracellular matrix remodeling, cell proliferation, and organogenesis. RNA expression analysis showed an increase in EFEMP1 transcripts from human liver specimens isolated from patients with either BA or other cholestatic diseases when compared to normal control liver samples. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that EFEMP1 is expressed in cholangiocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in liver specimens from patients with BA and other cholestatic diseases, but it is absent from cholangiocytes in normal control liver samples. Efemp1 transcripts had higher expression in cholangiocytes and portal fibroblasts as compared with other cell types in normal rat liver. The identification of a novel BA-associated locus, and implication of EFEMP1 as a new BA candidate susceptibility gene, could provide new insights to understanding the mechanisms underlying this severe pediatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Gilbert
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Grochowski
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deborah McEldrew
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica Llewellyn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Orith Waisbourd-Zinman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pierre Russo
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rebecca G. Wells
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Loomes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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15
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Laochareonsuk W, Chiengkriwate P, Sangkhathat S. Single nucleotide polymorphisms within Adducin 3 and Adducin 3 antisense RNA1 genes are associated with biliary atresia in Thai infants. Pediatr Surg Int 2018; 34:515-520. [PMID: 29508064 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-018-4243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A genome-wide association study in East Asians suggested a genetic association between biliary atresia (BA) and a cluster of variants within the Adducin 3 (ADD3) and ADD3 antisense RNA1 (ADD3-AS1) genes. Another study in Thai neonates reported an association between BA and rs17095355. To validate those findings, this study aimed to analyze the BA association with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the additive influence of ADD3 and ADD3-AS1 in Thai neonates. METHODS DNAs from 56 BA cases and 166 controls were genotyped for rs2501577, rs11194981, rs12268910 (ADD3) and rs17095355 (ADD3-AS1), using TaqMan PCR. Genotype distributions were compared between the groups, and SNP-SNP interactions were analyzed by combination of allelotypes. RESULTS The risk allele frequencies of rs2501577, rs11194981, and rs17095355 in the BA group were significantly higher than in the controls. Univariate analysis showed that recessive variants in the three SNPs were associated with BA risk at ORs of 1.81 (95% CI 1.32-2.50), 1.58 (95% CI 1.14-2.20) and 1.92 (95% CI 1.39-2.66), respectively. SNP-SNP interaction analysis showed that the SNP combination of the two genes rs17095355 and rs2501577 provided an additive increase in BA risk. CONCLUSION ADD3 and ADD3-AS1 variants increased susceptibility to BA, suggesting that these genes may play an additive role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, these interactions may give a clue to the overexpression of the ADD3 protein in the liver of BA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wison Laochareonsuk
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Piyawan Chiengkriwate
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Surasak Sangkhathat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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16
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Loss of a Candidate Biliary Atresia Susceptibility Gene, add3a, Causes Biliary Developmental Defects in Zebrafish. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:524-530. [PMID: 27526058 PMCID: PMC5074882 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibroinflammatory cholangiopathy affecting the bile ducts of neonates. Although BA is the leading indication for pediatric liver transplantation, the etiology remains elusive. Adducin 3 (ADD3) and X-prolyl aminopeptidase 1 (XPNPEP1) are 2 genes previously identified in genome-wide association studies as potential BA susceptibility genes. Using zebrafish, we investigated the importance of ADD3 and XPNPEP1 in functional studies. METHODS To determine whether loss of either gene leads to biliary defects, we performed morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO) knockdown studies targeting add3a and xpnpep1 in zebrafish. Individuals were assessed for decreases in biliary function and the presence of biliary defects. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on pooled 5 days postfertilization larvae to assess variations in transcriptional expression of genes of interest. RESULTS Although both xpnpep1 and add3a are expressed in the developing zebrafish liver, only knockdown of add3a produced intrahepatic defects and decreased biliary function. Similar results were observed in homozygous add3a mutants. MO-mediated knockdown of add3a also showed higher mRNA expression of hedgehog (Hh) targets. Inhibition of Hh signaling rescued biliary defects caused by add3a knockdown. Combined knockdown of add3a and glypican-1 (gpc1), another mediator of Hh activity that is also a BA susceptibility gene, resulted in more severe biliary defects than knockdown of either alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results support previous studies identifying ADD3 as a putative genetic risk factor for BA susceptibility. Our results also provide evidence that add3a may be affecting the Hh pathway, an important factor in BA pathogenesis.
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17
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Gari MA, AlKaff M, Alsehli HS, Dallol A, Gari A, Abu-Elmagd M, Kadam R, Abuzinadah MF, Gari M, Abuzenadah AM, Gauthaman K, Alkhatabi H, Abbas MM. Identification of novel genetic variations affecting osteoarthritis patients. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:68. [PMID: 27766954 PMCID: PMC5073985 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease characterized by gradual degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the cartilage and bone. The ECM of cartilage is a highly specified structure that is mainly composed of type II collagen and provides tensile strength to the tissue via aggrecan and proteoglycans. However, changes in the ECM composition and structure can lead to loss of collagen type II and network integrity. Several risk factors have been correlated with OA including age, genetic predisposition, hereditary factors, obesity, mechanical injuries, and joint trauma. Certain genetic association studies have identified several genes associated with OA using genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Results We identified several novel genetic variants affecting genes that function in several candidate causative pathways including immune responses, inflammatory and cartilage degradation such as SELP, SPN, and COL6A6. Conclusions The approach of whole-exome sequencing can be a promising method to identify genetic mutations that can influence the OA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdooh Abdullah Gari
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed AlKaff
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen S Alsehli
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Dallol
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Gari
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roaa Kadam
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Abuzinadah
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin Gari
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M Abuzenadah
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kalamegam Gauthaman
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Alkhatabi
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Abbas
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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18
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Li J, Gao W, Zuo W, Liu X. Association between rs17095355 polymorphism on 10q24 and susceptibility to biliary atresia: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:1882-1886. [PMID: 27557278 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1228102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have identified 10q24-rs17095355 as a susceptibility locus for biliary atresia (BA). To more precisely estimate the association between the rs17095355 polymorphism and BA risk, a meta-analysis was performed. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted to examine all the eligible studies by electronic databases including Elsevier Science Direct, Pubmed, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM) up to December 2015. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of the association. RESULTS A total of 6 comparisons from 5 relevant studies involving 1000 patients and 3257 controls were included to analyze the association between rs17095355 and BA risk. The pooled OR for T allele of rs17095355 was 1.72 (95%CI 1.53-1.92, p < 0.01) in BA. Stratification by ethnicity indicated the degree of risk of rs17095355 with BA susceptibility was similar in populations of Asian origin. The pooled OR was 1.81 (95%CI 1.60-2.06, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis confirms the association of rs17095355 polymorphism and BA development, especially in Asians. More original studies with large sample are needed to replicate this genetic association in different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- a Department of Public Health and General Medicine , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine , Hefei , Anhui , China and
| | - Wei Gao
- b Department of Pediatric Surgery , Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Wei Zuo
- b Department of Pediatric Surgery , Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Xiang Liu
- b Department of Pediatric Surgery , Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital , Hefei , Anhui , China
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Lorent K, Gong W, Koo KA, Waisbourd-Zinman O, Karjoo S, Zhao X, Sealy I, Kettleborough RN, Stemple DL, Windsor PA, Whittaker SJ, Porter JR, Wells RG, Pack M. Identification of a plant isoflavonoid that causes biliary atresia. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:286ra67. [PMID: 25947162 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a rapidly progressive and destructive fibrotic disorder of unknown etiology affecting the extrahepatic biliary tree of neonates. Epidemiological studies suggest that an environmental factor, such as a virus or toxin, is the cause of the disease, although none have been definitively established. Several naturally occurring outbreaks of BA in Australian livestock have been associated with the ingestion of unusual plants by pregnant animals during drought conditions. We used a biliary secretion assay in zebrafish to isolate a previously undescribed isoflavonoid, biliatresone, from Dysphania species implicated in a recent BA outbreak. This compound caused selective destruction of the extrahepatic, but not intrahepatic, biliary system of larval zebrafish. A mutation that enhanced biliatresone toxicity mapped to a region of the zebrafish genome that has conserved synteny with an established human BA susceptibility locus. The toxin also caused loss of cilia in neonatal mouse extrahepatic cholangiocytes in culture and disrupted cell polarity and monolayer integrity in cholangiocyte spheroids. Together, these findings provide direct evidence that BA could be initiated by perinatal exposure to an environmental toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Lorent
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weilong Gong
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyung A Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Orith Waisbourd-Zinman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Karjoo
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian Sealy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ross N Kettleborough
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Derek L Stemple
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter A Windsor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Stephen J Whittaker
- Hume Livestock Health and Pest Authority, Albury, New South Wales 2640, Australia
| | - John R Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael Pack
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Udomsinprasert W, Poovorawan Y, Chongsrisawat V, Vejchapipat P, Zhan D, Honsawek S. Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Is Associated with Severity of Biliary Atresia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134689. [PMID: 26230851 PMCID: PMC4521951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes with the severity of biliary atresia (BA). Methods One hundred and fourteen BA patients and 114 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Relative telomere length (RTL) was assessed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multivariate regression analysis was used to estimate RTL as an independent risk factor of BA. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to calculate the accuracy of biomarkers in the prediction of liver cirrhosis. Results BA patients had significantly shorter telomeres than healthy controls (p < 0.0001). The RTL in BA patients with jaundice was considerably lower than that of patients without jaundice (p = 0.005). Moreover, RTL was markedly shorter in patients with cirrhosis (F4), as compared to patients with mild fibrosis (F2) and non-fibrosis (F0-F1, p < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that short RTL was associated with a higher risk of liver cirrhosis in BA. Tertile analysis showed a dose-response effect for this association (p trend < 0.0001). Additionally, RTL in BA children revealed a negative correlation with age (r = -0.50, p < 0.001). We noted an association between reduction of RTL and liver stiffness scores, adjusted for age and gender (b = -0.01, p < 0.0001). Short RTL can be employed to distinguish cirrhosis patients from non-cirrhosis patients (AUC = 0.78). Further analysis showed a linear correlation between leukocyte RTL and liver RTL in BA patients (r = 0.83, p < 0.001). Conclusion The findings of this study provide evidence that telomere shortening is associated with an elevated risk of liver cirrhosis in BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanvisa Udomsinprasert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Voranush Chongsrisawat
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Paisarn Vejchapipat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Dong Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sittisak Honsawek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
Biliary atresia is a severe cholangiopathy of early infancy that destroys extrahepatic bile ducts and disrupts bile flow. With a poorly defined disease pathogenesis, treatment consists of the surgical removal of duct remnants followed by hepatoportoenterostomy. Although this approach can improve the short-term outcome, the liver disease progresses to end-stage cirrhosis in most children. Further improvement in outcome will require a greater understanding of the mechanisms of biliary injury and fibrosis. Here, we review progress in the field, which has been fuelled by collaborative studies in larger patient cohorts and the development of cell culture and animal model systems to directly test hypotheses. Advances include the identification of phenotypic subgroups and stages of disease based on clinical, pathological and molecular features. Stronger evidence exists for viruses, toxins and gene sequence variations in the aetiology of biliary atresia, triggering a proinflammatory response that injures the duct epithelium and produces a rapidly progressive cholangiopathy. The immune response also activates the expression of type 2 cytokines that promote epithelial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix production by nonparenchymal cells. These advances provide insight into phenotype variability and might be relevant to the design of personalized trials to block progression of liver disease.
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Abstract
To date, the etiology and pathogenic underpinning of the progression of the most prevalent serious neonatal liver disease, biliary atresia, remains elusive. This disease presents as an aggressive form of neonatal cholestasis characterized by the destruction and obliteration of the extrahepatic bile ducts within the first few weeks of life and a rapid progression of biliary fibrosis, likely due to unremitting cholestasis and retention of biliary constituents including bile acids. In ∼5% of patients, biliary atresia is associated with laterality features, suggesting a genetic underpinning to a disease that begins soon after birth. However, biliary atresia does not occur within families and twins are discordant, indicating an absence of strict mendelian inheritance. Despite this, genes related to bile duct dysmorphogenesis/ciliopathies overlapping with features of biliary atresia in both humans and nonhuman model systems have been proposed. Taken together, strict genetic etiologies leading to a common pathway of a neonatal cholangiopathy resulting in biliary atresia remain elusive. Contributions from fibrogenesis- and inflammation-based studies suggest that early engagement of these pathways contributes to disease progression, but a recent double-blind study did not suggest any benefit from early use of corticosteroids. However, there are genetic contributions to the adaptation and response to cholangiopathies and cholestasis that may be present in certain populations that likely impact upon the response to hepatoportoenterostomy and subsequent biliary tract function. Studies utilizing next generation sequencing technologies (e.g., exome analysis) are ongoing in several laboratories around the world; they are expected to provide insights into genetic contributions to biliary atresia outcomes. Altogether, combinations of exome sequencing and large population studies are expected to reveal causative and modifying genes relevant to patients with biliary atresia as a means to provide therapeutic targets and potential opportunities for genetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Mezina
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga., USA
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Ningappa M, Min J, Higgs BW, Ashokkumar C, Ranganathan S, Sindhi R. Genome-wide association studies in biliary atresia. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 7:267-73. [PMID: 25963027 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a model complex disease resulting from interactions between multiple susceptibility loci and environmental factors. This perception is based on a heterogeneous phenotype extending beyond an absent extrahepatic bile duct to include gut and cardiovascular anomalies, and the association of BA with viral infections. Refractory jaundice and progression to cirrhosis shortly after birth can be fatal without surgical correction, and further suggests a pathogenesis during liver and bile duct development. Conclusive proof for a developmental origin would require documentation of disease progression in the perinatal or fetal liver, an impossible task for obvious reasons. We review three different sets of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from three different cohorts of BA patients by three different groups of investigators, which address this knowledge gap. Knockdown of each susceptibility gene identified by GWAS in zebrafish embryos impairs excretion of bile from the liver, duplicating the characteristic diagnostic finding seen in affected children. This finding is associated with impaired intrahepatic biliary network formation in zebrafish morphants. Although distinct, these susceptibility genes share several functions including roles in mechanisms for organogenesis (glypican 1 or GPC1, and adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor 6, or ARF6) or a greater expression in fetal liver than in adult liver (adducin 3 or ADD3). Together, these studies emphasize the importance of the human evidence, and present opportunities to map novel pathways which explain the phenotypic heterogeneity of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylarappa Ningappa
- Department of Surgery, Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Min
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brandon W Higgs
- Department of Surgery, Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chethan Ashokkumar
- Department of Surgery, Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Department of Surgery, Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rakesh Sindhi
- Department of Surgery, Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Zeng S, Sun P, Chen Z, Mao J, Wang J, Wang B, Liu L. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ADD3 gene and susceptibility to biliary atresia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107977. [PMID: 25285724 PMCID: PMC4186752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Based on the results of previous studies, the ADD3 gene, located in the 10q24.2 region, may be a susceptibility gene of biliary atresia (BA). In this study, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADD3 gene, rs17095355 C/T and rs10509906 G/C, were selected to investigate whether there is an association between these SNPs and susceptibility to BA in a Chinese population. Methods A total of 752 Han Chinese (134 BA cases and 618 ethnically matched healthy controls) were included in the present study. The ADD3 gene polymorphisms were genotyped using a TaqMan genotyping assay. Results Positive associations were found for the SNP rs17095355 in the codominant model; specifically, the frequencies of the CT and TT genotypes and the T allele were higher in the cases than the controls, demonstrating a significant risk for BA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02–2.58; OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.72–4.86; and OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.34–2.29, respectively). Regarding rs10509906, the per-C-allele conferred an OR of 0.70 (95% CI = 0.49–1.00) under the additive model. A greater risk of BA was associated with the Ta-Gb (a for rs17095355 and b for rs10509906) haplotype (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.27–2.61) compared with the Ca-Cb haplotype. Conclusion This study suggests that the ADD3 gene plays an important role in BA pathogenesis and reveals a significant association between two SNPs, rs17095355 and rs10509906, and BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidan Zeng
- Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zimin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianxiong Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianyao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (BW); (LL)
| | - Lei Liu
- Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (BW); (LL)
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Linsuwanon P, Puenpa J, Huang SW, Wang YF, Mauleekoonphairoj J, Wang JR, Poovorawan Y. Epidemiology and seroepidemiology of human enterovirus 71 among Thai populations. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:16. [PMID: 24548776 PMCID: PMC3937078 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important pathogen caused large outbreaks in Asian-Pacific region with severe neurological complications and may lead to death in young children. Understanding of the etiological spectrum and epidemic changes of enterovirus and population’s immunity against EV71 are crucial for the implementation of future therapeutic and prophylactic intervention. Results A total of 1,182 patients who presented with the symptoms of hand foot and mouth disease (67.3%) or herpangina (HA) (16.7%) and admitted to the hospitals during 2008-2013 were tested for enterovirus using pan-enterovirus PCR targeting 5′-untranslated region and specific PCR for viral capsid protein 1 gene. Overall, 59.7% were pan-enterovirus positive comprising 9.1% EV71 and 31.2% coxsackievirus species A (CV-A) including 70.5% CV-A6, 27.6% CV-A16, 1.1% CV-A10, and 0.8% CV-A5. HFMD and HA occurred endemically during 2008-2011. The number of cases increased dramatically in June 2012 with the percentage of the recently emerged CV-A6 significantly rose to 28.4%. Co-circulation between different EV71 genotypes was observed during the outbreak. Total of 161 sera obtained from healthy individuals were tested for neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against EV71 subgenotype B5 (EV71-B5) using microneutralization assay. The seropositive rate of EV71-B5 was 65.8%. The age-adjusted seroprevalence for individuals was found to be lowest in children aged >6 months to 2 years (42.5%). The seropositive rate remained relatively low in preschool children aged > 2 years to 6 years (48.3%) and thereafter increased sharply to more than 80% in individuals aged > 6 years. Conclusions This study describes longitudinal data reflecting changing patterns of enterovirus prevalence over 6 years and demonstrates high seroprevalences of EV71-B5 NAb among Thai individuals. The rate of EV71 seropositive increased with age but without gender-specific significant difference. We identified that relative lower EV71 seropositive rate in early 2012 may demonstrate widely presented of EV71-B5 in the population before account for a large outbreak scale epidemic occurred in 2012 with due to a relatively high susceptibility of the younger population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Cheng G, Tang CSM, Wong EHM, Cheng WWC, So MT, Miao X, Zhang R, Cui L, Liu X, Ngan ESW, Lui VCH, Chung PHY, Chan IHY, Liu J, Zhong W, Xia H, Yu J, Qiu X, Wu XZ, Wang B, Dong X, Tou J, Huang L, Yi B, Ren H, Chan EKW, Ye K, O'Reilly PF, Wong KKY, Sham PC, Cherny SS, Tam PKH, Garcia-Barceló MM. Common genetic variants regulating ADD3 gene expression alter biliary atresia risk. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1285-91. [PMID: 23872602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare and most severe cholestatic disease in neonates, but the pathogenic mechanisms are unknown. Through a previous genome wide association study (GWAS) on Han Chinese, we discovered association of the 10q24.2 region encompassing ADD3 and XPNPEP1 genes, which was replicated in Chinese and Thai populations. This study aims to fully characterize the genetic architecture at 10q24.2 and to reveal the link between the genetic variants and BA. METHODS We genotyped 107 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 10q24.2 in 339 Han Chinese patients and 401 matched controls using Sequenom. Exhaustive follow-up studies of the association signals were performed. RESULTS The combined BA-association p-value of the GWAS SNP (rs17095355) achieved 6.06×10(-10). Further, we revealed the common risk haplotype encompassing 5 tagging-SNPs, capturing the risk-predisposing alleles in 10q24.2 [p=5.32×10(-11); odds ratio, OR: 2.38; confidence interval, CI: (2.14-2.62)]. Through Sanger sequencing, no deleterious rare variants (RVs) residing in the risk haplotype were found, dismissing the theory of "synthetic" association. Moreover, in bioinformatics and in vivo genotype-expression investigations, the BA-associated potentially regulatory SNPs correlated with ADD3 gene expression (n=36; p=0.0030). Remarkably, the risk haplotype frequency coincides with BA incidences in the population, and, positive selection (favoring the derived alleles that arose from mutations) was evident at the ADD3 locus, suggesting a possible role for the BA-associated common variants in shaping the general population diversity. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic variants in 10q24.2 can alter BA risk by regulating ADD3 expression levels in the liver, and may exert an effect on disease epidemiology and on the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Tsai EA, Grochowski CM, Loomes KM, Bessho K, Hakonarson H, Bezerra JA, Russo PA, Haber BA, Spinner NB, Devoto M. Replication of a GWAS signal in a Caucasian population implicates ADD3 in susceptibility to biliary atresia. Hum Genet 2013; 133:235-43. [PMID: 24104524 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, biliary atresia (BA) is the most frequent indication for liver transplantation in pediatric patients. BA is a complex disease, with suspected environmental and genetic risk factors. A genome-wide association study in Chinese patients identified association to the 10q24.2 (hg18) genomic region. This signal was upstream of two genes, XPNPEP1 and ADD3, both expressed in intrahepatic bile ducts. We tested association to this region in 171 BA patients and 1,630 controls of European descent and found the strongest signal to be at rs7099604 (p = 2.5 × 10(-3)) in intron 1 of the ADD3 gene. Moreover, expression data suggest that ADD3, but not XPNPEP1, is differentially expressed in BA patients. The role of ADD3 in biliary development is unclear, but our findings suggest that this gene may be functionally relevant for the development of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Tsai
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
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